Levels I, II, and II Ultrasonic Testing Method Supplement to Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A Book CLevel I Questions Ultrasonic Testing Method ‘The indication on the cathode ray tube (CRT) which represents the far boundary of the material being tested is: a. hash b. the initial pause <. the back surface reflection H28 Th immersion testing. the position ofthe search unit is cften varied to transmit sourd into the st part al various angles to the front surface. Such a procedure: is referred to as: ulation . dispersion . reflection testing refraction F45.10; 3-12 ‘The cable that connects the ultrasonic instrument to the search unit is specially designed so that on= conductor is centered inside arother. The technical name for such a cable is: a. BX cable & conduit ©. coaxial coble d. ulvasonic conductor cable-grade 20 3-13, Fig. 3-9 ‘The prozete of comparing an instrument or device ‘with a standard is called: a. angulation '. calibration «. attenuation 6. corel 43.37 Another name for = compressional wave is: a. Lamb wave ’. shear wave : . longitudinal wave 6. transverse wave F439; 25 6. 4. 8 10. Another name for Rayleigh waves is: shear waves - longitudinal waves transverse waves |. surface waves 42.32 ‘A material used between the face ofa search unit and the test surface to permit or improve the transmission of ultrasonic vibrations from the search unit to the material being tested is called . a wetting agent - a couplant | ‘an acoustic transmitter, alubricent H321 The piezoelectric material in a search unit which vibrates to produce ultrasonic waves is called a: a, backing material b. Lucite™ wedge «. erystal J. couplant H27 Uttrasonic testing of material where the search urit is in direct contact with the material being tested mey be: straight beam testing . surface wave testing angle beam te all of the above HAT An advantege of using lithium sulfate in search units is thatit: a. isone of the most efficient generators of ultrasonic energy ». sone ofthe most efficient receivers of ulrasonie excrey c. is insoluble 4. con withstand termperatores as high as 700 °C (1260°F) Fat.3j S14Ulirasonic Testing Method, Level 1 UL. The search unit shown in Figure 1 is used for: 2, surface wave testing », angle beam testing c. immersion testing 4. straight beam testing F435; W317 12. Which of the following seaich units would coatain the thinnest quartz crystal? a. a MHz search unit b. aS Mz search unit c. a 15 Miz searca unit . 25 MHz search unit D.106; £.223; 1.3.20 13. A 25 MHz search unit would most likely be used during: 2. straight beam contact testing. b. immersion testing c. angle beam contact testing d. surface wave contact testing 14. The amount of beam divergence from a erysti is primarily dependent on the: a type of test . ightness of crystal backing in the search unit ©. frequency and crystal size d. pulse length D.107; H.2.30; 5.240 15, When an ultrasonic beam passes through the interface between two dissimilar materials at an angle, a new angle of sound travei takes place in the second. ‘material due to: a, attenuation . rarefaction cc. compression 4. reftaction ¥.43.15; H2-19, 221; J.236 NOTE: Using Figure 2, answer questions 16 through 20. 16. Figure 2 illustrates a contact test on an 20 om (8 in.) alurninam block. A discontinuity is located 15 em in.) from the front surface. The screen representation for this is shown to the right. What does indication A represent? a. initial pulse or front surface it b. first discontinuity indication c. first back surface reflection d. none of the above E.231; F.A3.31, FA7.2, 47.65 543.7; 1.320 Figure 2 (No Sweep Delay is Being Used) al oT Fy 4 5 203 mm 152 mm Gin) (Gin) rf ot | UE LAVALLE 567 $9 1017, In Figure 2, what does indication B represent? 2 &. initial pulse or front surface indication b. first discontinuity indication . first beck surface reflection d. none of the above E231; F.47.2, 6, 43.31; J.245 18. In Figure 2, what does indication C represent? a. second back surface reflection b. first discontinuity indication ¢. second discontinuity indication. 2: 4. first back surface reflection E23; F.43.31, 47.2, 6; 5.245 19. In Figure 2, what does indication D represent? 2. first discontinuity indication b. second indication ofthe discontinuity ©: first back surface reflection 24 4. second back surface reflection E2315 P4331, 47.2, 65 1.245 20. In Figure 2, what does indication E represent? 4. first discontinuity indication . second discontinuity indication ¢. first back surface reflection 25, 4d. second back surface reflection 231; F.43.31, 47.2, 65 5.245 21, The velocity of surface waves is approximately the velocity of shear waves in the same material, 2, two times 26. b. four times eth a ho F.43.8 NOTE: Using Figure 3, answer questions 22 through 26. 2. Simm ~ Gin) Alumina Water Ulnasonie Testing Method, Level T Figure 3 illustrates an immersion testof 76 mm G in.) Block of aluminum with a discontinuity located 51 mm (2in) below the surface, The screen pattem is shown also. What does indication A represent? Assume no sweep delay is used. a, first front surface indication bb initia pulse ¢. first discontinuity indication 4. first back surface reflection F331, 47.2.4; 46, H.2-9; J.245 In Figure 3, indication B represents the: 2, first front surface indication b. initial pulse. c. first back susface reflection 4. first discontinuity reflection F.A3.31, 47.2.4; H4-6, 2-95 1.245 In Figure 3, indication C represents the: a. first front surface indication b. first discontinuity indication «. first back surface reflection d. second front surface indication F.4331, 47.2-45 H.4-6, 2-9; 1.245, In Figure 3. indication D represente the: a. first discontinuity indication ». first back surface reflection «. second front surface indication d. second discontinuity indication 43.31, 47.2. 4-6, 2.9; 3245 In Figure 3, the distance between indications A and B represents: «the distance from the front surface of the aluminum block to the discontinuity ». the distance from the front surface of the alaminum block to the back surface of the aluminum block . the water distance from the search unit to the aluminum block 4. none of the above F.43.31, F.47.2- 5 4-6, 2.95 J245 Under most circumstances, which of the following frequencies would result in the best resolving power? a. 1 MHz b. 5 MHz c, 1OMEz, @. 25MHz F435; 113-20Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level T 28. Which of the fotlowing materials of the same alloy is ‘most likely to produce the greatest amcunt of sound autenvation over a given distance? a. ahand forging b. a coarse-grained casting . an extrusion d. the attenuation is equal in all materials D935 E.221; F.48.10; H.2-28; J.238 29. In contact testing, the entry surface indication is sometimes referred to as: a. the initial pulse b, the main bang or transmitter pulse . both a and b 4. none of the above 28 30. A screen pattem containing a large number of low- level indications (often referred to 2s “hash”) could be caused by: a. acrack b. alarge inclusion ©. coarse-grained material 4d. a gas pocket E2U; F.47.14; J.238 31. A test method employing two separate search units on opposite surfaces of the material being tested is called: a. contact testing b, surface wave testing ©. through-transmission testing 4. Lamb wave testing HAD 32. The number of complete waves which pass a given point in @ given period of time (usuelly I s) is referred to as the: a. amplitude of a wave motion b. pulse length of a wave motion . frequency of a wave motion 4 wavelength of « wave motion H25 33. The boundary between two different materials which are in contact with each other is called: 2. ararcfacior b. arefractor . an interface d.amarker E216 34, 35. 36. 37. 28, 20. ‘When the motfon of the particles of a mediumis parallel to the direction of propagation, the wave. being transmitted is called a: a, longitudinal wave b. shear wave ©. surface wave 4. Lamb wave. E20 ‘When the motion of the particles of a medium is transverse to the direction of progagation, the ware being wansmitted is called a: a, Tongitudinal wave b. shear wave &. surface wave 4. Lamb wave F210 25 mi mn cycles per second” can also be stated as: a. 25 kHz 2500 kit ©. 25 MHz, 4. 25 we 2S Moving a search unit over o test surface either ‘manually or automatically is referred t0 as: a. scanning b. attenuating . angulating 4, resonating £250 ‘A term used in ultrasonics to express the rate at which, sound waves pass through various substances is: a. frequency & velocity «wavelength & pulse tength " ® F.43.9 ‘When a'vertical indication has reached the maximum signal height which can be cisplayed or viewed on the CRT of an ultrasonic instrument, the indication is said to ave reached its: distance amplitude height absorption level vertical level limit of resolution AE-S0040. An ultrasonic testing technique in which the 45. ‘element 38 not parallel to the test surface is 2. angle beam testing b. immersion testing ©. contact testing ¢. through-transmission testing Has 46. NOTE: Using Figure 4, answer questions 41 through a3. Figure 4 47, 41, 43 In Figure 4, angle 1 (@,) is called: 43. a, the angle of fi b, the angle of reflec . the angle of refraction «none of the above Fa. InFigure 4, angle 2 (0) is called: a. the angle of incidence b. the angle of reflection c. the angle of refraction 4d. none of the above P4315 In Figure 4, angle 3 (@,) is called: 49, a. the angle of incidence b. the angle of reflection ©. the angle of refraction . none of the above 43.15 Most commercial ultrasonic testing is secomplished using frequencies between: a. Land 25 Kitz b. 1 and 1 000 kEiz ©. 0.2 and 25 MHz 4. 1S and 100MHe, 43.45 1.3.20 W Ulerasonic Testing Method, Level 1 Inan A-scan presentation, the horizontal base line represents: &, the amount of reflected ultrasonic sound energy b. the distance traveled by the search unit c. the elapsed time or distance 4d. none of the above £43.29 In an A-scan presentation, the amplitude of vertical indications on the screen represents the: 4. amount of ulrasonic sound energy retuming to the search unit b. distance traveled by the search unit «©. thickness of material being tested 4. clapsed time since the ultrasonic pulse was generated 43.29 Which of the following test frequencies would generally provide the best penetration in a 30 em (12 in.) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel? 2. MHz b. 2.25 MHz c. SMHz <.10MHz Fag Jn a basic ultrasonic test pattern (A-scen) for contact testing (assuming ro sweep delay is used), the initial pase: isthe high indication on the extreme left side of the screen that represents the entry surface of the inspected part '. is the first pulse that occurs near the right side of, the sereen and represents the oppesite boundary of the inspected part isan indication thet spears and diseppears dusing screening, d. is always the sccond pulse from the left on the viewing screen H28; 3.242 ‘An ultrasonic test using a straight team contact search unit is being conducted through the thickness of aflat part such as a plate. This test should detect: a. laminar-type flaws with major dimensions parallel to the rolied surface b. trarsverse-type flaws with major dimensions at right angles to the rolled surface ¢. radial flaws with major dimensions along length but radially oriented (0 the rolled surface 4. none of the above D315; F481; 17-43Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I 50. Sl. 2. 33, In ultrasonic testing, a liquid coupling medium SA. between the crystal surface ard the part surface is, necessary because: . Tubricant is required to minimize wear on the crystal surface ». an air interface between the erystal surface and the part surface would almost completely reflect the ultrasonic vibrations ¢. the crystal will not vibrate if placed directly in contact with the surface of the part being inspected 4, the liquid is necessary to complete the electrical circuit inthe search unit AE-214; F483; H3-21 55, Entry surface resolution is a characteristic of an ultrasonic testing system which defines its ability to: 8. detect discontinuities oriented in a direction parallel to the ultrasonic beam , detect discontinuities located in the center of a forging containing a fine metallurgic structure . detect minute surface scratches 56 detect discontinuities located just beneath the entry surface in the part being tested AE-317; BABA; H313 Dering ultrasonic testing by the immersion method, it is frequently necessary (o angulate the search writ when a discontinuity is located in order to: Si. a. avoid 2 large number of back reflections that could interfere with a normal test pattern b. obtain a maximum response if the discontinuity is ally oriented perpendicular tthe . obtain the maximum number of entry surface reflections 4, obtain a discontinuity indication of the same height asthe indication from the flat bottom hole in a reference block A.E-214; FA6.17, 46.19, 47.13 58, All other factors being equal, which of the following. modes of vibration has the greatest velocity? a. shear wave b. transverse wave ©. surface wave longitudinal wave D8; F438; W218 oe, (On the area amplitude ultrasonic standard test Blocks, the flat bottom holes in the blocks are: a. allof the same diameter b. different in diameter, increasing by 0.4 mm (0.16 in) increments from the No. “I” block to the No. "8" block . largest in the No. “L" block and smellestin the No. *8" block 4. drilled 10 different depths from the front surface of | the test block AE-217; 13-20, 5-4 In immersion testing. verification that the search unit is normal to a flat entry surface is indicated by: a. maximum reflection from the entry surface b. elimination of water maligles e. preper wavelength d. maximum amplitude of the intial pulse F.46.17 A piezoelectric material can: ‘a. convert a mechanical sirain to an electrical output D, convert an electrical pulse to a mechanical strain ¢. be used in the construction of search units d. be allof theabove Fada ‘Sound waves of a frequency beyond the hearing range of the human ear are referred to as ultrasonic ‘waves or vibrations, and the terra embraces all vibrational waves of frequency greater than approximately: a. 2kHz b, 200 kHe. c. 20000 Hz d. 2MEz DZH25 ‘The velocity of sound waves is primarily dependent on: a. the pulse lengthy Bb. the frequency c. the Inaterial in which the sound is being transmitted and the mode of vibration d. none of the above DAS; F43.9; H.2-17 A disadvantage of using natural quartz in a search unit is that: a. it will dissolve in water D. itis the least effective generator of ultrasonic energy of all commonly used materials, c. itis mechanically and electrically unstable d. it easily loses it oparating characteristics as it ages FAg.2; W31460. An advantage of using a ceramic transducer in search units is that i 4 is one of the most efficient generators of ulrssonic energy b. is one of the most efficient receivers of ultrasonic energy ¢ has a very low mechanical impedance €. can withstand temperatures as high es 700°C (1.260°F) P42 Hd 61. The primary purpose of reference blocks is to: a. aid the operator in obtaining maximum back reflections . obtain the greatest sensitiv instrument ©, obtain 2 common reproducible signal d. one of the above possible from an 322 62. When testing by the surface wave method, patches of oil or dirt on the surface may: . a, block the progress of all sound b. altenvate the sound ¢. have no effect on the test d. cause both an attenuation of sound and indications con the screen D263 63, Inimmersion testing, the most commonly used ccouplent water oil . glycerine alcchol E222; H.3-22 64, The piezoelectric material in the search unit: 1. converts electrical énergy to mechanical energy b. converts mechanical energy 10 elecirical energy cc. both and b di neither a norb: H27 65. Which of the following frequencies will produce the shortest wavelength pulse? 1 MHz 1. 5 MHz . 10 MHz, |. 25 MHz b. c 4 W216 66, 67. 68. 0. 13 Ulwasonic Testing Method, Level I ‘The angle of incidence is: a. greater than the angle of reflection b. less than the angle of reflection cc. equal to the angle of reflection d. notrelated to the angle of reflection HAA On many ultrasonic testing Instruments, an operator conducting an immersion test can remove that poction of the screen presentation that represents water distance by adjusting et a, pulse length control b. reject control ©. sweep delay control 4. sweep length control B24 100 000 cycles per second” can be written: a. 0.1 KHz, b. 10 kHz, c. 100 kHz 4. 100 MHz 24 Figure 5 Figure 5 is an illustration of a typical: a. A-scan presentation b. B-scan presentation . C-scan presentation . D-scan presentation 4330Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level 1 10. n, 72, n Figure 6 74, The gradual loss of sonic energy as the ultrasonic vibrations wavel through the material Is referred to as: a. reflection b. refraction c. reproducibility d. attenuation ¥.43.22; H.2.26; 1.238 18. A tom used to describe numerous smell indications onthe cathode ray tube Screen resulting fromtest part structure, numerous small discontinuities, or both is often referred to as: Figure 6 is an illustration of a typical: 2, muliple back reflections . multiple front reflections a. Asscan presentation ©. hash >. Bescan presentation 4. resonance ¢. C-scan presentation F433; 5246 4. D-scan presentation 76. When testing a plate, increasing the frequency of an Ultrasonic longitudinal wave will result iz . 4. an increase inits velocity Figure 7 b, a decrease in its velocit © nochange in its velocity . a reversal in its velocity Eau 71. Ultrasonic waves transmitted into and received from the test material in the form of repetitive bursts of acoustic energy is called: 2. pulseecho testing b continuous wave testing ©. resonance testing 4, none of the above Figure 7is an illustcation of a typical: F.43.28; J.241 a. A-scan present 78. Metal blocks which contain one or more drilled holes b. Bescan presentation to simulate discontinuities are called: . C-sean presentation 4. D-scan presentation a. scrubbers F251; F464; 5.242. exystal collimators «. single plane angulators A search unit with a frequency greater than 10 MHz 4. reference blocks will most likely be used during: : E273; J.262 a. astraight beam contact test of aluminum ingot 79, If the major éimensions of a discontinuity ina 1Sem . an angle beam contact test of a steel pipe ¢, asurface wave contact (est of a metallic plate 4. an immersion test F468; H.214 The reference holes in standard aluminum area amplitude ultrasonic test blocks contain’ a. flat bottom holes b. concave-surface holes ©. convex-curface holes 4. conical-shaped holes Gin.) thick aluminum plate Te parallel 1 the entry surface at a depth of 76 mm G in.) it will be best. detected by: fa. astraight beam test b. an angle beam test ©. asurfece wave test d. aLamb wave test Fag.e 80. 81 82 84. The presence of a discontinuity will not produce a specific discontinuity indication on the CRT screen \when using the: straight beam testing method surface wave testing method angle beam testing method through transmission testing method E222; H4-9; 1.249 ‘The depth of a discontinuity cannot be determined when using the a. straight beam testing method b, through-transmission testing method c. angle beam testing method immersion testing method 249; J.249 When inspecting coarse-grained material, which of the following frequencies will generate a sound wave 86. that will be most easily seattered by the grain structure? ° a. 1 MHz b. 2.25 MHz. c. SMH d.10MEz, £43.30 Which of the following search units would contain 87. the thickest crystal? a. a1 MHz search unit b. a5 MHz search unit ©, 2 1S MHb search unit 4. a.25MHr search unit, 43-20 When performing a surface wave test, indications. 88, may result from: a. surface discontinuities b. oil on the surface ¢. dirt on the surface 4. all of the above Fas.11 39, Ultrasonic Testing Methed, Level 1 85. Which of the following discontinuities located 15.m (6in.) from the entry susface would result in the largest CRT indication if all factors except discontinuity surface condition and orientation are the same? 4. a2 mm (008 in.) diameter flat-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of 75° from the direction of tound beam propagation . 2mm (0.08 in.) diameter rough-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is at an angle of 75° from the direction of sound beam propagation ©. a2. mm (0.08 in.) diameter lat-sarfaced discontinuity whose major face is perpendicular to the direction of sound beam propagation ¢. 22 mm (0.08 in.) diameter rough-surfaced discontinuity whose major face is parallel to the Jireetion of sound beem propagation F.45.22 Search units constructed with a plasic wedge or standoff between the transducer element and the test piece are commonly used for: a. dual transducer straight beam contact testing b. angle beam contact testing «. surface wave contact testing a. alloftheabove H3-16, 3-17 A search unit containing three or more individual transducer clements is often referred to as: a. 2 dual transducer b. a sandwich transducer cc. a mosaic transducer d. none of the above Fas.i1 ‘Sound can be focused by means of special curved adapters located in front or the transcucer element. ‘These adapters are referred 10 as: scrubbers acoustic lenses angle bean adapters |. single plane adapters ange F.44.6; 13-17 ‘A test method in which the parts to be inspected are placed in 2 water beth or some other liquid couplant iscalled: & contact testing b. immersion testing ©. surface wave tesiing d. through-transmission testing F461; H45Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I 90. A separate time base line imposed on the viewing sereen of some ultrasonic testing instruments that permits measurement of distances is often referred to as: a. an inital pulse b, atime/distance line ©. amarker 4. asweep line 214, 3-6,4.20; J.242 91, A term used .o describe the ability of an ultrasonic testing systems to distinguish between the entry surface response and the response of discontinuities near the entry surface is: a. sensitivity b. penetration . segregation d. resolution FASS, F46.8; 3-13 92. The phenomenon whereby an ultrasonic wave changes direction when the wave crosses a boundary ‘bewween materials with different velocities is celled: a. refrection b. reflection «©. penetration 4, rarefaction B.26; E217 53. Ina test where the transducer is not perpendicular to the inspection surface, the angle of incidence is equal to: the angle of refraction ». the angle of reflection ©. the shear wave angle 4. half the shear wave angle E27 94. ‘The product of the acoustic velocity of sound in a material and the density of the material is the Factor that determines the amount of reflection or transmission of ultrasonic energy when it reaches an interface. ‘This term is called: 1 acoustic impedance b. velocity c. wavelength ¢. penetration E215 Figure 8 Immersed Transducer Surface 95. In transmitting energy into the part shown in Figure 8, the ultrasonic beam will: 4. diverge (spread out) through the part b. converge (focus in to 2 point) through the part «. transmit straight through the part 4. not enter the part 4238 96. Ultrasonic waves that travel along the surface of a ‘material and whose particle motion is elliptical are called: a. shear waves b. vansverse waves ©. longitudinal waves d. Rayleigh waves Fa4s.11 97. ‘The interference field near the face of a tansducer is often referred to as the: a. Fresnel zone b. accustie impedance . exponential field d. phoging zone mag F4a12 58, When the incident angle is chesen to be between the first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave mode within the part will be a: a. longitudinal wave b. shear wave cc. surface wave d. Lamb wave 4.2.25 1699. The formula used to calculate the angle of refraction within a material is called: a. Fresne!'s law b. Fraunhofer’s law ©. Srell’s lew 4. Lamb's law W224 100. In a material with a given velocity, when frequency is increased, the wavelength wil a, not be affected b. increase, ©. decrease 4. double Fag 101. Which circuits electronically amplify return signals from the receiving transducer and often modify the signals into a form suitable for display? a. pulser circuits b, marker cireuite . timer cirevits 4. receiver-amplificr circuits T2a2 102. What is the most common type of data display used for ultrasonic examination of welds? an A-scan display >. 3 B-scan display 2 C-scan display an X-Y plot 43.29 103. Which is a plot of signal amplitude versus time? an A-scan display aB-scan display .. a C-scan display none of the above Jat 104. Which circuits modify the rerum signal from the receiving taansducer into a form suitable for display ‘on an oscilloscope or other output device? a. puler . receiver-amplifier ©. clock 4. sweep. 1242 Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level T 105, Which circuit generates a burst of sltemating voltege that is applied to the sending transducer? a. pulser b, teceiver-emplifier © damping . clock T2482 106, Which circuit coordinates electronie operation of the cntire ultrasonic instrument system? camping receiver-amplifier clock power supply Boos 124 107. A plan view display or recording of apast under ‘examination is called: a. aC-scan display b, an A-scan display fe. an X-axis plot 4. astip chart recording 43.34 108. Ultrasonic data which is presented in a form representative of the cross section of the test specimen is called: ‘an A.scan presentation aB-scan presentation . a C-sean presentation an X-¥ plot 438 109. What type of ultrasonic examination uses wheel-type search units tha! eliminate the use of a tank? through-transmission testing contact testing resonance testing |. immersion testing 1.258 110. In addition to other functions, a probe manipulator ia a mechanical immersion-scanning unit permits 4, use of the through-transmission technique b. use ofhigh scanning speeds ¢, detection of obliquely-oriented discontinuities 4d, utilization of less skilled operators D325Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level f 111. A ype of data presentation most likely to be used with a high speed automatic scanning system is: a an A-scan presentation b. a velocity versus emplitude plot ¢. a C-scan presentation 4d. a plot of echo height versus depth B37 112, The comporent in a conventional immersion system. that spans the width of the immersion tank is called: a ananticulator b abridge . amanipulator i. asearch tube HAZ 113. Which component in an ultrasonic immersion system is used to adjust and maintain a known transducer angle? a. acartiage b. a manipulator . asearch tbe J. an index system F461 114. An amplitude type gateis necessary for all: a, shear wave examinations b. Iongitudinal wave examinations cc. automatic examinations 4d. manual examinations FA335 115, When C-scan recording is used to produce a permanent record of an ulteasonic test, the information displayed is typically the discontinuity's: depth and size depth, orientation, and size . location and depih |. location and size (plan view) aoop H38 116. Rough entry surface conditions can result in: a. alos of echo amplitude from discontinuities D. an increase in the width of the front surface echo c. both a and b d. none of the above Fas.15 117. As the grain size increases in a material, its principal effect in ultrasonic testing is on the: velocity of sound attenuation acoustic impedance |. angle of refraction 45.3 18 118. In straight beam pulse echo testing, a discontinuity a rough reflecting surface perpendicular'o the incident wave will have what effect on the detected signal in comparison to a smooth flat bottom hole of the same size? a. increase it b. decrease it ¢. have no effect on it 4. desrease the width ofthe pulse of it F452 119, Ultrasonic vibrations can be propagated only in the Tongitudinal mode in which of the following medi a machine ofl . aluminum © ice 4. beryllium 26 120. If the velocity of a longitudinal mode wave ina given homogeneous material is 0.625 erv/ns at 13mm (QS in.) below the surface, whatis the velocity at 51 mm (2 in) below the surface? . Hs the velocity at {3 mm (0.5in) Wa the velocity at 13 mm (0.5 in.) the same as the velocity at 13 mun (0.5 in) none of the above aoge W247 121. Ifa. MHz transducer is substituted for a 2.25 MHz transducer, what would be the effect om the wavelength of a longitudinal mode wave produced in the test specimen? a. the wavelength would be longer b, the wavelengti would remain constant . the wavelength would be shorter d. the wavelength would vary dicectly with the acoustic impedance " H2S 122. What eaa cause nonrelevant indications on the cathode ray tube? a. contoured surfaces b. edge effects cc. surface conditions d. all of the above Fart 123. The proper interpretation and evaluation of the presented defect signals are essential to any nondestructive test. A common method for the estimation of defect size is the use of 2 a. double transducer test b, piezoelectric standard ¢, mode conversion i reference stendard A731ee 124, Another name for Fresnel Zone is: a. Fraunhofer Zone b. near field ©. farfield . Torrid Zone P4412 125, Attenuation is test display characteristic, test material parameter transducer characteristic. form of testing 43.22 26. For discontinuity geometries other than flat, the echo amplitude is usual from that observed for a fiat defect. of similar orientation perpendiculer te the sound beams. a. identical b. increased ©. decreased d. elongated PaS.24 127. What must be done to evaluate discontinuities that are otiented at an angle to the entry surface so that the sound beam will strike the plane of the discontinuity atright angles? 1, change the frequency b. grind the surface cc, angulate the search unit di increase the gain FATI13 128, The pulser circuitin an uluasonic instrument is used a, contral the horizontal and vertical sweep b. activate the transducer ce. control transducer timing between transmit and sweep . generate markers that appear on horizontal sweep F338 129. An A-scan CRT displey which shows a signal both above and below the sweep line is called: a. avideo display b. aRF display c. an audio display 4 afrequency modulated display D.165 Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I 130. A B-scan display shows the relative: 1. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and its through-dimension thickness b. distance a discontinuity is from the transducer and its length in the direction of transducer travel ©. cross sectional area of a discontinuity above = predetermined amplitude 4. none of the above F.43.33 131. Surface (Rayleigh) waves traveling on the top face of a block: 2, are not reflected from a sharp edgecorner b. are reflected from a sharp edge comer ¢¢, travel through the sharp edge corner and are reflected from the lower edge d. are absorbed by a sharp edge comer 232 132, Surface (Rayleigh) waves are more highly attenuated by a. acurved surface b. aheavy couplant . athin couplant di. both a and b #229 133. The velocity of sound in a mater the: . Frequency of the wave wayelength . material properties vibration cycle Pans 134. To vary or change the wavelength of sound being used to test a part, you would change the: fa. sound wave frequency b. diameter of the transducer c. electrical pulse voliage d. pulse repetition rate D2 135, Ultrasonic vibrations are commonly used to: a. examine materials for discontinuities b. examine materials for thickness . examine materials for mechanical properties d. all of the above D2 19Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level 1 156. Which of the following has the longest Fresnel zone? a. 13 mm (Sin, diameter | MHz b. 13 mm (05 in, diemeter 2.25 MHz . 28.5 mm (1.125 in.) diameter 1 MHz 4. 38 mm (1.5 in) diameter 2 MHz Ds 137. When contact testing, ifthe ultrasonic instrument is set with an excessively high pulse repetition rate, ‘which of the following may occur? a. the screen trace will become teo light to see. b. the time-base line will become distorted c. the initial pulse will disappear 4d. ghost or “phantom” indications will appear on screen during scansing D187 138. The advantages of immersion testing include which of the following? a. inspection speed increased b. ability to control and direct sound beams «. adaptability for automated scanning 4. all of the above. 258 139. Longitudinal wave velocity in water is approximately ‘the velocity in aluminum or steel, ‘Therefore, the minimum water path should be: 1, four times th: test piece thickness b. Me the test piece thickness c. Me the test piece thickness plus 6 mm (0.25 in.) a. none of the above HAS; 3.258 149. In immersion testing, a wetting agent is added to the water to: a. adjust the viscesity ©. help eliminate the formation of air bubbles c. prevent cloudiness 4. none of the above 193-22 141. The “ormula used to determine the fundamental resent frequency is: b. ¢ a D106; F.43.36 20 142. If frequency is increased, the wavelength will a. dectease (be shorter) b. increase (be longer) ¢. remain the same but velocity will increase 4. remain the same but velocity will decrease F439; H3A9 143. The variable in distance amplitade calibration block construction is the: . drilled hole size drilled bole point angle metal distance above the drilled hole | angle of the drilled hele to block longitudinal axis HST; J.264 144. When setting up a distance amplitude correciion curve using 3 flat bottom holes, sometimes tic hole closest to the transducer gives less of a response than one or both of the other two. This could be caused by . inconsistent surface of the calibratfon block . near field effects incorrect hole geometry all of the above 1239, 263 145, Most ferrous and nonferrous welds may be ultrasonically tested using a frequency range oft 2, 25-100 KHz bb. 200-500 kHz ©, 12.5 MHz, 6.3.6 MHz e. 10-20 MH. Fas. 146, The product of the material density and the velocity of sound within that material is referred to as: 2. acoustic impedance b. nearfield . acoustic attenuation . ultrasonic beam distribuiton . vibrational index 45.15 1238 consists of which 147. A straight beam contact search ui of the following basic components? case, crystal, mount, and backing case, erystal, backing, and plastic wedge case, exystal, becking, and acoustic lenses | all of the above Fa148 149. 150. 151 r 152, - 153, In immersion testing, to remove the second water, reflection from between the entry surface signal and the first back reflection, you should 1 incresse the repetition rate b. decrease the frequency «. decrease the sweep length d. increase the water path 46.10 Fora given incident angle, as the frequency of the transducer increases, the refracted angle: b. decreases &. stays the same d. cannot be determined 2.28 Both longitudinal and shear waves my be simultaneously generated in a second medium when the angle of incidence is: 2. between normal and the is critical afgle D. between the first and second critical angles ©. pastthe second critical angle 4. orly atthe second critical angle 112.25 Inimmersion testing, when the sound beam strikes a concave surface, the sound beam tends to: a. converge ». diverge ¢. stay the same 4. mode convert 4238 Penetration of ultrasonic waves in’a material is normally the function of test frequency used. Which of the following frequencies would provide the sreater depth of penetration? a, 1 MHz b 2.25 MH. . S MHz 6. 10MBz, W321 Generally speaking, certain piczoelectric materials exhibit beiter properties than others. Which of the following maierials is considered the most efficient receiver of ultrasonic energy? quartz ceramic barium titanate lithium sulfate a b 4 W314 2 Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level 1 154, Refiacted energy will assuine a new direction of propagation when the is changed. a. principle angle b. reflected engle «. critical angle d. incident angle FB15 155. The loss of energy zs it propagates through material is the result of bear: 2. interference ». attenuation ©. absorption a. reflection P4322 156, In selecting a suitable couplant, which of the following characteristics would not affect the selection? a. moce of propagation desired , material surtace finish and temperature ©. operating frequency of the transducer 4. chemical properties of the couplant ' Jy | 157. Which of the following could be caused by excessive surface roughness of the material being tested? a, a loss of echo amplitude from discontinuities within the material . an increase in the width of t ¢. bothaand b 4. none of the above initial pulse Fa5.15 158. Which of the following are reasons for using reference orealibration standards? a. they provide a measure ofthe test systems performance i. they provide « method for standardizing the test system «they provide 2 common basis for expressing test resulis 4. lof the above HS3 159. The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when passes from one msterial 1o another material in which elasticity and density differ is called: a. refraction b. rarefaction © angulation 4d. reflection H221Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level 160. 1fa discontinuity is oriented at an angle other than 161 162, 163. 90? to the sound beam, the results may be a: a. loss of signal linewrity », loss or lack of signal reflected from the discontinuity ¢. focusing of the sound beam 4, loss of interference phenomena HA33 A device that transforms electrical pulses into mechanical and vice versa ut a. Snell's law b. piezoelectric principles ©. mode conversion principles J. none of the above H27 Whenever an ultrasonic incident angle is set at 5° Figure 9 15° from normal: 165. When a longitudinal sound wave strikes a water-steel interface at an angle of incidence of 15°, (see Figure 9) a, the refracted wave is mode converted the refracted wave is the same mode as the incident wave 6 the refracted wave will have two comporents, one cof which will be the same mode as the incident 4. iis impossible to determine mode(s) of refracted ‘wave without more information 13.28 {fa discontinuity is located in the Fresnel or near ficld region of a sound beam: a. the larger the discontinuity, the larger the amplitude of the reflected signal b. the closer 10 the surface the discontinuity is located, the larger will be the amplitude of teflected signal c. in immersion testing, the amplitude of signal will increase as the water path decreases G. in immersion testing, the emplitude of reflected signal may increase or decrease as water path decreases Lizz A transducer is vibrating at a frequency ard injecting ultrasonic energy through water into a steel specimen: 4. the sound wavelength is the same in both the water and the steel ». the sound frequency in the water is less than the sound feequency in steel ¢. the sound wavelength is not the same in both the water and the steel 4. the sound frequency in the water is greater than the sound frequency in steel Lass 22 a. all the sound energy is reflected back into the b water at an angle of 15° part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted into the steel at an angle of less than 15° part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted along the water-stee! interface part of the sound energy is reflected at 15° and part is refracted into the steel at an engle greater than 15° L330eogmenseogcmeree Teas AarTwAnerAaAsAneaAncenA Level I Answers Ultrasonic Testing Method Boone ORePAeP Tee Ae TATA PEAK OR woeD 23 73. 74, 75. 76. 71. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91 92, 93. 94, 95. 96. Te obo ER AnNTbAbbobAanseo As AabpavaramnoaD 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115, 116, 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144, aebooronenAEr ese rote Rn eo R eos Toe RO Oo145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. poampa 151. 152. 153. 154, 155. 156. otnaee 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. ecopan 163. d 164. ¢ 165. dLevel II Questions Ultrasonic Testing Method Of the following sound wave modes, which one has multiple or varying wave velocities? a. longitudinal waves b. shear waves . transverse waves . Lamb waves F390 ‘Which of te following would be considered application(s) of ulrasonic techniques? 2. determination of a material's elastic modulus b, study of a material's metallurgical structure . measurement of a material's thickness all ofthe ebove F.a32 ‘The only significant sound wave mode that will travel through a liquid is: a. shear b, longitudinal ©. suriace . Rayleigh F456 ‘The acoustic impedance of a material is used to determine the: a. angle of refraction at an interface b. aitenuation within the material ¢. relative amounts of sound energy coupled through and reflected at an interface 4. beam spread within the material Fa3.2 ‘When angle beam contact testing a test piece, increasing the incident angle until the second eritieal angle is reached results in a. total reflection of a surface wave b. 45° refraction of the shear wave c. production of a surface wave 4. none of the above H227 Acoustic energy propagates in different modes. Which of the following represent a mode? a, longitudinal wave D, shear wave c. surface wave all of the above H25 ‘The simple experiment where a stick in a glass of water appears disjointed atthe water surface iMlustrates the phenomenon of: 2. reflection b. magnification ¢. refraction 4. diffraction J232 ‘The crysial thickness and transcucer frequency are related, The thinner the erystal: 1 the lower the frequency b. the higher the frequency c. there is no appreciable affect d. none of the above 320 The random distribution of crystallographic direction in alloys with large crystalline structures is a factor in determining: 1. acoustic ncise levels b. selection of test frequency ©. scattering of sound 4. all of the above FAG The length of the zone adjacent to transducer in which fluctuations in sound pressure occur is mostly affected by: a, the frequency of the transducer . the diameter of the wansducer . the lengdh of wansducer cable 4. both aand b D6Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level 11 1 12, 2B. 14, The differences in signals received fom identical reflectors at different material distances from a transducer may be caused by: a. material attenvation b. beam divergence . near field effects 4. all ofthe above 15. In the far field of 2 uniform ultrasonic bean, sound intensity is the beam centerline, @ minimum at b. maximum at ¢, maximum throughout twice the angle (sin 7: Df where C is acoustic velocity, D is erystal diameter, and fis frequency at DSS 4. rot related to orientation of DAT, 57; W231 Itis possible for a discontinuity smaller than the transducer to produce indications of fluctuating 16 Which of the following may result in a long narrow amplitude as the seerch unit is moved laterally if rod if the beam divergence results in a reflection from testing is being performed in the: a side of the test piece before the sound wave reaches the back surface? a, Fraunhofer zone >. near field 8, multiple indications before the frst back reflection ©. Snell field bs. indications from multiple surface reflections &. shadow zone ©. conversion from the longitudinal mode to shear 1s mode 4. loss of froat surface indications In immersion testing, the near field effects of a 11239 transducer may be eliminated by: 17. Where does beam divergence occur? 4, increasing transducer frequency 1 using a larger diameter transducer a. near field . using an appropriate water path ». far field 4, using a focused transducer ©. atthe crystal Fadad 4. none of ihe above 4.239 Jn Figure 1, assuming a uniform beam pattern, what FratrasePa auld youexpec to existbetween the 18, as frequeney Increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle amplitudes of the reflected laminar signals at of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal: Positions A and B? 2, decreases a 124B difference b. remains unchanged . equal amplitudes . increases © 2tol 4, varies uniformly through each wavelength d3t01 W231 D268 19. As the radius of curvature of a curved lens is Increased, the focal length of the lens will: b. decrease . remain the same 4. be indeterminate unless the frequency is known Fa7 Figure 1 ey Laminar Reflector B Plate 2620. Whea examining materials for planar flaws oriented 21. 22, 23. 25, parallel to the part surface, what testing method is mast often used? 4. angle beem >. through-transmission ¢: straight beam ¢. dual erysial 3.268 Ifa contact angle beem transducer produces a 45° shear wave in stee!, the angle produced by the same transducer in an aluminum specimen would be: (WS yg = 0.323 earls Vou, = 0.510 cams) “a. Tes than 45° ', greater than 45° 45° 4. unknown: more information is required 224 Rayleigh waves are influenced most by defecis located: © a, close to or on the surface b. 1 wavelength below the surface €. 3 wavelengths below the surface 4. 6 wavelengths below the surface K.285 ‘The ultrasonic test method in which finger damping is most effective in locating a discontinuity is: a, shear wave . Tongitudinal wave . surface wave 4. compressional wave 45.11; H.2-32 Lamb waves can be used to detect: 2, laminar-type defects near the surface of a thin ‘material b. Leck of fusion in the center of a thick weldment c. internal voids in diffusion bonds 4d. thickness changes in heavy plate material F.4s.12 The ratio of the velocity of sound in water compared to that for aluminum or steel is approximately: ee oe 2418 27 26. 27. 28 29. 30, Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level IL Which of the following scanning methods covld be classified as an immersion type test? 2. tankin which the search urit and test piece are immersed b. squirter bubbler method in which the sound is transmitted in a column of flowing water ¢. scanning with a wheel type search unit with the transducer inside @ liquid filled tire 6. alloftheatove 3.258.259 In an immersion test of a piece of sted! or aluminum, the water distance appears on the display as a fairly wide space between the initial pulse and the front surface reflection because af: a. seduced velocity of sound in water as compared to, test specimen b. increased velocity of sound in water as compared to fest specimen «©, temperature of the water 4. all of the above H4-53 5.245 Using the immersion method, a distance amplitude curve (DAC) for a 19 mm (0.75 in.) diameter, 5-MHz search unit shows the high point of the DAC ai the B/SI mm in) block. One day later. the high point of the DAC for the same search unit is at the 102 mm (4 in.) block. Assuming that calibration ‘has not changed, this would indicate thatthe search unit a, is improving in resolution b. is becoming defective c. has the beam of a smaller search unit 4d. both bande F443 ‘What law can be used to calculate the angle of refraction within a metal for both longitudinal and shear waves? a. Poisson's ratio law . Snell's aw c. Fresnel’ field law . Charles" law 45.10 ‘At an interface between two different materials, an impedance difference recults in 4, reflection of the entire incident energy at the interface b. absorption of sound «. division of sound energy into transmitted and reflected modes d_ none of the above PasoUlirasonic Testing Method, Level IT 31 32, 33 34, 35, 36. When using focused transducers, non-symmety ina propagated sound beam may be caused by: a, backing material variations b, lens centering or misalignment ©. porosity in lenses 4d. all of the above H613 Ultrasonic wheel units may be used for which of the 38, following types of examination? _ straight or longitudinal examination - angle beam or shear wave examination surface wave or Rayleigh wave examination |. all of the above HAT During straight beam testing, test specimens with non-parallel front and back surfaces can cause: 4. partial or total Joss of back reflection ». no loss in back reflection ©. a widened (broad) back reflection indication 4. a focused (narrow) back reflecticn indication W237 In the immersion technique, the distance between the face of the transducer and the test surface (water path) is usually adjusted so that the time required to send the sound beam through the water: a. is equal to the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece . is greater than the time required for the sound 10 travel through the test piece ¢. is less than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece au 4. none of the above HAG Ina B.scan display, the length of a screen indication from a discontinuity is related to: a. a discontinuity's thickness as measured parallel to the ultrasonic beam b. the discontinuity’s length in the direction of the wansducer wavel ¢, both aand b 4. none of the above 2 D208 ‘Which circuit triggers the pulser and sweep circuits in an A-scan display? 2. reveiver-ampl ». power supply «. clock 4, damping J.242 40. (On an A-scan display, the “dead zone,” refers to: a. the distance contained within the near field b. the area outside the beam spread c. the distance covered by the front surface pulse width and recovery time . the area between the near field ard the far field 1.267 On an A-scan display, waat represents the intensity of ‘reflected beam’? echo pulse width horizontal screen location signal brightness 43.29 Of the following scan types, which one can be used to produce a recording of flaw areas superimposed over ‘a plan view of the test piece? a. A-scan b. Bescan ¢, C-scan 4, D-scan J242, In immersion testing in a small tank, a manwally operated manipulator is used io: 4, set the proper water path b. set the proper transcucer angle c. set the proper index function 4. both a and b FAGL ‘A.45? shear angle beam transducer produces a wave in the metal that is polarized: a. perpendicular to the direction of propagation and. parallel tthe entry surface », in the direction of propagation and at 45° to the normal to the entry surface ¢. perpendicular to the entry surface 4. perpendicular to the direction of propagation and at 45° to the entry surface D7 In straight (normal) beam contact testing, a reduction jn the back surface reflection amplitude could indicate: a. inadequate coupling ». a flaw which is not normal to the beam ©. a near surface defect that cannot be resolved from the main bang ({nitial pulse) 4. all of theabove F34146, r Figure 2 6 0 2 5 a + 7 47. . PENAL AMT i Lull 123 4 5 67 8 9 0 AB D 43. A 15m (6in.) diameter rod is being inspected for 48 cenieiline cracks, The A-scan presentation for one - complete path through the rod is as shown in Figure 2, Where should there be an elarm gate? an alarm gate should be used between points - 44, 45. AandE . an alerm gate should be used at point D only c. an alarm gate should be used between points BandD 4. an alarm gate could not be used for this application H36 In an automatic scanning immersion unit, the bridge or carriage serves to: 49, 2, support the manipulator and scanner tube and to move it about transversely and longitudinally b. control the angular and transverse positioning of the scanner tube ©. control the vertical and angular positioning of the scanner tube d. raise and lower the transducer 43.12 50. When adjusfing the flaw locating rule for « shear wave weld inspection, the zero peint on the rule must coinci¢e with the: a. sound beam exit point of the wedge b. point direcily over the flaw ©. wheel search unit 4. circular scanner HAT 29 Ulirasonic Testing Method, Level IT A special scanning device with the transducer mounted in a tre-ke container filled with couplant is commonly called: a. a rotating scanner b. anaxial scanner . 2 wheel transducer ds circular scanner HAG ‘Which best describes a typical display of a crack ‘whose major surface is perpendicular to the ultrasonic beam? a. abroad indication b. asharp indication ¢. the indication will nor show due to improper orientation d. abroad indication with high amplitude HA22 A piimary purpose of a reference standard is: 2. to provide a guide for adjusting instument controls to reveal discontinuities that ere considered harmful to the end use of the product b. to give the technician a tool for determining exact discontinuity size ©. to provide assurance that all diceontinuities smaller than a certain specified reference rellector are capable of being detected by the test 4. t0 provide a standard reflector which exactly simulates natural discontinuities of 2 critical size J.262 Compensation for the variation in echo height related 'o variations in discontinuity depth in the test material is known as a. transfer ». attenuation . distance amplitude correction 4. interpretation 265 Which of the following is a reference reflector that is not dependent or beam angle? 2, & flat bottom hole ba vee notch ©. aside drilled hole which is paralle|to the plate surface and perpendicular to the sourd path 4. a dise-sheped laminar reflector AE-164Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level IT SL. During.a straight besm ultrasonic test, adisconiinully 56, 32, 33. 54 55, indication is detected that is small in amplitude Compared to the loss in amplitude of back reflection. ‘The orientation of this discontinuity is probably: a. parallel tothe test surface ». perpendicular to the sound beam ¢. parallel to the sound beam d. at an ang’ to the test sarface 2-40 A discontinuity is located having an orientation such that its long axis is parallel to the sound beam, ‘The indication from: such a discontinuity will be: 4. large in proportion to the length of the discontinuity b. small in proportion to the length of the discontiauity ©. representative of the length of the discontinuity 4d, such that complete loss of back reflection will result H240 Gas discontinuities are reduced to flat discs or other shapes parallel 1o the sutface by: a. rolling b. machining ©. casting 4. welding 45.22 In which zone does the amplitude of an indication from a given discontinuity diminish exponentially as the distance increases? a. far field zone D. near field zone ©. dead zone . Fresnel zone Hat A smooth flat discontinuity whose major plane is not Perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation Tay be indicated by: @. an echo amplitide comperable in magnitude co the back surface reflection b. acomplete loss of back surface reflection ©. an echo amplitude larger in magnitude than the back surface reflection 4. all ofthe above #240 30 37. 38, 59. 0. 61 Using a pulse echo technique, if the major plane of « flat discontinuity is oriented at some angle other than Perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation, the result may be: a. loss of signal linearity . loss of lack of areceived discontinuity echo «, focusing of the sound beam d. loss of interference phenomena H.2-40 As transducer diameter decreases, the beam spread: a. decreases b. remains the same . increases d. becomes conical in shape 4230 A set of standard reference blocks with the same geometrical configuration and dimensions other than the size of the calibration reflectors, eg.. flat bottom holes, is called a set of: a. distance amplitude standards b. area amplitude standards ©. variable frequency blacks 4d. beam spread measuring blocks HSS The angle at which 90° refraction of a longitudinal sound wave is reached is called: «a. the angle of incidence b. the first critical angle c. the angle of maximum reflection 6. the second critieal angle W225 Which of the following controls the voltage supplied to the vertical deflection plates of the CRT inan ‘A-scan UT setup? a. sweep generator D. pulser ©. amplifier ciceuit d. clock timer E238 Attenuation is a difficult quantity to measure accurately, particularly in solid macerials, atthe test frequencies normally used. The overall result ususlly observed includes other oss mechanisms which ean include: a, beam spread b. couplant mismatch, ©. test piece geomerry d. all of the shove 43.23Cy 6 66, or. ‘The vertical linear range of a test instrument may be determined by obtaining ultrasonic responses from: a. aset of distance amplitude reference blocks ». stzc! alls located at several different water peth distances c. aset of area amplitude reference blocks a. all of the above HSS Large grains in a metallic test specimen usually result in: a, decrease o7 loss of back surface reflection ». large “hash" or noise indications Ultrasonic Testing Meihod, Level It Figure 3 A D ¢. decrease in penetration 4. all of the above n419 The total energy losses occurring in all materials is called a. attenuation . b. scatter . . beam spread 4. interface 98; F.45.3 Delay-tip (stand-off) type contact search units are primarily used for: a, defect detection b. sound wave characterization . thickness measurement or flaw detection in thin materiale 4. attenuation measurements, 3.258 Acoustical lenses are commonly used for contour correction. When scanning the insige of a pipe section by the immersion method, which of the following lens types would be used? 8, Focused cup b. convex . concave ¢. variable pitch F449 In Figure 3, transducer A is being used to establish: 8, verification of wedge angle . sensitivity calibration . resolution . index point 1.266 6. n. In Figure 3, transducer C is being used to check: a. distance calibration b. resolution’ «. sensitivity calibration 4, verification of wedge angle J267 In Figure 3, transducer D is being used to check: a. sensitivity calibration b. distance calibration ¢. resolution’ 4. verification of wedge angle 5266 ‘When the incident angle is chosen to be between the first and second critical angles, the ultrasonic wave sgencrated within the part will be: longitudinal shear surface . Lamb F223Ultrasonie Testing Method, Level I Figure 4 71. In Figure 4, transducer B is being used to check: a. verification of wedge angie . resolution ©. sensitivity calibration d. distance calibration 5266 72, The angle at which 90° refraction of the shear wave mode occurs is called the a. first critical angle b. second eritical angle ©. third critical angle d. angle of reflection W225 73, Inawater immersion test, ultrasonie energy is transmitted into stecl at an incident angle of 14° ‘What is the angle of the refracied shear wave within the material? V,=32x 108 emis Vp = 15x 1G emis (Trigonometry Tables Required) a. 43" b. 23° © 31° 413° H228 74, Ifyou were requested to design a plastic shoe to generate a Rayleigh wave in aluminum, what woul be the incident angle of the ultrasoric energy? 31x10 cms v, Vn=2.6 x 10° ems (Trigonometry Tables Required) 2.37 b. 57° e159 4. 48° 228 1. 76. n. 78. 79. 80. 32, Compute the wavelength of ultrasonic energy in lead at] MHz. 21x10 emis dx 2. 0.21.em b 2lem 0.48. om 6. 4.8x10% em H25 ‘The attenuation of energy within a material in the far field of the ultrasonic beam may be expressed as the: a. arithmetic mean b. geometrical average «©. exponential average exponential decay Do For aluminum and steel, the longitudinal velocity is, approxinacely the shear velocity. a. equal to b. twice c. half of 4d. four times H222 Water travel distance for immersion inspeetions should be: such that the second froat reflection does not appear between the fist front and back reflections b, exactly 76 mm (3 in.) c. less than 76 mm (3 in,) always equal to the thickness of the material being inspected £46.10 The electronic circuitry that allows selection and. processing of only those signals rel discontinuities that occur in specific zones of a partis called: an eléctronic gate an electronic attenuator . a distance amplitude comection circuit la fixed marker H36 When conducting a contact ultrasonic test, the “hast!” or irregular signals that appear in the CRT display of the area being inspected could be caused by: a. fine grains in the structure b. dirt in the water couplant ©. coarse grains in tke structure d. a thick but tapered back surface F.43.3081 82. r 8, 84. 85, ’ 1n inspecting a 102 mm (4 in.) diameter threaded steel cylinder for radial cracks extending from the root of the threads, it would be preferable to wansmitt 4. shear waves at an angle 10 the threads b. longitudinal waves from the end of the cylinder and perpendicular to the direction of the thread roots €. surface waves perpendicular to the thread roots 4d. shear waves around the circumference of the cylinder 1.289 In an immersion inspection of raw material, the water travel distance should be: 2. exactly 76 mm (3 in.) b. equal to 76,mm (3 in.)-413 mm (40.5 in.) . equal to the water travel distance used in setting up on the reference standards 4. equal to the thickness of a material F46.26 ‘The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave'as it enters a i than the one from which it came and a line drawn perpendicular to the interface between the wo media is called the angle of: 2. incidence b. refraction ©. rarefaction 6. reflection H221 ‘The process of adjusting an instrument or device to a reference standard is referred to as: 2. angulation b. scanning «. correcting for distance amplitude variations 4. calibration HS3 ‘An clectron tube in which a beam of elections from the cathode is used 1o reproduce an image on a fluorescent screen at the end of the tube is referred to. a. an amplifier tube b. apulsertude «c. acathode ray tube 4d. asweep tude H210 86, 87. 88 89. 90. si. Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level IT A grouping of a number of crystals in ene search unit with al contact surfaces in the eame plane, and vibrating in phase with each other 10 act as 2 single transducer is called a: 2. focusing erystal b. crystal mosaic «. scrubber ¢. single plane manipulator 343 ‘The soattering of the rays of an ultrasonic beam due to reflection from a highly imregular surface is called: a. angulation b. dispersion ©. refraction 4. rarefection Da ‘The angle of reflection is: a. equal to the angle of incidence b. dependent on the couplant used c. dependent on the frequency used. 4. equal to the angle of refraction F215 ‘The angular position of the reflecting surface of a planar discontinuity with respect to the entry surface isreferred io as: a. the angle of incidence b. the angle of refraction e. the orientation of the discontinuity d. none of the above 240 A short burst of alieimating electrical energy is called a continuous wave a peaked DC voltage an ultrasonic wave a pulse In ultrasonic testing, the time duration of the transmitted pulse is referred to as: the pulse length or pulse width the pulse amplitude . the pulse shape none of the atove H3.4,3.5Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level IT 92. ‘The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a boundary and changes the direction of its propagation within the seme medium is referred to as: . divergence impedance angulation reflection E215 93. The change in direction of an ultrasonic team whea it passes from one medium to another whose velocity differs from that of the first medium is called: a. refiaction b. rarefaction ¢. angulation 4. reflection 28 94. The coated inside surface ofthe large end of a cathode ray tube which becomes luminous when struck by en clectron beam is called: a. an electron gun b. an election amplifier ©. aCRT serven 4d. an electron counter 240 95. Which of the fellowing modes of vibration exhibits the shortest wavelength ata given frequency ard in a given material? a. Tongitudinal wave . compression wave ©. shear wave 4. surface wave B210, B214 In general, shear waves are more sensitive to small discontinuities than longitudinal waves fora giver frequency and in a given material because: 4. the wavelength of shear waves is shorter than the wavelength of longitudinal waves . shear waves are not as easily dispersed in the material ©. the direction of particle vibration for shear waves is more sensitive t discontinuities 4. the wavelength of shear waves is longer then the wavelength of longitudinal waves 25-28; P4521 34 97. In general, which of the following modes of vibration would have the grestest penetrating power ina ‘coarse-grained material if the frequency of the waves aie the same? a. longitudinal b. shear . wansverse 4. all of the above modes would have the same penetrating power 287-258; F455 98. A testing technique in which the crystal or transducer is parallel to the test surface and ultrasonic waves, center the material being ‘esting in a direction perpendicular to the test surface is: a. straight beam testing, b. angle beam testing ©. surface wave testing 4. none of the above 48; 1.233 99. ‘The distance from a given point on an ultrasonic wave to the next corresponding point is referred to as: 2. frequency b. wavelength ©. velocity ¢. pulse length 25; 1.233 100, The speed with which ultrasonic waves travel through a material is known as its a. velocity 'b pulse repetition rate «©. pulse recovery rate . ultrasonic response 43.9, 2.5 101. A substance that reduces the surface tension of @ liquid is referred to as: 2. acouplant b. an ulgasonie dampener cc. awetting agent d. none of the above D231; FA731 102, The transducers most commonly found in ultrasonic search units (probes) used for discontinuity testing utilize: a, magnetostriction principles b. piezoelectric principles ©. mode conversion principles d. none of the above D128, 178; FAB4103. Mechanical and electrical stability, insolubility in liquids, and resistance to aging are three advantages of scarch units containing transducers made of; a. lithium sulfate b. barium titsnate ©. guanz &. Rochelle salis F442; J.258 1 29%) sin 20%. The formals "f= “Tis refered toas a, the acoustical impedance ratio formula bi. the phase conversion formula ©. the Fresnel zone formula &. Snell's aw FAB.AS; J.166 10s. Thesonmote S™& 2 BO oy 1 formula OL is used to determine: v, 4. angular relationships », phase velocities €. amount of reflected sound energy 4. acoustic impedence 43.15; J.236 106. The amount of energy reflected from a discontinuity will be dependent on: a. the size of the discontinuity b. the orientation of the discontinuity . the type of discontinuity ¢. allof the above F.45.24 107. Ifan ultrasonic wave is transmitted through an interface of two materials in which the first material thas a higher acoustic impedance value but the same velocity value as the second material, the angle of refraction will be: a. greater than the angle of incidence b. less than the angle of incidence cc. the seme as the angle of incidence beyond the critical angle FA3.15; 5.236 108. Which of the following frequencies would probably resultin the greatest ultrasonic attenuation losses? a, 1MEz 2.25 MHz cc. 10MHz 25 Miz 43.26, 48.30 35 Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level IY 109. The product of the sound velocity and the density of material is known as the: a. refraction value of the material b. acoustic impedance of the materiel ¢, elastic constant of the material 4. Poisson's ratio of the material F.43.12; 5235 110. The amplifier range over which the unsaturated signal response increases in amplitude in proportion to the discontinuity surface area is the: 4, sensitivity range b. vertical Incarity range ¢. selectivity range 4. horizontal linearity range HSS n |. When inspecting a rolled or forged surface with a thin scale that is generally tightly adhering to the par, what is necessary to do before testing the part? a. clean the surface of loose scale b. have all scale removed . rough machine the surface 4. caustic etch the surface 47.23.25 112, The angle of reflection of an ultrasonic beam at an aluminum-water interface is: 4. 0.256 times the angle of incidence », approximately Y/ the angle of incidence ¢. equal to the angle of incidence 4. approximately 4 times the angle of incidence 43.14.15 113, What kind of waves travel ata velocity slightly less than shear waves and their mode of propagation is both longitudinal and transverse with cespeci to the surface? a. Rayleigh waves bi. transverse waves ©. L-waves 4. longitudinal waves 112.20; 3.234 114, Which ultrasonic test frequency would probably provide the best penetration ina 30 em (12 in.) thick specimen of coarse-grained steel? a. MHz b.2.25 MHz cS MHz 4.10 MHz H3.21Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level 11 11S. During immersion testing of an ASTM Ultrasonic Standard Reference Block, a B-scan presentation system will show a: a “plan’” view of the block, showing the arca and position of the hole bottom as seen from the entry surface b. basic test pattern showing the height of indication from the hold bottom and its location in depth from the entry surface ©. cross section of the reference block, showing the ‘op and bottom surfaces of the block and the location of the hole bottom in the block 4. none of the above FA73 116. Properties of shear or transverse waves used for ultrasonic testing incluce: 4, patticle motion normal to propagation direction, and a propagation velocity which is about 'f the longitudinal wave velocity in the same material b, exceptionally high sensitivity due 10 low attenuation resulting from longer wavelengths when propagating through water c. high coupling fficiency because shear waves are less sensitive to surface variables when traveling from a coupling liquid to the part d. none of the above statements apply to shear waves 2-18; J.233 117. One of the most common applications of ultrasonic tests employing shear waves is: a. detection of discontinuities in welds, tube, and pipe b. determination of clastic properties of metallic products ¢. detection of laminar discontinuities in heavy plate 4, measurement of thickness of thin plate A-ASTM E-164, Para. 1, 25 H4-11; J.270 118, Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness measurement can occur if: 4, the test frequency is varying ata constant rate . the velocity of propagation deviates substantially from an assumed constant value for a given material ©. water is employed as a couplant between the transducer and the part being measured 4. none of the above should cause errors 43.27, 505 36 119, Generally, the best ultrasonic testing method for detecting discontinuities oriented along the fusion zone in a welded plate is: an angle beam contact method using surface waves . a contact test using a straight longitudinal wave an immersion test using surface waves sn angle beam methed using shear waves 48.125 3270 aoce 120. An ulvrasonis testing instrument that displays pulses representing the magnitude of reflected ultrasound as a function of time or depth of metal is said 19 contain: a, acontinuous wave display b. an A-scan presentation ©. aB-scan presentation 6. aC-scan presentation 43.29; 1.3.6, 3-75 5.241 121. Ata water-to-steel interface the angle of incidence in ‘water is 7°. The principal mode of vibration that exis inthe steel is: a. lengitudinal b. shear . both aand b di. surface 42.26 122. Ina liquid medium, the only mode of vibration that can existis a, longitudinal b. shear ©. both and b d. surface 2-21; 1.233 123. In an ultrasonic instrument, the number of pulses produced by an instrament in a given period of time is known as the: a, pulse length of the insirument . pulse recovery time . frequency 4. pulse repetition rate 43.295 5282 124, In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the ‘component that coordinates the action and timing of ‘other components is called a . display unit or CRT . receiver marker circuit or range marker circuit synchronizer, clock, or timer F43.28 ln125. Ina basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrament, the ‘component that produces the veltege that activates the search unit is called: 2 an amplifier b. areceiver ©. apulser a synchronizer 133 126. In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the ‘comporent thet produces the tinte base linc is called a. sweep circuit b receiver « pulser 4, synchronizer HOA 127, Tn e basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the ‘component that produces visible signals on the CRT which are used to measure distance is called a: 2. sweep cireuit b, marker circuit ©. receiver circuit d. synchronizer F4330 128. Most basic pulse echo ultrasonic instruments use: a. automatic read-out equipment . an A-scan presentation ©. aD-scan presentation 4. aC-scan presentation F.43.29; 3240 . The cathode ray tube screen will display a plan view of the part outline and defects when using: a. automatic read-out equipment b. an A-scan presentation ©. a B-scan presentation a. a C-scan presentation 43.34; 3243 130, The incident angles at which 90° refraction of longitudinal and shear waves occurs are called: a, the nommal angles of incidence ». the critical angles . the angles of maximum refiection 4. none of the above E217; 3.236 Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level IT 131. Compression waves whose farticle displacement is parallel tothe direction of propagation are called: a. longitudinal waves », shear waves ©. Lamb waves 4d. Rayleigh waves 217; 5.233 132, Which of the following modes of vibration are quickly amped out when testing by the immersion method? 2, longitudinal waves bi. sheer waves a. surface waves 2-235 3.234 ‘The motion of panicles in a shear wave 4. parallel tothe direction of propagation of the ultrasonic beam b. transverse to the direction of beam propagation «. limited to the material surface and elliptical in ‘motion 4, polarized in a plane at 45° to the direction of beam Propagation W218; 5.233 134, An ultrasonic longitudinal wave travels in aluminum with a velocity of 635 000 cm/s and has frequency of | MHz, The wavelength of this ultresonic wave is: a 6.35 mm (0.23 ia) b. 18mm G1 in) © 19m G35 fi) 4. 30000A F439; J.233 135. The refraction angle of longitudinal ultrasonic waves passing from water into a metallic material at angles ‘other than normal to the interface is primarily a function of: a. the impedance ratio (r = Z,2,) of water to metal b. the relative velocities of sound in water and metal ¢. the frequency of the ultrasonic beam d. the density ratio of water to metal 2-24; J.236 136, In contact testing, shear Waves can be induced in the test material by: a. placing an X-cut erystal directly on the surface of the materials, and coupling through a film of oil using (wo transducers on opposite sides of the test specimen Placing a sphericel acoustic lens on the face of the transducer |. using a transducer mounted on a plastic wedge so that sound enters the part zt an angle b. 2.20Ultrasonic Testing Method, Lavel U1 137. As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a given diameter crystal: decreases . remains unchanged increases . varies uniformly through each wavelength E214; F.48.35 J.240 aeoe 138. Which of the followin, ultrasonic search uni shoes? rot an advantage of contact (probes) adapted with lucite a. climinates most of the crystal wear 'b permits adaptation to curved surfaces c. increases sensitivity d. allows ultrasound to enter a part's surface at oblique angles Fag14g24 139, In which medium tisted below would the velocity of sound be lowest? b. waer ¢, aluminum . plastic 1.2.18; J.235 140. A longitudinal ultrasonic wave is transmitted from water into steel at an angle of 5° from the normal. In such a case, the refracted angle of the transverse wave a. less than the refracted angle of the longitudinal b oqual tothe refracted angle of the longitudinal e. greater than the reffacted angle ofthe longitudinal 4. tot present tall 112-20; 1.236 14 The velocity of longitudinal waves will be highest in: a. water b air . aluminum 4. plast 2-18; J.235 142. In sicel, the velocity of sound is greatest in which of the following modes of vibration? 4, longitudinal b. shear . surface wave tical in all medes, in a given H.2-18; J.235 38 143. The acoustic impedance is: 2. used to calovlate the angle of reflection D. the product of the density of the material and the velocity of sound in the material ¢. found by Snell's law d, used to determine resonance values 2-35; J.235 144. Thin sheet may be inspected with the ultrasonic wave directed normal to the surface by observing: 4. the amplitude of the front surface reflection b. the multiple reflection pattem c. all front surface reflections 4d. none of the above D253 145. A diagcam in which the entie circuit stage or sections are shown by geometric figures and the path of the signal or energy by lines andior arrows is called a 1. schematic diagram b. blueprint ¢, block diagram 4d. none of the above H2-16 146. A hole produced during the solidification of metal duc to escaping gases is called: a. a burst b. acold shut c, flaking 4. a blow hole Jsi4 147. A discontinuity that occurs during the casting of molten metal which may be caused by the splashing, surging, interrupted pouring, orthe meeting of two streams of metal coming from different directions is called: a. a burst b. acold shat «. flekigg 4. a blow hole 7-10 148. The ratio between the wave speed in one material and the wave speed in a second material is called a the acoustic impedance of the interface b. Young's modulus «. Poisson's ratio d. the index of refraction Das149. The expansion and contraction of a magnetic material under the influence of a changing magnetic field is referred to as: a. piezoclectricity b. refraction cc. magnstostric di rarefaction D128 150. The ratio of strass to strain in a material within the clastic limit is called: a. Young's modulus b. the modulus of elasticity . both aandb 4. the index of refraction 43.10 151. A point, line, or surface of a vibrating body marked by absolute or relative fizedom from vibratory motion is referred to a, anode b. an antinode c. rarefaction 4. compression D3; FS12 152. The factor which determines the amount of reflection atthe interface of two dissimilar materials is: a, the index of rarefaction b. the frequency of the ultrasonic ways c. Young's modulus 4. the acoustic impedance 2.36 153. A quarz crystal cut so that its major faces are parallel tothe Z and ¥ axes and perpendicular to the X axis is called: a. a Poeut crystal b. an X-cat crystal ©. a Zcut crystal 4. a Z¥-cat orysal W344 154, The equation describing wavelength in terms of velocity and frequency is a. wavelength = velocity x frequency b, wavelength = 2 (frequency x velocity) ¢. wavelength = velocity + frequency 4 wavelength = frequency + velocity H25 39 Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level IT 155. Whichof the following can cccur when an ultrasonic, beam reaches the interface of two dissimilar materials? 1. reflection b. refraction ¢. mode conversion 4. all of the above Hw 156. When inspecting aluminum by the immersion method using water for a couplant, the following information 5s known: velocity of sound in water = 1.49 x 105emv/s, velocity of longitudinal waves in aluminum = 6.32 x 10° cm/s, and angle of incidence = 5" ‘The angle of refraction for longitudinal waves is approximately: 2 22° bis" ©. 268 aie W224 157. Ofthe piezoelectric materials listed below, the most efficient sound trarsmitter is: 2 lithivm sulfate b. quar, . barium titanate 4d. silver oxide 3285 158, Of the piezoelectric materials listed below, the most, efficient sound receiver is: a. lithium sulfate b. quar, . barium titanate 4. silver oxide 3.255 159, The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in 2 test part when inspecting by the immersion method is: ‘by transmitting longitudinal waves into a part in a direction perpendicular to its front surface bb. by using two crystals vibrating at different frequencies . by using a ¥-cut quanz crystal d. by angulating the search tube to the proper angle 1.288Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level IT 160. Beam divergence is a function of the dimensions of the crystal and the wavelength of the beam. transmitted through a medium, and ft: 2. increases if the frequency or crystal diameter is decreased decreases ifthe frequency or erystal diameter is decreased . increases if the frequency is increased and crystal diameter is decreased |. decreases if the frequency is increased and crystel diameter is decreased 230 161. The wavelength of an ultrasonic wave is: . directly propertional to velocity and frequency directly proportional to velocity and inversely proportional to frequency . inversely proportional to velocity and directly proportional to frequency equal to the product of velocity and frequency 3-233 . The fundamental frequency of 2 piezoelectric crystal js primarily a function of: . the length of the applied voltage pulse the amplifying characteristics of the pulse amplifier inthe instrument . the thickness of the crystal none of the above F.223; H6-11 . Acoustic velocities of materials are primarily duc to the material’ a. density b. elasticity ¢. both ard b 4. acoustic impedance H217 164, Inspection of castings is often impractical because of extremely small grain structure coarse grain structure . uniform flow lines uniform velocity of sound 44-37; J.190 165. Lamb waves may be used to inspect a. forgings b. bar stock c. ingots, 4. thin sheet 12.29 40 166. The formula used to determine the angle of beam divergence of a quarzz crystal is: = diameter Va wavelength diameter = frequency x wavelength, frequency x wavelength 1.22 x wavelengih/diameter 1.230 161. The resolving power of a search unit is directly proportional to its: a. diameter . bandwidth «. pulse repetition 4. none of the above 1.266 168. Acoustic lens elements with which ofthe following permit focusing the sound energy to enter cylindrical surfaces normally or along a line focus? a. cylind:ical curvatures ». spherical lens curvatures fe, ecanvex shapes 4. concave shapes 5.259 169, Inthe basic pulse echo instrument, the synchronizer, clock, or timer circuit will determine the: a. pulse length >. gain . pulse repetition rate 4. sweep length JA70 170. The primary requirement of a paintbrush transducer is that: a b all erystals be mourted equidistant from each other the intensity of the beam pattern net vary greatly over the entice length of the transducer the fundamental frequency of the ecystals not vary more than 0.01% 4. the overall length not exceed 76 mm (3 in.) 4.258 im. Heat conduction, viscous friction, elastic hysteresis, and scattering are four different mechanisms whi lead to: a. attenuation bi. refraction c. beam spreading 4. saturation 5.238172, Since the velocity of sound in aluminum is approximately 245 000 inJs, it takes how long for sound to travel through 25 mm (1 in.) of eluminem? ales b. 4us c4ms Max 10s 5.163, 233 173, When testing a part with 2 rough surface, itis generally advisable to use: a lower frequency search unit and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface b. a higher frequcnsy search unit and a more viscous ‘couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface ©. a higher frequency search unit and a less viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth surface 4. & lower frequency search unit and a less viscous couplant then is used on parts with a sthooth surface 4322 174, Reflection indications from 2 weld area being inspected by the angle beam technique may represent a, porosity . cracks cc. weld bead all of the shove H435 175. During a test using A-scan equipment, sirong indications that rove at varying rates across the screen in the horizontal direction appear, It is impossible to repeat a particular screea pattern by scanning the same area. A possible cause of these indications is: a. porosity in the test pant b. an irregularly shaped crack ¢. ablow hole d. electrical interference 1.246 176. In an A-scan presentation, the horizon‘al line formed by the uniform and repeated movement of an electron ‘beam seross the fluorescent screen of a cathode ray tubeis called: 2. a square wave pattem b. asweep line c. a marker pattern d. none of the above HU m7. 18, 180. 181 Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level IT Which of the following frequencies would probably result in the greatest amount of attenuation losses? a. 1 MHz b.225 MHz ©. SMHz 4. 10 MHz HAI In general. which waves will travel around gradual curves with litie or no reflection from the carve? 8. transverse waves b. surface waves ©. shear waves 4. longitudinal waves H.2-18, 2.28 To evaluate and accurately locate discontinuities after scanning a part with a paintbrush transducer, itis generally necessary (0 use a: a. search unit with 2 smaller crystal ». scrubber ©. grid map 4. crystal collimator H345 An ultrasonic instrument has been calibrated to obtain 251 mm (2 in, indication from a2 mm (0.08 in.) diameter flat bottom hole located 76 mm (3 in.) from the front surface of an aluminum reference block. When testing an aluminum forging, a 51 mm (2 in.) indication is obtained from a discontinuity located. 76 mm (3 in.) from the entry surface. The cross sectional area of this discontinuity is probably: 2 the same as the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat vowtom hole b. greater than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat bottom hole . slightly less than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat boitom hole 6. about Ma the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat bottom hole 4.262 As the impedance ratio of two dissimilar materials incteases, the percentage of sound coupled through an interface of such materiale: & decreases b. increases . is not changed 4. may increase or decrease 4234Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II 182, Low frequency sound waves are not generally used 10 test thin materials because of: 2, the rapid attenuation of low frequency sound b. incompatible wavelengths ©, poor near-surface resolution 4. none of the above will actually limit such a test J234 183, When using two separate search units (one a ansmitter, the other a receiver), the most efficient combination would be a: a, quartz transmitter and a barium titanate receiver b. barium titanate transmitter and a lithium sulfate receiver . lithium sulfate transmitter and a barium titanate ¢. barium titanate transmitter and a quartz receiver 5287 184. In immersion testing, the accessory equipment 10 which the search cable and the search unit are attached is called &: 2. crystal collimator b. scrubber ©. jet-siream unit 4, search tube or seanning tube W312 185. In general, di be oriented: ontinuities in wrought products tend 10 randomly in the direction of grain flow . at right angles to the entry surface . atright angles to the grain flow b d HI37 186. In immersion testing, imelevant or false indications caused by contoured surfaces are likely to result in a a. broad-based ins b. peaked indication . “hashy” signal <. narrow-based indication H-24 187. In contact testing, defects near the entry surface cannot always be detected because of: 2. the far-field effect . attenuation ©. the dead zone d. refraction 43.31; 1.4.20 42 188, In cases where the diameter of tubing being inspected is smaller than the diameter of the wansducer, what ccan be used to confine the sound beam to the proper range of angles? a, ascrubber b. 2collimator ¢. an angle plane angulator 4. a jet-stroam unit PAT32 189. The maximum scanning speed possible is primarily determined by: a, the frequency of the search unit, b. viscous drag problems ¢. the pulse repetition rate ofthe test instrument . the persistency of the CRT screen F.a8s 190. Which of the following is frequently displayed by a facsimile recording instead of a CRT presentation? 2. Avsean presentation bb Bescan presentation ce. C-zcan presen‘ation 4. none of the above are adaptable for facsimile recordings H38 191. The property of certain materials to wansforn electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa iscalled: a. mode conversion b. piezoelectric effect ¢. refraction d. impedance matching. D119; 12-7 192. Surface waves are reduced to an energy level of approximately '/25 of the original power at adepth of: 25 mm (1 in.) . 102 mam (4 in.) L wavelength A wavelengths apg D.10 193. To prevent the appearance of the second front surface indication before the first back reflection when inspecting aluminum by the immersion method (water is used as a couplant), it is necessary to have 2 minimum of atleast 1 inch of wster forevery a. SI mm (2 in) of aluminum , 102 mm (4 in.) of aluminum ¢. 152 mmn (6 in.) of aluminum 4. 203 mm (8 in.) of aluminum HAS194. Increasing the length of the pulse used to zctivate the search unit will: a, increase the strength of the ultrasound but decrease the resolving power of the instrument b, increase the resolving power ofthe instaument ¢. have no effect on the test 4, decrease the penetration of the sound wave H3-13,4.20 195, The lack of parallelism between the entry surface and the back surface: a, may resultin a screen pattern that does not cantain back reflection indications b. makes it difficult to locate discontinuities that lie Parallel to the entry surface ©. usually indicates thet porous condition exists in the metal 4, will decrease the penetrating power of the test H.237 196. A discontinuity witha concave surface wil diffuse the sound energy throughout the part b. cause the reflecied beam to focus at a point derermined by the curvature of the eiscontinuity . cause mode reinforcement of the ultraronie wave 4. none of the atove 45.24 197, Rayleigh weves: are generated at the first critical angle . are generated at the second critical angle are generated ateither critical angle travel only in a liqu are another name for Lamb waves pppoe J.233-234 198, Angle beam testing of plate will often miss: a. cracks that are perpendicular to the sound wave. ’. inclusions that are randomly oriented . laminations that are parallel to the front surface d. 2 series of small discontinuities E262 199. Recucing the exten: of the dead zone of a transducer by using a delay tip results in: 4: improved distance amplitude comection in the near field reduced frequency of the primary ultrasonic beam reduced ability to detect flaws in the near field improved accuracy in thickness measurement of thin plate and sheet ©. none of the above aos 5.288 200. 201 202. 206. 204. Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level II ‘Ina plate, skip distance can be calculated from which ofthe following formulas where (¢= plate thickness, 0 = angle of sound beam refraction, and V = sound velocity): a $= 2x1) /tand ce Sa2xrxtan8 4. $= 2x Vxsin €. none of the above 5266 ‘The technique of examining an ultrasonic reflector from different directions might be used to enable the technician to: a. distinguish between different types of flaws b. predict the useful service life of the test specimen ©. distinguish between flaw indications and spurious of false indications d. allof the above e. none of the above J2a7 ‘The principal applications of ultrasonic techniques consist of a. flaw detection b. thickness measurements . determination of elastic moduli d. all of the above €. none of the above F432 Attenuation is the loss of the ultrasonic wave energy during the course of propagation in the material duc te: ‘reflection and refraction . dispersion and diffraction cc. absorption and scattering d. composition and shape e. all of the above D.107 ‘When setting up an ultrasonic inspection, the Fepetition frequency of the ultrasonic instrument should be set: 8. so that its period is atleast as long as the operating time b. the same as the transducer resonance frequency c. as low as possible to avoid overpulsing ard distortion 4, according to the instruction menval of the instrument ©. none of the above 98Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level I 205. In immersion shear wave testing, waves are normally generated by angulating the transducer beyond the firsteritical angle. What is the direction of the ‘material’ particle motion? a. the same as the wave propagation 'b, normal to the material surface ©. parallel to the direction of wave propagation d. perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation c. only surface waves existed beyond the first critical angle 5233 205. Which of the following modes of vibration are quickly dampened out when testing by the immersion method? 1 longitudinal waves b. shear waves . transverse waves 4d, surface waves 4232 44 207. The most commonly used method of producing shear waves ina test part when inspecting by the immersion method is: a. by uansmitting longitudinal waves into a pertin a direction perpendicular to its front surface ». by using two crystals vibrating at different frequencies «. by using ¥-cut quartz crystal 4. by angulating the search tube or manipulator to the proper angle H3412® Level II Answers Ultrasonic Testing Method La 39. ¢ 77. b 24 40. d 78. a n 3b 41. 4 79. a 4¢ 42. 4 80. ¢ = 5. ¢ Bc 81. b 64 44. a 82. ¢ 7.4 45. a 83. b - 8 b 46. ¢ 84. 4 9d 47. b 85. ¢ 10. 4 48. a 86. b n ll. 4 49. ¢ 87. b 12. b 50. ¢ 88. a _ 13. ¢ sl. a 89. ¢ 14. 52. b 90. 4 15. b 53. a 91. a -0 16. ¢ 54, a 92. 4 17.»b 55. d 93. a 18. a 56. b 94. € fn 19a ST. ¢ 95. d 20. € 58. b 96. a _ 2. a 59. b 97. a 22. a 60. ¢ 98. a 23. ¢ 61. d 99. b - 24. a 62. ¢ 100. a 25. b 63. a 101. ¢ 26. a 64. a 102. b r 2. a 65. ¢ 103. ¢ 28. a 66. b 104. d 29. b 67. d 105. a n 30. © 68. ¢ 106. a 31. 4 69. a 107. ¢ - 32. d 70. b 108. d 33. a Tl. b 109. b 34. b 2.» 110, b - 35. b B. ¢ i. a > 36. € 74. b 112. ¢ 37. € 75. a 113. a r 38. d 7%. a 114. a 45 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123, 124, 125 126, 127, 128. 129. 130. 131 132. 133. 134, 135, 136. 137. 138. 139, 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149, 150. 151. 152. ascent aoToRO PPO base TAs Taco ona Done DA153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. BarcoegeaPesaag 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173, 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179, 180. cecagmapoEe cons 46 181. 182. 183, 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189, 190. 191. 192. 193, 194. porogeogerpgagaD 195. 196, 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. aLevel TIT Questions Ultrasonic Testing Method In an ultrasonic test system where signal amplitudes are displayed on a CRT, an advantage of a frequency- independent ettenuaior over a cortinuowsly variable gain control is that: 1, the pulse shape distortion is Jess ». the signal amplitude messured using the attenuator independent of frequency «. the dynamic range of the system is decreased d. the effect of amplification threshold is avoided D211 An amplifier in which received echo palses must exceed a certain threshold voliage before they can be indicated might he used to: 4. suppress amplificr noise, unimportant scatter echoes, or small flaw echoes that are of no consequence », provide a sexeen display with neatly idzal vertical Tineatity characteristics ©. compensate for the unavoidable effects of material attenuation losses 4. provide distance amplitude correction automatically D.167 ‘The output voltage from a saturated amplifier is: 8. 180° out of phase from the input voltage , lower than the input voliage ©. nonlinear with respect to th d. below saturation iput voltage D.2U1 ‘The transmitted pulse at the output of the pulser usually has a voltage of 100 to 1 0OOV, whereas the Voltages of the echoes at the input of the amplifier ere onthe order of: 4. 0.001-1.V bisv © 10V 4.50V D205 47 6. 8 The intended purpose of the adjustable calibrated Mtenuator of an ultrasonic instrument ist: 2. control transducer damping ». increase the dynamic range of the instrument «, broaden the frequency range 4. attenuate the voltage applied to the transducer Dace ‘Which of the following might result in increased transmission of ultrasound within a coarse-grained material? ‘perform the examination with a smaller diameter ansducer . perform the examination after a grain refining heat treatment ©. change from a contact examination to an immersion examination . change from a longitudinal 10 a transverse wave 4830 ‘When material grain size is on the order of wavelength of larger, excessive Scattering of the ultrasonic beam may affect test results. al bln ©. Yo 4. Yioo 1.238 Ina forging. flaws associated with nonmetallic inclusions can most accuraicly be described es having which of the following orientations? 2. parallel to the major axis ». parallel to the minor «. aligned with forging flow lines 4. at approximately 45° to the forging direction D280Ultrasoniz Testing Method, Level HI 8. 10. ul. 2 B. ‘The preferred method of ultrasonically inspecting a complex-shaped forging: . is an automated immersion test of the finished forging using an instrument containing a calibrated attenuator in conjunction with a C-scan recorder b. combines thorough inspection of the billet prior to forging with a careful inspection of the finished part inall areas where the shape permits iS a manual contact test of the finished part is an automated immersion test ofthe billet prior to forging J504 Ina long rod that is examined from one end with a longitudinal beam, the most likely effect of Jongitudinally-oriented discontinuities would be to: . significantly reduce the back surface reflection cause echoes between the initial pulse and the first back surface reflection for which the reflector Jocatfons cannot be precisely determined , remove or reduce the amplitude of eckoes from refracted beam paths 4, cause excessive baseline noise 48.27 ‘When maximum sensitivity is required from a transducer: a, a straight-beam unit should be used b. large diameter crystals are required c. the piezoelectric element should be driven at its fundamental resonant frequency 4. the band width of the transducer should be as Iarge as possible Fas Which of the following 1 MEYz search units should normally have the best time or distance resolution? a. quanz transducer with air backing b. quartz transducer with phenolic backing c. barium titanate transducer with phenolic backing, 4. lithium sulfate transducer with epoxy backing Faas ‘The sensitivity of en ultrasonic test system: 2, depends on the search unit, pulser, end amplifier used . decreases as te frequency is increased . increases as the resolution increases 4. isnot related to mechanical damping or the transducer Faas 4 15, 16. 1, 18. 19. 48 ‘The ability of a test system to separate the fromt- surface echo and the echo from a small discoatinuity Just below the surface: a, depends primarily upon the pulse length generated from the instrument 1. is not related to the surface roughness of the part under inspection . is primarily related to the thickness of the part under inspection ¢. is usually improved by using a larger search unit 3-13 Search unit sensitivity is most often determined by: a. calculations based oa frequency and thickness of piezoelectric element b. the amplitude of the response from an artificial discontinuity . comparing it oa similar search unit made by the same manufacturer 4, determining the ringing time of search unit HB3-13 Notches are frequently used as reference reflectors for: 1, distance amplitude calibration for shear waves b. area amplitude calibration ©, thickness calibration of plate d. determining near-surface solutions 3-19, 3.22 Notches provide good reference discontinuities when UT examination is conducted to primarily detect. defects such as & porosity in colled plate b. inadequate penetration at the root of a weld ¢. weld porosity 4. internal inclusions F818 ‘The difference between a compression and shear a quantitative measure b. particle direction ©. qualitative measure 4, amplitude D8 ‘The particle motion for Rayleigh waves is usually described as: sinusoidal . circular elliptical |. shear epee Ds20. Based upon wave theory and ignoring attenuation losses, the echo amplitude is: 2. directly proportional tothe distance to the reflector b. inversely proportional to the distance to the reflector rectly proportional to the square of the distance to the reflector 4. inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the reflector F412 21 ‘The rate generator in B-scan equipment will invariably be directly connected to the: a CRT intensity circuit 1. pulser circuit ¢. RFamplifier circuit horizontal sweep circuit P4334 22, In A-scan equipment, the RF pulser output voltage is normally in the range of: a. 110V b. 10-100-¥ ©. 100-1000 V d. 1000-3 000 v D.163 23. Whea contact testing, an increase in tightness of a shrink fit to a hollow shaft will eause the ratio of the back reflection to the metal-to-metal interface reflection to: 2, increase be decrease ©. remain unchanged . cannot be predicted as the response is material- rf dependent DAI 24. During the inspection of a parzllel-sided, machined forging using the straight beam immersion technique, « diminished back reflection in a localized area in te absence of a defect indication would least likely represent &. acoarse grain structure b. small nonmetallic stingers ©. adefest oriented ata severe angle surface 4. alarge inclusion the entry Fan7 25. As you increase the frequency of a given size | Wansducer: 4 the lateral resolution is impaired b the beam divergence increases « the length of the near field increases 4: the sensitivity increases CC Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level IL 26. Which frequency can best distinguishche eifference between a large planar defect and 4 sticked (mulipie- Jaycred) laminations in rolled plate? 2. 0.5 MHz b. i Mia ©. 2.25 MHz 0. 5 Miz 83.20 27. During immersion examination, when evaluating the response from a contoured surface of a part, irelevant indications due to the contour are most likely to appear as: a. sharp spiked signal indications b. imegular signal indications ©. broad-based signal indications hash 14.32 28. The pulse applied to the electrodes of the ultrasonic search unitis: a. electrical b. mechanical ©. eleciro-mechanical 4d. piezoelectrical Fads 29. In calibrating an ultrasonic test instrurent utilizing the responses from each ofthe area ummpltude wpe reference blocks, the determination of the: vertical range is obtained b. pulse range is obtained range is obtained 4. horizontal range is obtained HS7 30. Test sensitivity corrections for metal distance and discontinuity area responses are accomplished by using: a. an area amplitude set of blocks b. an area amplitude and a distance amplitude set of blocks ¢. a distance amplitude set of blocks 4. stee! balls of varying diameter Hs-6 31. The time from the star: of the ultrasonic pulse until the reverberations completely decay limits the maximum useble: 8. pulse time-flaw rate b. pulser/receiver rate . pulse repetition rate 4. modified pulse-time rate £43.28__ Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level III 32 33. em 35. _ 36. mo. Rough surfaces can cause undesirable effects which 38. are noticeable when parts are tesied ultrasonically, including: a. annular maxima rings B. an increase in the width of front face echo and consequent loss of resolving power €, acoustical mismatch 4. asymmetrical modes BASIS 39. Rough surfaces cause the echo amplitude from discontinuities within the part to: a, increase b, decrease ¢. not change d. change frequency FASAS 40. ‘When a sound beam travels fiom a liquid into a metal through acontoured surface, the sound beam inside the metal will: 2, have the phase velocities of the first symmeteical and asymmetrical modes b. have the phase velocity ofthe incident longitudinal wave 41 «¢. not be affected by the part geometry 4, be convergent if the surface is concave, and divergent if the surface is convex FAS.13 . The resonant frequency of a 2 em (0.79 in.) thick plate of Naval brass (V = 4.43 x 10° ems) is: 1, 0.903 MHz b. 0.443 MHz 42, ©. 0.222 MHz d. 0.111 Miz D, Resonance testing equipment generally utilizes: a. pulsed longitudinal waves . continuous Iongitudinal waves c. pulsed shear waves 43, 4. continuous shear waves S01 To climinate the decrease of sensitivity close toa ‘wall which is parallel to the beain direction, the probe used should be: 1. a3 small as possible . of as low frequency as possible ¢. botha and b d. Targe and with a frequency as high as possible. D241 50 Some information on the shape of a flaw may be given bj 1. the shape of the echo b. the amplitude of the echo . botha and b 6. neither a nor D270; 5.245 ‘Which of the following transducer materials mikes the best transmitter? a, quartz, b. lithium sulfate . barium titanate 4. none of the above D125; J255 Of the transducer materials listed below, the most efficient receiver is: a. quartz », lithium sulface , barium titanate 4. lead metaniobate D3 ‘The concentration of energy in the far Feld of a transducer beam ist a. greatest at the outer edges of the beam b. greatest at the center of the beam cc the same at the outer edges as in the center of the beam, d. directly proportional to beam width H231 ‘A typical application of shear waves in ultrasonic testing is the inspection of: a, welds b. place ©. pipe and tubing, i allof the above W410 In angle beam shear wave testing, skip distance will a the thickness of the test specimen is increased. . decrease 1. not change | decrease by half with double thickness D32845, 46 47, 48, 49, The thickness range of UT resonance thickness gages ccan be increased by: a. using large transducers ». operating at the fundamental frequency «©. operating at a harmonic frequency 4. increasing the voltage 43.37 ‘The ability of transducers to det defects isa definition for: ect echoes from smell a. resolution ‘The length ofthe near field for a2.5 em (1 in.) diameter, 5 MHz transducer placed in oil (V'= 14X10" em/s) is approximately: a. 0.028 em (0.01 in.) b. 6.25 em (2.5in,) ©. 22.3 em (8 in.) SI 4. 35.8 cm (2 in} Dss; F.44.13 From the equation for the length of the near field, can be determined that the near field can be minimized by: 2. decreasing water travel distance 6. increasing transducer diameter 52. ©. decreasing the size of reference targets 4. decreasing test Frequency £4413 Ina water (V, =1.5 x 10° em/s) immersion test, ultrasonic energy is transmitted into steel (WV, =32 x 10 emis) atan incident angle of 14° What is the refracted shear wave within the material? a 13? 53. b 35° © 31° 453° P4315 ‘What would be the approximatc bandwidth of the transducer withthe frequency response shown in Figure 1(-3 dB)? 2. 4MHz 54. b. 8MHe ©. 10 MHz . 12 MHz Rats 51 Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level IL Amplitude 2 4 6 6 w Increasing Frequency (Megacycles) (= 4.43 x 10° cmis, p = 8.42 gmvem) is: a, 0.53 x 10° gmiem’s b. 19x10" pmfem's ©. 94x10! gm/emis 4.37% 10 gmicm’s F312 The principal attributes thet determine the differences in ultrasonic velocities among materials are: a, frequency and wavelength . thickness and travel time ©. elasticity and density 4. chemistry and permeability HIT ‘What would be the wavelength of the energy in lead (V= 2.1 x 108 cm/s) if i i tested with a 25 MHz wansducer? a. 119 em (47in.) b. 0.525 em (0.21 in) ©. 0.0119 cm (0,005 in.) 4. 0.0084 em (0,003 in) F439 What is the transducer half-angle beam spread of a 1.25 om diameter, 2.25 MHz transducer in water (V5 15x 10" omis)? a. 25° b. 375° ©. 375° 4. 405° 8230 ‘The term that is used to determine the relative transmittance and reflectance of ultrasonic energy at an interface is called: . 1. acoustic attenuation b. interface refraction ©. acoustic impedance ratio 4. acoustic frequency F312Ultrasonic Testing Method, Level IIT 5S, In general, when a discontinuity is thin it is a poor reflector. The maximum reflection is obtained when the thickness of the discontinuity is equal to at least: a. "4 wavelength b. "wavelength c. I wavelength d. even multiples of '/2 wavelength FAS22Ll. 2. 3. 4. 3. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13, 14. pRaee con goEn De Level III Answers Ultrasonic Testing Method 15. 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. 21. 22, 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Beat Rea gea gone 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. aroeoaseacen oD POTRe APR aagcen