4) :|d>stfmuloted absoyption: An okem Fn lower Name; Shoik Saatoom Rol 1° year 24 Sern. tmnt Assignment mp, 22B8LA0SAT Explain stimulated absorbtion . Spontaneous & Stemulatech emission ab radiation : and, also arduce the velations among Efinsteins Goebtr: energy level or ground state energy level €, absor the inefdant photon yodotion ap enexgqy “wr & qoes to the Highew energy level or encited wel &, 08 shoo ™ figure beled » TAPS process a Called stimulated abeor ption. _——- “tE,) ho ane | | { A. Ey) oo) Sportancous Emission » The otom in the. enacted state rele to the ground state by emitting a phston ef energy E=CE,-E) -ho Sporitaneows ly usthouk omy erternal triggering 05 ahown Io gure belo . THis process fe, Known Spontamrour emission Such an emisgon 73 -vandom and is fnclopendont oF Meadent yadiaton- Es) (E) Gity Stiqnulatedt | Excissom +. The olem in the enctted stole can be alo: wetter to the gourd stole by externol Angqexing ox Anducement > Ob- Photon theyeby exit ting, a photon oft energy equok to the energy ob Sincidanl photon 5 known ag atiruoted emission . Mus results in two photons of Same energy, phase hifhevence and al = Same Atrectionolity shou. oe 4 ~mnn CES) ho | “9 oad cmeta stable [eecnceae state) $$ MEinsteins “A & B” Coebbicfent’s (Relation) Let us Conic, an atom erposed to Ught photons af energy. three stinct processes toke ploce @ Abswption Osportaneows emission © stimulated emission@Absovption : Considyy there axe’ many numbey ah- atoms im grwund state then each otsm. us absorb the energy from ‘Incident photon ond goes to the enctted stale then, Ratt ay absorption CR) i : Rin & PN ——@ alo (ead Ba fl Ry — wproord trandtion om E te E., fa Energy dengity aly Radfation Ni — Number Br ators Fo ground atalte 8. - Probability of absoption: pev anit time, Wepentancous emission + Now Coneiclor, ib tex, Ihe absorption 5 ny and Ny axe number ey aloms ie ground stati 3 Number af atoms mm eacited stale then Rote Br Spontaneous emission #3 ° oven by ‘ Ray (sp), N, —@® Rar csP) = Ay, N— GD OR, , —Anunuad +yond ton hom Ex to; Ni- No. of, aterns in Excited Bay - Probability dh spontancow emission raneitfom pea unity tomeW\. omission takes place By Sintlay photons ob the role af gtimuloted emission 13 given b Ray cst) «x fy ML —® Rar (st) = By fy N, —® ton ab Ate E, +081 Sted stale. ystimnwated Emission: Now when) AFrnudlark een ee” i ae yeguits hr emisson Samo properties Then. cAOR,, — doronwoad transi Ni — No. df aboms in Em % — Energy const sadtction , - Bs — probality of strmulolsd emission Efnatelds theory : Einsteins teoy ofp absorption & emigsion ef Light 9a. based on planks theory oy vodiotion » Alo under thevrnal equilibsums the populoction a energy levels obeys tre Moawell Boltzmann dist bution foo So, unc, thewmeal equilibrium Ratt sl Absa ptisn = Rott afy- Emiasion. F | ; csp) +CSt> Bia Py Ny = AsiNa + Ba WN. Bia Py Ni- Bar fy Na = Aa No eC Bn. t= Bus8ie) = Aa Na ir a) Gout 7} Mv ga ne (to)» »\ YL fo i Ny t (Ba. Me =8a) le know som the Boltzman distbubion Lao [Nu aNoe, “Kar and Mes nb 2 oF esr | uohere "Ke 2S + Boltzman Constant » UT *S belle ob abbsolule] temperatue A Nb Is munraber ob- ators a At equilibrium, we can coats votfo ef population levelg ot folloos, ny _ E,-E1 Mis ear iso; Fe = o*er| © (c E,- Ei hv) cubstitate eq@ tr e9@ Az Ps = tiie em (eRe) - Ba fy = Bawls, Qos ( (a8) peel \ e (ers) a)v =e var) - Bu Ba By plank’s energy dik bution radiolion kas] : ‘{pay') 8mhv? (Bo Bae 8) and [s — | L@ Subst tte OQ 6 @ we get f= Strbvs ; <8 4 (err) ee err 1) * Relation between fr & 'B fs given by the above arsivation In egr ©. L QD Enplain the. consteuction & working, ob HeBum-Neon lLaseks op] scenstwection § Uerkiog th Henle Lovet: Trtvoduction : The helfam-noon (He-nte) loxer tg OL type ay a gas laser, tRat emits | Yght oy the endy ed poat ef The Vist ble Spectuum,Tt ts widely wed to various seientiffe b foclustsal applteati te pplvact ions, including hologvaphy : © inter Feromet a diy> Spectroscopy » ond borvoods Rll Seay, Scanning . 1 ° ] g - In ths austgnment: + ¥% Const Lo o ° e Constuction & Loos king ef helfusn- rer The Construction ely a helium -neor loser Coneisce aly the [Link], Comporersts + (dSealktd culos Tube : The laser bibe ay bxosifeole glass ond Se, eealed oF bots | ends . rt ts Ruled Ugtty envettue OF heliurn ab bo pressuve Cty | 26 mode & neon qos pically gaurd 2+} hos tioo RATrOIS OH | mode of MZ | om. Ceol usth o mm some) > Misrors + The lases tobe of each end - The meyers are polished glass ov emnetal and material ukfeh otto poatiolg we Hecing . Ught fo escope % &% bear. ane matey ts fully nyeHective & the olRerx Sa, pastiatty reflective. |e power Seppy— Heliurn Neon jar anlee, yeplecto™(3) Electroces: The loser tube % ftted uSith, an electrode oat each end. The electrodes os connected to High 7 Vol tage. power Supply sw hich provides the elect¥aa) energy redod to erc&te ite gas allony . Wlorkting pr neiple : >) In He-Ne Lasex, ght fs produced fy ebamic ane usth fn Re Neon- alstns. | High Voltage 2kv is applied blo the. eledtoda | te. electric, cischasge takes place through j He Ne yor fg Ube —) Due to electic pamei oto moving, electton [Collide witb ground ‘tote He ote - He atoms will jump +o eacited states | aD)(| The He atoms enctte to tin meta stable & A Enctted He atoms collide with ground Stale Ne ctems and erncile to Eq to E Eq ard Ey levels aro meta stable states - The poptdation Aversion takes place fn Ne Bho }EcEs » Ec-Es ond &4-Es > he enctted Ne-odoms tronsfts to gourd sar jin 3B warys 4 Stieulotedl emisdin toker bio EG-Es --- C328 stinulated emission take bio Eq~ Ei --~ be 8 4 Re odoms come to E, Viow Spontaneous emission 7 Pinay Ne atoms reach ground abate by Coltiaiy jit Tbe walls vo vadiation ters fat ttont 3) Derive the enpre ssion tor acceptance angle and Numerteo) operative. 2 Acceptance ioe ange CO.) The cmacetmnurn launching ongle 6h The aiv- cove enrteryface at whieh Re eee finctdence ob Cme-clad interface Vs equal to cxitfen) on gle 73 Catledl a acceptance angle C ay’ Tleria Ugh yoy be inekdent of lounching ange & at the of cove. Thterface as shaon-As it 1S TRavellfna fiom vagey medfum Cox) to danse mmectium Cested, 8b bends towards noamal Lith angle af refractor 6, & setkes The Cove-clad ‘interface ai an ecnale Or Apply Snell's laro at ofn- Core » Mo Sin Oy = Ny Ws, bes Sin@o-8,) = Soe, Sin @ ,= CosOx =n, Cos0,_ [» sin. =n IC-Ste%O,) @ Again cuppaying, eretts loo ot Cove -Clad : [risio On = n,S'8@,}-—@ ; 8 : For Rirditing Core Q@=On 5, 0,7 Ge (cttical co) vs O30 eg ' becomes: [s* 6. = =| [Sor >] ny & eqD becomes + (es Go, = rao PTOSinO. = Une ny 1 7 os Sin Oa J eny acceplance angle. Nusnerical opevalitye + Numetieal aperobiie om ciency of Te lise. her fe , Light collecting eb hey and is the measwe OfF exrnount Of BEAT the fiber. rays tak con be. accepted by Mathemoti catty ts given by NA= Caren) =n Roce NN L A= ah? \ Ni [een SOrM) Aine (Orn) NOs NA ? adae LL >» EB WA @ Tnctipendont 4) Tustity gelnodinger’s Lime Weave equation - Ar Schr dinger eouodion fs one ef the basic equontar rnechanias Bke Nevstor's equoctions ta oh enotion hoo of motion , Newtons Loo is applied only to macroscopic particles ; ~~ (pte)whereas Scddunger- equation fs used toy boty Macroscopic & cmfexoscoptc paticles. Tn oxckew to corive +ime- Tack pendent woKVve equation lee us Condider o Stystim ob Stationasy waves. Let WY be the umve) function MY Kz Co-mdinale axes ot any time be, The classical differential equation of weve motion fg given by =v ( ee re | oe dx? ay dz” | | | =v’ yyw @ | fuohere [2 x ” i os } | j | IR Dy” gv ty g | R Vv tS vooweVeloe' = Soluctton eke equation @ fe given thal Pe Beouot @ ve wet = Yo Sn 271 —_cpy [Since woxomy] whee Dis -hequency of stations) wave. | Orferentiatti ng equotion Od Woiee we ras {Av L Wo Cam) Cosa ot ry = -® Camvy sin JK P-To2-4 o"y [since Pp: Q SinaWob)} a7 [since Ve 44 Substituling the Value Of = Fron eg® in eg@ woe gel wae nan ey Ve ee oT Vp. -4any ee @ Fors ce ~ Brodie, velation wwe hove b-2Le substituting eqn® on eqn @ Wes aay 20 —_@ hn lL, TP E£ & V be tote) ard polintia) energies ef Poxticle vespectively, then Kinetic Emorgy mv Wyre yp =o ay Lom: E-V 7 Lm. E-Vv - wy mV’ ooh CE-vy ——_ 2 @ freon eqO@ & eq@® toe be : > vet ao amCE-VIY 20[wes gil c= = Equation (8) fs knows o Schv'bdingery tne - tn ppendant save equation, because the wave fun ction = fe independent af teme » Substitutmg he 2 in equation © Ir “4 rs ~ Ee 2 CE =6|-__@ | Fox a free wove v=o. hence Schrodinger ai equatteos for a free posticle ean be expressa) On Per agers eo} —® 9 Eaplain, Konig pemy Mock? | es) The Kronig- Penny mode! ts a Simplified “Mo. | Hag Simplified reode) foxy an electon In a | -one- dumensionaL periodic, potential . The posgble. | | Stotes thot the electyon can Oceupy are | ldoteammned by the Sehniiclinger- equation, | any | | { —#Y te ‘ TY Ven) Wa EY | aw = this coe oy Kwong Penny. model ,polentiol Vex) 1 a pertoclic. Squose wave.Sol is (pol poceible efger da Vivtie ob this dotewmine the nea +0 analyticalhy — Values and etged Bunotions. LE 2a, also posdible to Hrd analytic enpiessions for welotions CF YS kK) ard the | TRe disper 310) | electvon olen sity ve beloo cee cw) al atotes Der Soto 3 ven NN I le