TUTORIAL ANSWER 6.

2
ANSWER SCHEME

1. Describe the following operation in the process of electrical systems.

a) Generation – The process to produce electricity by cutting the generator conductor onto the
magnetic field.
b) Transmission – Process to transmit the electricity from the power station / plant to the main
substation.
c) Distribution – Process of distributing the electricity from the main substation to the consumer
circuit.

2. Give one example of each Direct Current (DC) and Alternating Current
(AC) generator sources.

Direct Current Source : Dry cell and Wet cell

Alternating Current Source : Hydro, solar, wind and etc.

3.

4. Explain the differences between the single phase with three phase electrical system.

Single Phase System Three Phase System

Supply voltage is 240 V Supply voltage is 415V
Using two wires (black and red/yellow/blue) Using 4 wires (Black, red, yellow and blue)
Less power supply High power supply
Use for consumer circuit only Use for consumer circuit and industrial

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 TUTORIAL ANSWER 6.2

5.

6. State the definition of Ohm’s Law.

Ohm’s Law states that the amount of current flowing through a resistor in a circuit is directly
proportional to the voltage across the load and is inversely proportional to resistance of the
circuit.

7. State the definition of

a) Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL)
Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of current entering and leaving
a node equal to zero.

b) Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of the voltage supply, VS and
the voltage drop, VR across the load around a closed path is equal to zero.

8. .

30Ω 40Ω

I R1 R2

30V

R3

60 Ω

Figure 1.1

By referring to figure 1.1, calculate:-

a) Total resistance, RT (Ans :130Ω)
RT = R1 + R2 + R3
= 30 + 40 + 60
= 130Ω

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 TUTORIAL ANSWER 6.2

b) Circuit current , I (Ans : 0.23A)

V
I= S
RT
30
=
130
= 0.23A

c) Voltage drop of each resistor ( Ans : VR1 = 6.9V ,VR2 = 9.2V ,VR3 = 13.8V )
VR1 = IR1 VR 2 = IR2
= (0.23)(30) = (0.23)(40)
= 6.9V = 9.2V
VR3 = IR3
= (0.23)(60)
= 13.8V

d) Power dissipation of each resistor. ( Ans : PR1 = 1.59W , PR2 = 2.12W , PR3 = 3.17W )
PR1 = I 2R1 PR2 = I 2R2
= (0.23)2 (30) = (0.23)2 (40)
= 1.587W = 2.116W
PR3 = I 2R3
= (0.23)2 (60)
= 3.174W

e) Total power dissipation. ( Ans : PT= 6.9W )

PT = ITVS
= (0.23)(30)
= 6.9W

9. . IJ

R1 R2 R3
30V 30Ω 40Ω 60Ω

Figure 1.2

. By referring to figure 1.2, calculate:-

1. Total resistance, RT (Ans : RT = 13.33Ω)

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 TUTORIAL ANSWER 6.2

1 1 1 1
= + +
RT R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
= + +
RT 30 40 60
RT = 13.33Ω

2. Circuit current , IT (Ans : IT = 2.25A)

VS
I J=
RT
30
=
13.33
= 2.25A

3. Current flows of each resistor. ( Ans : IR1 = 1.0A, I R2 = 0.75A, I R3 = 0.5A)

V V
IR1 = IR 2 =
R1 R2
30 30
= =
30 40
= 1A = 0.75A
IR3 = IJ − IR1 − IR 2
= 2.25 −1− 0.75
= 0.5A

4. Power dissipation of each resistor. ( Ans : PR1 = 30W , PR2 = 22.5W , PR3 = 15W )
PR1 = (I R )2R 1 PR 2 = (I R 2 )2 R2
= (1)2 (30) = (0.75)2 (40)
= 30W = 22.5W
PR3 = (IR3 )2 R3
= (0.5)2 (60)
= 15W

5. Total power dissipation. ( Ans : PT = 67.5W )

PT = I JVS
= 2.25x30
= 67.5W

10. Figure 1.3 shows a series-parallel DC circuit.

4
 TUTORIAL ANSWER 6.2

R1
IT

20Ω
I2
= 52.31Ω)
50V R3 30Ω

R2 60Ω
R4 40Ω
I1

Calculate:-

a) Total resistance, RT ( Ans : RT

R = R + (R2 )(R3 + R4 )
T 1
R2 + R3 + R4
= 20 + 32.31
= 52.31Ω

b) Total current, IT (Ans : I T = 0.956A)

V
IT =
RT
50
=
52.31
= 0.956 A

c) Current I1 and I2 ( Ans : I1 = 0.515A, I 2 = 0.441A)

(R3 + R4 )
I1 = xI T
R2 + R3 + R4
70
= x0.956
60 + 70
= 0.515A
I2 = IT − I1
= 0.956 − 0.515
= 0.441A

d) Voltage drops of R1 and R3. ( Ans : VR1 = 19.12V , VR3 = 13.23V )

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 TUTORIAL ANSWER 6.2

VR1 = IT R1 VR3 = I2 R3
= (0.956x20) = 0.441x30
= 19.12V = 13.23V

e) Power dissipation of R2 and R4. ( Ans : PR2 = 15.91W , PR4 = 7.78W )

P = (I )2 R P = (I )2 R
R2 1 2 R4 2 4
2
= (0.515) (60) = (0.441)2 (40)
= 15.91W = 7.78W

11.Figure 1.8 shows a series-parallel DC circuit

R1=60Ω

R2=40Ω

R3=15Ω V=25V R4=11Ω

Figure 1.8

Calculate :

f) Total resistance. (Ans : RT = 50Ω)

a) R = R + R + R1R2
T 3 4
R1 + R2
(60)(40)
= 15 +11+
60 + 40
= 50Ω
b) Current flows for each resistor. ( Ans : IT = 0.5A, IR2 = 0.3A, IR1 = 0.2A)
V
b) IT = IR3 + I R 4 = S
RT
25
=
50
= 0.5A
60 × I I = 0.5 − 0.3
I R2 = R1
60 + 40 T
= 0.2 A
= 0.3A

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 TUTORIAL ANSWER 6.2

c) Voltage across each resistor. ( Ans : VR3 = 7.5V , VR4 = 5.5V ,VR5 = 12V )
c) VR3 = IR3
= (0.5)(15)
= 7.5V VRR = VR 2 = IR(1 // 2)
= (0.5)(24)
VR 4 = IR4 = 12V
= (0.5)(11)
= 5.5V

d) Power dissipated by the circuit. ( Ans : PT= 12.5W )

d ) P = IV
= (0.5)(25)
= 12.5W

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 TUTORIAL ANSWER 6.2

12. Direct current is current flows in one direction only (either positive or negative)
Alternating current is the current flows in both direction (positive and negative cycle)
according with time.

13. DC source AC source

1. Dry cell 1. hydro (water)
2. Wet cell 2. Wave
3. Wind
4. Renewable energy
5. Gas
6. Thermal
7. Charcoal

14. Direct Current (DC) Alternating Current (AC)

Current flow in one Current flow in both

direction direction fluctuate with time

Use for small supply power Use for high supply power
 TUTORIAL ANSWER 6.2

15.
 TUTORIAL ANSWER 6.2

16.

0
20 40 60 80 10 t(ms)

-8
a) i. I P = 8A

ii. I P−P = 8 + 8
= 16 A
iii. T = 40ms
1
f =
T
= 1
40m
= 25Hz

iv. T = 80m − 40m

= 40ms
I
v. I rm s = P
2
= 8
2

= 5.66 A

b) i(t) = I P sin ωt
But
ω = 2πf
= 2 × 3.142 × 25
= 157.08 rad
So,
c) Set to mode Radian

[
i(t) = 8sin 157.08 × 25 ×10-3 ]
= - 5.66 A
 TUTORIAL ANSWER 6.2

17.
V(v)

12

0
3 6 9 12 14 t(ms)

-12
a) i. V P = 12V

ii. V P−P = 12 = 12
= 24V
iii. T = 6 ms
1
f =
T
= 1
6m
= 166.67Hz
iv. T = 12m − 6m
= 6 ms
V
v. V rm s = P
2
= 12

= 8.48V

b) i(t) = I P sin ω t
But
ω = 2πf
= 2 × 3.142 ×166.67
= 1047.22 rad
So,
i(t) = 8sin 1047.22t

c) Set to mode Radian

[
i(t) = 12 sin 1047.22 × 7 ×10 −3 ]
= 10.39V
 TUTORIAL ANSWER 6.2

8 Ammeter measured in RMS value, so

V P = 55 A
V = VP
rm s
2
= 38.89V
So,
I=V
R
= 38.89
20
= 1.94 A
 TUTORIAL ANSWER 6.2

9.
Given i(t) = 25sin 628.3t
a) I P = 25 A

IP
b) I rm s =
2
= 25

= 17.68 A

c) ω = 2πf
f = ω = 628.3
2π 2π
≈ 100Hz

= (17.68)2 × 3
= 1875W

e) Set to mode Radian

t = 8ms
i(t) = 25 sin 628.3t
[
= 25sin 628.3 × 8 ×10−3 ]
= −23.78A