MSE 3207 MATERIALS PROCESSING

LECTURE 2

Taking k out of the derivative assumes that k = f (x) and k = f (T ),

because T = f (x).
Is this assumption valid?
For most materials for most small working T ranges (< factor of 2) is usually
negligible.

Simplify the conduction equation:

What we have done so far:

∂T
ρ cp = V · k VT
∂t
∂T
= α V2 T
∂t
3D to 1D
∂T ∂ 2T
=α 2
∂t ∂x
Assumption 1: Steady State

unchanging temperature with time (T profile),

Steady State Conduction:
heat is flowing, but at constant rates everywhere

∂T
= V2 T = 0
∂t
V2 T = 0 Laplace Equation

1-D Sheet and Bar

∂ 2T
=0
∂x2
 3.044 MATERIALS PROCESSING 3

Solve

∂2T
=0
∂x2
 
∂ ∂T
=0
∂ x ∂x
 
∂T
∂ =0
∂x
∂T
=A
∂x
dT = A dx
T = Ax + B

Apply Boundary Conditions

1. @ x = 0, T = T1
T = A(0) + B = T1
∴ B = T1
2. @ x = L, T = T2
T = A(L) + T1 = T2
T2 − T1
∴ A=
L

Plug In
 
T2 − T2
T = x + (T1 )
L

Rearrange

T − T1 x
=
T2 − T1 L

Define Dimensionless Variables:

LECTURE 2

Dimensionless Position (0 - 1)
how far you are from T1
z }| {
T − T1
Θ= Fractional Position
T −T
| 2 {z }1
full temp. range

Dimensionless Position (0 - 1)
x
χ= Fractional Temperature
L
Solution: Θ = χ

constant
z}|{ ∂T
q=− k
∂x
|{z}
slop e = constant

∴ q is a constant
Heat flow out of a pipe

Steady State:
∇2 T = 0
1 ∂2 T ∂2 T
 
1 ∂ ∂T
r + + =0
r ∂r ∂r r2 ∂ θ2 ∂ Z2
 
1 ∂T
r =0
∂r ∂r
 3.044 MATERIALS PROCESSING 5

Solve
 
d ∂T
r =0
dr ∂r
�   �
∂T
d r = 0
∂r
dT
r =A
� dr �
A
dT = dr
r
T = A ln r + B
Boundary Conditions
1. @ r = R1 , T = T1
T1 = A ln R1 + B
2. @ r = R2 , T = T2
T2 = A ln R2 + B
Solve for A

T1 − A ln R1 = T2 − A ln R2
T1 − T2 = A ln R1 − A ln R2
 
R1
T1 − T2 = A ln
R2
T1 − T2
A=
ln R
R2
1

Solve for B
T1 = A ln R1 + B
T1 − T2
T1 = ln R1 + B
ln R
R2
1

T1 − T2
B = T1 − ln R1
ln R
R2
1
6 LECTURE 2

Plug In
T = A ln r + B
T1 − T2 T1 − T2
T = R1
ln r + T1 − ln R1
ln R2 ln R
R2
1

( )
r
T − T1 ln R1
Θ= = ( )
T2 − T1 ln R2
R1

∂T
q = −k Flux is not constant everywhere
∂r
q · |{z}
A = constant Total heat flow is constant everywhere
2πrr

Composite Wall

 3.044 MATERIALS PROCESSING 7

Steady State 1D
∂ 2T
= 0 in material A and B
∂x2
Boundary Conditions
@ x = L A , T = T2
@ x = LA , qin = qout
Solve
 
∂T  ∂T 
kA = kB
∂x LA − ∂x LA +
ΔTA ΔTB
kA = kB because slope is const.
LA LB
kA kB
(T1 − T2 ) = (T2 − T3 )
LA LB
⇒ Solve for T2 , the unknown T
How is this useful to engineers?
LA
ΔTA kA
= LB
ΔTB kB
L
ΔT ∝
K
L
= Thermal Resistivity
K
Say we are making a furnace out of steel

L  .01m
= W
= 0.0003 ΔT 10x less
k steel 30 mK


L  .01m
= W = 0.003 ΔT 10x more
k mullite
 3 mK
Read As:
1. Mullite has 10x the temperature drop of steel
2. Mullite conducts slowly compared to steel
3. Steel is a faster conductor