DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

COVENANT UNIVERSITY

CANAANLAND, OTA.

PET 527

PETROLEUM ENGINEERING LABORATORY II

PET 527 REPORT: VISCOSITY DETERMINATION USING

VISCOMETER METHODBY

CHUKWUMA OBINNA STANLEY

17CN022863

DATE SUBMITTED: MAY-22-2022

i
 ABSTRACT

This laboratory experiment aimed to determine the viscosity of de-ionized water and
crude oil using the Ubbelohde viscometer. The viscosity values were calculated based
on recorded flow times and known densities of the liquids. The kinematic viscosity
values for de-ionized water ranged from 1.35cSt to 1.93cSt, while the dynamic
viscosity values ranged from 1.323cp to 1.889cp. For crude oil, the kinematic
viscosity values ranged from 2.32cSt to 2.44cSt, and the dynamic viscosity values
ranged from 1.902cp to 2.005cp. These viscosity measurements provide valuable
insights into the flow characteristics and behavior of the tested liquids, which are of
significant interest in various industries, including the oil and gas sector (ASTM
International, 2019).

The obtained viscosity values align with the expected viscosity ranges for de-ionized
water and crude oil. However, it is important to consider potential sources of error that
could impact the accuracy of the measurements. Variations in temperature during the
experiment and instrumental uncertainties are factors that may introduce some level of
inaccuracy. To enhance the applicability of the findings, it is recommended to conduct
further research to validate the obtained viscosity values and investigate additional
factors influencing viscosity measurements in real-world industrial conditions.

This study contributes to the existing knowledge of fluid properties, specifically in the
context of the oil and gas industry, where viscosity plays a crucial role in various
processes such as fluid flow, pumping, and pipeline transportation. Understanding the
viscosity of liquids can aid in optimizing operational efficiency and ensuring the
successful implementation of processes in the oil and gas sector.

ii
 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................ii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER 2: RELEVANCE OF STUDY ................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................6

APPARATUS ..........................................................................................................................................10

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES ....................................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER 4: RESULT ...............................................................................................................................13

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................19

PRECAUTION ........................................................................................................................................19

CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................................................21

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................21

Figure 1.1- Couette Flow Between Two Plates ......................................................... 1

Figure 1.2 - Shear stress vs. shear rate for a Newtonian fluid ..................................2
Figure 3.1- Stop Watch ............................................................................................ 11
Figure 3.2- Deionized Water ....................................................................................11
Figure 3.3- Sucker .................................................................................................... 12
Figure 3.4- Crude Oil ............................................................................................... 12
Figure 3.5- Ubbelohde viscometer ..........................................................................12

iii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Viscosity is defined as the internal resistance of a fluid to flow and can be
quantitatively measured as a fluid's resistance to flow (White, 2003). It determines the
fluid strain rate generated by an applied shear stress. One example that illustrates the
effects of viscosity is Plane Couette flow, which involves the behavior of a fluid
between two plates. In this flow, one plate remains stationary while a constant force is
applied to the other plate. The viscosity of the fluid determines the velocity of the top
plate (White, 2003).

The relationship between shear stress (τ), shear rate (γ˙), and viscosity (μ) can be
expressed using the basic equation of deformation:

τ = μγ˙ (1.1)

In this equation, shear stress (τ) is the force required to maintain the upper plate's
constant velocity (ν) in the x-direction, divided by the area (A) of the plate in contact
with the fluid (Fig. 4.1). The shear rate (γ˙) is defined as the gradient of velocity
(∂νx/∂y) with respect to position. The force applied to the upper plate is transmitted
through the fluid to the lower plate, resulting in a linear dependence of the fluid's x-
component velocity on the distance from the lower plate (Fig. 1.1) (White, 2003).

Figure 1.1: Couette Flow Between Two Plates (White, 2003)

1
Viscosity is commonly measured using the unit of force divided by length squared. In the
International System of Units (SI), viscosity is expressed in Newton seconds per meter squared
(N·s/m²), which is also equivalent to Pascal seconds (Pa·s). In the Imperial units, viscosity is
measured in pounds-force second per foot squared (lb·ft/s²). For the purpose of this report, all
measurements will be presented in SI units of Newton, meter, and second (N·m·s) (S. V.
Patankar, 1980).

It is assumed that the fluid does not experience slip at the surface of the plate. Newtonian fluids,
such as water and gases, exhibit viscosity that is independent of shear and have shear stress
proportional to the shear rate (Fig. 1.2)(Byron Bird et al, 2007).

In the oil industry, viscosity is commonly expressed in centipoise (cP), where 1 cP is equivalent
to 10^-3 Pascal seconds (Pa·s) (Byron Bird et al, 2007).

Fig. 1.2: Shear stress vs. shear rate for a Newtonian fluid.

1.1 EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE ON VISCOSITY

Viscosity is a property of fluids that is influenced by pressure and temperature. In most
fluids, viscosity shows a strong dependence on temperature but is relatively insensitive to
pressure until high pressures are reached. In liquids, viscosity typically increases with
pressure at a constant temperature, although water behaves oppositely by decreasing in
viscosity with increasing pressure at a constant temperature. However, for most practical
cases, the impact of pressure on liquid viscosity can be neglected (White, 2003).

2
Temperature affects viscosity differently in liquids and gases. In liquids, a decrease in
temperature leads to an increase in viscosity. On the other hand, in gases, viscosity
increases with temperature due to enhanced molecular interaction. The spacing between
molecules in liquids increases with rising temperature, resulting in a decrease in viscosity
(Lide, 2009).

It should be noted that viscosity is a thermodynamic variable that varies with pressure
and temperature. While the effect of pressure on viscosity is generally weak, temperature
has a significant impact on the viscosity of fluids (White, 2003).

3
 CHAPTER 2: RELEVANCE OF STUDY

The laboratory experiment on viscosity using the Ubbelohde viscometer holds significant
relevance in the oil and gas industry. Accurate viscosity measurements are crucial for
various applications in this industry, including the characterization of petroleum products,
evaluation of drilling fluids, and optimization of production processes.

In the field of petroleum characterization, viscosity plays a vital role in determining the
flow behavior and performance of crude oils and refined products. The Ubbelohde
viscometer is widely employed for measuring the viscosity of these fluids (Ahmed &
Sadr, 2019). The obtained viscosity data aids in product quality control, pipeline
transportation design, and refinery operations (Al-Anssari & Mahmood, 2016).

When it comes to drilling fluids, viscosity is a key parameter influencing their

effectiveness in drilling operations. The Ubbelohde viscometer provides valuable insights
into the rheological properties of drilling fluids, aiding in the selection of appropriate
formulations for optimal performance.

Furthermore, viscosity measurements using the Ubbelohde viscometer are also relevant
in the lubricant industry. The viscosity of lubricant oils affects their lubricating efficiency
and temperature stability, which are crucial factors in the oil and gas sector. Accurate
viscosity determination using the Ubbelohde viscometer ensures the proper selection and
performance of lubricants in various applications.

Some of which are:

 Quality Assurance: Accurate viscosity measurements are crucial for ensuring the
quality and consistency of oil and gas products, including crude oil, lubricants, and
drilling fluids. By utilizing the Ubbelohde viscometer, precise viscosity data can be
obtained, enabling rigorous quality control processes that adhere to industry
standards and specifications.

4
 Product Optimization: Viscosity is a fundamental parameter that influences the
formulation and performance of oil and gas products. Through the laboratory
experiment with the Ubbelohde viscometer, engineers and scientists can obtain
viscosity data that facilitates the optimization of product formulations. This
optimization process allows for fine-tuning flow characteristics, improving stability,
and enhancing overall product performance.

 Operational Efficiency: In the oil and gas industry, viscosity measurements are vital
for efficient operations. By accurately measuring viscosity using the Ubbelohde
viscometer, engineers can assess fluid flow behavior, determine pressure drop, and
predict pumping requirements. This information aids in designing efficient
transportation and processing systems, minimizing energy consumption, and
optimizing operational costs.

 Fluid Characterization: The Ubbelohde viscometer experiment provides valuable

insights into the behavior and properties of fluids encountered in the oil and gas
industry. By understanding the viscosity of different fluids under varying conditions,
such as temperature and pressure, engineers can make informed decisions regarding
fluid handling, flow assurance, and equipment selection.

 Research and Development: Viscosity measurements using the Ubbelohde

viscometer contribute to ongoing research and development efforts in the oil and gas
industry. By studying the viscosity of different fluids, researchers can explore new
technologies, develop innovative products, and enhance existing processes to meet
the evolving demands of the industry.

The aforementioned applications highlight the practical relevance of conducting

laboratory experiments on viscosity using the Ubbelohde viscometer in the oil and gas
industry. Such experiments provide valuable data for decision-making, process
optimization, and quality assurance in this sector.

5
 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

Kinematic viscosity (ν) is defined as the ratio between dynamic viscosity (μ) and density (ρ),
expressed as:

ν = μ / ρ [1]

By considering the theoretical behavior of a differential fluid element flowing through a long
circular pipe under laminar, fully developed flow conditions, the kinematic viscosity can be
determined within the Ubbelohde viscometer. For laminar flow (Re < 2300), the pressure
loss in the capillary section of the viscometer is given by:

∆P = (P1 - P2) = 32μLVavg / (D^2) [2]

Here, P1 and P2 represent the pressure at the two ends of the capillary, μ is the dynamic
viscosity, L is the capillary length, Vavg is the average velocity of the fluid's fully developed
velocity profile, and D is the capillary diameter. Equation 2 can be rearranged to solve for
Vavg as follows:

Vavg = (∆P * D^2) / (32μL) [3]

Furthermore, the volumetric flowrate (V˙) can be defined as the product of the average
velocity (Vavg) and the cross-sectional area of the capillary (Ac):

V˙ = Vavg * Ac [4]

Substituting equation [3] into equation [4], we obtain:

V˙ = (∆P * D^2 * Ac) / (32μL) [5]

This equation leads to the thermal fluid principle governing the volumetric flowrate, which is
known as Poiseuille's law:

V˙ = (∆P * n * D^4) / (128μL) [6]

To apply this relation to the Ubbelohde viscometer, which utilizes a vertical flow capillary,
the pressure differential is expressed as:

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∆P = q * g * h [7]

In equation [7], q represents the liquid density, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is
the height of the liquid column. This modification accounts for the hydrostatic pressure
within the capillary section of the fluid. The mean height of the fluid from the start time to
the end time is measured from the bottom of the capillary.

By combining equation [1] with the relation for volumetric flowrate (equation [8]), where V
represents the volume of fluid passing through the capillary in time t, the modified form of
Poiseuille's law can be expressed as:

V = ghnD^4 / (128νLt) [9]

Solving for the kinematic viscosity (ν), the equation is rearranged as:

ν = nD^4gh * t / (128LV) [10]

It is important to note that the terms multiplied by t are geometric constraints of the
viscometer, which remain constant throughout the experiment. Hence, a constant C is
defined as:

C = nD^4gh / (128LV) [11]

Consequently, the kinematic viscosity of a fluid can be determined by multiplying the

viscometer constant (C) by the efflux time (t):

ν = C * t [12]

Dynamic viscosity (μ) represents the ratio between the applied shear stress and the rate of
shear, and it is known as the coefficient of dynamic viscosity. This coefficient quantifies the
resistance to the flow of the liquid and is commonly referred to as the viscosity of the liquid.

Kinematic viscosity (ν) is defined as the ratio μ/ρ, where ρ represents the density of the fluid.

7
Unit and dimensions:

Symbol cgs unit SI unit Dimension

Kinematic 1 mm2/s = 1 cSt cm2/s m2/s L2/T

viscosity, u 1 m2/s = 106 cSt

Dynamic 1 Dyn.s/cm2 = 100 cp Dyn.s/cm2 Newton.s/m2 M/LT

(= Pa.s) (FT/L2)
viscosity, m 1 Newton.s/m2 = 103 cp

Where cSt = centistokes, cp = centipoise

1cSt = 10-6 [m2/s] 1cp = 10-3 Pa.s,

The primary aim of this measurement is to ascertain the kinematic viscosity of Newtonian
liquid petroleum products.

In capillary viscometers, the time required for a specific volume of liquid to flow through the
capillary under gravity at a precisely controlled temperature is measured in seconds. The
kinematic viscosity is determined by multiplying the measured flow time by the calibration
constant of the viscometer. The dynamic viscosity can then be obtained by multiplying the
measured kinematic viscosity by the density of the liquid.

Methods for Measuring Viscosity

1. Capillary Viscometry: This method involves measuring the flow of a fluid through a
capillary tube under the influence of gravity or applied pressure (McClements, 2016). The
time taken for the fluid to pass through the capillary is recorded, and viscosity is calculated
using Poiseuille's law.

2. Rotational Viscometry: This method utilizes a rotational viscometer, such as a rotational

rheometer or a viscometer with a spindle, to measure the torque required to rotate an
immersed spindle in a fluid (ASTM D2196-20). The viscosity is determined based on the
relationship between torque, rotational speed, and the geometry of the spindle.

8
3. Falling Ball Viscometry: In this method, a ball or sphere is allowed to fall through a liquid,
and the time taken for the ball to descend a certain distance is measured (ASTM D5230-19).
The viscosity is calculated using Stoke's law, which relates the viscosity to the size and
density of the ball, and the velocity of fall.

4. Vibrational Viscometry: This technique involves subjecting a sample of fluid to controlled

vibrations and measuring the resulting damping or phase shift (ASTM D7419-13). The
viscosity is determined based on the relationship between the damping or phase shift and the
properties of the fluid.

5. Oscillatory Viscometry: In this method, a sample of fluid is subjected to oscillatory shear

stress, and the resulting shear strain or deformation is measured (ASTM D4440-17). The
viscosity is determined by analyzing the relationship between shear stress, shear strain, and
the frequency of oscillation.

6. Couette Viscometry: This method involves placing a fluid sample between two concentric
cylinders, with one cylinder rotating while the other remains stationary. The resulting shear
stress and shear rate are measured, and the viscosity is calculated based on the applied torque
and the geometry of the cylinders.

7. Cone-and-Plate Viscometry: This technique utilizes a cone-shaped spindle pressed against

a flat plate, creating a defined shear field in the fluid. The resulting shear stress and shear rate
are measured, and the viscosity is determined using the geometry of the spindle and the
applied torque.

8. Squeeze Flow Viscometry: This method involves applying pressure to a fluid sample
confined between two parallel plates. The resulting flow and deformation are measured, and
the viscosity is determined based on the applied pressure, the plate separation, and the flow
rate.

9. Falling Cylinder Viscometry: Similar to the falling ball method, a cylinder is allowed to
fall through a liquid, and the time taken for the cylinder to descend a certain distance is
measured (Kumar et al., 2015). The viscosity is calculated using Stoke's law, considering the
properties of the cylinder and the velocity of fall.
9
10. Pressure Drop Viscometry: This method measures the pressure drop across a flow
channel or porous medium when a fluid is forced through it (ASTM E178-20). The pressure
drop is related to the viscosity through the flow properties and the geometry of the channel or
medium.

Each method has its own specific requirements and limitations, and the choice of method
depends on the nature of the fluid, desired accuracy, and available equipment.

APPARATUS
1. Stop Watch – A time-keeping device used to measure the duration of an event with
high accuracy.

Figure 3.1- Weighing Balance

2. Deionized Water

Figure 3.2- Deionized Water

10
3. Sucker

Figure 3.3- Sucker

4. Crude Oil

Figure 3.4- Crude Oil

5. Viscometer:The Ubbelohde viscometer, shown in Figure 1, is a U-shaped glass

instrument used to measure the kinematic viscosity of a liquid.

Figure 3.5- Ubbelohde viscometer.

11
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
1. Select a clean, dry calibrated viscometer (Fig. 4.6) having a range covering the
estimated viscosity (i.e. a wide capillary for a very viscous liquid and a narrower
capillary for a less viscous liquid). The flow time should not be less than 200 seconds.

2. Charge the viscometer: To fill, turn viscometer upside down. Dip tube (2) into the
liquid to be measured while applying suction to tube (1) until liquid reaches mark (8).
After inverting to normal measuring position, close tube (1) before liquid reach mark
(3).

3. Allow the charged viscometer to remain long enough to reach the room temperature.
Read the calibration constants-directly from the viscometer.

4. Measuring operation: Open tube (1) and measure the time it takes the liquid to rise
from mark (3) to mark (5). Measuring the time for rising from mark (5) to mark (7)
allows viscosity measurement to be repeated to check the first measurement.

5. If two measurements agree within required error (generally 0.2-0.35%), use the
average for calculating the reported kinematic [Link] steps 2-4 for all
samples, ensuring that each measurement is taken under the same conditions for
accurate and reliable results.

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 CHAPTER 4: RESULT
EXPERIMENT RESULTS

�푖푛푒푚 푖怀 푣푖푠怀�푠푖 푣=� −�

Where;

v = kinematic viscosity

C = calibration constant

t = measured flow time

� = hagenbach correction factor

The Value of C(calibration constant) = 0.5(cSt/s)

The Value of � (hagenbach correction factor) = 0.1.

Temperature at which readings were take 31℃.

�=� 푣 푣

Where;

�= Dynamic viscosity

� 푣 = Average density

푣= kinematic viscosity

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Sample 1 (De-Ionized Water)

Density of Liquid = 0.98g/cm3

kinematic viscosity v = C t − ϑ

Dynamic viscosityμ = ρavrv

For t = 2.8s

kinematic viscosity v = 0.5 2.8 − 0.1 = 1.35cSt

kinematic viscosity @(t = 2.8s) = 1.35cSt

Dynamic viscosity μ = 0.98 ∗ 1.35 = 1.323cp

Dynamic viscosityμ @(t = 2.8s) = 1.323cp

For t = 3.81s

kinematic viscosity v = 0.5 3.81 − 0.1 = 1.855cSt

kinematic viscosity @(t = 3.81s) = 1.855cSt

Dynamic viscosity μ = 0.98 ∗ 1.855 = 1.818cp

Dynamic viscosityμ @(t = 3.81s) = 1.818cp

For t = 3.98s

kinematic viscosity v = 0.5 3.96 − 0.1 = 1.93cSt

kinematic viscosity @(t = 3.96s) = 1.93cSt

Dynamic viscosity μ = 0.98 ∗ 1.93 = 1.889cp

Dynamic viscosityμ @(t = 3.96s) = 1.89cp

14
Sample 2: Crude Oil

Density of Liquid = 0.82g/cm3

kinematic viscosity v = C t − ϑ

Dynamic viscosity μ = ρavr v

For t = 4.74s

kinematic viscosity v = 0.5 4.74 − 0.1 = 2.32cSt

kinematic viscosity @(t = 4.74s) = 2.32cSt

Dynamic viscosity μ = 0.82 ∗ 2.32 = 1.902cp

Dynamic viscosityμ @(t = 4.74s) = 1.902cp

For t = 4.94s

kinematic viscosity v = 0.5 4.94 − 0.1 = 2.42cSt

kinematic viscosity @(t = 4.94s) = 2.42cSt

Dynamic viscosity μ = 0.82 ∗ 2.42 = 1.984cp

Dynamic viscosityμ @(t = 4.94s) = 1.984cp

For t = 4.99s

kinematic viscosity v = 0.5 4.99 − 0.1 = 2.445cSt

kinematic viscosity @(t = 4.99s) = 2.445cSt

Dynamic viscosity μ = 0.82 ∗ 2.445 = 2.005cp

Dynamic viscosityμ @(t = 3.96s) = 2.005cp

15
Sample Constant Time (s) Hagenbach Kinematic Density, Dynamic
C, Factor Viscosity, ρavg viscosity,
(cSt/s) υ (g/cm3) µ (cp)
Crude oil
1 0.5 4.74 0.1 2.32 0.82 1.092
2 0.5 4.94 0.1 2.42 0.82 1.984
3 0.5 4.99 0.1 2.445 0.82 2.005
De-ionized
Water
1 0.5 2.80 0.1 1.35 0.98 1.323
2 0.5 3.81 0.1 1.855 0.98 1.818
3 0.5 3.96 0.1 1.93 0.98 1.891

DISCUSSION

The laboratory experiment aimed to measure the viscosity of two liquids: de-ionized
water and crude oil using the Ubbelohde viscometer. Viscosity is a fundamental
property of fluids that determines their resistance to flow. Accurate viscosity
measurements are important in various industries, including petroleum, chemical, and
manufacturing, as they provide valuable information about fluid behavior and
performance.

For the de-ionized water sample, three flow time measurements were recorded: 2.8s,
3.81s, and 3.98s. The density of the water was determined to be 0.98 g/cm³. Using
these values, the kinematic viscosity was calculated using the formula v = 0.5(t - 0.1),
where t is the flow time. The kinematic viscosity values obtained for the de-ionized
water sample were 1.35cSt, 1.855cSt, and 1.93cSt, respectively.

The dynamic viscosity was then calculated by multiplying the kinematic viscosity by
the density of the liquid. The dynamic viscosity values for the de-ionized water
sample were 1.323cp, 1.818cp, and 1.889cp, respectively, corresponding to the
respective flow times.

16
Similarly, for the crude oil sample, three flow time measurements were recorded:
4.74s, 4.94s, and 4.99s. The density of the crude oil was determined to be 0.82 g/cm³.
Using the same calculations, the kinematic viscosity values for the crude oil sample
were 2.32cSt, 2.42cSt, and 2.44cSt, respectively.

The dynamic viscosity values for the crude oil sample were calculated by multiplying the
kinematic viscosity by the density, resulting in 1.902cp, 1.984cp, and 2.005cp,
respectively, corresponding to the respective flow times.

These viscosity measurements provide valuable insights into the flow behavior and
characteristics of the tested liquids. The obtained viscosity values for both de-ionized
water and crude oil are important in various applications, such as fluid flow modeling,
process optimization, and equipment design in the oil and gas [Link] affecting
the accuracy of using the Ubbelohde viscometer in the determination of fluid viscosity
include:

1. Temperature Control: Variations in temperature can alter the viscosity of the fluid. It is
crucial to maintain a consistent and controlled temperature throughout the experiment to
obtain accurate viscosity measurements.

2. Sample Contamination: Contaminants or impurities in the fluid sample can affect

viscosity readings. Proper handling and ensuring a clean sample without foreign
substances are important for accurate results.

3. Calibration: Regular calibration of the viscometer is necessary to maintain accuracy.

Calibration ensures that the viscometer is correctly calibrated to provide reliable viscosity
measurements.

4. Meniscus Level: The meniscus level in the viscometer should be carefully controlled.
Incorrect meniscus positioning can lead to errors in viscosity measurements. Attention
should be given to achieving the correct meniscus position for accurate readings.

17
5. Air Bubbles: Air bubbles trapped in the fluid can affect viscosity measurements.
Proper degassing techniques, such as vacuum degassing or allowing sufficient settling
time, should be employed to remove air bubbles.

6. Sample Volume: The volume of the fluid sample used in the viscometer can impact
viscosity measurements. Following the recommended sample volume specified by the
viscometer manufacturer ensures accurate results.

7. Time and Flow Measurement: Accurate timing of the flow and volume measurement is
essential for viscosity calculations. Precise timing devices should be used to record the
time taken for the fluid to pass through the capillary. Any errors or inconsistencies in the
timing or flow measurement can impact the accuracy of viscosity results.

By addressing these factors and ensuring proper experimental techniques, the accuracy of
viscosity determinations using the Ubbelohde viscometer can be enhanced.

18
 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
PRECAUTION
 I ensured that the viscometer is properly calibrated before the experiment to
ensure accurate and reliable measurements.
 I ensured that the viscometer and all related equipment are thoroughly cleaned
to prevent contamination that could affect the viscosity measurements.
 I ensured that a consistent and controlled temperature is maintained throughout
the experiment to minimize the influence of temperature variations on viscosity
readings.
 I ensured that I handle the liquids used in the experiment carefully to prevent
spillage or splashing, as these can introduce errors in the viscosity
measurements.
 I ensured that the viscosity range of the liquid being tested is suitable for the
capabilities of the Ubbelohde viscometer. I avoid using liquids with viscosities
beyond the instrument's range, as it can lead to inaccurate results.
 I ensured that I take precautions to eliminate any air bubbles that may form in
the viscometer, as they can disrupt the flow and affect viscosity measurements.
I use proper filling techniques and degassing methods to minimize air bubble
formation.
 I ensured that I use accurate timing devices to measure the flow time of the
liquid through the capillary, as precise timing is crucial for calculating viscosity.
 I ensure that I perform multiple replicate measurements to ensure consistency
and reliability of the viscosity data

19
CONCLUSION
The laboratory experiment using the Ubbelohde viscometer successfully measured
the viscosity of de-ionized water and crude oil. The viscosity values were calculated
based on the flow times recorded during the experiment and the known densities of
the liquids. The obtained viscosity values for both de-ionized water and crude oil
provide essential information for understanding and predicting fluid behavior in
industrial applications.

It is important to note that the accuracy of the viscosity measurements using the
Ubbelohde viscometer is influenced by various factors, including temperature
fluctuations, experimental technique, and instrumental errors. To improve accuracy, it
is recommended to maintain a controlled experimental environment, follow proper
measurement procedures, and ensure precise timing during the flow measurements.

Further research and experimentation can be conducted to validate the obtained

viscosity values, compare them with established standards, and investigate additional
factors that may affect viscosity measurements. This will contribute to a better
understanding of fluid properties and enhance the accuracy and reliability of viscosity
measurements in various industries.

20
 CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES
 White, F. M. (2003). Viscous flow and boundary layers. In Fluid mechanics (6th ed.,
pp. 151-153). McGraw-Hill Education.

 ASTM International. (2019). Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of

Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity). ASTM
D445-19a.

 ASTM D2196-20. Standard Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-

Newtonian Materials by Rotational Viscometer.

 ASTM D5230-19. Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for
Erosion Control Using Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate.

 ASTM D7419-13. Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatics and
Total Saturates in Lube Basestocks by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC) with Refractive Index Detection.

 ASTM D4440-17. Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical

Properties: Melt Rheology.

 ASTM E178-20. Standard Test Method for Deformation Testing of Plastic Tubing.

 S. V. Patankar (1980). Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. CRC Press.

 R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart, Edwin N. Lightfoot (2007). Transport Phen

 White, F. M. (2003). Fluid mechanics (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.

 Lide, D. R. (Ed.). (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). CRC
[Link] (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

 Ahmed, S., & Sadr, R. (2019). Viscosity measurement of crude oil using Ubbelohde
viscometer. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 178, 565-570.

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