TUTORIAL: Fourier Analysis

 54 , t  3
1. Consider the function f (t ) = 
 0, t  3
1.1 Sketch the graph of f (t ) for −5  t  5 (3)
2
f(t)

-4 -2 0 2 4
t

1.2 Determine the Fourier transform F ( j ) of the rectangular pulse f (t ) using the definition. (7)

3
5
F ( j ) =  4e
− jt
dt ✓ Remember f (t ) is not a periodic function
−3

5 −1 − jt 3 
= e  ,   0 ✓ Do not substitute  with !!
4 j  −3 3

5 −1 − j 3
= e − e j 3 
4 j

5 1 j 3 − j 3
= e − e  ✓
2 2 j 

5
= sin ( 3 ) ✓
2
3 3
5 5 5 15
If  = 0 F ( j ) =  dt = t = ( 3 − (−3) ) = ✓
−3
4 4 −3 4 2

15 sin ( 3 )
 , 0
 3
F ( j ) =  2
 15
, =0

 2

= 152 sinc ( 3 ) ✓
 TUTORIAL: Fourier Analysis

e j5 
2. Determine the inverse Fourier transform F ( j ) = . (3)
3 − j

Presence of e j 5   time shift  = 5 ✓

 1  3t
f (t ) = F −1   = e H (−t ) ✓
 3 − j 

 e j5  
F −1   = f (t + 5) = e
3( t + 5)
H ( − (t + 5) ) ✓
 3 − j 

t
3.1 If f (t ) = for 0  t  6 and f (t + 6) = f (t )
3
Determine the complex form of the Fourier series expansion of f (10)

2  6
1 t 
T = 6 and  = = ✓  cn =  e− jn 3 t dt ✓
6 3 603
6
1  −3t 9  − j3n t
=  + , n  0 ✓✓(Integration by parts)
18  jn n 2 2 
e
0

− jn
( 6) 1  −18 9 9 
But e 3
= e − j 2 n = 1 ✓  cn =  + 2 2 − 2 2✓
18  jn n  n 
−1 j
= = , n  0✓
jn n
6 6
1 t 1 t2 1
For n = 0 c0 =  dt = = ( 36 − 0 ) = 1 ✓✓
603 18 2 0 36

j j n3 t
The complex Fourier series expansion of f (t ) = 1 +  e ✓
n =− n
n0

2, t 3
3.2 If g (t ) =  use the table to determine the Fourier transform of f ( t ) = g ( t − 4 ) (4)
0, t 3

G ( j ) = 2 ( 2 )( 3) sinc ( 2 ) = 12sinc ( 3 ) ✓✓
f ( t ) shifts 4 units to the right
F ( j ) = 12e − j 4 sinc ( 3 ) ✓✓

3.3 Consider the function f (t ) = e −3t u ( t ) .

3.3.1 Determine the Fourier transform of f (t ). (1)
1
F ( j ) =
3 + j
 TUTORIAL: Fourier Analysis

3.3.2 Obtain expressions representing the amplitude and phase spectra of f (t ) (3)
1 
A= ✓ Phase = arg1 − arg ( 3 + j ) = − tan −1 ✓✓
3 +
2 2 3
1
3.4 Determine the inverse Fourier transform of H ( j ) =
2 + j ( −  ) (2)

h ( t ) = e j t e −2t u ( t ) = e( j − 2)t u ( t ) ✓✓

4.1 Consider the periodic function f (t ) = t 2 for −  t   with f (t + 2 ) = f (t ). Derive the complex
form of the Fourier series expansion of this function. (13)
T = 2   = 1

1 
 t e
2 − jnt
cn = dt
2 −


1  −t 2 2t 2  − jnt
=  jn + n 2 + jn3  e ,n  0
2   −

1  − 2 2 2  − jn  − 2 2 2  
=  + 2 + 3 e − − 2 + 3  e jn 
2  jn n jn   jn n jn  

But e− jn = e jn = (−1)n

1  − 2 2 2  2 2 2 
 cn =  + 2 + 3+ + 2 − 3  (−1) n , n  0
2  jn n jn jn n jn 
2
= 2 (−1) n , n  0
n

1 
c0 =   t dt
2

2 −


1 t3 
=  
2  3  −
1   3   3 
=  − − 
2  3  3  
2
=
3

2 
2
 f (t ) =
3
+ n
n =−
2
(−1) n e jnt
n0
 TUTORIAL: Fourier Analysis

1, t  2
4.2 The Fourier transform of f (t ) =  is F ( j) = 4sinc(2) . Sketch the graph of the
0, t  2
frequency spectrum of f(t). Clearly indicate the y intercept. (3)

4
F(jw)

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8 10
w

5e(3 −6) j
4.3 Consider the Fourier transform F ( j ) = .
4 − ( − 2) j

4.3.1 State the names of the two properties you will use to determine the inverse Fourier transform.
(2)

Time-shift property
Frequency-shift property

5e(3 −6) j
4.3.2 Invert F ( j ) = . (5)
4 − ( − 2) j

5e(3 −6) j 5e3( −2) j

=
4 − ( − 2) j 4 − ( − 2) j

 5e3( −2) j  j 2 t −1  5e
3 j

F −1   = e F  
 4 − ( − 2) j  4 − j 

 5 
F −1   = 5e H (−t )
4t

 4 −  j 

 f (t ) = e j 2t 5e 4(t +3) H (−t + 3) 

 TUTORIAL: Fourier Analysis

5.1 Let f (t ) = 3t for 0  t  8 and f (t + 8) = f (t ) . Derive the complex form of the Fourier series
4
expansion of f. (10)

1 8 3t
8 0 4
c0 = dt = 3

1 8 3t − jn t /4
8 0 4
cn = e dt
8
3  te − jn t /4 e − jn t /4 
=  − 
32  −n j / 4 ( n j / 4 )2 
0
−2 n j −2 n j
3  32e 16e 16 
=  + 2 2 − 2 2
32  −n j n n 

But e−2n j = cos 2n − j sin 2n = (−1)2n = 1

3  32  3 j
 cn =  =
32  −n j  n


3j 1
 f (t ) = 3 +

 ne
n =−
jn t /4
6.2 The function g (t ) = e−3t H (t ) is given.
n0

5.2.1 Use the definition to derive the Fourier transform of g. (4)


F ( j ) =  e −3t e − jt dt
0

=  e − (3+ j ) t dt
0

 1  − (3+ j )t 
= −  e 
 3 + j  0

 1 
= −  (−1)
 3 + j 
1
=
3 + j
 TUTORIAL: Fourier Analysis

5.2.2 Which one of the following graphs (A or B) represents the phase spectrum of g? Why?
(3)

B. Phase spectrum is given by arg F ( j ) = − tan −1 ( 3 ) and the graph in B represents this
function.

4e(2 −6) j
5.3 Determine the inverse Fourier transform of . (4)
5 − (3 −  ) j

 4e(2 −6) j 
−1 −1  4e
2 j ( −3)

F  =F  
 5 − (3 −  ) j   5 + ( − 3) j 
 4e 2 j 
= e j 3t F −1  
5 +  j 
= e j 3t  4 H (t + 2)e −5(t + 2) 

6.1 Consider the graph of the rectangular pulse shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

6.1.1 Write down the mathematical expression for this pulse. (2)

1, t  1
f (t ) = 
0, t  1
 TUTORIAL: Fourier Analysis

6.1.2 Show, using the definition, that the Fourier transform of this pulse is given by
F ( j) = 2sinc . (8)


F ( j ) =  f (t )e − jt dt
−

=  e− jt dt
1

−1

1 − jt 1
=− e  ,   0
j  −1

=−
j
( e − e j )
1 − j

2 j  e j − e − j 
=  
j  2j 
2
= sin 


If  = 0 , then F ( j) = 0 . Thus,

 2 sin  ,   0
F ( j ) =  
 0,  = 0
= 2sinc

6.2 The function f defined by f (t ) = 2 doesn't have a Fourier transform representation. Explain why.
(3)

F ( j ) =  2e − jt dt
−
a
= lim  2e− jt dt
a → − a

 2  − j a
= lim  −  e − e j a 
a →
 j 
j a − j a
 1  e − e 
= lim    
a → 
  2j 
4sin  a
= lim
a → 

But this limit doesn't exist and hence the Fourier transform doesn’t exist.