ven ong fe be- jwern| was, rupute > Tmbeduehon 1e Gvaph mboduehon Te Gnaph “Theory Chop-o4 Tooitanaphe yi figigotane ae Directed Graph? A directed graph er digraph fs a parr ve where Vis a nonvempty set and & ig a cet Ji ordered pais 4 Element 4aken fom @ get V- For a dinected Qraph v,£ +he element of V a7€ called Vettes (udes or poinu) and element of & are called diseded ed a > t The set v Ts called vertex cet andrset @ 16 cabled 7: Anerted eda cet - The dnected” graph V,E ts alco cunold D=CV,E) Or oty,e). The qeememcal fiqure that depicy -the aoe graph fs called Seaguam a directed qraph- = = The above fique & a auaguam of the rectory yah for which theverter set is ¥-[n,8,¢,0 ana edgy wt is Jona), cA, 0} ae In the arageam of the directed quaph the divetted “edgu mud not be shaight Aims segment they car ae carved Hnesor ores also Bal A anected ed AB of adivected giaph can be sepusenied by an arbi hay ore dia fom verier A te verter & Pane fas Versices of the diseched qraphe are cunoid by th Upper oy dnwer case letters Lh ABs 6). - =) Or WY y--- on by letters wlth aufplees appencdil +0 them like Mayas M5 s- = : iS wed¥|pee ee edge AR we cay that A Ps 4M tnittal vertex = Bic the terminal ‘vertex of AB or ad deme teeied ed im cx ctiqraph 4 the fnttial vertex and “he Nance vertex needa not be different - irecte edge beginning and ending at.the eam verles fis cunote. ed Loop - bY AM MA and re called: a diveted O A aigraph can have more than 4 directed the come fnital Verter and came ‘terminal verter edge haveeg Tuo divectedt eagu having “he caine: Inimal verter ond the seme derminal verlee are calledars paralll ree eaen Tuono of more diveeled edger haviexg dhe came inttral veviex. and same tetminal. veriex are called as multiple “ ees vealed A vertex of a digyaph which fs aacither ‘an initial vertex ~ mov an terminal vertex 6 any civecteot eay ie calle an Isolated vertex of thi "na h. 4 Ne : ” ae Ms A . 7 edt - ’ i Peolaled ‘vertex: In thfs- cfagiam -the verley'%q._'S an feoleled } re a ong to *be:.an initial verter finon feolated vertex happens eee ee i no t je adiverted ey aderminal aerex fr yf Laney a tevmival vertex for any : and anon %olated vertex which te not fnk. an inihat verier for MY diveted cdg 's called oir . Inthe above diagram the vevtilec V4 and vz, ce goure nn e and vertex V> ts 4lok: cthe verter Vs and Ye to any o| thts ca qe which (6 Mot called 40urce door mit belongdegree_and Usioe|s*: Wy Visa Mane 9} @ dtqraph D the number oO} A of for which fs the initial verler Ps called the outg 4 and the, number 8 edqu deqree oy ouldeqree Of 9 Ligue which nig the -erminal verter iS talled fn commin Or imdeqvee o\ v “he ouldeqree g) VTS denoted hy Ailes) ov odta’) and tndeqyee 9).v Ps denotit bg driv) 07 id(w): Ht -Jollows that Watta)=0 Hf v t astk Q)dta)eo Tf Vv 160 aource. - | aa . - (3) ata) = ola) 8 Pats an Peolated cyerter - fq: Ma, i ~ : wt Ne Ws , - | For the above diogram thé indegrees andl puidagrers . ave a golloux - / Slay) =2 ola) 4 : : dt(o.)- 2 do l)=3 . ditay)=4 dread © : : dil) =0 -lou)=0 3 : a _ dla) - a ala, et = ix : | omit San | “There Is adivected loop at vertev Vs and thts Joop wonbi bul, |a(ount 4 4p each of ails) and dls) the above dtoyem iss vertices and 8 edgu « Ond we obsenve Ahad the sum oy ouldeqrees & indugrees a) ib verhities ae-- = 9 Nay = ¢ ond Ee loes : gonek | a heovem ‘) Oiguaphe “theory. f lew every atgtaph 0 , the sumo ouidegrees 0} au vertices Te equal 4o the cum of iendegreet of all vertices each sum being equal do the “umber 9 eagan im oO. Suppose D has m vertees WyNa,---,¥n and ™m eg kk 9 be the number 4 edqa ge'rg out of M%4> t, & th mun ber of eagu going out of Ye and <0 on . Then AMovg)= 94 Aty)=¥g = =) AM) = Yon i ee edgt timinat: at come vertex and ence there ‘ ©4gn we should have Mig ne Auoraingty di (un) gattan)p. pdt) = 94 41% Simtlaily Pf oy t Ba Ate, atite, chest 4 Ps the mum ber a) cage éom ming ino %, Sp iS4he number of eagu ae My a ai then we get lay) doy) ne ng In mand se on, , Z Dope = OUU Ve Sg HEHE GH This: 2 di lag )= & oa )em fe Thre womplts the requixed proof - A]Find the Indegres and vutdegees “of the verhees of the olqraph shown below Va, Now Na Fiom the above diqvaph wenclithat ay ts Q Source and M,Ond y are sink. i ere We ales chek that cum of outdeqree> Sum of Indeqree =12- Mumber ol edau-Ahk D be @ atgraph with an add mumber of verte | Heach vater 0) D has an odd qutchgree, prove thal D har aaa number of vertices pith pda indugrees. ol ie Nyylay> +s Va be the on verter of D where wm fs odd algo lek m_ be the mumbey of edgu in © “then we have. tay idtlag) ++ + ad MMe m=O and d-lag id [aavt0 4 AV,)= m —@ odd ouldiqree tun he lejt hank m - odd oumbers- odd dbus m fs \ each vertex has sid oO} eqn @ Ss q Aumo Since n Pg odd +his sum must also be Odd. . e ks k be the number of verhees with odd ‘fdeg ve es then M-k mmumber of verit?s have ever Pndeqrees- Lit us Joke mig. Vy,-- 671 Me to be the vertices Ustth odo Pndeqrees and Net 1, Wr2,---) VA +o be the vertices with even Sndeqvees- then the exprecsion @ may be vewsn then D - os £ stmr+ gE, ,eew= om —@ f =4 fee+4 0. o} athig eF pression ig evel Now -the 3°4 4um onthe LHS Also m is odd. othe fied cum mut be odd. 1 Alay dad lade +a Mela but each 9 A-lag),d-( v2), + + ws jdV_) bs odd - . 2 The number o| terms tn tH HHS) expression @ mucl be odd te k teodd- this proves th mequired proof 3] Verify the tivet theorem 4 aighaph theory ber ne folowing —atgnaphs . d oN “a “ : Q. 3 ; 2 vy! u ~ Ms Na 797 bt ere 2 ta Yap conn? yeGraphs? A gaph fs a paid V2 where V Pg a non-empty Setand & ig a set of unovdeved pair °4 elements 1aker from the get Vv: Fea ger CME) the elements 9) v are called veri | element OJ & are called undirected edigts oF exqu- & set wv fs called vertex set and set € ie called - Sage 4et. the 9raPh VE Ps aleo = denoid by BME) oy Glue) ~The geomehicat figure That aenich Qa goph iS calkd ar Liagiam 2} graph &q. 8 e oD * A qraph ov aiqraph tontaining Mo ect Fg called wuct qraph. A NULL graph with only ene vertex /s-calle a hae! graph: ; a £9: A a ge. *c nu traph with Bvertices There can be mote than one Aiagram for the ame’ YOPh: Fer eg K 1 . i ® ¢o PD : o fare These two diagiams peprecend the Some yah since ath tomveys the 4am Fnfermation Mamet thal “thr yaph has + vets A,B, 6,0 with AR, AC, AD, BC and BO on eda: : i ne A graph vy diguaph with only a tinik number of-vertrees ag well ar only a finite otimber of etgu fe calka digraph or 5 finite “qyaph sage 1s ‘called an sink goaph or diqraph’ : 3Ostdey and Size > Soe " i “The number of vertices frm afinitr quaph is called the Dider of a: Yaph ov mumber of edguim 14 15 calls ity six. A.qtaph of Order A and iat mm is calud (nym)qeaph A mull paph wlth mverkeer is catia Cn,0) qraph End vertices , loop and muttip& edtgur a “The vertiter o} the geaph ase clenotil oy Ai BiC, + OT VaraM - andals the edgn of “he Gvaphby @4,@,,---- - 4 Vi and a; clenot. wo vertices 9 % Giaph and H & denotes the edge Joining eviand vj then “and ¥j are called On end veytices af Ve This is syimballicaldy Gancider the Jallowing graph watt n' 4 eer Lo yb: uy. tt oa en V2 Ne vick hak’ thts guaph ~conststal .g vertices: My aV3Vq and, & edger 24,85 10524125 12 as We abserve that the edgu eg1 ez, hove clistines 0 wvertivecy but the @ hac the same verter V3 &S ‘beth of Yb end verweer. re fg 9% 4 and edge £4? eg ig cated a doop- We also observe that the eagu es anil €,. have the same Gna vertees Vajvy 1€ est hYLIV4} anct 6 Levy My} » C994 Auch on these ave called pasalll ekgur laa aqiaph 14 there are » Qor more cdgu eis aame end vert ce, -then the ectgqu ave called multi Semple graphy mult quaph and Syncs graph: ro A graph which Avesaet contain ops ano mu : edg tg ooh Otimp graph: : dutinel endA gtaph whtch does mel contaim twop 41 calud Loop free quaph- A graph whtch eondaing multipl edger but mo tos pi Ps calkda mutt graph. . A geaph whieh “eontaing maul ipl edge ‘or tags oy both” Ys callid ginual Qrahh. - a a Vanes V2. CD eS. ae o ae. N: ea 5 Gimplr exaph = meant qnaph en wna ph. ' _Incidince! When 0 vertex Vol a geaph 1 & an end Vertex of an edge E of the Yih brgwe say “that the 2 @ ig Eaeitine On Vertex %v. i Since wy me evel edgy | has two end vertees, every eclge oe ridin’ on 8 vettices one at eath end: Le The_two end vertrees que Cofncident a — loop. the edge fs Two mon-parallt edgu aie sard 4o-be adjatent.e Ages . TY they ae Paint on © a common verter. The Avo verseen Cue Aald 4p be - anlar vertices fH there 's an edgy ce biG ; In the aie aan A and RB aie adjacent vertices and Cy. and Cy at adjacent ecg > But A and'¢ ate mod adjacent vertices and eg and & que not adjacent eden.”Sim) =y Oy) 0 & div =g AM) a divg)=0 Fs) g dilva)-@ Aly). 9 dtns)-& — dTlayre 2 b) dtlag)=Q olny) dtlvz)=2 dla) = a lms)= 2 Alig): 2 F*Vq)= 2 dw, )-2 dilay)= 2 dla k2 Gompl_graph . Sn whitch there is on ed A simple grerh 2} order >a re cated a compu qraph between every pary ver tee: Ss er full qnaph- t A comphtr graph with men "IAA ® catud Kkunatousks's five graph vertices if dnoted by IKm A wmpl graph Ks % qrap Biparht Gsxaph t Suppose a simp grap aunion of two a) its mutually a such that each edyin Joins @ verter then & ig called a bipat h br ts guch that ts svertex ab vis igjoint Aubsed 2} Mg Nq whtch we fn vy and a verter IND qraph. it & is the edge aed of Me graph, the gaph is dlenolick bY Ge Coy iV7.€) Or= (Mg) V8) The prio v, ore cat biparhit of thta a 8 R @ s which the verlex set 'S (onsider a above geaph Gr AB, CRO, SY and edge set & - AP, na, ne, BP,5,6% ‘The set v Ps unfon a) two o} its subset oy = 48,865 g Ny = J 2,6,2:84 pohtch ate such that 12) %q and V2 Ge afs obut 2) Every edge in br yoins aver 3)G tonlains mo edge that joins ___ which are in %q No This gsaph is a bipatte WE[Poe,sy o> Compu Biportt Graph! A bipartite raph Gr[ MM) is cal a tompute bipartite qyaph tf there is an cage befween every vert - in 4 and every wverter INVa2> Acompuh bipacht graph orl Vg i¥y €4 biparh es vq and vg contain y. and $ verhees wrespecvely with 2S ts dint dy Kms In this Graph each o| a1 vertices in 4 ts joint eath O| ¢ vertices IN Vp thus bys has yrs verhees ie sus ealgin 1@ Kgs 16 0) order gig and sim "5 » elt fs | O(&+S, 219) gpaph ex in Vg and a verter inks two vertices both o) qr with M=( A, By and” rHile in which | . 8 als | noe al, i a Ae a . ie anc Ny ome i Q Yea 7 4 V9 T A’ x yy mayA Se wine ged P:Gi2Y ¢ R oo kurotows b's Accomd guaph : The qraph s,3 fs calud i h i] Psaw the diagrem of ‘The graph wt wey ina eae * of the following piace a) V= $A, 8,6, 04 &-] AB, AC, AD, CD} ave [4 151%, Vq ish ee] 4V4%q)V4%3 1%%5/ a 2) V={9,9,25,7) End PS, 02,05} £2] Ve Jovy py, VyiVg 1% M0} Ex] VyMq Var Va%r 5%, a ¢ va} pas i Drake >s 6 ° e | a on PS { 2) Dee 4, t Ns | he ({ | | 5 Vs . e { v i> | s Eee ! R u) Va a N, t a f | a Ns MGht P,8,2,5,T sepresent cricket teams: Suppose thot the teams F 8, have playsol ont gamk ntth each other and the teams p,$,T have played ome gare with other» Represent thig situation tm a qvaph . Hence difuminu (the teams that have n+ played with each other (Th numbey of gomer played by each team: Set! ; p : & s : q NY 8 E . djwe observe +hat +there te mo edge between Gands Band T, Band S, Band T- Therefore thr teams Qands Bana T,Rands 2 PordT have met played with tach other Slfien the graph wenot -fhat a edgu fneictint on each o) Hy vertices. O,2,5,7 and g4edgu intihaat en 0. thus the teams 8,2,5,7 Aave playcd two garu each and eam P has plaid 4 gamu- i: Qwhtch of the fottousing fs 0 complit. —gnaph. A ! J Na Vy Na (a) (te) So)! aythts Ts mot eomplb qyaph “there is mo ete hetween fA and ¢- by thts te 0 Compl qtaph There 1s an edge ke beween evuy pair of verttees.All} Ge GtMe) is a simple year. then pswve that ele ivt-Ivl Sol‘ Each ects of a gnaph % determinud by o frase | ver Heel: Iu a sinaplu graph here oceuy Mo mutt pli edge and also the number of edgta cannot exceed Hu number Of Pairs o| vertices. the number 0} pane 3 wertces that can be chosen from Mm everticed fe Me = ME = u(u-ayin-2)! em-2982! (mee ax4 Soe ptn-4) “Tus for a simpli. qraph with M22 verkede , thy number 4 edgth cannot exceed Bon-2)- . : According ly Hf asimpl giarh Giebilme has m verttes arel m edu shen me glo) ot Ime nn be Quer siat vl ‘ Fite a : ‘ nee eee 8 {Show that a wmpWi snamelly Kn OA Sol! Ion @tompic quaph there exit exact ly pais of verti ces: Ths mum ber o| edgar Ps equat atp4ht number 2 pairs graph wtih oe verteces gntn-a) on edi between every ima compu qaph oJ verttecs: Hi the number of vertices is y-then onumber o| pas of vertices 18 Me) = nln-a)ln 23! 1 le 4n ! ™ a¢3an +7 n23¢ a ner 210. oo the lagurt possible valuto) Int Ps, Vex Ss hyper cube x 7 3] Psove that kedimmenstonal «8k a, Kak. Betermint 4hinumber of eg in On: Sal dh number ° vertice inthe hyper cube Sx each verex Ps of He cleqree K- Co the mumb sumo} dugyees 0) Be fs k-2* By the bedasoting property K9*. Qte\ where igi ts the sins of Q, thus I@l=4. wor o 2 kee” Fg 2° and 1 vend This means that Qe hav: Ke? : ts QxP? .ab24¢ — 3 number of eagu ir OeGja)What fs the dimension 8) nuper tube with Sauase edge How many, qvérhtes Que there im a hyper cube with &S50I eq $3 4 arly By has sawres edgy we have = &2” = Spugee Ne check that sausage: Accorctingy 2" “Lsauget holds FY be dC thus thy dimension of tk hypercube with cauace eagu is beat BNe check thos qaeotags sand? puhich Indicalr -thad & hag ¢480%R6 edges when k= 14 thy number 6) vertices Inahis byperube 1¢ a%= = Saaes : Feo alDetetminu Ake ordev 171 of tk. qraph tr=(Mie) inn the Following eases: . > A)biisa cube yah wih Gedgu- Norig sequiae with as ety A 3)G ha, 40 edges with Svertisee ay ORE 5 all other mertices of Hareend a ‘vA | sa: ante ADSuppose the order of tse“ - Since Wa ié acubre graph | outhe verter ©] tr har diqnee 3- Ana therefore “ts.cum q) Hh dugvees 0) vertices 1630 whos pd Since tw has A edgu eveishquld have gngome Ite 49% thy th hana tha teing. pooperty). a, Gna ae hus te order of tris b. BSince is vrequlay, all vertices of Ct mut be of the ame ,cuayge &§ ram k, Hy tis 2 order rm shen hy gum of the deqveet of, vertic en Po ‘kaa Since have 48 tga, v should haye kn? 2msox45- 3d So thot P32. ince has UB be positive integus it follows that rn mu be qdevecoi ° go: Thur th posible ‘orders y tw t tt | Gore — 4,2,35,6/10,15,30 Be oe Suppose the wvder of ln 's m. Stace tue werticer,ef tore digree 4 and all other are of ctgreed 2 Tha gum fdugrees of verttCor o} toy is AKUT(N6 2)KB. ~ < Since tr has 40 edger nteshould have (oxy +(m-2)¥.3)=d0 ioe tu Bt 3n-b> vo a7 : 3Bn= 20-2 9?” Bn=48 NV nb “Thus oader 0} tis vip RJa)lya graph wth ‘ny? vertex and‘miecign rs k requ las, ther — show that mr Be NDves Here exist eebie graph with 17 vertice ORbes there exicta 4.26 OMS ect C2) 140eagu Sol! a) 1} gaph Gic k wequiar -then degree of every verter Bek. go H thas M vertices , then the sum of degrees of Vevtices Poo mks _ By the fonashaking propery this eum mut be equal te, ht he medgu. thus nk =2m m= 20 2 quias giaph with b)Y there is atubie qiaph with p24 vertices. Th: number of edgar Ff choulet have fs 2m=3n am:3K1t ~ m: 23. i This ts Mot possible because 33 4g mot a. toholl number - thus te raph of drives supe cote aod exict: C)a) there 1s a & deqular gv aph with med cage then the number J vertiter njil Should have is given by 4n-2m 4r axis UN= 30 01 N= 30/4,ie Is ws poaay pee Buy, 1S aod awhoU (4. joU NUMber us the Gaph of cumtet type does rot exit « i DY there is v4 regular avaph with m=40 edgar Hun number og vertices H chpylad have is qiven by An=2m fr “ Qn=2x40 . : nes — This is poesiblr thug such & gaaph does a Gut ti be o graph 2} onder A such that eath ver has deqree £07 &. psove that atleast Cverteer have ougree bey aiteat 6 have cdeqte® s: : felt | bust P beth number a} verte exist {en ee) whch has diqrees” Then re oumbe! o) vertices 0) br which ‘hon lagree 6 1 qza-p Chere OPS. 02qea). he Hind that Hu cum of ol greet S+P 4 Q-p)b = SP + 5u-ep => S4-P° Since thig | -aum. had’ ta bevan © even number, P cannot be pdd. Thus ps 0,2,U,b0"8 ‘ fonsequert lg the jollowing possib Cages onise peo get ; pa2,G-% p24 QS P26 q=3 p2e'g-4 . | Ne abso observe that in all th above poss flo cages | either g ZS ov pat “this, means: that abtleart S vertices have dugied & ov atleast Gver tier have cugree 5” '” ~ 46] Show that Aheve is cab graph with 8 cgi, AA vertices “inthe folbiving cases ved | ATR. cuqreer eo] verter 18 either Sor of verted 4. tsb\ the ougree 9} verkk is either S016. Gol Supp there is graph with acedgu and 19 vertices which k verticer cue of dagiee 3 cach then alld atl 4| th yemaining 49-L verte have deqiee ¢ then we ahould hovel Bk) +Ul19-k)s ams 2408 * BEEAS-UE E SE ~k=@ K=-@ ushich ts mot possible BH at of Fhe remaining (49-t) verticen have cugree ¢, then we should have “ae 4 6ldo-K)a2mesl Bett2~ bab wae 46 ke ey, This ig aot — possible Hente in both of Ta Givens jth graph 'r) dui tupe cannot exict . ted aa] Uf k fs0dd , show that he number y verticer aa k sequit gaph ‘seven. ‘ “ Sol. ‘ Wak seguiar gap, Hu daqree of eath veviex ic k- Therefore f{ sucha guagh han n versreen than th wum of th degrees isnk and “thisha e be even number by Ha hand shakng property. Wy kic edb. this te possibl only ym ic even. 1da) Show thal toy @ tomplub pho) _m verticer namely kn with agrees) each verter 4g ned ond thal th —tolal mum bey °) €AQa IS 4 nena) Pak e L 3s BY. En haw a edgy, show that nlnedl= 2intm),Sol? ; ; a) wmput guaph ig Simpl graph in which every verter joined with every ofhey verter 09 exatlly oni edgi 19% if there ave nm vertilts each Vertex ig ypined +o Cn-4) vertice though. exactly one £994. Thur here octuy (n-aletger atevery verter The nuans thar the dagree of every verter igtne4- + 8B Bx oe ¢ Consequently te aum ef dug vers. > vertices (6 nin-4) ay hand shaking property, this sum must be equal ty 2m where mis th number 9] Ay Thu nin=4)> 2m . ome 4d ntn-4) thus ky han £atn-a) edge BIIf kn haem cages Han we have m= Lntn-2) The gives min=nt4 nlir-1) 2 2 rman) = Wn yen: 2imin) ~ atm 44) a2) tg there a simple giaph with 44 2,3 ,3u)ht an th dug vee of 4s vertices el. : Assume thot there is cuch agarh -Cinte thy ” oluqreet Of verte: ave = gin number, the graph should have & vertices say PBRS,TU,V,W anangad int — ordey 4 Cugree anew: Bare Then Since there are @ vette: “ant vere w fe a) olqnee 41 ahowld havean edX to at other vertices lu poxticuls womust havean edge to boty th vertite p ana & whreh ave of chiqree 1 Then Pr are not joined | to any other verter: and in postion tp vertex Vv whreb cg a} dagrer bs Cinee qvaph _Fs_elmpley there cannot be an 09x foining Vv to itselfBo Viean be point only to S* verter UyP)S 1/0, ther we cannot have degree 6 ‘Thig *$ A conhadicion- Hence there ig ord imple qrarh fy poheh He chat of Veytiter cue ar qiver Au] Show “hat Ahere exicts m0 Simple gion corresporciog to ate tee oe argues € BALI SA 5 4,4)23 8 DAWU He © : vere! L920, 4 ° . aya graph with nm vertico and nr edge of $1 aie minimum and ig the maximum of the aegreec Nee Show Mat, Ceameh =)! * — KE aida)... ,dn be athe cleqrees = vert Han by handshaling pope we have ane Oy ¥dgt-- tds 2m Sta) Sime §=minimuml 44d2dn We haves foe dors, A260 Ape, or> APE i staic _— Rading there an Inequalities we gd : f Agra Ibn 20h =@ Maiev Similarly d'¢¢, Ae mavirum (ay Ata ++ dn we’ gt dy tn dy -- 4a NOC3) 5 fom BOL we , MZ ard BEM iis, t ot. “ee Sp had ngeane nda wie + MZ ake iit onterm az20 4 rh 47% ‘Isomew phism} eae 1 Cons dlev 2 gpaphs G=(%e) and bt = (V1) Suppose there exist “a function 42 Vv! auch Mat DF fs a Bnets one correspondance and 4 For atl cverices 9,8 of, {88} aby arn eden ft {aun HW} Te on edge BL Uthen 4 fe an cated on tomovphism betweem Gand G! ana we Aa that Gand t' ose fsamor phe graph. Fanction: ; ; hk A and @ be gd mon-empty Acts thin & function’ 4:R>B tea Stelation from A 1B auth that gov each a inf there Is an unique boa B ~sush thes Gibyef-. Ther we wrié befla). Here > callie k eT a eae 0 pe image of J function f “from APB ts dink by F458 and plebsially gie prerented an ‘Types 2) function! Onto Function,’ i : lac : 4 1p9B ig set -fo be a onto function if , oe ee po] B sthene ts an element a yw yy eve euch hal” #ta)> pHi Me {unction- callid a Ausjective 4” ee; 15 | 4“ 8 BPrEBau fo Owe Function A Function 4iA38 fg gaid + be one fo one tunchon Afferent clement o} A has diffevert elemunt tm & under fH ts also catld ou fjective. function. A B 6 A Junction uahich rs both. onedv one and oe To calif & Ort~to On worvespomalente OF bijective function. Y $A2B fo sucha functor y Adon a unigu image fn 8. an fn & shan a unique fetmage ian A ee then every ebmint 4 A every elemerk . S== Fromme: “somorp his m! J Abo Ji othes words trond ae said fo be Psomorphic , correspondance be tween Y they have one to one 9 vatican és thee edgu such that sth, adjacenty ' paecerved- . ' Not! . ang thak the adjacenty of vaticen of fs preserved! me fox ony Pwo verti an Viin Walt —~ wy fe adjacent in uy then “Hu orresponding —vaticer uv aie also adjacent im u when trond oi ae 1gommov phic £x! Cons ider the 2 gpaphs tw , ’ we wat GE }Consider thr — following oan to 0 NM corres re! these vertices aie a paps - a Ac>P Bre, (498 , 04> Under this conespomdanee the edgur in there 2qpaph tworresponds with each pth ar follows: nae Lay Locke laey, tae (ees, {moherlns) , Le oles fos}, {¢0}2>4 0,59 above Pndicalid On-to -ont between th vurhees oy edqu oj the 2 en th adjaceny of othe vinticn psoves that +0 We ind that Correspon tan ce gaps paresery The exisiorre gy Gpapks axe igdmorphre these conespon kn ce Mon cider the 2 graph AL We obseave that both of thece glaphs have same “no. 9] * Vericer but cfifferer! mo of eager wthereloré, although here can exich ont—to ont torrespondlance btw the vestitet putcthere cannot be Dm-to-ont torres pon- dance hétween hk edgu: sphere fore, He Giver 2 qaphs que mot rgomorp hie: Not.” if t00 gaphs (i some np of sventices (a) som a0. 0 edgy: @an equal mumber of entices with a qiven dgee» ‘Two qaphs of TM same ordu anol dame sine anual mot be Feomorphic’ longider the a geanh « Ze ale #comorphre then they must haveWe nott that both g) thece Gi@PS of order 4. and gira vovyedt bul the 2 giaphs ae mot teomorphres We observe that there are 2 pendont venti ces in they 6 pendant vertices 19 the first geoph wherear there are aU etoud osaph. Aa Authy under .any ont to ont comes ponalance bts , the eager and -verhic& a} 2 guapht th. adjarency of He? tag wetiraue mot precer sied leomorphism of _ciguophs: 2 cLignaphs Dy and Qq Ose sax Fo be feomorphre Yo theye fe ontatorane — terres pondane btus “heir Vechee, and auch that adjacently of vestcer along with kryectons Fe preserved. : 4. Prove that 2 Yaphs shown below ale,fsomonphy 4 oe i = ' Ly bt | : Wy Uy Va vu Fivet we observe that beth —quaphs hove vertices. and aecger- Consider the follousing OM =tp- oraz torvespon- donce between ~Hha vertices of tls graph UZ Ugerang — UseVn Upc 2M This evespondance gives. the oliowing teh covvaspondar Ce bh he eatgei Quy 42 hers [yeh {ug jus) 2 {Ya Va, : {uj ua}e 3 {vor {4 ujer { Vu3) These stepresent pne-fo-ont eores pondance bres the edge Of 2 gap under whch de adjacent verticer in ; vertices ta sth isch qraph cowespont FF aagjacert the seand graph and vice-versaAlia ( wv nay she a graphs ale. Igomorphic a] Veoti}y Ahk “hs sthe 2 qaphs giver hetow axe tomorpher +P o e ° © 4 < Gol: Lib w wncider the one-to~ vertices q] 9 Giaphy under ®s,e,$ 4 she first graph tones p on correspondance bw ths which Ba vertrees A/8,6,0, oe atalclol, fetes! respectively a) aK ac cond yaph and ice versa ta tes €or espon Fane the eclgea aebuminud by “the ton espendiong, Nerhces corvespend de phat adjacenuy ol wernces sieiaad, Ar auch The wt graphs aie feomerph"e B\ Show thal athe ouewneng A qeay ae Reomosip kee eR gy a Ve A us My, a ha Os &, on Wg os Soh Congider tH — follows an OnL- fo OAL pho the vertices of tw giaph: Uy e >My es Wy Use VS" Uy c—> Va Ure aa i ew Ve th Se qives follovsrag torvespondance btw t Jes bya fusy per [%9 Me ones ponctanceJusyyer {ona {oymyy 2s Yaga yrs {ugubes {94% {Us Us} es fg yoy) tu Ug YPM Q4 . ; Vumdes fou. 3 a Lay ayes fry 54 We nok that both the guaphs dhave 6 vertices each of deqiee 3 and 4% etgu. We observe +that ti above Unespondante btw the edgar and vertices ase ont-to~One conespoucionce and cue porecerve f ake two geaphie °S 3 yequias Cubic) and han 40 vatrcer lone ider the om to ont towecpendance bre th valite as shown below: mye dev 129123 +40 he check hat th above nuntione conespend ence eielots onde on- tovvecpendence btw tha edgu in the dew 0! Gaps sith ahs pewoperty that adjacent vevH ese in the fret gua pt Wwriespends +o 4h. adjacent vatreer in sth, setord gaanh and cevice ~versa. The two gears ax therefore igomorphie-how tat, th follwing qiaphs ase mod tcomor pee | a x Gd: c © s e Sel: ; We ebiave that the Aine Go ph har a vertices and bedge and a avaph has U vertreer and: Lecgu therefore OM te ont toWespondance bho He edger 6 tot fouibl: Hence 9 quarks cue not rgomorpe @]Show that folowing Géaphs ate nol (comorphre Sol! we not ~that cach of Hu 9 qraphe nave bvekrces and Yedga- But the firvct graph har vech'ee of aeqree 2. and 2 gtaph har Bveitkees of diqree 2. there fore theyecannol be any ont-4o- ent con espondance bts Hu eoger and vate wohich preserver whe adjacency o] vertices Ns Buch athe +o qraphy atenet TSomo phi ¢ AShou that Fhe ‘following graph ae Pet rsomerphic So)! we mt hod 4H fins graph har 4 pair of verticer 8 Giger g which ase moi adjacent: wherear Ii 24 Goph han peur of verticer of dugnee 4 whch ane aaf- acent Therefore He 2 quapls ate moi Peomorphit- J Show +thad the fuse ph mad enet be teomerphre even} they have 4h” sam aa. v vert eer and edge € 1th i asin gus MD el vesticer and edger with cameSO: yb oo BO 2 Me | J oT v Q " fo. Ma Sol We obsewe that — loth yaphs have samt mo. ot vedi ces b and same nv vo} ed 5. 1 In each ef them “there cue Bvehiero! degree 1, — Na rVye Me inthe fingt geaph and A,P,R tm Ae seasaud ph, there are Qvateer f deqree % namely Vaoivs tah fret graph and 68 tat Second ’araph, and theve rs ne verter a} digiee mvamely Ve in desi graphand ¢ in 2° graph. i “Thay athe 2 equal snumber of versiees Rut g ganhs ae cist téomorphre Because -theve axe thi ch 38 : QR pendant vertteer adyatent to vertex Van of digree 2 in he first qaph but here i¢ only on pendant vertey Gdfatent+4o veuter - ca dagree 3 int deeoned geaph- As suth, Ha. adjaveney of th, verte Cannet be : preserved under om-to on conecpondane bho the vertices of the grenh . T show rat Hu Apltowi diqay (gomer pve ‘ey ¢ ad le Ge Coa. 4 fe P Sol’ Taian following OM to ons Lgrvespondance bho _ the vertrees of the a7ven yaph f Ace [ Bets ar Cle ream D4A2QUnder thts (onecpondance tht dinected gear» eorvespomet with rach {®Bheol °, $3 {eiches{sieg {co4eoh eal Lp, ayer honry Under thre teres pondance +Ru adyaten of tle rtertcey - tuclucing Ha drrection of hes ectgen vs“ pyerersed: 2 Hente +a Gaver diqaa phs isomon Pc: PAgU of hire ether an shown Lelia Ab] Show that following digiap cue nod (sumorpk'¢ fh & Pp . ss .. Sol she two apks have aqm mumber of vatite (sand +h. cami numbu 0} divected eagu 4). We observe that 4h vulex Aol th first dugqdaph han Am and 2e6 its inauqree There ry mo such verter in & ph-therefore there gannet be any ome ow between “Hy vedic of” mts Ho dagen’ ahr preserve athe director 0} edger th Igomoy phe: rh out degre? 20% g7d Corepondante which i Aree duquaps cue netSabbraphs | Given 2 graphs brand by jue soy that big fg a sub Gaph o} b 4 she following tondtien hold a) AN-tRe vertices and edg of G7 ce im be a) Each edly ol by har fh: same end vertices fr Cy on om Lg Bo ey * C Ne Me G ‘Mu on Ne Soni bpp biven a graph i-|Vie7 yf thee 1s a Aubgeaph Gaz vg 6} 8) such hak mys ev then Gy 1s cathe! spanning subgeaph of by ae a. &q: S ‘lag : ho GT | ° b 0 | = G bag Gq” : (g nig subgraph)” | Ineduceet Subgiaph' a “Given qaph t=, vit} auppose there ig a eubgeaph Ga Lvyihsy of tr “such that every edge LABS °f by. where AREY an oop oy Oe aloe Then. &4 'S catud an imadutet aubgaph y band tg cane Gk by <>Eage Gisjoivk and verter aicjornt subgeaph _ Kak G be a guaph ard Gab, be 2 Aubq 19 phe of G then qt: VNbyaGbry ae sor tobe cage disjoint +] they 38 Mot have any eatgx t1 common+ aVog& &, are card to be verter aieyoint 4y they do not have any tommon edgeand an Y tommen NevFices + ; fe i ee P Rai, & Swat AZ g & . . —___+__. e s 7 by & bg and by due edge disjoint subgyaph- . 3 and ty, we verier digjorat aubguaph : aph tq can there exiled & graph Ge cut a Gubqraph b} be bud an a eee | subgiaph el tig and yt Gy ond Gp Sams sin A N Ny Ny Ny NB oy o, Gol! Yes. (onsider a aph by which tontarng atl te top exten vertices and, edger 0) Gp and atleat © Foolafid vertex: 3 lonsider O york chouom below. Ney that ay 2. ath qraph &1 shown beloew, is ~ Men pd antec sub gsaek Bf br. ls this a Na etpdnning AUbataph o} br.ve N. K& > Ng Na Na b) Dotaw the cub gaph Gry nduted by th se Va -{¥ 5,04 1% 6) Vg inal Aonsider a gia ph & Shown below Ve % ¥ Ns Ve (ty: WO. ff “C] I Neg Me Gq ave Veiyy that graph Gg and Go ahoia beve cue imcucea Sub yank and traph Ox #8 mot an Induce subgraph eb. a)For te yah cghoun betow find Meaty. dsj ornt star ond” ee argjoimt ~sulogaphs a a“ e+ > i Qpestion om Graph! Gnsider tise quaphe taanLoy, 2.4 a bgek wees hen he Yaph whse verter Stk 16 vq U9) and the ecigz sett ts GB, VE, TS CAME Union o) yard By And Ht tg ctinelict by WVby * hur. Gad, = (agU%', £40) 2) Similoly iJ VOVaF DB , the geaph whose verter cet 's VaNY2 andthe edge et ts Eyhe, rg Calle We intersechono) Gaand big and 1s cenotia by fg Mhy- thin boy 1 by = Coy, “4A NV, 2a €,) YF Va Ny #9 Suppose we concidu fu aph — whose NA UVy and eatge Sek rs Gy AG, Jet aymme tie di Herence Vevfec sek ts &, AS, Hy And 25 this geaph Ts comed th sing Aum Coy? a and Paxane it where| Merten cleteted aubgraph: is : is denoted by by Als Thus rq OG ~(CA0Y5), £4 4C,) 40V2), Eq AC, S48, =Ce,ue,) Ce, Ney) na N2 7 Bw Ay Ve by verten tn geaph ir then Gav: knots th subgraph of br oblaruct by dling v and all edgu imticnt en WV from &. ths sub yaph wv is wat an Vertex dbteot subgiaph of br- oo Eage itil subgraph’ WY @ 1s an edge in qraph uy then br-e cnt th Aubgraph of Gr oblained by citing e fom tn sis subqaph &m-e is fee eg Able -subgiaph of br. es 4 2 G baw ie,Compliment o| @ Aubauaph! Given a Graph Wand -subgaph big of The subgeaph O| a Obfained by debate ally edgy ‘hom by ; thal belong tba Is"¢akuel tompument gy 4 ah Y Te ctatiol by tie Gy on ba ov ha tay be the subyaph o) & ahown by th thick Gaunt HLabove Garhe Ths tomplment gq) bg ia b is shown in the Mod Jgue- fompliment 9) 4 simp graph ig We know us every dimple giaph of order 01% he “Bubgiaphy] Fi temple “a¥aph Kn =H Gris te aa Qi0ph o| erder a Han the compliment 6) bien < ise temptiment of simpli. gsrh U ard is dinkd by G AA ko mnt ‘ fe ti be a Aimpk quaph o} cider am. St the she pj ti fs Sb and sim 9) & is 80 ther whak & 7. Ne have yi o) GaSb SIX. 0) br 80 Ne knbw that & nob Po LIK of a= gine Of He ATHL 2) g0- glnl-49) -56 M=n 2 go4st = nt n= Ve talyeQ) Open watk Open but vot a tart UELAWIE TM LEY. v9 12 Cr Torial wshich not a path becaure vater Vq ‘9 Yepealed. |G) Trial which i¢ ath | (5) Ulosed vole Pea a Nira (8) tgsed GALE which te a crust but not 9 ty ch \ ls Fi YJ Fina att patty thom verter A ao vetler @ and alto indicate greta length + AegBeak sgh = 2 A C4 f Ting Be BGR mnath=3 2% eS Ren Rese *nath= 3 pasate * fiepPes Qesb% Bling th=¢ Find att the tydn present inte raph shown below e 8 ¢ (BO, ? Co8€aB e 24 |e, Z «Beg BLOPS AY, “Rapiees fl © Be, PesBed ' ee 8 ® pes Bea See? = Pe, sea bes | dl Fes the graph chown below find th natne of thr following walt - 9 6 ‘6 < o 8 a watk whch whreh VS a hale Ca) BA PLB acuse ig a cireest erpaba —oper wal (2968 APEG STWIO. which 16 aot a path b Q woe : ecaure veter g] For +h graph shown below Jind she natut of Hy following pwatlue 8 é cr AGEF OAC S th cz) AREF DC A F \ cada coreRom t ¢ Fad Grich Raed WABODFE BD! is Toate whieh ig aveieait. 2 R open walle Toelosed watk whith ic geyds a6) fo te gtaph shown below Voity that Na 2 [> Ns Nes WAV VsVu Ne ts a ty obs o GUI Va Vs VaNaWs ts a claturt whch is not a. ey ol - @raaVyVa is a nrangl we tyel formed by Sedger te caluet a range - Wer kK graph shown below alliirnina aq walk tom No to Vy whieh te mbt atlar Ov, te Ve is asl which fe not apa. (a pe dom Nfl4o-Vas 9 ooo i Bo tlssed wath 4rom. Ny fo Va, vahith i¢ mot tirerrt. 14a cacut trom \, Vos which +0 a uyele fom Vato V. ce 2 ime ‘s MoS HT “ae. 4 pathy hat ‘eve 7 ay sc i 2 : « Me th; No H is a a tyels berawe Gf it han to be a tycl, than +h ermine, vader han +o Vy. (2] Hes Vy My Vg NYU Hs a wacuit, becaune no cagid fs nepead but Wis nol a pate because Netten Ve is srepealid BiMes i Is a hiangle- betalve -thoedngth—| gue 3 cdg, ; ML eat cy ; é > af RAS| Teg Ve e4yy Cg°V4 €g Vy ey, a 2, €3N3eyV arr : if ole J Na fa Wha Mo eg Vel Vseyy, | BU Voe3Nges%a AY Vy CuV sea Ve C14 68 Vs eg Np Te eq Ys Qu er Vgea% 5] Vy ee IS PVE €q Vy & de. Nt@ V5 &%Vq er Vae3Vy J Determint ; the ok arp} erent paths o| tength 2 Nyy vs vq Sel: The no- 9) paris a length 2 “that pass throug h vatex is +h no. of eclg jatidund on v4. Since 3B edge va tmticund on V4 > thig no. f 35-3 _. withe m- of paths of Qngth 2 thes pan Huo ugh vatex - esp* 7s : Be irey Bey NewvgiVuiYs vy Be Be, My th 2 in sothe delat Mo: of pathe gf tng te Brbe3414343e449- +h giver yarh GJ Puove she Aollowing ‘ ¥ poe th with ave Sasa hay nvurice fe han 9 ed a Cony aan’ of evoy Veron im Ady tg a: So)" t-te tovt vaker is an ve oH a pot \ma oth every veer a veugely Om eatga The aA (me nk must Pave nod edge Thy as Lntths oba] otysls every veer F¢ Jollowed } by preusel edge therefore if cues har Le ae niga y uw vertices hen 1 rout ba atyth oxaclly 2 ego jimuclimt on every vatex a a though which we enter tk vaten anol ene pre eaga fhiouyh wlth we leave th veden ) «Theres th degree af every vader Im Quyth 16 O° 2 Congider a graph bof order =2 , Joo vertzes tu ty cue aad Jb be connectid 4 there fs atieart one path “hom one verlen to other - poe aay that a giaph & fe wnnetla graph tf eve pas of cictinel verticer in @ are conneclik otherwise bie a dictonnretet geaph: : In other words th graph b 1 aad fo be Grernscd HY thee te aiteort ont path blew every Aeehad avectice, im & and serie fq) Digwonneted i] b han akleant orm pasa ° ais track Votre betweer which there ig mo path- + ; En! NI Ay YW a al Ar Ny \ Nig. woo Me, “at Cus usneit and Susu ail» Lencidel A — tonnerid- graph Yahere 16 0 Gault in & that contains (then that uaa ts callud an tf thee isa heal In & cthat comarng, out ths ealges 3) © then Hat hail rs calidad an Sule Hail. ‘ A comedid — guaph Has containg an Euler cust ts calyd an eule gah A connecteel graph that tontalm on Eulu bail recone eae) Sulu . qaph & a put th: ‘edgin 9 euler ere d Q R&T é