Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines (A3MET305)UNIT V- Syllabus and Concepts Hydraulic Pumps: Rotodynamic pump, various heads and efficiencies, centrifugal pumps, working principle, velocity components at entry and exit of the rotor, work done by the impeller, specific speed of pump, NPSH, cavitation in pumps, performance curves, reciprocating pump working principle. + Rotodynamic pumps + Various heads and efficiencies of centrifugal pump + Concept of velocity triangles of centrifugal pumps + Different vane configurations of impellers + Specific speed of pump + Similarity laws of pump NPSH Cavitation in pumps + Performance curves + Reciprocating pumpHydraulic Pumps * The hydraulic machines which convert the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy are called pumps + It increases pressure energy or kinetic energy or both by using mechanical energy. The energy level of the fluid can be increased by either roto dynamic action or by positive displacement of the fluid. * Ifthe mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid, the hydraulic machine is called Centrifugal pumpClassification of Hydraulic PumpsComponents and Working of a Centrifugal Pump Main parts of a centrifugal pump (refer Fig) are: 1. Impeller 2. Casing 3. Suction pipe 4, Delivery pipeWorking of a Centrifugal Pump + The electric motor is started to rotate the impeller and the delivery valve is still kept closed to reduce the starting torque. + The rotation of the impeller in the casing full of liquid produces a forced vortex which provides a centrifugal head to the liquid and thus, it results in increase of pressure throughout the liquid. The rise in pressure head at any point of the rotating liquid is proportional to the square of the tangential velocity of the liquid at that point and the distance of the point from the axis of rotation. Thus, if the speed of the impeller of the pump is high enough, then the pressure of the liquid surrounding the impeller increases considerably. When the delivery valve is opened, the liquid flows in an outward radial direction and leaves the vanes of the impeller at the outer radius with high velocity and pressure. The rotation of the impeller due to centrifugal action causes a partial vacuum at its eye which causes the suction of the liquid from the sump through the suction pipe. The sucked liquid replaces the liquid which is being discharged from the whole circumference of the impeller. + The high pressure of the liquid leaving the impeller is utilized in lifting the liquid to the required height.- Casing: It is an airtight chamber which surrounds the impeller. It is similar to the casing of a reaction turbine. It is designed in such a way that the kinetic energy of the water discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure energy before the water leaves the casing and enters the delivery pipe. The three types of casing, namely volute casing, vortex casing and casing with guide blades are commonly used and the pump is named after the casing it uses. (i) Volute casing: The volute casing is of spiral shape in which the area of flow increases gradually from the impeller outlet to the delivery pipe. The increase in area of flow decreases the velocity of flow with corresponding increase in the pressure of water flowing through the casing. Single stage pumps are mostly having volute casing. The volute casing has higher eddy losses which results in lower overall efficiency. The pumps having volute casing are known as volute pump. Discharge Impetter Vovure — (fs) mt SS SS wey (©) Casing with guide bades Figure TipesofeasingDifferent heads in a centrifugal pumping system (Refer and draw the diagram available in slide 5 of this ppt) 1. Suetion head: It is the vertical height of the centre line of the pump shaft above the water surface in the sump from which water is being lifted. It is also known as static suction lift and it is denoted by h,. 2. Delivery head: It is the vertical height of the water surface in the tank to which the water is delivered above the centre line of the pump shaft. It is also known as static delivery lift and it is denoted by hd. 3. Static head: It is the vertical distance between the water surface in the sump and the tank to which the water is being delivered by the pump. Thus, static head is the sum of suction head and delivery head. It is denoted by Hs and it is givenby the below expression. H, =h, + hy 4. Manometrie head: Manometric head (H,,) is the head against which a centrifugal pump has to work. It is measured across the pump inlet and outlet flanges. If there are no energy losses in the pump (i.e., in the impeller and casing), then manometric head will be equal to the energy given to water by the impellerEfficiencies of Centrifugal Pumps 1. Manometric efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of manometric head developed by the pump to the head imparted by the impeller to the water. Manometric efficiency takes into account the hydraulic losses in the pump. It is denoted by n,,,, and the expression is given below. 2.Volumetric efficiency: Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual discharge (Q) from the pump to the total discharge per second through the impeller. It is denoted by n, and its expression is given below. _ Actual discharge ” ~ Total discharge3.Mechanical efficiency: An electric motor is used to give the power input to the pump shaft which is more than the power delivered by the impeller to the water. Mechanical efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power available at the impeller (P,,,) to the power at the shaft (P) of the centrifugal pump. It is denoted by m and its expression is given below. _ Power at the impeller m Powerat the shaft 4. Overall efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of power output of the pump (P,) to the power input to the pump (P). It is denoted by n, and its expression is given below.Velocity triangles and work done by centrifugal pump 1.U,=2D,\N/60 2.U; =" D,N / 60 3, Discharge Q =z D,B, Vp (Where , B= Width of runner) 4. Hydraulic (Or) yan = ZH / Vy> U5 5. W.D by impeller on water per sec, or Impeller Power = WV,,, U,/ g 6. Mech efficiency, Impeller Power / S.P | vin il =i) | eee 7. Overall efficiency, a 8. pressure rise in the impeller, (Po Pi/ PSY= (Wy? + W— Vig" Cosec? p) / 2gSpecific speed of centrifugal pumps -The specific speed (Ns) of a centrifugal pump is defined as the speed of a geometrically similar pump which would deliver 1m> of liquid per second against a head of 1 m. Since O=nDBV, ‘Thos = DBV, Bui B=D ‘Thus OD, wo DN Since =O Thus ue DN Also ua, = [Hy Va Thus DN « [Hg => Doe Substituting the values of D and Ir in expression (i), we get: [k= Constant) Gi)Specific speed of centrifugal pumps As per definition: If Hj, = 1m, Q=1m'/s, then N = NV, and expression (ii) can be written as follows. 3/2 lek r N; 2 Thus keNg Substituting the value of k in expression (ii), we get: 42 Q=N? Hn”Model Testing of centrifugal pumps Model and prototype must follow the below coefficient rules: Power coefficient: P ] -( P ) N3D*)m \N*D* Jy Head coefficient: ( 7 } -(s52) N?D? Jy \N7D?), Capacity or Flow Coefficient:Cavitation in centrifugal pumps When the pressure at the suction side of the pump impeller falls below the Vapour pressure of the liquid, some of the liquid vaporizes and bubbles of the Vapour is carried along with the liquid. These Vapour bubbles condense and collapse rapidly on reaching to high pressure zone (near the impeller exit). This process continues and creates high pressure which may damage the impeller. This phenomenon is called cavitation which is highly undesirable. At the inlet of the impeller, the pressure remains lowest on the underside of vanes from where cavitation commences and the vanes tips at impeller exit are the most common site for cavitation attack. The cavitation can be noticed by a sudden drop in efficiency and head.fined-as-th : : : To indicate whether cavitation will occur, the Thoma’s cavitation factor (c ) is used and the expression is given below. Ha~Hy heh _ NPSH _ Hy H, A, H, m o= m m Here, H, = p,/ (pg) and H, = p, (pg) are the atmospheric and vapour pressure heads in terms of meters of liquid, respectively , h, be the suction height (or lift), h,, is the loss of head in the suction pipe, H,, is effective or manometric head. When the value of o is less than the critical value (6, ), then cavitation occurs in the pumps. The value of 6, Hepends on the specific speed (N,) of a pump. The value of o, ca ‘4 * "wing relation. lo, = 1.03 x10-3(N,)*3 Net positive suction head (NPSH): Net positive suction head (NPSH) is» The cavitation in pumps can be avoided by the following factors lL. By reducing the suction lift that increases the value of which ensures sufficient availability of NPSH. 2. By reducing the velocity in the suction pipe. 3. By avoiding the bends. 4, By reducing /ifs in suction pipe. 5. By selecting the pump of lower specific speed. > Cavitation is undesirable due to the following harmful effects 1. A large number of Vapour bubbles formed suddenly collapse in a high pressure region which causes the rush of surrounding liquid and results in shock, noise and vibration. This phenomenon is called water hammer. 2. The continuous water hammering action of collapsing bubbles causes pitting and erosion of the surface. 3, The water hammer causes fatigue of the metal parts and reduces their lifetime. 4. Cavitation causes sudden drop in head and efficiencyPerformance characteristic curves of centrifugal pumps Pump provides maximum efficiency when it operates at designed values of speed, discharge and head. In actual practice, a pump has to operate at different conditions than the designed ones under which the behavior of the pump may be different. In order to predict the behavior and performance of a pump under varying conditions, various tests are performed and the results of the tests are plotted in the form of curves. These curves are known as the characteristic curves of the pump. The important characteristic curves of a pump are (i) main characteristic curves, (ii) operating characteristic curves, (iii) constant efficiency or Muschel curves, and (iv) constant head and constant discharge characteristic curves i) Main Characteristic Curves: Pe geacg Main characteristic curvesii) Operating characteristic curves iii) Constant efficiency or Muschel curves N= constant . ver iv) Constant head and constant discharge characteristic curves Pe N*Ugand Q Constant) HO A,axe (@= Const Q N(lig = Constant) Constant heed, discharge, and power curvesReciprocating Pumps + The reciprocating pumps are positive displacement pumps in which a certain volume of liquid is taken in an enclosed volume and then it is forced out against pressure to the required application. + The mechanical energy is converted into pressure energy by sucking the liquid into a cylinder in which a piston is reciprocating which exerts the thrust on the liquid and increases its pressure energy. + The reciprocating pumps may be classified into (i) Single acting pump: If the water (liquid) is in contact with one side of piston. + (ii) Double acting pump: If the water is in contact with both sides of the piston. Deut atingreprcating msFor single acting reciprocating pump, Theoretical discharge of the pump per second is given by, Ais area of cylinder = [1 D*/4 where Dis the diameter of the cylinder Lis the length of eylinder Neis.speed inp For Double acting reciprocating pump, Theoretical discharge of the pump per second is given by, (If piston rod area is neglected) 2ALN 60 Pn = For Double acting reciprocating pump, Theoretical discharge of the pump per second is given by, (If piston rod area is considered) A, is the area of piston rod = IT d? /4, where d is the diameter of piston rodSlip of the Reciprocating Pump: The difference between the theoretical discharge (Q,,) and actual discharge (Q,,,) is known as slip (S). Generally, the slip is expressed as percentage slip and its expression is given below. (c,— coefficient of discharge) Theoretical power required for driving the pump is given by, H is the total head, sum of suction head (h,) and delivery head (hy) ie.Important long answer questions (Refer your notes for solutions) |. Explain the working principle of a centrifugal pump with the help of a line sketch, naming all the parts, 2. With the help of a neat sketch, explain in brief the functioning of volute casing of a centrifugal pump | 3.What are the different efficiencies of a centrifugal pump? Explain | 4.Briefly explain different heads in a centrifugal pumping system _5.A centrifugal pump has an impeller of 80 cm diameter and it delivers 1.144 m°/s against a head of 70 m. The impeller runs at 1000 rpm and its width at outlet is 8 cm. If hydraulic efficiency is 82%, calculate the blade angle at outlet . 6. A centrifugal pump delivers water against a net head of 10.0 m at a design speed of 1000 rpm. The vanes are curved backwards and make an angle of 30° with the tangent at the outer periphery. The impeller diameter is 30 cm and has a width of 5 cm at the outlet. Determine the _ discharge of the pump if the manometric efficiency is 95%. _7.The external and internal diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 0.4 m and 0.2 m, respectively. The centrifugal pump runs at 1200 rpm and its vanes at the exit are set back at an angle of 25°. Ifa constant radial flow through the impeller is maintained at 2.5 m/s, then determine (i) the inlet vane angle, (ii) angle made by absolute velocity —at-the-outlet-and- (ii) work done by the impeller per unit weight of |8. The internal and external diameters of a centrifugal pump are 10 cm and 20 cm, respectively. It runs at 2800 rpm and delivers 0.105 m*/s of water. The widths of impeller at the inlet and outlet are 2 cm and | cm, respectively. The water enters the impeller radially at the inlet and impeller blade angle at the exit is 45°. Determine the pressure rise in the impeller by assuming that flow velocity as constant and neglecting losses through it. 9. Determine the specific speed of a centrifugal pump which delivers water at the rate of 2 m/s under a head of 20 m while running at 3500 rpm and operating at a maximum efficiency of 85%. Also determine the discharge, head and power input to the pump at the speed of 2500 rpm assuming that the efficiency remains constant at all the speeds. 10. Define specific speed of a centrifugal pump. Derive an expression for the same 11.Two geometrically similar pumps run at the same speed of 1200 rpm. One pump with impeller diameter of 0.4 m delivers water at the rate of 0.03 m3/s against the head of 20 m. Determine the diameter and head delivered by the other pump if it has to deliver 50% discharge of the first pump12. Two homologous pumps A and B are to run at the same speed of 600 rpm. Pump A has an impeller of 50 cm diameter and discharges 0.4 m/s of water under a net head of 50 m. Determine the diameter of impeller of pump B and its net head if it is to discharge 0.3 m*/s 13. Determine the height from water surface a centrifugal pump should be installed to avoid cavitation when atmospheric pressure (abs) is 101.325 kPa, vapour pressure is 2.5 kPa (abs), the inlet and other losses in suction pipe are 1.5 m, effective head of the pump is 50 m and cavitation factor is 0.115. 14. The following particulars are given for a centrifugal pump, such as discharge = 0.15 m3/s of water, manometric head = 35 m, speed of the pump = 1150 rpm, atmospheric pressure (abs) = 1.01325 bar, vapour pressure at the temperature of water pumped = 3.5 kPa (abs), inlet and other losses in suction pipe = 0.25 m of water. Determine minimum NPSH and maximum allowable height of the pump from the free surface of water in the pump. 15. Define cavitation. What are the effects of cavitation? Give the necessary precautions against cavitation16. Describe cavitation phenomenon in centrifugal pump 17. Write a note on the main performance curves of centrifugal pump 18. Explain the properties for a centrifugal pump, such as (i) main characteristics curves, (ii) operating characteristics curves and (iii) Muschel curves 19. A single acting reciprocating pump delivers 9 litres per second of water against a suction head of 4 m and a delivery head of 16 m while running at a speed of 60 rpm. The diameter and stroke of the piston are 200 mm and 300 mm, respectively. Determine (i) the theoretical discharge, (ii) coefficient of discharge, (iii) slip, (iv) percentage slip and (v) power required to drive the pump. 20. A double acting reciprocating pump operating at 55 rpm has a piston diameter of 0.2 m and piston rod of diameter 40 mm which is on one side only. The stroke of the piston is 0.3 m. The suction and delivery heads are 5 mand 20 m, respectively. Determine (i) the theoretical discharge and (ii) power required to drive the pump.13. Sol:) Solution Let pg = 101.325 kPa, py =2.5 kPa, hy =15m, Hp, =50 mand o = 0.115, _Ha-Hly-hy-h = = sh, =H,-H,=hg-0Hq Since o or hy = he Hy, PS Pek 101.325x10° __2.5x10° 1009.81 1009.81 -15-0.115x50= 2.824 m14, Sol:) Let O= 0.15 mrss, Hy = 35m, N=1150 rpm, py = 1.01325 bar, p, =3.5 kPa and hy, = 0.25 m. CNPSH) i Since =e He Thus (NPSH) pi = Oca But a, =1.03% 107,987 3 - -a{N Thus ANPSH pin = 1.03% 1030, 199 FF, = 1.03% 10" iS 4, in aia 1150/0158 NPS nin soe Se 355 3.503 m ‘The maximum suction height (1,) can be obtained when NPSH is minimum and, thus, we yet the below expression. CNPSHD ig = (Hy By “hg dy Thus he = Hy —H, ~ hg -(NPSH) ig or h, me ig —(NPSH ia he 1.01325x10° __ 3.3x107 “1000981 1000%9.81 ~0.25-3,503=6.22 m19, Sol:) Let Ogg: = 91/6 = 0.009 m3/s, hy =4'm, hy =16 m, N =60 rpm, D= 200 mm =0.2 m and L = 300 mm=03 m. - _RD?xLN xO? 03x60 ©) n= B= 6 F680 = 0.009425 m/s (ii) Cy ees ass (Gi) S = Oy —Qyqy = 9.009425 0,009 = 0.000425 rus 100 = 4.51%. 0.009425 (0) Hah, +hy =4416=20m is Dy - Doce 0.0425 (iv) 195 = 24 Bae 100 = 2 py = Bet Dall _ 10009. 0,009425%20 = = L982 kW 1000 100020. Sol:) Let N=55 pm, D=02 m, d=40 mm =0.04 m, L=03 m, A, =S mand Ay = 20m. 0.2? = 0.031416 m* = 24? =% 0,04 = 0.001257 m? 4 4 (2A-Ay)LN _ (2x0,031416—0.001257)x0.3%55 i) 9 0 0 Gi) H=h, thy =5420=25 m —PweQinHt _ 1000%9.31x0.01693x25 1000 1000 = 0.01693 m? fs =4.4521kW Pin