URN: 2ol2Xitos2” Computer Simulation Laboratory Journal Department of Electrical Engineering Bhilai Institute Of Technology (Seth Balkrishan Memorial) Bhilai House, Durg, (C.G.), 491 001 INDIA B. Phone (_ ): (0788) - 2323997, 2321163, Fax: (0788) 2210163Index Exp. No Name of Experiment Page No. Date of Performance Sign Write a Program for Computation of Real Power, Reactive Power & Line loss. ‘Write a Program To Plot V- Curve and Inverted V-Curve, Write a Program for Transmission Line Parameter Calculation (Z, Y, A, B,C,D). Write a Program for Economic Load Dispatch Calculation. ‘Write a Program for Transformer Parameter Calculation. Write a Program for Load Flow Solution by Gauss Siedal Method. g-1y Write a Program for Load Flow Solution by Newton Rephson ‘Method. (= 2 Simulation of the performance of a full wave bridge rectifier with RL and RLE Load. 23-25 Simulation of Chopper controlled DC Motor. 26-2Date: AIM: Write a Program for Computation of Real Power, Reactive Power & Line loss. REQUIREMENT: 1)P.C. 2) MATLAB. PROGRAM: cle clear all fprint£(*\n MENO\n!) fprint£(*\n 1. Single Phase Power System\n') fprintf(‘\n 2. Three Phase Power System\n') choice=input ("\n Enter the choice of Power System: '); if(choice==1) Rl=input ("Enter the Total Resistance of the Line(in ohms), RL= ')i Veinput('Enter RMS Value of Voltage (in Volts), V= ')7 Ieinput ("Enter FMS Value of Current (in Anperes), I= '); pfsinput ("Enter Power Factor, PF= ' ‘Loss=R1*I* rf-sin(acos(pf)); P-V+I*p£; — Q=V*T*rf; fprinté(*\n Active Power: $9 W\n',P); fprint£("\n Reactive Power: %g VAr\n',Q) fprintf('\n Line Loss: tg W\n’,1oss); end if(choice==2) Ri=input (‘Enter the Total Resistance of the Line(in ohms), RL= '); Vi=input (‘Enter RMS Value of Line Voltage (in Volts), Vi= ' “input ("Enter RMS Value of Line Current (in Anperes), I= '); pf=input ("Enter Power Factor, PF= '); VeeVL/sazt (3); loss=3*R1*172, rfsin(acos(pt)); Pesqrt (3) *VP+I4pf; Qesqrt (3) +VP¥ Tere; fprint#("\n Active Power: %g W\n',P); fprant£('\n Reactive Power: 4g VAr\n',Q); fprint#("\n Line Loss: 8g W\n',Joss)7 endEXPERIMENT NO,-2 Date: AIM: Write a Program To Plot V- Curve and Inverted V-Curve, REQUIREMENT: 1)P.c, 2)MATLAB PROBLEM STATEMENT: A SOMVA, 30-KV, three phase, 60 Hz synchronous generator has @ synchronous reactance 9 Q pet phase and a negligible resistance. Construct the V-Curve and the Inverted V- Carve for the rated power of 40 MW with varying field excitation from 0.4 pf leading to 0.4 Pflegeing. Assume the open circuit characteristic in the operating region is given by: E=20001V. PROGRAM: fprint£("\n V-CORVE & INVERTED V-CURVE PLOT\n\n") printf (*INPUT:\n\n") Be input ("Enter Real Power (in Mi), P= ‘Yr input ("Enter RMS Value of Line Voltage Power (in kV), V input (‘Enter Synchronous Impedance (in ohms), 2 = '); pf = input ("Enter Power Factor), PF = *): 3) P= 40; % real power, Mi V = v/sqrt (3)+ $40; § phase voltage, kV 2s = 3*2; & synchronous impedance ‘ang = acos(pf)s thetasang:~0.01:-angy & Angle from 0.4 leading to 0.4 lagging pf PFecos (theta) 7 P= Ptones(1,length(theta) ); 8 generates P array of sane size Tam = P./(3*abs(V)*cos(theta)); current magnitude kA Ia = Iam.*(cos(theta) + j+sin(theta)); ® current phasor B= V+ 29.*%a; # excitation voltage phasor Bm = abs(B); * excitation voltage magnitude, kV If = Bn*1000/20007 % field current, A subplot (2,1,1) plot(If, Iam, k', "inewidth',2.5), grid xlabel('Tf, At), ylabel('Ta, kh') text (3.4, 1, "Leading pf"), text(13, 1, text (9, .71, Ups") subplot (2,1,2) plot (If,PF ,"k', "inewidth',2.5), arid xlabel ('Tf, A"), ylabel('p£") axis ((2 28 0 1.5]) ‘tagging pf")EXPERIMENT NO.-3 Date AIM: Write a Program for Transmission Line Parameter Calculation (Z, Y, A, B, C, D). REQUIREMENT: 1)P.C, 2) MATLAB PROBLEM STATEMENT: ‘A 345-KY, 60 Hz, three phase transmission line is 130 km long. The Resistance per phase is (0.036 © per km and the inductance per phase is 0.8 mH per km. The Shunt Capacitance is 0.0112 pF per km. Use the medium line model to find the Transmission Line Parameters Z, Y,A,B,C,D. PROGRAM: fprint£(*\n\n ‘TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMTERS CALCULATION\n*) print? (*\nINPUT: \n\n") x = input ("Enter line resistance (in Ohns per unit length); © =‘); L = input (‘Enter line inductance (in Millitenry per unit length), b="), C = input ("Enter line capacitance (in MicroFarad per unit length), © = ") G = input ("Enter line conductance (in Siemens per unit length), 9 = ')7 £ = input ("Enter Frequency (in Hz) = ')i Length = input (‘Enter Line length (in km) = ') z= 4 + J#2*pit£*L/1000; Z = z#Length; = g + j*24pir£+c/1000000; y*Length; = 14 24Y/2; = 2; G = ve(1 + 24¥/4); D = Ar fprinté (*\n\nOUTPUT: \n\n") fprint£(’Z\n $11.59 + 5', real(z)), fprinte(**-11.59', imagiZ)) fprint£("\nY=\n $11.59 + 5", real(¥)), fprinte('#-11.59', imag(¥)) ABCD = [A By CD); disp(' *) fprint£("\nABCD = \n!) wpe fprint£(* $11.59 + J", xeal(A)), fprintf(' 11.59", imag(A)) fprinté(' ¢-11.5g + 3", real(B)), fprint£(' 8-11.59 \n!, imag(B)) fprinté(* S-11.5g + 3", veal(C)), fprinté(’ 11.59", imag(C)) fprinté(’ @-11.5g + j', real(D)), fprint£(' @-11.5g \n', imag(D)) fprinté(* \n')EXPERIMENT NO-4 Dace AIM: Write a Program for Economic Load Dispatch Calculation. REQUIREMENT: 1)P,C, 2) MATLAB PROBLEM STATEMENT: ‘The Fuel-cost functions for three thermal plants in Rs. /hr. are given by: Cr= 500+5.3P,+0.004P;? Cy= 40045.5P)+0.006P; Cy 20045.8P;+0,009P,? where P,, P2 and Ps are in MW. The Total Load, PD, is 800 MW. Neglecting Line losses and generator limits, find the optimal dispatch and the total cost in Rs. /hr. PROGRAM: clc; clear ally fprinté(*\n ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH\n") fprint£(*\nINPUT:\n") neinput ("Enter the number of Units:'); alpharzeros(n)? beta=zeros(n); ganma=zeros(n); for i= fprint£("\nEnter the Cost Function Data for Unit $ \n", i) ganma(i)=input ("Enter the value of gama= '); beta(i)=Input ("Enter the value of beta= '); alpha(i)-input ("Enter the value of alpha= '); end pd=input ('\nEntex the value of Total Load Denand (in HW)= ')7 den=0; ielin sunesun+ (beta (i) /(2*gamma(i))); end for i=l: den=den+(1/(2*ganma(3)})7 end for num=pdtsum; Yandacnum/den; for ielin P(i)=(lamda-beta(i))/(2*gamma(i)); end fprintf (*\nOUTPUT:\n") fprintf('\nbamda: g ',lamda); for ielin fprint€("\nOptimal Generation of unit ég: $9 MW", i,P(i))7 end fprintf("\n"); for dele unitcost=gamma (i) *P(i)“2tbeta (i) "P(t)+alpha (i); fprint£("\nGeneration cost of Unit %g : Rs. %g',i,unitcost); end totalcost=0; fprinté("\n"); for inl: totalcost=totalcost+gamna(i)*P (i) *2+beta (i) *P(i)+alpha(i); end fprintf('\nfotal generation cost : Rs. 9 \n!, totalcost)7EXPERIMENT NO--5 Date: AIM: Write a Program for Transformer Parameter Calculation, REQUIREMENT: 1)P.C. 2) MATLAB PROBLEM STATEMENT: Data obtained from short circuit and open circuit tests of a 240-KVA, 4800/240-V, 60-Hz transformer is: Open-Circuit Test (from h.v. side): V\= 240 V; Io=10A; Po=1440 W Short-Cireuit Test (form Lv. side): Vsc= 187.5 V; Isc=50A; Psc=2625 W Determine the Parameters of the Equivalent Circuit, PROGRAM: cle clear all; fprint£("\n ‘TRANSFORMER PARAMETER CALCULATION\n\n') fprinté (INPUT: \n') S = input (' Enter Transformer rated power in kVA, § = '); Biv = input(" Enter rated low voltage in volts = '); Bhv = input (' Enter rated high voltage in volts = '); fprint£(*\n Open circuit test data \n\n') fprintf(’ Ant) ts0 = 0; 1 & stromp(tso, 'LV')~=1 stromp(tso, ‘hy')==1 & while stremp(tso, '1v'): stromp(tso, 'HY!')~=1 fprint£(" Enter ''lv'" within quotes for data referred to low side or \n') tso = input (' enter ‘'hv'' within quotes for data referred to high side -> ') Af stremp(tso, '1v')~=1 & stremp(tso, 'LV')-"1 & stremp(tso, Thy')~=1 @ stromp(tso, 'HV!)~-1 fprint£("\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), ‘end end Vo = input(! Enter input voltage in volts, Vo = '); Zo = input (' Enter no-load current in Amp, Io = '); Po = input(’ Enter no-load input power in Watt, Bo = "); Re = (Vo)*2/P07 Te = Vo/Re? if To > To fprintf(' Error, Ie > To. Inconsistent test data. Check test data and try again’); return, end Im = sqrt (Io*2 = 1c*2)7 Xm = Vo/In; if tso == '1v' | tso == ‘Lv! Rely = Re; Xmlv = Xm; Rehv = (Bhv/Elv)*2#Ro; Xmhv = (Bhv/Elv)*2*xm; else, end if tso == ‘hv’ | tso == ‘HV Rehv = Re; Xmhv = Xm7 Rely = (Elv/Ehv)*2*Rc; Xmlv = (Elv/Ehv)"2*%m; else, endfprintf("\n Short circuit test data \n") forint t(' =~ senceenennnaunm \n!) 8090; unile stromp(tsc, ‘1v!)--1 & stremp(tsc, ‘LV')~=1 & stronp(tsc, ‘hy')~=1 & -stromp(tse, "RV')~=1 fprint£(" Enter ‘*1y!! within quotes for data referred to low side tec = ool enter "Yhy!* within quotes for data referred te high side >); if scents aint & stremp(tsc, 'LV')~91 & stremp(tsc, ny!)==1 & stronp(tse, "HV?)=n1 forinte('\n Incorrect xeply, try again \n\n'), end end Vsc = input (" Enter reduced input voltage in volts, Vse = ‘)/ data. Check test data Bey —ele/ebnA fprinté(‘ourpoT: \n!) fprinté('\n shunt branch zef, co LV side ') fprinté(’ Shunt branch ref. to AV side \n!) B) fprints(” 2:3f oha',, Rely), Sprint#(" 7 912.3¢ ohm \nty) 1 kmlv), fpeints( fprint£(*\n Seriéajbranch ref. to LV side ") fprintt series branch ref. fo AV side \n") Eprints(’ Ze = 810/66", real(zelv)), fbx! F 4 $10.6 o ‘Zel= 410. (gehy)), fprinté(’ + 4 #10.6f ohm \n\n", : oeEXPERIMENT NO-6 Date: AIM: Write a Program for Load Flow Solution by Gauss Siedal Method. REQUIREMENT: 1)P.C, 2) MATLAB PROBLEM STATEMENT: ‘Obtain the Power Flow Solution by the Gauss Siedal Method for a 5- Bus System whose data is given below: Bus Data: ‘Bus Bus Volvage Angle ------Load---- ------Generator-------— Injected No code Hag. Degree MN var © MM var Guin Quax var 11 1.06 0.0 0,0 0,0 00 00 0 0 0 2 2 1.043 0.0 21.70 12.7 40.0 0.0 49 $0 0 OO) ao af AA Oo OM ob O° 9 40 106 0.0 7.6 16 00 00 0 0 0 5 2 1.01 0.0 94.2 19.9 0.0 0.0 4 40 0 Line Data: Line code Bus bus = -R x V2B = 1 for lines alo nr p.w. Pee Pile >dor< itr. tap at bus al 1 2 0.0192 0.0575 0.02640 1 2 3 0.0452 0.2852 0.02040 1 2 4 0.0570 0.1737 0.01840 1 3 4 «0.0132 0.0379 0.00420 a 2 § 0.0872 0.1983 0.02090 1 PROGRAM: ele clear fprint£("\n LOAD FLOW SOLUTION USING GAUSS SIEDAL MeTHOD\n\n'); basemva = 100; accuracy = 0.001; maxiter = 107 fprint£("\n BUS DATA\n\n"); fprint£('Bus Bus Voltage Angle ~~. =s- Injected\n'); fprintf('No code Mag. Degree i! Mvar Wi Mvar Onin max Mvar\n\n'); fprintf("1 1 1.06 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 00 09 0 oO 11043 0.0 21.70 12.7 40.0 0.0 fprintf(’3 0 1.0 0.0 2.4 dp gprinte('2 2 40 50 O\n")7 2 0 O\n"); fprinte("4 0 1.06 0.0 7.6 0.0 0 0 O\n"); fprinte(*5 2 1.01 19.0 0.0 0.0 -40 49 —O\n"); busdata=(1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 1.043 0.0 21.70 12.7 40,0 0.0 -40 50 Bo 1.0) MONG) 204)cuda2 8 010) (0-0) 0 40 1,06 0.0 7.6 1.6 0,0 0.0 0 5 2 2.01 0.0 94.2 19.0 0.0 0.0 fprint£("\n LINEDATA\n\n‘); fprintt(’\n Line code\n\n'); fprintf("Bus bus x 2B = 1 for lines\n'); fprintf() nl nz p.u. paws pow 2 Lor <1 tr, tap at bus nl\n'); fprintf(' 1 2 0.0192 0.0575 0.02640, T\n'); fprinte(' 1 30,0852 0.1852 0.02080 1\n'); fprintf(! 2 4 0.0570 0.1737, 0.01840 3\n"); fprints(? 3 4 0.0132 0.0379 0.00420 2n)7 fprintf(’ 2 5 0.0472 0.1983 0.02090 2\n") Linedata=(1 2 0.0192 0.0575 0.026401 ae) 0.0452 0.1852 0.02040 2 2 4 0.0570 0.1737 0.01840 1 3 4 0.0132 0.0379 0.00420 1 2 5 00,0472 0,1983 0.02090 1); QThis part obtains the Bus Admittance Matrix for power flow solution. frsart (-1)7 4 = sqrt(-1)s nl = linedata(:,1)7 nr = linedata(:,2)7 R= linedata(:,3); X = linedata(:,4)7 Bo = j+linedata(:,5)7 a = linedata(:, 6)? Abr=length(linedata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), maxinr))}) 2 = R + 39%; y= ones(nbr,1)./27 Sbranch adnittance for n= l:nbr if a(n) <= 0 a(n) = 1; else end Yous=zeros (nbus, nbus) + @ initialize Ybus to zero 8 formation of the off diagonal elenents for kelinbr7 ‘ybus (nl (k) nz (k) ) mYbus (nl (ie) me ())— yk) /a(k) Yous (nx (K) ,nl.(k)) =Ybus (nl. (k) RE (HK) ) 7 enda & formation of diagonal elenents for nel for k=l:nbr if ni (k)= Ybus (n,n) = Ybus (n,n) +y(k) /(a(k)°2) + Be(k) elseif nr(k)=en Ybus (n/n) = Ybus(nyn)-+y(K) +Bo(k); else, end end end srnis part obtains the power flow solution by Gauss Siedal Method Vme0; delta-0; yload-0; deltad =07 bus = Length (busdata(:,1))7 for kelinbus n=busdata (ky 1); b(n) =busdata (k,2)7 U(n)=busdata(k,3); delta(n)=busdata(k, 4): Pd(n)=busdata (i, 5); Gd(n}=busdata(k,6); Pg(n)-busdata(k,7)7 Qg(n) = e@ usdata (ke 8) Qnin(n)=busdata(k, 9)7 Qnax(n)=busdata(k, 10); Qsh(n)=busdata(ke, 11)7 Ee vin) <= 0 Vm(n) = 1.0; Vin) = 2+ j*0; else delta(n) = pi/180*delta (n); Vin) = Vmin)* (cos(delta(n)) + J#sin(delta(n))); P(n)=(Pg(n)-Pd(n)) /pasemvaz Q(n)=(Qg(n)-Qd(n)+ Qsh(n)) /basemva; Sin) = P(n) + 4s0in); end Dv(n)=0; end fun = 0} AcusBus = 0; converge = 17 Vo = zeros (nbus, 1) +j*zeros (nbus, 1); Sc = zeros(nbus,1)4+)*zeros (nbus,2) 7 while exist (‘accel’) accel = 1.3; end iters07 maxerror= 10; while maxerror >= accuracy 5 iter r <= maxiter itersitertl; for n = bus; YV = 0#3*03 for Lb = mbr? if nl(b) == n, kenr(L) 7 w= w+ Yous (n, k) *V(k)? elseif ne(L) S= ny kenl(); w = YV + Ybus(n,k)*V(k)? end end Se = conj(V(n))*(Ybus(n,n)*V(n) + YV) ; se = conj (Sc); DP(n) = Pin) ~ eal (Sc)? Doin) = Q(n) = imag(Se); if k(n) == 1 P(n) = real(Sc); O(n) = imag(Sc); DP{n) =03 DO(n)=" Ve(n) = V(n); elseif kb(n) == 2 10 aQ(n) = imag(se); s(n) = Pin) + 5*Q(n); if Qmax(n) = 0 Qge = Q(n)*basenva + Odin) - Qshin); Af abs (DQin)) <= .005 & iter >= 10 8 After 10 iterations if DV(n} <= 0.045 & the Mvar of generator buses are Af age < omin(n}, & tested. If not within limits Vm(n) Vmin) = Ym(n) + 0.005; % is changed in steps of 0.005 pu DV(n) = DV(n) +.005; elseif age > Qnax(n), Vm(n) = Vm(n) = 0.005; & up to .05 pu in order to bring 4 the generator Mvar within the % specified limits. Dv(n)=DV(n)+. 005; end else, end else, end else, end end if xbin) Ve(n) = (cong (S{n) ) /conj (Vin) - ¥V )/ Ybus (n,n) i else, end if b(n) == 0 Vin) = Vin) + accel*(Ve(n)- vin); elseif kb(n) —= 2 Ver = imag(ve(n))2 VeR = sart(Yn(n)*2 ~ Ver*2); Ve(n) = Ver + $*Ve: Vin) = vin) + accel*(Ve(n) =Vin)); end end maxerror-max( max(abs(real(DP))), max (abs (inag(0Q))) 17 if iter == maxiter & maxerror > accuracy fprint£(‘\nWARNING: Iterative solution did not converged after ") _ fprint£("tg', iter), fprintf(* iterations. \n\n") fprintf ("Press Enter to terminate the iterations and print the results \n') converge = 0; pause, else, end end cle. if converge “1 tech= (1 Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Method’); else, tech=(* Fower Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel Method"); end X=0; for n= linbus Vm(n) = abs (V(n)); deltad(n) = angle(V(n))*180/pi; if kbin) = 1 S(n)=P(n)+3*Q(n)7 Pg(n) = P(n)*basemva + Pd(n); Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Odin) - Qshin)s kekt1; Pag(k)=Pg (n) + elseif b(n) ==2 keke; Pog (k)=Pg(n) 7 ‘S(n)=P(n)+340(n) 7 Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) = Qsh(n)¢ end yloadin) = (Pd(n)— 340d (n)+3*Qsh (n))/(basemva*Vm(n)"2); end Bgt = sum(Pg); Qgt = sum(Qg); Pdt = sum(Pd); Qdt = sum(Qd); Qsht = sum(Qsh); busdata(:,3)=Vm'; busdata(:,4)=deltad'; clear AcurBus DP DQ DV L Sc Vc VcI VcR YW converge delta 12This part prints the power flow solution on the screen Maximum Power Mismatch = tg \n', No. of Iterations = =-===-Load-=: Degree disp(tech) fprinté("\n maxerror) fprint£ |” iter) head =(' Bus Voltage Angle ‘Injected’ 1 "No. Mag. Mar Mvar * _'}) disp(head) for n-i:nbus fprint£(* $7.32", ___ fprinte(" 85g"; fprintf(" %8.3£", deltad(n)), Eprinté(" $9.3", Pa(n)), “fprint£(’ $9.36", Qd(n)), fprinte(" $9.36", Pgin)), fprintt(' $9.3 %, ggin)), Pe $8.3\a", Qsh(n)) end si ae soripealy afprintf(' ~-bine-- Power at bus & Line flow Transformer\n') fprint£(’ from to MW Mvar tap\n") for n= linbus busprt = 0; for L = Linbry Af busprt 9 fprinté(" \n'), fprintf('b6g', n), fprinté(' 38", P(n) *basemva) fprint£('$9.3£", Q(n)*basenva) , fprint£("$9.3£\n', abs (8 (n) *basemva) ) busprt = 1; else, end Af nl (b)e=n k= ne(L); In = (V(n) = a(b)*V(k))*y(L)/a(L)*2 + Be(L) /a(L)*2*V(n) 7 Tk = (WGK) = Vin) /a(L))*y(L) + Be(L)*V(k) 7 Snk = V(n)*conj (In) *basenva; ‘Skn = V(k)*€0n3 (7k) *basenva; SL = snk + SLT = sur elseif nr(b)==n k = ni( In = (V(n) ~ V(k)/a(L))*: Tk = (W(K) = a(L)*Via)) Snk = V(n)*conj (Ir Skn = V(k)*conj (II Su = 0k + ShayEXPERIMENT NO.-7 AIM: Write a Program for Load Flow Solution by Newton Raphson Method. REQUIREMENT: 1)P.C, 2) MATLAB PROBLEM STATEMENT: Obtain the Power Flow Sotution by the Newton Raphson Method for a 5- Bus System whose data is given below: Bus Data: Bus Bus Voltage Angle -~--=-Load---- ------Generator-——----~ Injected, Wo code Mag, Degree MN Mvar Wi Mvor Quin Qua Hvar 12 1,06 00 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 9 0 0 2 2 1,08 00 21,70 12.7 40.0 0.0 40 $0 0 3/0) d:olmy ovo ava)uia-2iet0v0) Ne cta)iee 01) 00). 40 1,06 00 76 1.6 00 00 0 0 © $ 2 1.01 0,0 94.2 19.0 0.0 0.0 -0 40 0 Line Data: Line code Bus bus X 4/28 = 1 for Lines nl nr pu. pe. pale «> Lor <2 tr, tap at bus nl 1 2 0.0192 0.0875 0.02640 1 1 3 0,0452 0.1882 0.02040 1 2 4 0.0870 0.1737 0.01840 1 3 4 0.0182 0.0379 0.00420 1 , 2 8 0.0872 0.1983 0.02090 1 PROGRAM: ele clear fprint£(*\n TOAD FLOW SOLUTION USING NEWTON RAPHSON METHOD\n\n"); basemva = 100; accuracy - 0.0017 maxiter = 10; fprinté('\n BUS DATA\A\n"); fprintf (‘Bus Bus Voltage Angle -~----Load: --Generator- === Injected\n'); fprintf("No code Nag. Degree Mil Mvar mw Mvar Qmin Qmax Mvar\n\n'); fprintf("1 1 1,065 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 © O\n"); fprinte('2 2 141.043 0.0 21.70 12.7 40.0 0,0 -40 «50.0 fprinte('3 0 “1.0 "0.0 2.4 1.2 0.0 0.0 0 Q Own) Sprintzird 0 1.06 0.0 716 1.6 0.0 0.0 0 O\n')s fprinté('s 2 1.01 0.0 94.2 2.0, ommmelal tees ast) busdatan(2 1 1,06 0.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 0 0 Lae 0:0 21,70 12:7 "40.0" 0.0 -40 50 o 10 cH mer ga8io1t.01. 0), @ 0 1,06 0,0 7.6 1.6 0,0 0.0 o 2 tor 94.2 19.0 0,0 0.0 -40 40 ols fprinte(*\n LINEDATA\n\n');_fprint£(\n Line code\n! x ie st nl one pale Bete ite > 1\n'); fprinte’ 12" "0,0182." 0.0575 or tate 230.0452 0.1852 0.02040 4, 0: 0570,, 003737 O.01040. | aint nt);en a % formation of the diagonal elemente for neLenbus for kelinbr Af ni (k)s=n Ybus(nyn) = Ybus(nyn)+y(k)/(a(k)*2) + Bo(k) 7 elseif nr(k)m=n Ybus(n)n) = Ybus (non) +y (ik) +B (i) + else, end end end Tic part obtains the power flow solution by Newton Raphson Method nis=07 ng=0; Vm=0, deltad-0; nbus Jength(busdata n=busdata (ke, 1); Kb (n)=busdata(k, 2); Vin(n)=busdata(k, 3); delta(n)=busdata(k, 4); Pd(n)=busdata(k,5); Qd(n)=busdata(k, 6); Pg(n)=busdata(k,7); Ogin) = Dusdata(k, 8)7 Qmin(n)=busdata(k, 9); Qnax(n)=busdata(k, 20); Qsh(n)=busdata(k, 11); if Vain) <= 0 Vain) = 1.0; v(n) = 1 + 50; elise delta(n) = pi/180*delta(n| Vin) = Vm(n)*(cos(delta(n)) + 3*sin(delta(n))); P(n)=(Pg(n)=Pd(n)) /basemva; Q(n)=(Qg(n)=Od(n) + Qsh(n)) /basenvay S{n) = Pin) + J#ain); end end for kel:nbus if kb(k) == 1, ns = nst1; else, end if kb(k) 2 ng = ngti; else, end Bgs(k) = ngy nsa(k) = ns7 Yaeabs (Yous); t = angle(Ybus);_ me2*nbus— ng-2*ns; maxerror = 1; converge=1; iter = 0; § Start of iterations clear A DC 3 DX while maxerror >= accuracy & iter <= maxiter § Test for max. Power mismatch for imi:m for kel:m Ali, k)=0; Binitializing Jacobian matrix end, end iter = itert1; for n=1:nbus deltan( 7 yload~0; 1); for ke1:nbus nnen-nss(n);_Imenbustn- ngs (n)=nss(n)=ns; 11: J22-0; I33-0; TA4=0) for i=i:mbr, Af nl(i) =n | nr(i) == if nl (i) == n, 1 = nr(i); end if ne(i) =n, 1 = nl(i); end J11-J11+ Vm(n)*Vm(1) *¥m(n,1)¥sin(t(n,1)- delta(n) + delta(1))7 033=J33+ Ym (n) *Vm(1)*¥m(n,1)*cos (t (n,1)- delta(n) + delta(1)); Af kb(n)~=1 J22=d22+ Vm(1)*Ym(n,1)*cos(t (n/1)- delta(n) + detta(i))}; Tadd Vm(1)*¥m(n,1)*sin(t(n,1)= delta(n) + delta(i)); else, end 4f ko(n) = 1 & kb(1) == Uk = nbus+1-ngs (1) -nss (1) -ns; ei. nss(1); 16& off diagonalelenents of v1 A(nn, 11) =-Vm(n)*Vm(2) *¥m(n, 1) #ain (t (n,1)- delta (n) + delta(1)); Af kb(1) § off diagonal elements of J2 Ann, Lk) =Vm(n) *¥m(n, 1) #cos(t(n,1)~ delta(n) + deita(1));end if kbin) == 0 off diagonal elenents of 53 A(im, 11) =-Vm(n) *Vm(1)#¥m(n,2) *cos (t (ny 1)~ deita(n)+delta(1))} end Af kb(n) == 0 @ kb(1) == 0 8 off diagonal elements of 34 A(Im) 1k) = Vm(n)*¥m(n, 1) *sin(t(n,1)= delta(n) + delta(1)) rend else end else , end "end Pk = Vm (n)*2*Ym(n, n) *cos(t (ny n)) +933; Qk = -Vmin) "2*Y¥m{n,n) ¥sin(t (n/n) )- 341; if kb(n) == 1 P(n)=Pk; Qin) = Qk; end & Swing bus P Af b(n) == 2 Q(n)=Ok7 Af Qmax(n) ~= 0 Qgc = Qin) *basemva + Qdin) - Qshin); if iter <7 4 Between the 2th & 6th iterations if iter >2 % the Mvar of generator buses are 4£ Qge < Qninin), & tested. If not within limits vm(n) vm(n) = Vmin) + 0.01; 4 is changed in steps of 0.01 pu to elseif Qg¢ > Qnax(n), % bring the generator Mvar within Vm(n) = Vm(n) = 0.01;end $ the specified limits. else, end else,end e1se,end end Lf kb(n) -= 1 ‘A(nn,nn) = J11; diagonal elements of Ji Do(nn) = P(n)=Pk; end if kbin) == 0 ‘A(nn, 1m) = 24Vm(n)+¥m(n,n)*cos(t (nn) )4J227 diagonal elements of J2 A(Im,nn)= 533; diagonal elements of J3 A(1m,1m) ==2+Vm(n)*¥m(n,n)*sin(t(n,n))-g44; ¢diagonal of elements of J4 De(1m) = Q(n)-Qk; end end DX-A\DC'; for: n=1:nbus — nn=n-nss(n); Amenbustn-ngs (n) -nss (n)-ns; Lf kb(n) ~= 1 delta(n) = delta(n)+DX(nn); end if Kb(n) == 0 Vm(n)=Vm(n)+DX(1m)7 end ‘end. ‘maxerror=max (abs (DC)) if iter == maxiter & maxerror > accuracy fprintf('\nWARNING: Iterative solution did not converged after ") fprint£("sq', iter), fprinté(' iterations. \n\n') fprintf("Press Enter to terminate the iterations and print the results \n") converge = 0; pause, else, end end fprintf("\n\n Hit return to continue \n') pause cle if converge ~= 1 vtechs (* ITERATIVE SOLUTION DID NOT CONVERGE"); else, tech=(" Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson Method'); end ve Vm, *cos (delta) +3 *Vm. *sin (delt a); deltad=180/pirdeita; isegrt (-1); ke0) for a bus if kb(a) == 1 keke]; S(n)= Pin)+4*o(n) Pg(n) = P(n)*basemva + Bd(n); Qg(n) = Q{n)*basenva + Qdin) - Qshin); Pgg(k)=Pg(n) gg (k)=Og(n) 7 june 97 elseif kb(n) ==2 Keke; '8(n)=P(n)+3*O(n); Qg(n) = 0(n)*basenva + Qdin) - Qshin): Pog (K)=2g(n) 7 gg (k)=03(n); § June 1997 end yhoadin) = (edin)- 3*Qd(n)4j+Qsh(n}) /(basemva*¥m(n) 42); end busdata(?,3)=Vmn'; busdata(:,4)=deltad'; Pgt = sum(Pg); Qgt = sum(Qg); Pat = sum(Pd); Qdt = sum(Qd); Qsht = sum(Qsh); &clear A DC DX 11 422 933 J44 Qk delta 1k 11 Im Sclear ADC DX J11 J22 933 Qk delta 1k 11 Im ‘This part prints the power flow solution on the screen disp(tech) fprinté(* Maximum Power Mismatch = tg \n", maxerror) fprintf(* No. of Iterations = Sg \n\n', iter) head =[' Bus Voltage Angle ==----Load~: -Generation- Injected’ "No. Mag. Degree Mvar MH Mvar Mvar * Q "}; disp(head) for n=1:nbus fprint#(" ¥5g’, n), fprinte(' $7.36", va(n)), fprintf(" $6.3f", deltad(n)), fprint£(’ $9.36", Pd(n)), fprint#(" 9.36", Qdin)), fprinte(" $9.38", Pg(n)), fprintf(" 89.3f ", Qg(n)), fprintf(" $8.3¢\n', Qsh(n)) end fprintt(" \n'), fprintf(" Total i fprint#(" 89.38", Pdt), fprintf(* $9.36", Odt), fprint£(? 49.36", Pot), fprintf(' $9.3f", Got), fprintf(* ¥9.3f\n\n", Qsht) 7 fprintf(*\n\n Hit return to continue \n!) pause &This part computes the line flow and losses cle SLT = 0; fprintf('\n") fprintf(* Line Flow and Losses \n\n') fprintf(* -Line-- Fower at bus & line flow --Line loss ‘Transformer\n') fprintf(' from to MW Mvar NVA ow Mvar tap\n") 18for n= Linbus busprt = 07 for L = l:nbr; if busprt == 0 fprintf(' \n'), fprint£(*¥6g", n), fpeintf(" 49.38", P(n) *basenva) fprint£("89.32", Qin) *basenva), fprinté($9.3£\n', abs(S(n) *basenva) ) busprt = 1; else, end & Af nlismen = mrt) In = (Vn) = a(L)¥V(e)) *y() /a(L)%2 + Be(L) /a(L)~24V(n)? Th = (VO) = Vin) /a(L)) *y(L) + Be(L) *v(K)2 Snk = Vin) (Gn) tbasenvayEXPERIMENT NO.-8 Date: AIM: Simulation of the performance ofa full wave bridge rectifier with RL and RLE Load, REQUIREMENT: 1)P.C. 2) MATLAB-SIMULINK. PROCEDURE: A. Bull Wave Bridge Rectifier with RL Load Ost oo to create mode] by using Simulink: Click on File then New then Model. 2 on resulting window click on ,Library Browser", a Simulink Library Browser will appear. 3. Make/Model the circuit by placing all its Blocks from its comesponding Library/toolbox, which is clearly shown in the table 1. Right click on the block to rotate mirror etc. to organize the circuit elements, 4, To get any of the elements in series RLC branch, such as R & L, click on ,Series RLC Branch" block in the ,,SimPower System/Element library", and enter the parameters value in such a way that other element C is invisible, That is to eliminate capacitance ofthe branch; the R, L and C values must be set to ,inf". 5. To change the circuit parameters applicable to the block by double clicking on the block/element and type the values. Keep the values default for some blocks like Thyristor, Diodes, MOSFET ete. 6. To measurelobserve the voltage across or current passes through the electrical block/device, connect ,,Voltage Measurement” or Current Measurement” blocks respectively with the electrical block, itis available on the Library- +»SimPowerSystem/Measurement". 7. To observe the waveform in figure window, scope block is connected with ,,Voltage Measurement" and ,Current measurement" blocks, This scope block is available by clicking on Library Browser then clicking on ,Simulink* then click on Source" thereafter clicking on ,Scope”. 8. For “Single phase full controlled Bridge rectifier with RL load”, components required and its parameter values are similar to that of RLE load, except E parameters, That is the ,DC Voltage Source" is removed from the schematic. The schematic arrangement is shown for RI Load. 9. Before simulating the circuit, ensure that all the blocks are connected properly. The ‘most common error encountered is floating node". This usually means that there is some problem in interconnects. DD Steps to simulating the circuit by using Simulink: 1. After correcting all floating node errors start by creating a simulation. 2, Click on Simulation, and then click on ,Configuration Parameters" and make sure that solver option is ,ode23tb’s it is essential when circuit contains power system or power electronics tools. And the stop time value should be 5/50 for S0Hz supply 20ae frequency for five cycles, For ,n" number of cycles, stop time would be n*(1/50) for S0Hz supply, where n=1, 2, 3.... and also set Max Step Size to le-5 and Min Step Size to 1e-6, . To run the simulation, select ,Simulation' then click on Start". |. If any errors are reported here. Correct the schematic or the simulation settings and rerun simulation, Table 1 > Components Teal Bax? L Block (parameters | AC Velage | Simpower: 7 RC | aE ‘Stmpower Systems7—|_Thyristor Crue | PowerElecrenkcs [eee Se So woorsareaT Se ee | eco — | Rabon Samaiink Aaa ‘Ralanonal (Operator ‘Operations Operator ‘Qmmmbers) Constant | Stnalink 7 Sources Constant Fowier ‘Sampower Fourier Systemna/Exza I iteary/Measmements Toad Sees RIC =10 ‘Simpower Sysems/ Rexisamee(Otm) Elements = | 9 Branch ‘Capacitance(F) =int create model by using Simul Click on File then New then Model. 2. On resulting window click on ,Library Browser", a Simulink Library Browser will appear. Make/Model the circuit by placing all its Blocks from its corresponding Library/toolbox, which is clearly shown in the table 2. Right click on the block to rotate mirror etc. to organize the circuit elements, To change the circuit parameters applicable to the block by double clicking on the block/element and type the values. Keep the values default for some blocks like Thyristor, Diodes, MOSFET ete. To measure/observe the voltage across or current passes through the clectrical block/device, connect voltage measurement or current measurement blocks respectively with the electrical block, it is available on the library ,SimPower System/Measurement, To observe the waveform in figure window, scope block is connected with ,,Voltage Measurement" and ,Current Measurement" blocks. This scope block is available by click on ,,Library Browser" then ,Simulink/Source then ,Scope". ‘The Schematic arrangement is shown for RLE load. Pr. After correcting all floating node errors start by creating a simulation, Click on .,Simulation' then click on ,Configuration Parameters" and make sure that solver option is ,ode23tb", itis essential when circuit contains power system or power electronics tools. And the stop time value should be 5/50 for 50Hz supply frequency for five cycles. For ,n" number of cycles, stop time would be n*(1/50) for S0Hz supply, where n=1, 2, 3.... and also set Max Step Size to le-5 and Min Step Size to 1e-6, 3. To run the simulation, select ,,Simulation' then ,Start" . Ifany errors are reported here. Correct schematic or the simulation settings and re-run simulation. To view simulation plots on simulation window, double click the scope in the ‘schematic. The ,,Scope" block corresponding to ,,Voltage Measurement" and ,,Current MeasuremsTable 2 “Bier aT AG vonage | Peak AenplitedeGy 250° =aAD somce” | Phase(aeg =O requencyGis) “50 Tineisor G@onmbers) | Detvatt Repeating | Time Values = [0001 001 002] Sequence | Output Values = [05 0: Bepistag —] Pine Vators = 100.01 905002] —] 1 07 OT Semsence | Output Vanes ~[00 51 Fabtioasl —| Greater ties or equal © saat equal to OP Ginter) ‘Coastaat | Conrtaay Vals (For Contot a i ee Senses Value = 200 or Torque) Fourier | Fundamental Fieq: 50° ‘Hiemenie: 0 Series RIC | Resistance(ORa) 10 Tnductance(ED —SeO3 Copactance iat DC Nachme | Desait | Slinpower Synems7—| Discrete Mean Foadamens = 307 ‘Mean Vaive | Evara Library! Vaive ‘Geemaining Parameters Defi) 2BEXPERIMENT NO.-9 Date: =e, AJM: Simulation of Chopper controlled DC Motor, REQUIREMENT: 1)P.C, 2)MATLAB-SIMULINK PROCEDURE: * Steps to create model by using Simulink: 1, Click on File then New then Model. 2, On resulting window click on ,Library Browser", a Simulink Library Browser will appear. 3. Make/Model the circuit by placing all its blocks from its corresponding Library/toolbox, which is clearly shown in the table 1. Right click on the block to rotate mirror etc. to organize the circuit elements. 4, To change the circuit parameters applicable to the block by double clicking on the block/element and type the values. Keep the values default for some blocks like Thyristor, Diodes, MOSFET etc. 5. To measure/observe the voltage across or current passes through the electrical block/device, connect ,,Voltage Measurement" or ,Current Measurement” blocks respectively with the electrical block, it is available on the library ,.SimPower ‘System/Measurement”. 6. To observe the waveform in figure window, Scope" block is connected with Voltage Measurement" and ,,Current Measurement" blocks. This ,Scope" block is made available by clicking on Library Browser’ then ,,Simulink/Source" then ‘»Scope'. The Schematic arrangement is shown for “Chopper controlled DC Motor”. : sim circuit by using Simulink: 1. After correcting all floating node errors start by creating a simulation. 2, Click on , Simulation” then click on Configuration Parameters" and make sure that solver option is ,ode23tb", it is essential when circuit contains power system or power lectronics tools. And the stop time value should be 5/50 for SOHz supply frequency for five cycles, For yn number of cycles, stop time would be n¥(1/50) for SOHz supply, where n=1, 2, 3.... and also set Max Step Size to auto and Min Step Size to auto. . Torun the simulation, select ,Simulation' then select Start". Tfany errors are reported here. Correct schematic or the simulation settings and re-run simulation. BY 5. To view simulation plots on simulation window, double click the Scope” in the ‘schematic, The ,Scope" block corresponding to ,,Voltage Measurement" and ,,Current Measurement" blocks gives voltage and current waveforms respectively with respect, to time. 24Table 1 ‘Components “Tool Box? Block parameters Ubrary browser DC Voltage | SimpowerSystems’ | DC voltage | Amplitude(v) =360 Source Electrical sources, coue GTO__| Simpower Systems 7 CIO Power Electronics (umber) | Defutt et Repeating | For S000 iz Ge. ae7—) Time Values = [0 2e-4] Outpt Vatues = [0 1] Relational _|_ Simulink /Math Relational | Greater than or equal to =) Operator Operations Operator | ‘Constant | Simulink / Sources Constant | Constant Valoe=1 (For Duty Cycle) @mumbers) _ | Constant Value = 200 (For Torque) DCMotor | SimpowerSystems7 | _DC Machine | Default ‘Machines Disereie | Simpower Systems7 | Discrete Mean_| Fundamental Frequency = 30 ‘Mean Vatve | _ Extra Library/ Vatve ‘Remaining Parameters Default)eA Wei a wd ea ks 2. ate mae te 2. ows rn ae at de Pe pa 2 ‘aera nrc te nt ed, Tt RS a Wg la ae, 8 Tae i fGe e,OUTPUT: = = ees Fie. aces = oa = . fo = 2 ET aloutrut: | nae oer (Oa rt) = 84 | Sane ‘ee eee by pm ‘a cues (cand pret J, ¢ tame some ta ym Sistien +5 Gomssns ose 43 eHYop) MD ee dna elie ert ae Df AE i ee gm 0 ‘te Or fa ee a acm a it 2 ‘ret acti nt 9 eee no sue a pit eri ot 1 0 |] ins exci toi 220 ‘pein vei 3:30 one ED IS jes pret csOUTPUT; ep pe inte 8ouTruT:OUTPUT:OUTPUT: 1, (A) Full Wave Bridge Rectifier with RL Load.OUTPUT: 2, (A) Full Wave Bridge Rectifier with RLE LondOUTPUT: (A). Chopper Controlled DC Motor