SEED METERING MECHANISM The mechanism of a seed drill or fertilizer

distributor which delivers seeds or fertilizers from the hopper at selected rates is called
seed metering mechanism. Seed metering mechanism may be of several types:(a) Fluted
feed type (b) Internal double run type (c) Cup feed type (d) Cell feed mechanism (e) Brush
feed Mechanism (f) Auger feed mechanism (g) Picker wheel mechanism (h) Star wheel
mechanism.

(a) Fluted feed type- It is a seed metering device with adjustable fluted roller to collect
and deliver the seeds into the seed tube. Fluted feed type mechanism consists of a fluted
wheel, feed roller, feed cutoff and adjustable gate for different sizes of grains. The feed
roller and the feed cut-off device are mounted a shaft, running through the feed cups. The
roller carries grooves throughout its periphery. It rotates with the axle over which it is
mounted throws the grains out on the adjustable gate from where it falls into the seed tube.
The fluted rollers which are mounted at the bottom of the seed box, receive seeds into
longitudinal grooves and pass on to the seed tube through the holes provided for this
purpose. (b) Internal double run type- It is a seed metering device in which the
feed wheel is provided with fine andcoarse ribbed flanges. It consists of discs, mounted on
a spindle and housed in a casing fitted below the seed box . It has double faced wheel.
Internal double-run type roller one face has a larger opening for larger seeds and the other
face has smaller opening for smaller seeds. A gate is provided in the bottom-of the box to
cover the opening not in use. The rate of seeding is varied by adjusting the speed of the
spindle which carries the discs. (c) Cup feed mechanism- It is a mechanism
consisting of cups or spoons on the periphery of a vertical rotating disc which picks up the
seeds from the hopper and delivers them into the seed tubes. It consists of a seed hopper
which has two parts. The upper one is called grain box and the lower one is called feed
box. The seed delivery mechanism consists of a spindle, carrying a number of discs with a
ring of cups attached to the periphery of each disc .The spindle with its frame and
attachment is called seed barrel. When the spindle rotates, one disc with its set of cups
rotates and picks up few seeds and drops them into small hoppers. The cups have two
faces, one for larger seeds and the rate at which the seed barrel revolves. This type of
mechanism is common on British seed drills.
COMBINE HARVESTER

It is a machine designed for harvesting, threshing, separating, cleaning and collecting

grains while moving through standing crops. Bagging arrangement may be provided with a
pick up attachment. The main functions of a combine are: (i) Cutting the standing crops
(ii) Feeding the cut crops to threshing unit (iii) Threshing the crops (iv) Cleaning the grains
from straw (v) collecting the grains in a container.
The whole machine is composed of the following components: 1.Header (2) Reel (3) Cutter
bar (4) Elevator canvas (5) Feeder canvas (6) Feeding drum (7) Threshing drum (8)
Concave unit (9) Fan (10) Chauffer sieve (11) Grain sieve (12) Grain auger (13) Tailing
auger (14) Tail board (15) Straw spreader (16) Return conveyor (17) Shaker (18) Grain
elevator (19) Grain container.
----Header is used to cut and gather the grain and deliver it to the threshing cylinder. The
straw is pushed back on the platform by the reel. Small combines use scoop type headers,
while large combines use T type headers with auger tables. Harvesting is done by a cutting
unit, which uses a cutter bar similar to that of a mower. The knife has got serrated edge to
prevent the straw from slipping while in operation. There is suitable cutting platform which
is provided with a reel and a canvas. The reel is made of wooden slats which help in
feeding the crops to the cutting platform. The reel gets power through suitable gears and
shafts. The reel revolves in front of the cutter bar, while working in the field. The reel
pushes the standing crops towards the cutting unit. The reels are adjustable up and down
as in or out. The cutter bar of the combine operates like a cutter bar of a mower. It cuts the
standing crops and pushes them towards the conveyor. The conveyor feeds the crop to the
cylinder and concave unit. The grain is swept underneath the augers and conveyed behind
them. The threshing takes place between the cylinder and concave unit of the combine.
The basic components of the threshing unit of the combine are similar to a power thresher.
As soon as the crops are threshed, the threshed materials move to a straw rake. These
rakes keep on oscillating and separating the grains. The cleaning unit consists of a number
of sieves and a fan. The cleaning takes place on these sieves with the help of the fan. The
un-threshed grains pass through tailing augur and go for re-threshing. The clean grains
pass through grain elevator and finally go to packing unit. Grains are collected in a hopper
provided at suitable place. The fan is adjusted such that the chaff etc is blown off to the
rear side of the machine. The size of the combine is indicated by the width of cut, it covers
in the field. A combine may be (i) Self propelled type and (ii) P T O driven type
HARVESTING It is the operation of cutting, picking, plucking and digging or a
combination of these operations for removing the crop from under the ground or above the
ground or removing the useful part or fruits from plants. Harvesting action can be done by
four ways: 1) Slicing action with a sharp tool. 2) Tearing action with a rough serrated edge
3) High velocity single element impact with sharp or dull edge. 4) Two elements scissors
type action. Manual harvesting involves slicing and tearing action. Harvesting can be done
by: (i) Manually operated tool (ii) Animal drawn machine (iii) Mechanically operated
machine. There are a few related terms in connection with harvesting, which are as below:
Mower: It is a machine to cut herbage crops and leave them in swath. Reaper: It is a
machine to cut grain crops. Reaper binder: It is a reaper, which cuts the crops and ties
them into neat and uniform sheaves. Swath: It is the material as left by the harvesting
machine.Sickle: It is a curved steel blade having a handgrip and used for harvesting by
manually. Windrow: It is a row of material formed by combining two or more swaths.
Windrower: It is a machine to cut crops and deliver them in a uniform manner in a row.
Sickle: Sickle is a simple harvesting tool. It is used for harvesting crops and cutting
other vegetations. It essentially consists of a metallic blade and
a wooden handle. Sickles are classified into two classes: (i)
Plain and (ii) Serrated. Blade is the main metallic part of the
sickle. It is desirable to make the blade made of carbon steel.
The blade is made in a curved shape. The teeth of serrated
sickle are made sharp for efficient working in the field. The
handle of the sickle is made of well-seasoned wood. The forged
end of the blade for fixing the handle is called tang. The plain or
serrated edge in the inner side of the blade is called cutting
edge. Protective metallic bush fitted at the junction of the blade
and the handle to keep the tang tight in the handle is called
ferrule. Harvesting by sickle is a very slow and labour
consuming device.
Mower: Mower is a machine to cut herbage crops and leave
them in swath.There are different types of mower used in
different ways such as:Cylinder mower: It has rotating helical blades arranged in
horizontal cylindrical form. With the rotation of blades, forage or grasses are cut
continuously. Reciprocating mower: It is a mower with a knife having sections that
reciprocate against stationaryfingers. It is most common type of mower used everywhere.
Horizontal rotary mower: It is a mower with high speed knife rotating in the horizontal
plane. Due to rotation of knife, the grasses and forage are cut in uniform way. Gang
mower: It is an assembly of two or more ground driven cylinder mowers. Flail mower: It is
a mower with high speed swinging knives, operating either in a horizontal plane or around
a horizontal cylinder
CULTIVATORS ---It is an implement for inter cultivation with laterally adjustable tines or
discs to work between crop rows. The cultivator stirs the soil, and breaks the clods. The
tines fitted on the frame of the cultivator comb the soil deeply in the field. A cultivator
performs functions intermediate between those of plough and the harrow. Destruction of
weeds is the primary function of a cultivator. The following are a few important functions
performed by a cultivator.
Functions
1. Interculture the fields. 2. Destroy the weeds in the field. 3. Aerate the soil for proper
growth of crops. 4. Conserve moisture by preparing mulch on the surface. 5. To sow seeds
when it is provided with sowing attachments. 6. To prevent surface evaporation and
encourage rapid infiltration of rain water into the soil.
Types
Disc cultivator : It is a cultivator fitted with discs. Rotary cultivator : It is a cultivator
with tines or blades mounted on a power drivenhorizontal shaft. Tine cultivator : It is a
cultivator fitted with tines having shovels. Trailed type cultivator: It consists of a main
frame which carries a number of cross members to which tines are fitted. At the forward
end of the cultivator, there is a hitch arrangement for hitching purpose. A pair of wheels are
provided in the cultivator. The height of the hitch is adjusted so that main frame remains
horizontal over a range of depth setting. The tines in each row are spaced widely to allow
free passage of the soil and trash around them. The tines in subsequent rows are
staggered so that the implement can cover the entire width nicely
Mounted Cultivator:
Tractors fitted with
hydraulic lift operate the
mounted type cultivators.
A rectangular frame of
angle iron is mounted on
three point hydraulic
linkage of the tractor. The
cross members carry the
tines in two staggered
lines. Depending upon the type of soil and crop,shovels are chosen for use on the
cultivators. Usually tractor drawn cultivators are of two types , depending upon the
flexibility and rigidity of tines (i) Cultivator with spring loaded tines (ii) Cultivator with rigid
tynes Cultivator with spring loaded tines
spring tine cultivator
.A tine hinged to the frame and loaded with a spring so that it swings back when an
obstacle is encountered, is called spring loaded line. Each of the tine of this type of
cultivator is provided with two heavy coil springs (Fig), pre-tensioned to ensure minimum
movement except when an obstacle is encountered. The springs operate, when the points
strike roots or large stones by allowing the tines to ride over the obstruction, thus
preventing damage. On passing over the obstruction, the tines are automatically reset and
work continues without interruption. The tines are made of high carbon steel and are held
in proper alignment on the main frame members. This type of cultivator is particularly
recommended for soils which are embedded with stones or stumps.
Rotary Cultivator--A rotary cultivator is a tool that is used
to loosen, aerate, and prepare soil for new planting or to
enhance the condition of soil for existing plantings. A
rotary cultivator, often known as a rototiller or rotocultivator,
consists of sharp rotating tines or blades that are typically
made of steel or aluminum. The rotating tines dig into the
soil, loosening and aerating the soil in a process
known as cultivation.
THRESHING Thresher is a machine to separate
grains from the harvested crop and provide clean
grain without much loss and damage. During threshing, grain loss in terms of broken grain,
un-threshed grain, blown grain, spilled grain etc. should be minimum. Bureau of Indian
Standards has specified that the total grain loss should not be more than 5 per cent, in
which broken grain should be less than 2 per cent. Clean un-bruised grain fetch good price
in the market as well as it has long storage life. Different type of thresher and their
suitability for crops The type of thresher is generally designed according to the type of
threshing cylinder fitted with the machine. The major type of threshers commercially
available is as follows: i. Drummy type: It consists of beaters mounted on a shaft which
rotates inside a closed casing and concave. ii. Hammer mill type: It is similar to dummy
type but it is provided with aspirator type blower and sieve shaker assembly for cleaning
grains. iii. Spike-tooth type: Spikes are mounted on the periphery of a cylinder that
rotates inside a closed casing and concave. It is provided with cleaning sieves and
aspirator type blower. iv. Rasp bar type: Corrugated bars are mounted axially on the
periphery of the cylinder. It is fitted with an upper casing and
an open type concave at the bottom of
the cylinder. The cleaning system is
provided with blower fan and straw
walker. v. Wire-loop type: Wire-loops are
fitted on the periphery of a closed type
cylinder and woven wire mesh
type concave is provided at the
bottom. vi. Axial flow type: It consists
of spike tooth cylinder, woven-wire
mesh concave and upper casing provided
with helical louvers. vii. Syndicator type:
 The cylinder consists of a flywheel with corrugation on its periphery and sides, which
rotates inside a closed easing and concave. The rims of the flywheel are fitted with
chopping blades
Factors affecting thresher performance The factors which affect the quality and
efficiency of threshing are broadly classified in three groups: i. Crop factors: Variety of crop,
Moisture in crop material. ii. Machine factors: Feeding chute angle, Cylinder type, Cylinder
diameter, Spike shape, size, number Concave size, shape and clearance iii. Operational
factors: Cylinder speed, Feed rate, method of feeding, Machine adjustments.
principle of a thresher During operation, the crop material is slightly pushed into
the threshing cylinder through the feeding chute, which gets into the working slit created
between the circumference of the revolving drum having attached spikes and the upper
casing. The speed of the spikes is greater than the plant mass due to which they strike the
latter which results in part of the grain being separated from straw. Simultaneously, the
drum pulls the mass through the gap between the spikes and the upper casing with a
varying speed. The angle iron ribs on the other hand, restrain the speed of the travelling of
stalks clamped by the spikes. Due to this the spikes move in the working slit with a varying
speed in relation to the shifting mass of material, which is simultaneously shifted, with a
varying speed with respect to the upper casing. As a result, the material layer is struck
several times by the spikes against the ribs, causing threshing of the major amount of
grains and breaking stalks into pieces. As the material layer shifts towards the
progressively converging slit of lower concave, its size reduces. The vibration amplitudes,
therefore, decrease where as the speed of the layer increases. This causes mutual rubbing
of the ear stalks, as well as rubbing of the ears against the edges of the concave bars and
causes breaking of stalks depending on the concave clearance. Since the system is
closed, the thicker stalk, which cannot be sieved through the concave, again joins the fresh
stalk and the same process is repeated until the stalk size is reduced to the extent that it
can pass through the concave apertures. Thus fine bruised straw is produced. The
effective threshing process means that the loss of un-threshed kernels ejected with the
straw through the concave and the loss of grain damage should be low and the amount of
the material passed through the concave should be high.
thresher maintenance ---Check the thresher for wear and tear---Check pulley
surfaces. Rough grooves, if nicked, must be smoothened with a fine file. Cracked pulleys
should be replaced immediately.----Check all pegs on the threshing cylinder for tightness.
Loose pegs will damage the machine and may be dangerous to the operators.----Examine
the peg-teeth for wear. Worn pegs must be rotated 180 degrees or interchanged with those
less worn. Badly worn pegs must be replaced or rebuilt by welding.----To prevent
premature belt failure, check each belt’s alignment and tension. Adjust the idler pulley on
the blower/cylinder belt to correct tension.
safety precautions1. The farmer should buy only those threshers, which are fitted
with safe feeding chute as per B.I.S. standards 2. Employ only skilled and trained workers
for feeding the crop to the thresher. Know your thresher before working on it.3. Do not work
on thresher for more than 8 hours or when feel tired.4. Do not be irresponsible while
working on thresher5. Do not work on thresher under the influence of alcohol or any other
intoxicants6. Do not smoke or light a fire near the threshing yard.
construction 1. Concave:---It is a concave shaped metal grating, partly
surrounding the cylinder against which the cylinder rubs the grain from the plant or ear
heads and through which the grains fall on the sieve.2. Cylinder or Drum:---It is a
balanced rotating assembly, comprising rasp, beater bar or spikes on its periphery and
their support for threshing the crop.3. Cleaning Unit:The function of the cleaning unit is
to separate and clean the threshed grain. The cleaning unit mainly consists of two or more
oscillating sieves, a fan and an air sucking duct known as aspirator. Usually two ducts are
there, one primary duct and the other secondary duct. The function of the primary duct is to
remove major portion of straw, dust and other foreign matter. The secondary duct is used
for final cleaning of the grains.
SOWING & ITS EQUIPMENT Seeding or sowing is an art of placing seeds in the
soil to have good germination in the field. A perfect seeding gives a. Correct amount of
seed per unit area. b. Correct depth at which seed is placed in the soil. c. Correct spacing
between row-to-row and plant-to-plant.
SEED /crop DRILL Seed drill is a machine for placing the seeds in a continuous flow
in furrows at uniform rate and at controlled depth with or without the arrangement of
covering them with soil.
Function of seed drill: Seed drill performs the following functions i) To carry the
seeds. ii) To open furrow to an uniform depth iii) To meter the seeds iv) To place the seed
in furrows in an acceptable pattern v) To cover the seeds and compact the soil around the
seed
Seed cum fertilizer drill Seed drills, fitted with fertilizer dropping attachment, distribute
the fertilizer uniformly on the ground.It is called seed cum fertilizer drill. Such a drill has a
large seed box which is dividend lengthwise into two compartments, one for seed and
another for fertilizers. Seed drill may be classified as (i) Bullock drawn (ii)Tractor drawn.
COMPONENTS OF SEED DRILL A seed drill with mechanical seed metering device
mainly consists of : (i) Frame (ii) Seed box (iii) Seed metering mechanism (iv) Furrow
openers (iv) Covering device (vi) Transport wheels.
conventional and Modern Harvesters
Conventional harvesters and modern harvesters are both machines used for the
harvesting of crops, but there are some key differences between the two types.
----Technology: Conventional harvesters are typically less technologically advanced than
modern harvesters. They often rely on manual labor and simple mechanical processes to
harvest crops, while modern harvesters use advanced technology such as GPS and
automated systems to improve efficiency and precision.----Efficiency: Modern harvesters
are generally more efficient than conventional harvesters. They can cover larger areas of
land in a shorter amount of time, and can harvest more crops per hour than conventional
harvesters.----Size: Modern harvesters are typically larger and more complex than
conventional harvesters. They may have multiple attachments and functions, such as a
combine harvester, thresher and cleaner all in one machine.----Automation: Conventional
harvesters are typically operated by a driver, who is responsible for controlling the machine
and monitoring its performance. Modern harvesters, on the other hand, often have semi or
fully automated systems that can perform many of these tasks on their own.---Cost:
Modern harvesters are generally more expensive than conventional harvesters, due to
their advanced technology and automation.----Maintenance: Modern harvesters are
typically more complex and require more maintenance than conventional harvesters. They
may also require specialized training to operate and maintain properly.
Potato crop machinery
---Potato crop machinery refers to the various machines used in the cultivation, planting,
harvesting, and processing of potato crops. Some of the common types of potato crop
machinery include:---Potato planters: These machines are used to plant potato seeds or
seed potatoes in the field. They can be either manual or tractor-mounted and can plant the
potato at a specific depth and spacing.---Potato harvesters: These machines are used to
harvest potatoes from the field. They can be either pull-behind or self-propelled and can be
used to dig potatoes out of the ground, separate the potatoes from the soil, and collect
them in a bin or cart.--Potato diggers: These machines are used to loosen the soil around
the potato plants and to lift the potatoes out of the ground. They can be either manual or
tractor-mounted.---Potato graders: These machines are used to sort potatoes by size,
shape and quality. They use a combination of mechanical and manual processes to
separate good potatoes from bad potatoes.---Potato washers: These machines are used to
wash potatoes to remove dirt, debris and other impurities. They can be either manual or
automated and use water, brushes and other cleaning methods.---Potato sizers: This
machine separates potatoes into different sizes and grades.---Potato storage: These are
specially designed storage facilities for potatoes, which can keep the potatoes cool and
dry, and prevent spoilage.---Potato chip processing machines: These machines are used
to process potatoes into potato chips, french fries and other potato-based products.
-----All the above machinery can be either manual or tractor-mounted depending on the
scale of operation and requirement.
Hand feed and automatic sugar beet crop machinery
----Hand feed and automatic sugar beet crop machinery refer to the different types of
machines used in the cultivation, harvesting and processing of sugar beet crops.
----Hand feed sugar beet harvesters: These machines are typically smaller and less
complex than automatic harvesters. They are operated by a driver who manually feeds the
beets into the machine, which then separates the beets from the soil and collects them in a
bin or cart.---Automatic sugar beet harvesters: These machines are larger and more
complex than hand feed harvesters. They use automated systems to harvest the beets,
such as GPS and sensor technology, which can guide the machine to the beets and
automatically pick them up. They also have the capacity to separate leaves and other
unwanted materials from the beets.---Sugar beet washers: These machines are used to
wash sugar beets to remove dirt, debris and other impurities. They can be either manual or
automated and use water, brushes and other cleaning methods.---Sugar beet graders:
These machines are used to sort sugar beets by size, shape and quality. They use a
combination of mechanical and manual processes to separate good beets from bad beets.
---Sugar beet cutters: These machines are used to cut sugar beets into smaller pieces,
which are then processed into sugar.-----Sugar beet loaders: These machines are used to
load sugar beets into trucks or other transportation vehicles for transport to the sugar
processing factory.---Sugar beet storage: These are specially designed storage facilities for
sugar beets, which can keep the beets cool and dry, and prevent spoilage.----Automatic
machinery is used for large scale operations, where as manual machinery is used for small
scale or for specific situations like rocky fields. The cost of automatic machinery is high
compared to manual machinery.

Chain harrows, also known as drag harrows,

are farm implements that are used to level and
smooth out the surface of soil. They consist of a
series of chains that are strung between a frame and
pulled behind a tractor. The chains are typically
made of steel and are designed to be heavy enough
to dig into the soil and break up clumps of earth, but
not so heavy that they damage the soil structure.
Chain harrows have several benefits:===They can
be used to level out rough or uneven ground, making
it easier to plant and harvest crops.===They can be used to break up clumps of soil,
improving the soil structure and allowing for better water and air penetration.===They can
be used to remove debris such as rocks and sticks from the soil, making the field more
suitable for planting and harvesting.===They can be used to incorporate organic matter
such as manure and compost into the soil, improving the fertility of the soil.===They can
be used to prepare a seed bed by leveling the soil surface, breaking up clumps and
removing debris before planting.--Chain harrows come in different sizes and designs, and
can be adjusted to suit different soil types and working conditions. They can be used in
different stages of crop growth, like before planting, after planting and after harvest.
-----Chain harrows can be used for a variety of crops and are particularly useful for large
fields, where a single pass can cover a large area in a relatively short amount of time.
seed harrows
Seed harrows, also known as broadcast harrows or cultivator harrows, are farm
implements that are used to evenly distribute seed over a field. They are pulled behind a
tractor and typically consist of a series of tines or spikes that are mounted on a frame. The
tines are typically made of steel and are designed to be flexible enough to follow the
contours of the soil while still being sturdy enough to dig into the soil and create a
seedbed.--The seed harrows are equipped with a seed spreader which distributes the seed
over the field. The spreader can be adjusted to control the rate of seed flow, and the width
of the spread.--Seed harrows have several benefits:---They can be used to evenly
distribute seed over a field, ensuring that each area receives the same amount of seed.
----They can be used to cover the seed with soil, helping to protect it from birds, wind, and
other weather conditions.---They can be used to create a seedbed, by leveling the soil
surface and breaking up clumps of soil before planting.---They can be used to incorporate
fertilizer into the soil, improving the fertility of the soil.----They can be used to prepare the
field for planting by removing debris such as rocks and sticks from the soil.Seed harrows
come in different sizes and designs, and can be adjusted to suit different soil types and
working conditions. They can be used for a variety of crops, and are particularly useful for
large fields, where a single pass can cover a large area in a relatively short amount of time.
They are also useful for planting small seeds like grass, clover and other forage crops.
Cultivation machinery refers to the various types of farm equipment used to prepare
soil for planting, remove weeds and other unwanted plants, and maintain the health of
crops during the growing season. Some common types of cultivation machinery
include:----Tillers/ cultivators: These machines are used to break up and aerate the soil,
remove weeds, and prepare a seed bed. They can be either manual or tractor-mounted
and can be adjusted to suit different soil types and working conditions.---Rotary hoes:
These machines use rotating blades to chop up and remove weeds and other unwanted
plants from the soil. They can be used to control weeds between rows of crops or to
prepare a seedbed.---Power harrows: These machines use rotating tines to dig into the
soil, break up clumps, and incorporate organic matter into the soil. They can be used to
prepare a seedbed or to maintain soil health during the growing season.---Plows: These
machines are used to turn over the soil and create a new seedbed. They can be either
manual or tractor-mounted and can be adjusted to suit different soil types and working
conditions.---Disc harrows: These machines use a series of discs to chop up and remove
weeds and other unwanted plants from the soil. They can be used to prepare a seedbed or
to maintain soil health during the growing season.---Bedformers: These machines are used
to create raised beds for planting crops, They can be used to prepare a seedbed or to
maintain soil health during the growing season.---Mulch layer: These machines are used to
apply a layer of mulch over the soil surface to protect the soil from erosion and retain
moisture.----All the above machinery can be either manual or tractor-mounted depending
on the scale of operation and requirement. The specific types of cultivation machinery used
will depend on the type of crop being grown, the size of the field, and the specific soil and
weather conditions.
Advantages of using a Combine Harvester---It combines three separate
harvesting activities such as reaping, threshing, and winnowing into one single process.
-----Reduces the overall cost of production and helping farmers to prepare crop in a very
short time.----It reduces the stress for the farmer and let’s tackle the harvesting easily even
in case of a labour shortage during the peak season.----Reduces the dependency on the
farmers.----Reduces crop loss.----Grain farmers can prepare the grain for markets directly
from their farm.
What is the objective of threshing ---To separate the grain or seed from the
straw or other inedible parts of the crop. ----To clean the grain or seed by removing any
dirt, debris, or other impurities. -----To break down any clumps or lumps of grain or seed to
ensure that it is free flowing and easy to handle.--- To prepare the grain or seed for
storage, transport, or further processing.---- To increase the efficiency and speed of the
harvest by separating the grain or seed from the crop quickly and effectively. ----To reduce
the labor required for manual threshing and cleaning of the grain or seed.---- To increase
the yield of the crop by removing all the grain or seed from the straw or other inedible
parts.