LECTURE NOTES IN

TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT

Traffic Management and

Accident Investigation
with Driving
North Luzon Philippines State College
San Nicolas, Candon City, Ilocos Sur
LEARNING MODULE IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Course Overview
This course deals with the processes of
traffic management, the agencies
regulating transportation and traffic
facilities and control devices; It also deals
with the elements of traffic management,
Traffic Administration and Traffic Law
Enforcement and the traffic violations
and traffic accident investigation.

Course Objectives
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
[Link] the traffic management action;
2. develop full understanding of the concept of traffic
direction, control and enforcement system;
3. demonstrate familiarity on the different traffic rules and
regulations;
4. apply the technical concepts of traffic accident investigation
and the proper procedures in apprehending traffic violator;
and
5. perform basic driving.

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INTRODUCTION
TO TRAFFIC

Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

a. compare traffic with transportation; and

b. trace the historical development of traffic and transportation.

LESSON 1 CONCEPT
OF TRAFFIC
STOP! If you are telling that traffic and transportation is
the same. The words are synonymous but they have different
definitions.
Traffic refers entirely to the movement (or passing) of persons,
animals, and vehicles along the traffic way for the purpose of travel.
Transportation on the other hand refers to the conveying (or
movement) of persons and goods from one place to another.
Etymology of the word Traffic:
Word Meaning
Trafic (French) from old “to trade, commerce, or carry on trade”
French trafique, traffico or (from trans (Latin) means “across” + ficcare (Italian)
trafficare (Italian) means “to thrust in” or “bring”)
Transfegator (medieval an explorer, spy, or investigator which occurs as early as
Latin) 1243 which is froms “transfegare” which means to “cross
over the sea, gulf, strait or channel.”
Tafriq (Arabic) “distribution” which means people and vehicles coming
and going (first recorded in 1825).
Trasfegar (Purtuguese) to pour out from one vessel into another
Traficar&trafagar (Spanish) or
traficar, trafegar, &trafeguear
(Purtuguese)
with uncertain origin, probably
from the Latin trans
(trans across, over) + fiacre
(to make).

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Today, the word traffic, as a noun, could be

understood as any of the following As a verb, the word traffic
([Link] Unabridged (v 1.1), Based on may mean: to carry on traffic, trade, or
the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © commercial dealings; or to trade or
Random House, Inc. 2006.): deal in a specific commodity or
service, often of an illegal nature
1. the movement of vehicles, ships, persons,
(usually followed by in): to traffic in
etc., in an area, along a street, through an
opium.
air lane, over a water route, etc.: the
heavy traffic on Main Street Transportation could have
2. the vehicles, persons, etc., moving in an originated from the following (New
area, along a street, etc Illustrated Webster’s Dictionary of the
3. the transportation of goods for the
English Language, 1992):
purpose of trade, by sea, land, or air:
ships of traffic Transporter (Middle French,
4. trade; buying and selling; commercial 1400-1600) from Latin transportare:
dealings trans means across + portare means to
5. trade between different countries or
carry.
places; commerce
6. the business done by a railroad or other From this, Webster’s define
carrier in the transportation of freight or transportation as: the act of carrying or
passengers conveying from one place to another;
7. the aggregate of freight, passengers, or vehicles used in transporting.
telephone or telegraph messages, etc.,
handled, esp. in a given period Traffic and transportation also
8. communication, dealings, or contact includes land, air, and water systems.
between persons or groups: traffic However, in this course, air and water
between the Democrats and the traffic and transportation are discussed
Republicans
only by impasse while land traffic and
9. mutual exchange or communication:
transportation is the focused of study
traffic in ideas
10. trade in some specific commodity or
service, often of an illegal nature: the
vast traffic in narcotics

ASSESSME

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LESSON 2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAND TRANSPORTATION

MANPOWER, ANIMAL POWER, AND WIND POWER

Early people were nomadic. They constantly migrate from one place to
another according to their own detailed knowledge of exploitable resources.
The term nomad, from the Greek, “to pasture,” was originally used to refer to
pastoralists - groups that migrate in an established pattern to find pasture lands for their
domestic livestock. However, the term has since been generalized to include all non-settled
populations, of which there are three types.
The first type, comprises foraging populations who wander in search of their food.
It is estimated that 99 percent of all humanity once lived in this way.
The second type, the most significant numerically and historically, comprises the
pastural nomads who move with their families, belongings, and herds of cattle, camel, sheep,
or goats through an annual cycle of pastures whose availability is determined by the
alternation of hot and cold or wet and dry seasons.
The third type comprises gypsies, tinkers, and similar itinerants in urban and
complex societies.
Ancient modes of transportation:
A. MANPOWER.

 Early man, who had no domesticated animals, carried his own burden.

 Manpower is important transportation in many parts of the world

Back Load and Tumpline

Carrying Pole

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Sledge on rollers Sledge on runners

B. Animal Power

• The domestication of animals greatly increased the potential power available for
transportation.

Ox Reindeer
These were
Cattle, which were first domesticated in Mesopotamia, werefirst
useddomesticated in Siberia
as draft animals in war
to draw the Beginning of thea
chariots. Oxen

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[Link]

Donkey
The donkey or ass, first domesticated in the Middle East. Don

Dog
The first animal domesticated, is too slight to carry heavy loads.

Llama Elephants
In Pre-Columbian America, the Llama was the only
The new
Carthaginians
world animal
usedother
African
thanelephant
the dog in
capable
their war
of domesticat
against R

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Horse Camel
ThereAsia
Around 2,000 B.C. horse drawn chariot Appeared in Southwest areand
two1,000
kinds of later,
years camel, the two-humped
the Persians arrived withBactrian came
cavalry which ga

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Yak
A long-haired type of cattle that lives at high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau and in the n

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C. Wind Power
• A man realized the energy from the mass of moving air and learned to utilize such as
powers to lift rather than to drag. This paved way to invention of air lifted
transportation vessels. Wind power includes:

[Link] [Link]
[Link] hopter

Ancient Chinese Kite Da Vinci’s Ornitopher

Kites have been flown as a popular past The great renaissance artist,
time in the Far East since the beginning of
scientist and engineer, Leonardo
the history. Based on a Korean tradition,
the kite was first used for transport when Da Vinci, made study of the flight
Korean general employed one in bridge of the birds and his notebooks
building. In the late 10th century, several sketched a number of ornithopter.
European armies experimented with kites
in transporting of men.

[Link]
-brothers

Montgolfier Balloon
The Montgolfier brothers of France Joseph
Michel and Jacques Entienne have
successfully released several balloons
when they proposed to use two
condemned prisoners for the first ascent
with passengers.

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Siemens Rocket Plane Lilienthal Glinder

Ernst Werner Von Siemens who later achieved fameOtto
as an electrica German
Lilienthal, industrialist,
inventorinwho
1847
alsodesigned rocket
made a study of theplane
fligh

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[Link]

Santos Dumont’s Airship Wright Brother’s Flying Machine

BuiltSantos
One of the pioneers of lighter- than-air craft was Alberto biplane kite then
Dumont, over 200who
a Brazilian different wing types
experimented which
with the they
steam- p

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Lindbergh’s Spirit of St.

Louis
The first solo flight from New York to Paris, made by Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh in

ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY

A. WHEEL was invented probably in Western Asia

Solid wheels on fixed axle Sumerian Chariot with Flank

Cart represents an early step in the evolution ofWheels
wheeled vehicles. Its solid wheels, which were made of a singl
This chariot, of about 2400
B.C. had solid wheels built up of three pieces, and so was more

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Roman Carpentum
A closed, two-wheeled cart, was the favored vehicle whe
Greek quadrica with spoke wheels
Drawn by four horses was a light and elegant vehicle for gentleman about 250 B.C.

Italian Cocchio, 1288

A travelling wagon in which the passengers were protected by a covering of leather or cl

[Link] Vehicles could not use the narrow paths and trails used by
pack animals, and early roads were soon built.

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C. The Romans

• Were the major road builders in the ancient world

• The Romans road network reach a total of about 50, 00
miles ( 80,000 kms),
• It was costly because its deep foundation, formed by layer
after heavy stones, was necessary to make roads that would carry heavy traffic for many years

D. JOHN L. MACADAM - perfected the macadamized road in England about

1815.
E. After the fall of the Romans in the 5th Century, land haulage generally
declined because highways suffered from inadequate maintenance. Such
improvements however, as the horse collars (10th Century), the addition of
springs to coaches; new methods of road construction, and the introduction of
toll roads (18th century) all continued to ease and speed land travel.
[Link] improvement of road vehicle began with the adoption of COACH
SPRING about 1650.
G. JOHN PALMER introduced his first fast mail coach in March of 1785.
H. The invention of BICYCLE - early 19th century served as a nursery of
automobile builders. One of the modern ancestors of the modern bicycle was
the HOBBY HORSE, or dandy horse.

The German Baron KARL VON DRAIS in 1817 introduced

1838, a steerable wheel, creating the “draisienne,” or “da
KIRKPATRICK
MACMILLAN, a Scottish blacksmith, made the first machine with ped

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I. PNEUMATIC TIRES by a Scot, JOHN BOYD

DUNLOP appeared in late 19th century (about 1888).

[Link]

J. MOTOR VEHICLE - the first mode of transportation to challenge

the

TTO AND
ENOIR
AIMLER pioneered
oduction of the manufacture
motorized carriage by of
hisgas engines, in
invention andthe
later Daimler
1860’s andbecame
70’s ofa the
successful
INTERNALautomobile manufacturer. ENGINE.
COMBUSTION DAIMLER is also known as the

RUDOLF DIESEL, a German engineer developed an internal comb

In 1880, HENRY
The AUTOMOBILE – found its greatest popularity FORDwhere
in the U.S., – introduced
the firstthe MODEL T, which
HORSELESS was prove
CARRIAGE

In 1956, FELIX WANKEL A German mathematician, developed an advance-type of engine, named after him, that ope

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