Differentiation Formulae Integration Formulae

Using a ∈ R as a constant and u, v as differentiable Using a ∈ R as a constant, u, v as differentiable func-

functions of x: tions of x, and f (x), g(x) as functions of x:
d Z Z
a=0 af (x) dx = a f (x) dx
dx
d du Z Z Z
au = a
dx dx [f (x) + g(x)] dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx
d a du
u = aua−1 (a 6= 0, the Power Rule) Z
ua+1
dx dx ua du = +C (a 6= −1)
d du dv a+1
(u + v) = + (the Sum Rule) Z
1
dx dx dx du = ln |u| + C
d du dv u
(uv) = v +u (the Product Rule) Z
dx dx dx
cos u du = sin u + C
d  u  v du dx
dv
− u dx
= (the Quotient Rule) Z
dx v v2
sin u du = − cos u + C
d −1 1
f = 0 −1 Z
dx f (f (x))
tan u du = ln | sec u| + C = − ln | cos u| + C
d du
sin u = cos u Z
dx dx
d du sec2 u du = tan u + C
cos u = − sin u
dx dx
Z
d csc2 u du = − cot u + C
2 du
tan u = sec u
dx dx Z
d du csc u cot u du = − csc u + C
csc u = − csc u cot u
dx dx Z
d du sec u tan u du = sec u + C
sec u = sec u tan u
dx dx Z
d 2 du csc u du = ln | csc u − cot u| + C
cot u = − csc u
dx dx Z
d 1 du sec u du = ln | sec u + tan u| + C
sin−1 u = √
dx 1 − u2 dx Z
d 1 du cot u du = ln | sin u| + C = − ln | csc u| + C
cos−1 u = − √
dx 1 − u2 dx Z
d 1 du eu du = eu + C
tan−1 u =
dx 1 + u2 dx
au
Z
d −1 1 du a u
du = +C
csc u = − √ (|u| > 1) ln u
dx |u| u2 − 1 dx Z
d 1 du ln u du = u ln u − u + C
sec−1 u = √ (|u| > 1)
dx 2
|u| u − 1 dx
u ln u − u
Z
d −1 1 du logb u du = +C
cot u = − ln b
dx 1 + u2 dx Z
1
d 1 du √ du = sin−1 u + C = − cos−1 u + C
ln u = 1 − u2
dx u dx Z
d u du 1
e = eu 2
du = tan−1 u + C = − cot−1 u + C
dx dx 1+u
Z
d u du 1
a = au ln a √ du = sec−1 |u| + C = − csc−1 |u| + C
u u −1 2
dx dx
 Trigonometry

π
4 √
2 π 2
1 1 4
π
6
π
√
4
3
1
θ sin θ cos θ tan θ csc θ sec θ cot θ
0 0 1 0 undef. 1 undef.
π 1
√
3
√
3
√
2 3
√
6 2 2 3
2 3
3

π
√
2
√
2
√ √
4 2 2
1 2 2 1

π
√
3 1
√ √
2 3
√
3
3 2 2
3 3
2 3

π
2
1 0 undef. 1 undef. 0

Identities
r
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 α 1 + cos α
cos = ±
1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ 2 2
1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ 1 + cos 2α
cos2 α =
2
sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± sin β cos α
sin(−α) = − sin α
cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β
cos(−α) = cos α
tan α ± tan β π 
tan(α ± β) = sin − α = cos α
1 ∓ tan α tan β 2
π
sin 2α = 2 sin α cos α

cos − α = sin α
cos 2α = cos2 α − sin2 α π2 
2 tan α sin + α = cos α
tan 2α = 2
1 − tan2 α π 
cos + α = − sin α
sin 3α = 3 cos2 α sin α − sin3 α 2
cos 3α = cos3 α − 3 sin2 α cos α sin(π − α) = sin α
α
r
1 − cos α cos(π − α) = − cos α
sin = ± sin(π + α) = − sin α
2 2
1 − cos 2α cos(π + α) = − cos α
sin2 α =
2