m Mass Number (A) suinber of an element isthe total number of protons and Mass atomic nucleus of the element. Therefore, eutrons inside th Mass number, A = Number of protons + Number of neutrons = Number of electrons (in a neutral atom) + Number of neutrons +N = Atomic number + Number of neutron: The term nucleon is also used for neutron and proton. Thus, the number of nucleons in an atom is its mass number A. For an atom, nuclear species or nuclides are shown by the notation 3 X, where Xis the chemical symbol of the species. Size of Nucleus The volume of the nucleus is directly proportional to the number of nucleons (mass number) constituting nucleus. If Ris the radius of the nucleus having mass number A, then Sept ea= Real? R=RyA” 2107 mis the range of nuclear size. where, Ry = It is also known as nuclear unit radius. Owing to the small size of the nucleus, fermi (fm) is found to be a convenient unit of length in nuclear physics. Itis given as, 1 fermi (fm) = 10" m, Nuclear Density Density of nuclear matter is the ratio of mass of nucleus and its volume. Ifm is the average mass of a nucleon and A is the mass umber of element, then the mass of nucleus = mA, If Ris the nuclear radius, then volume of nucleus = jan? Srey)? Mass of nucleus As, density of nuclear matter = ass of nul Se ate Volume of nucleus Smidi ow “Thus, the density of nucleus is a constant, forall nuclei, Different nuclei are like drops 1SC Semester) (i) Isotopes or Isoprotons ‘The nuclei have the same numb umber of neutrons or we can say that ty ftomie number, bu diferent mass rumen the ‘isotopes’ of that element. The isotopes of some elements are Hydrogen: 1H" (proton), ,H?(deuig 1H (tritium) Oxygen Neon wNe®, Ne Net Chlorine C1, CI" Uranium ‘mass number (A) is same. Therefore, different places in the periodic table and chemical properties also. Since, in isobars ‘numbers of fundamental particles are dif differ in physical properties also. Them belong to the different elements. Some: isobars are as Isotones ‘The nuclei having equal nun neutrons are called ‘isotones’. For th atomie number (Z) and the mass numbe different, but the value of (2) is s examples of isotones are as sli’ and ,BeS, y,Cl” and jgK®,oe semester Il | Physics XI sinding Energy of Nucleus -geertain number of neutrons and protons are brough face form a nucleus of a certain char rge and ae a aay Ep iseleased in the process.The energy E, is called cacndingenctay ofthe nucleus " the binding energy of a nucleus may be defined woth a asthe ne equivalent tothe mass defect of the mucleue sive separate a nucleus into its nucleons, we would have to pnvatotal energy equal to, to those particles yom Einstein equation, Enea [where, Am = mass defect] [Zm, +(A-Z)m, ~ Me? where, Mi mass of nucleus, m, is the mass of proton and nn, isthe mass of neutron ‘The mass defect reappears as equivalent energy (Am)c?, which jsliberated during the formation of nucleus. Conversely, an amount Amc® of external energy is required to break the rucleus into protons and neutrons. This energy is called binding energy. ‘The binding energy of a nuclens is defined as the minimum, energy required to separate its nucleons and place them at rest and infinite distance apart. Pair Production When an energetic y-ray photon falls on a heavy substance, itis absorbed by some nucleus of the substance and an electron and a positron are produced, uP me +Ze fea ‘es oN 1B? This phenomenon is called ‘pair production’ and may be represented by the equation hy —> ,B° +.B From the equation E = me®, the least energy (af photon) "quired for pair production will be P E=2(9.1x 10™ kg) (3.0x 10° m/s = 1.02 MeV Hence, for pair production, it is essential that the energy of ston must be at least 1.02 MeV. ftir Annihitation Converse phe mn of pair production is called pair ithiaion When an leswon anda positon come very lose iogayt other they annihilate each other by combining ierand two y-photons are produced. 1105] This phenomenon ean be represented by the following equation iB’ +.B? —> hv-+hy o_o _. (#hoton) (photon) oP a Owe NS Nuclear Stability The stability of a nucleus is determined by the value of its binding energy. Higher the binding energy, more stable is the nucleus. The stability of mucleus is also determined by its neutron to proton ratio, These are some points regarding nuclear stability (i) Avery heavy nucleus A= 240 has lower E, compared to that ofa nucleus with A=120. Thus, ifa nucleus A= 240 breaks into two A= 120 nuclei, nucleons get more tightly bound. Energy would be released in this rocess (nuclear fission). (i) When two light nuclei(< 10) join to form a heavier nucleus, B,, of fused heavier nuclel is more than the E,, of lighter nuclei. Energy would be released in this process (nuclear fusion), Nuclear Force For average mass of nuclei, the binding energy of nucleus is approximately 8MeV, which ismuch larger than the binding energy in atoms. Thus, for binding a nucleus: together, there must be a strong attractive force ofa totally different kind. The force must be strong enough to overcome the repulsion between protons and to bind both protons and neutrons into tiny nuclear volume.The constancy of binding energy. is a consequence of the fact that nuclear force is short-ranged. From the plot, itis concluded that potential energy is minimum at a distance ry(~ 0.8 fm) which means, the force is attractive for distances larger than 0.8 fin and repulsion for the distances less than 0.8 fm between nucleons, si,7 7d.) oh | 3 fol | ir | Pt i | Graphical representation of potential energy versus ‘stance fora pair of nucleon, For a distance greater than %, the force is attractive and for distances less than rp, the force is strongly repulsive.im Some of the important characteristics of these forces are as given below given Nuclear forves amonga pair of neutrons, a pair of protons anc also between a neutron-proton pairis Sppreximately the same, This shows that nuclear forces are independent of charge “The nuclear forces are very short range forces. They are operative upto distances of the order ofa few fermi ‘The nuclear force is much stronger than the coulomb force acting between charges or gravitational force between masses, Nuclear force between to nucleons falls rapidly to zero as their distance is more than a few femtometer (Gin). This leads to saturation of forces in a medium or large sized nucleus, ic. each nucleon interact with its immediate neighbours only, rather than with all the other nucleons in the nucleus. ) The nuclear forces are dependent on spin or angular ‘momentum of nuclei Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy is the energy released during the transformation of nuclei with less total binding energy to nuclei with greater binding energy ‘Two distinct ways of obtaining energy from nucleus are as follows 1. Nuclear fission 2, Nuclear fusion Nuclear Fission Nuclear fission is the phenomenon of spitting of a heavy nucleus (usually A> 230) into two or more lighter nuclei by the bombardment of proton, neutron, o-particle, ete. In fission, a heavy nucleus like 3° U breaks into two smaller fragments by the bombardment of thermal neutron (low energy or slow moving). as ex BP Urin— MiBat BKriByn! +0 (Energy released) Q-value here refer to the energy released inthe nuclear process, which can be determined using Binstein's mass - energy relation, E = me®. The Q-value is equal to the difference of mass of produets and reactants multiplied by square of velocity of light. Energy released per fission of $2 U is 2004 MeV. Nuclear Chain Reaction In the nuclear fission reaction, there is a release of extra neutrons. The extra neutrons in turn initiate fission proce producing still more neutrons and so on. ea ‘Thus, a chain of nuclear fission is set up called nuclear chain reaction. ISC Semester i)», M The chain reactions may be of two types {@) Uncontrolled Chain Re: neutrons released are again absorbed by th isotopes, the cycle repeats to give ach, Paeaustaining and gives off energy ata rate yy vapidly with time leading to large amount fy ‘This is called uncontrolled chain reaction, on During fissi adi (i) Controlled Chain Reaction If by some mea, reaction is controlled in such a way that only ong rreutrons emitted in a fission causes another gg the fission rate remains constant and the ener, ‘ont released steadily. Such a chain reaction is cal Controlled chain reaction. It is used in a nuclear Griticality Whether the mass ofa fissionable mata continue a chain reaction depends on the size of fissionable material. The minimum mass of fis material required to produce a self sustained chag reaction without any supply of neutrons from outs mown as critical mass. The condition ofthe reac known as criticality The sustained fissibility of nuclear chain reaction depel the multiplication factor or reproduction factor K. 9f production of te of loss of neutron () IfK=1, the operation of reactor is sad toe ei {s what we wish to be for steady power operation, If K> 1, the reaction rate and reactor power incr exponentially. In this case, reaction is super-rit cean even explode. (ii) IKI, the reaction gradually stops and the condi called sub-eritical Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion is the phenomenon of fusing two or mole Tighter nuelei forming a single heavy nucleus. For fs take place, the two muclei must come close enough attractive short range nuclear force is uble to fleet th both the nuclei are positively charged particles 0 experience Coulomb's repulsion. Therefore, they ™ ‘enough energy to overcome this Coulomb barrier eg: H'+,H! 5, H*+,¢* +v+0.42 Mel WHY +H? > He! + yn! +327 Mel 1H? +H? 5 ,H? +H! +403 MeV Fusion ofhydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei is Me energy of most ofthe stars including the so Energy Generation in Sun and S! ‘Thermonuclear fusion is the source of enet#) ON Interior of stars, The fusion reaction in the sun 5 Process in which the hydrogen is fused into hsmear | Poses ton-proton (p, p) eyele by which this rhe lowing Sats ofrbactions oh occu is re 2Heet 1B+] H > TH+e" +v+0.42 Mey resented ef te” > Y+¥+1.02 Mev : 2+} > 3 He+y+5.49 Mev ", iii) 5 4 $Het+}He > 3 He+ {H+} W412. 86 Mev (iy) thus four hydrogen atoms combine to form $e atom with a el Teer MeV energy: As the hydrogen inthe core gets depleted on " After explosion a temperature of 107 °Cand a pressure of several million atmosphere is produced! Nuclear holocaust or nuclear apocalypse is # theoretical scenario involving widespread tlectraction and radioactive fallout through the use of nuclear weapons. also,Solved Examples Example 1. In a nucleus of 93U°, find the number of protons and the number of neutrons, Sol. Number of protons, Z = 92 ‘Number of net Example 2. Obtain the approximate value of the radius 28 (Take, Ry =1.2x107% m) 10 a ofa nucleus oy Sol. Given, A as R = 12x107(238)"" Example 3. Given the mass of iron nucleus as 59.850 and A=56 Find the nuclear density, _ [NCERT] Sol. Given, mass, m 851,67 1077 kg y= Ea) xA 5.85 4 5 7a ten Volume, V = 2nR°= 3 Pe eee Sea Vax 2 x(12xio®) x56 = 220%10" kg/m? Example 4. Supposing that protons and neutrons have equal masses. Calculate how many times nuclear matter is denser than water? (Take, mass of a nucleon = 1.67 x10 kg and Ry =1.2X 10" m) Sol, Density of nucleus (of water), Sm ___3x1.67x107 4RRS 4x2 x(.9x10-8)8 7X3 x1.67 x10" B8x12x1 2x12 Density of water, p’=10%kg/m? p _207%10" oe Example 5. A given coin has a mass of 3.0 g. Calculate the nuclear energy that would be required to separate all the neutrons and protons from each other: For simplicity assume that the coin is entirely made of {Cu atoms of mass 62.92960 u. (NCERT) Sol. Given, mass of coin = 3g = 2507% 10" km? = 2.307 x10! ‘Atomic mass of Cu = 63 Mass of $C, m= 6292960 u Avogudro's number = 6.023% 10 Mass of proton, m, = 1.007825 Mass of neutron, m, = 1.008665 ‘Since, each atom of copper contains 9 34 neutrons, Therefore, mass defect of the relation, iZm, +(A-Z)m,]-M [29x 1,007825+ 34 1.008665 0.591935 u 6.028% 1 Number of atoms in 3 g coin = ©"? 2.868, Total mass defect ofall atoms (Aim) gai = 0.591995 2.868% 10° = | ‘The nuclear energy required (B, )to pay neutrons and protons from each othe caleulated by using the relation, By =(Am) xc? = (Am) cx 991M 1.6977 10* x 931 M 1.58% 10% MeV Example 6. Ina certain star, three o- fusion in a single reaction to form Calculate the energy released in thi MeV. [Take, m(}He)= 4.002604 u and » = 12,000000 u] Sol. Fusion reaction is 3iHe—> C+9 Mass of three helium nucleus alle! = 3x 4.002604 u = 12.007 ‘Mass of ¢C'* = 12,000000 u Mass defect, Am = 12.007812~ 12,000000 = Energy released, E = Am x 931 0.007812 931 272972 MeV» Questions ‘mass numbers are called (b) isotones (d) isomers *Catom, “C atom has and two extra electrons but no extra electrons and no extra electrons ns and two extra electrons jer of a nucleus, Z = atomic neutron number, then (bt) A+N=Z (@) A=Z4+Nn ‘nucleus with mass of atom is (c) 10° (a) 10” (b) 9x 10!) (@) 932 Mev following is an essential requirement fusion reaction? (b) Thermal neutrons (A) Critical temperature (@) 28.33 ev on, there is the conservation of (b) Only energy (d) All of these ing can be used as a moderator () Plutonium (d) Heavy water 10. The operation of nuclea ee ear reactor is said to be if multiplication factor (K) has a value of (a) (bo (1s (21 Th In anuclear reactor, cadmium rods are used as (a) control rods (b) fuel rods [isc 2020} (©) coolant (d) moderators 12. An electron and a positron each having a mass equivalent to 0.51 MeV annihilate each other and Produce a photon. The minimum energy of the photon is (@)0.53 Mev (b) 1.02 Mev (c)2.12 Mev (zero 13. A neutron can cause fission in which of the following atomic nuclei? (a) Hydrogen. (c) Thorium: 14, Nuclear fuel in reactor lasts for (a) more than 5 months (b) few weeks (6) few days (@) more than 5 years () Uranium-235 (@) Uranium-238 © Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] 15, Select the pairs of isotopes and isotones from the following nuclei. 29 A Od 88 Ni Mg, | Ni ‘Na. u lee Se 16. Define ‘unified atomic mass unit 17. Two nuclei have different number of protons and different number of neutrons. Can they have the same radii and same nuclear density? 18. The isotope $0 has 8 protons, 8 neutrons and 8 electrons, while {Be has 4 protons, 4 neutrons and 4 electrons. Yet the ratio of their atomie masses is not exactly 2. Why? 49, {Heand ?Henuclet have the same mass number. ey have same binding energy? NES ae F [NCERT Exemplar]20. Why do stable nuclei never have more neutr protons? Ina 21. Which property of nuclear forces is responsible for constancy of E), ? Comment. 22, What is nuclear holocaust? 23, What is a neutrino? {isc 2014] 24, What is the function of heavy water in a nuclear reactor? e Short Answer Type | Questions [2 Marks] 25. From the relation R = Ry A", where Ry is a constant and Ais the mass number of a nucleus, show that the nuclear matter density is nearly constant (i.e. independent of 4). [NCERT) 26. If both the numbers of protons and neutrons are conserved in a nuclear reaction like C2 +4C?—> jpNe™ + pHe! In what way is the mass converted into energy? Explain. 27. With the help of a suitable example and an equation, explain the term pair production {isc2015), 28. What is meant by pair annihilation? Write a balanced equation for the same. {isc 2018] 29. Draw a plot of potential energy between a pair of nucleons as a function of their separation. Mark the regions where potential energy is (positive and (ii) negative. 30. Identify the nuclides X and Y in the nuclear reactions. 5B +jH' > ,Be® +Xand (C4 Y+_e 31. Obtain the binding energy (in MeV) of a nitrogen nucleus (!4N), given m(3°N)= 14.00307 u. [NCERT) 32. A nuclide 1 is said to be the mirror isobar of nuclide 2, if Z; =Ng and Z, =Ny (i) What nuclide is a mirror isobar of {? Na? (ii) Which nuclide out of the two mirror isobars have ssreater binding energy and why? INCERT) 33. The neutron separation energy is defined as the energy required to remove a neutron from the nucleus, Obtain the neutron separation energies of the nuclei (i) $4Ca and (ii) {Al from the following data m(3}Ca)=39.962591 uw 4. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. ISC Semester 4) m(}}Ca) = 40.962278 u m(?) Al) = 25.986805 u (jy Al) =26.981541 ‘The sun is believed to b obe getting ig the fusion of four protons to fore, set nucleus and a pair of positrons. (24m release of energy per fusion (in ype mass of proton =1.007825 = 0.000549 amu, mass of he = 4.002603 amu and 1 amu ‘The fission properties of 3° py hte eM). ns amy, mash lium nucle 15 Mey) are ve those of ZU. The average energy yep fission is 180 MeV. How much ener, Felested fall the atoms in hy of undergo fission? 8 in My ure 39 h Mey, nn lee Fission of U-235 nucleus releases 209 energy. Calculate the fission rate (i fissions per second) in order to prod of 320 MW. Ifboth the number of protons and the p neutrons are conserved in a nuclear regi what way is mass converted into ener (or vice-versa) in nuclear reaction? In the following nuclear reaction, cael energy released in MeV a fH+?H — 3He +} y (Take, mass of ;H=2.015 u, He = 3.017 uand mass of }n = 1.009 u) lise, The following equation represents a fusion reaction }H+?H —> $He +)n+Q where, Q is the energy released Mass of }Hatom = 2.014102u, mass of $H, = 3.016050 u, mass of } He atom = 4.00260844 008665 u. mass of neutron, }n Calculate the value of Q The atomic mass of Uranium 3°U is 298. while that of Thorium $}* Th is 234.0436 u that of Helium {He is 4.0026 u, a reaction converts §3°U into 3* Th as shown BU — Bi Th + 3 He + energy Determine the energy released in this ae| Physics Xil in sts three O-particl , 8 Tye reaction t0 frm FC nucleys, Caley nt se ed in this reaction jn Mev feats coe (fHle)= 4.002604 and yy, (2c) 7 19,000000 0 io Answer TYPE Il Questions ’ ie works] ie py gwo stable isotopes of lithium St. ang 0) seative abundances 0f7.5% and gp Feotopes have MASSES 6.01512 y ang 7 pectively. Find the atomic mass of lithium, poron has two stable isotopes 9p ang 3B. ‘Their respective masses are 10.01294 ; 17,0099 u, and the atomic mass of onan 0.811 Find the abundances of, -04 1 HB. sLihave 5%. These 91600 uy, co) Neer umber A= 949 A=120, energy is rel Whena heavy nucleus with mass n ae vaks into two nuclei, jnehe process. How? 4, Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion Show how in both these processes energy is released? Caloulate the energy release in MeV in the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction, fH+7H —> $He+n Using the data, m(?H)=2.014102 u, m(?H)= 3.016049 u, m(3 He) = 4.002603 u, ‘m,, = 1.008665 u, 1u=9315 leased MeV 48, The three stable isotopes of neon ##Ne, j}Ne and fiNe have respective abundances of 90.51% 0.27% and 9.22%, The atomic masses of three isotopes are 19994, 20.99 u and 21.99 u, respectively. Obtain theaverage atomic mass of neon. [NCERT Exemplar] ‘6. () What isthe nuclear density of 33°Th ? (iis the nuclear density of an c-particle (} He) Steater than, less than or equal to $3°Th? Explain, Uii)Determine the nuclear density of an o-particle | is 7. Nowy WW long can an elect loving by fe leetrc amp of 100 W be kept fusion of 2 ky of ¢ Take ison enc ot Of Bk ofdenterium? Tae the TSH Se pier Kia 48. Calculate and compare thee Ofasi ire the energy released by Hon of 1 kg of hydrogen deep within sun and (ti) the fission of 1 kg of 235 ctor. 49. 4.1000 Mw fission reactor consumes half of its fuel nS yt How much 3° U did it eontain initially? Assume that the reactor operates 80% of the time natal the energy generated arises from the fission of 2 Vand that this nuclide is consumed only by the fission process. [NCERT] Uina fission re: ° Long Answer Type Questions 15 Marks] 50. (i) Obtain the binding energy of the nuclei %Fe and ‘Bin units of MeV from the following data (@) m (Fe) =55,934939 u (b) m (2°Bi) = 208.980388 u {il) How much energy will be created, if 1 g of Iatter is destroyed completely? 51. (i) The Q-value of a nuclear reaction A+b—>C +d is defined by Q=(m, +m, —me —my)c?, where the masses refer to the respective nuclei. Determine from the given data, the Q-value of the following reactions and state whether the reactions are exothermic or endothermic. () }H+?H —> 7H+2H ) Bo+Bc 5 #Nes$He Atomic masses are given to be m(,H!) =1.007825 u, m(?H) = 2.014102 u, m(}H) = 3.016049 u, m(12C) = 12.000000 u and m(}?Ne) = 19.992439 u. (ii) The fission properties of {Pu are very similar to those of jg U. The average energy released per fission is 180 MeV. How much energy, in MeV, is released if all the atoms in 1 kg of pure °29 Pu undergo fission? 52. Deuteron is a bound state of a neutron and a proton with a binding energy B=2.2 MeV. A y-ray of energy Eis aimed at a deuteron nucleus to try to break it into a (neutron + proton) such that the n and p move in the direction of the incident y-ray.ee m ot happen. Hence, “ is cannt IPE =B. show that this ca han B must £ be for ‘caleulate how much bigger t such a process to happen? 53. Consider the D-T reaction (deuterium-tritium fusion) ?H+}H —> 3Hetn i) Calculate the height of the potential barrier fora head on collision of two deuterons. [Hint : The height of the potential barrier is given by the Coulomb repulsion between the two deuterons when they just touch each other. Assume that, they can be taken as hard spheres of radius 2.0 fm] (ii) Calcualte the energy released in MeV in this reaction from the data m(?H)= 2.014120 u, m(3H)= 3.016049 u (iii) Consider the radius of both deuterium and tritium to be approximately 2.0 fm. What is the kinetic energy needed to overcome the coulomb repulsion between two nuclei? To what temperature must the gas be heated to initiate the reaction? (Hint : Kinetic energy required for one fasion [NCERT] Isc Semester M1 Ph si icy event =Average thermal kinetic ene, with the interacting particles = 9/3)-7 k = Boltzmann's constant, T = absolut, temperature) 54, (i) Calculate mass defect and binding ene, 2Ne, given i Mass of jgNe = 19.992397 u Mass of }H= 1.007825 u Mass of }= 1.008665 u Fi ; : ' lsc 20 (Gi) Suppose, we think of fission of a Fe nucleys into two equal fragments, {3 Al. Is the fission energetically possible? Argue by working outg of the process. Given m(3}Fe)=55.93494 , and m({Al)=27.98191 u. 55. Before the neutrino hypothesis, the beta decay process was throught to be the transition, poe, he {SC 3m If this was true, show that if the neutron was a rest) the proton and electron would emerge with fixed energies and calculate them Experimentally, the electron energy was found to have a large range,th mass number 4 ~ 2, breaks into two fragments og MeV then eleased energy sane 4\= 120 and 40 with . Output of ato, i MW, then the rate of fission tome will be (b) 5x 198 1 20x 10% 1 takes place at high temperaty kat higher temperature TUE as thigh temperature en nuclei ye Mass numbers is the rat to of their radii is (@)u-235 kawa's theory of nuclear forces, the at force between nucleons is dus to Photons (0 electrons Type Questions mass numbers in the ratio of 27-512 ratio oftheir nuclear radi? (Ans. 3:8) essaty to slow down the neutrons, produced ission of *3U nuclei (by neutrons) to sustain In? What type of nuclei are (preferably) ing down fast neutrons? ieials used as moderators in nuclear fite the reasons for their use as (©) phonons Answers 41) 5.0) 6.) 7.0) (Ans. 9303% and 11.71%) subbos Inca hod a target of producing by 2020 ap, aPTO00 MW of electic power 1% of whch vest bined from nuclear powerplants. Suppose we xe Shen that on an average, the efciency of uisaton(e GRmversion to electric energy) of thermal energy produced Ina reactor was 25%, How much amount offisionable Uranium would our country need per year by 20207 Take the heat energy per fission of "5U to be about 200 MeV, (Ans. 3.08 10* kg] For Detailed Solutions Scan the code BeEXPLANATIONS 1. (e) All uclides with same mass number A are called }HLandl }He are isobars. protons = 4. (d) The composition of a nucleus ean be described using the following terms and symbols total number of protons and neutrons. 4, (a) As nearly 99,9% mass of atom is in nucleus. ‘Mass of nucleus 999 999-1 Mass ofatom 100 5.(c) Using E=me™ Energy, E=1 (310°) x 9x10! =9 x10" J ‘Thus, ifone kilogram of matter is converted to energy, there isa release of enormous amount of ener 6. (c) Two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles. High temperature is essential for initiating the fusion reaction. The other are not an essential requirement. 7, (¢) Nuclear reaction is given by 2H+3H— tHe+ In +Q AE =(2014 + 3.016 — 4.002 — 1.008) x 9515 = 176 MeV 8. (d) Two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles. In any nculear reaction, mass, energy and momentum all are conserved. 9, (d) Heavy water (D,O) is used as a moderator in a nuclear reactor. It slows down neutrons and also has alow probability of absorption of neutrons. The other option are not valid. 10, (a) For nuclear reactor, k = 1. Its the ratio of the number of neutrons produced in a nuclear pile to the number of disappearing neutrons that must be equal to unity for a chain reaction. 11. (a) Cadmium rods are used as control rods in a nuclear reactor because they ean control the rate of fission of uranium and plutonium, 12, (b) The rest mass of electrons and positrons are 051 Me, therefore pair annihilation would produce (2x 051) MeVjenergy. Thus, proton will have minimum, 1,02 MeV energy. 15, 8) A neutron, respetive of Wha, nut binding ener. 44. (d) Nery small amount of mucteas fy Jhigh amount of enerEy. Nuclear fu" reactor for more than 5 yes na 15, Isotopes =fiNa.i} Na (both have same atomic number, i, Isotones =i Misi Na {both have same number of neuts 46, omic mass unit is defined as one.ty ‘one carbon atom («C” isotope). 1 jie: Lamu= > (mass ofa carbon a ied a mn) 47, Since, radius of nucleus (i, to the cube root ofits mass numbe have same radii, if their mass nuclear density is indepen remains constant for all nuclei, iv. 2.3 48, Itis because ofthe fact thatthe mass slightly less than the mass of it's con ‘This decrease in mass is called mass def. mass defect in ease of £0 is not exact defect in case of $Be, so the ratio oft not exactly same. 49. Since, the repulsive force bets $He, so the binding energy of j of $He, because in He, only one proton whereas there exists repulsive force between two prot 20. Because the protons are positively chars, so thy each other. Since, this repulsion force is mace, st excess of neutrons are required to redice this real 21, Nuclear forces are saturated in character Thi ps makes Ej, constant for most of the nucle of india atoms 22, Itis the name given to large scale destructionand devastation that would be caused by the uncon release of large energy from the nuclear weapons ty radioactive fall out will not only make the eath ui living but also will result in long nuclear winterby blocking sun's radiation 23, Neutrino is the anti-particle of antieneutrino e alongwith a positron in nuclear eaction, Ils stm charge is zero, It is difficult to detect and cane earth without any interaction. 24, Heavy water is used as a moderator in a nuclear Ttis used to slow down the fast moving nevis directed at the fissionable material by means ofthe molecules of the moderator: rlmass of nucleus volume of nucleus 4nR} nuucleus is @ constant, independent rent nuclei are like drops of sity The density of nuclear matter %10!kg/m°. This density is very ‘an ordinary matter. of nuclei of product element is less sses of reactants and hence loss of ng the reaction. This difference of and reactant converts into din the form of heat § of jpNe™ and He is less than the 0” and conversion of this mass ay photon falls on a heavy ed by some nucleus of the heavy etron & a positron are produced. “8° Beinn g/” omenon of pair production is called. en an electron and a positron come they annihilate each other by 93. (i) When a neutron is separated from ‘Netgy of a pair of aration is given below 79. Te oh tye ‘he potential mction of th heir sepa "Weleins 4s (0 Pordistance less ‘o-zero and then by (i) For distance great on decreasing, decreases er than 0.8 fn, negative PE goes 90. In the nuclear reaction, Bll Here, the product Gcparticl in reaction tH! S Be+ x(,He!) * is doubly ionised, So, Xisan ©, doubly ionised helium atom (sHe!). Now, Ch GOH) 4 0 As, only one electron is released here, thus tsotope of carbon ,C Yisan 91. Mass of proton, m, =1.00783 u Mass ofneutron,m, = 1.00867 u In#N, there are 7 Protons and 7 neutrons, % Mass defect, Am=(m, + 7m,)—m * 7.00783 + 71.00867—14.00307 = 0.11249 u Binding energy of nitrogen nucleus = Am x 931MeVy 1123 x 951Mey 04.67 Mev $2. (i) According to the question, amulide 1s sid tobe Imirorisobar of nuclide 22, Now, in Ne 2) =11,¥, ++ Mirror isobar off'Na is Mg, for which Zs v,and Ny =93-12=11 =z, (i) As, Mg contains eve fen number of protons (12) 11Na which has odd number of protons(11), therefore j? Mg has greater binding energy than iiNa, against we are le with 3)Ca and the reaction becomes cus Ba ge! Mass defect, acd ‘m= m (33Ca)+ gn!) $5Ca) = 591962501 + 1008665 — 40.962073 = 0008978 0 = i on= mx Energy for separation of neutrc 2 - = 0.008978 x 931 = 8.358 MeVan 6] fi) When a neutron is spinied from jJAl, we are left with 2AL. Thus, the reaction becomes Jal Balt Mass defect, Am = mn (79Al) + m( gn) ~ m( 2 25.986895 + 1.009665 -26 981541 = 0.014019 pe > ic sutror sen ONLO CL = 13.06 MeV M4. H+H+ H+ H+ —5 Hes e+ Initial mas ass of 4 hydrogen atoms: % 1.007825 amu = 4.031300 amu Final mass = mij He) + 2m(¢e) = 4.002604 + 2x 0.000549 = 4.002604 + 0.001098 =. 4003702amu Mass defect, Am = 4.031300 - 4.003702 = 0.027598 amu + Energy released, Q = 0.027598 x 931 ‘MeV = 95.7 MeV. 95. According to the. ‘concept of Avogadro number, The number ofatoms in 239 g of Py = 6.023x10% Number of atoms in 1 kg of py 6.023 x 10 51099 239 52x10" ‘The average energy released in one sion So, total energy released in fi = 180Mey son oF Lig of SPPu=180x2.59x 10% = 453%10% Mey ower obtained, a MW= 320% 108 W, Energy released = 200 MeV Power, P= E(Bnergy) ‘(Time) 380 198 = % 200% 1.6. 10°! 1 * Number of sions per second, x 108 = 19 36. Given, ber of neutrons alter nuclear reaction, but the rgbe cnet of nck present andatera lifferent. This di ISC Semester) ¥ = 2.015% 2 = 4.03 1 wactants = 2.015% 98, Mass ofr a Mass defect, Am = Mass loss = 4,03 ~ Energy released, E=mass defect x ¢? 7 99. Given, fH +H — 3He +}n+.9 Total mass before fusion = 2.014102 + 3.016050 = 5.030152 y ‘Total mass after fusion = 4.002608 + 1 gg 5.011268 y * Massloss,Am =5.030152— 5 011265~ 9 E= Ame? 0.018884 x 93) where, ¢ = velocity of light. 41. Mass ofthree helium nucleus He! = Mas of {0 Mass defect, Am = 12.0078): Energy released, E Mey Weighted average ofthe ist 7.01600 = 4501344 10 (i) Suppose andy are the respectively Atomic mass of boron = 694 abundances of nd ‘Weighted average ofthe itn = 2001294 + yr 0051 ce dost = 221001294 (100-2) 7) E-y= (100-3 = 1081) =10.01294x + 1100931 ~ 11,00981; = 099637 19831 > x=1990 ¥=(100-1)= §0,1 So, abundance percent !°B = 19 60% Abundance percent of !1B = 5916for heavier nucle than the selec tbe We les of mass number 24" 8.4 Mey, bet cll resin the ben enomenon of joining (co, jer nucll to forma single heay, energy. He + ¢*+v+042 Mey THe + pv'+3.27 Mey. iH? +1H+ 4.03 Mey —2He + n Mey 3.016049) (4.002603 + 1.008665) = 0018883 991.5 MeV. 1.99 u = Weighted average of all 4 Bis independent of mas nomber. hence nuclear pent of mas amb esity of e-particle (He) and ; a ™ (5TH) sea to each athe, (iii Fora-particte, al mug ber. ity is equal to wim *" density is independent Number ofatoms in 2 kg of de uterium = 023% 10" x 25107 a = 6.023 x 191% nuclei cased during fusion of two deuterium = 3.27 Mey * Energy released per deuterium = 1.635 Mey Energy released in 6029 10% Energy rele deuterium atoms 635 x 6.023 x 10% 84810" Mey 9848x10 x 1.6108 y bulb in 1s= 199) 100 J energy used in time = 1s 15.75 x10" J ene, yy used in time 108 (21 yr= 6024 60%365 5) 5 x10" * Box ax60xa05 = 499%10'yr Thus, the bulb glows for499%10" ye {i) In sun, four hydrogen nuclei fase to form a helium rucleus with release of 6 MeV eneray “1 gof hydrogen contains = 6023%10® nuclei Energy released by fusion of 1 kg(= 1000) of 2310" x 26% 10" 4 = 39x10" MeV (i) Bnergy released in one fission of °U nucleus 200. Mev ass of uranium = 1 kg = 1000 g . ornucei, 48. hydrogen, &+, Energy released in fission of 1 kgof I, 6.023% 10" x 1000x200 335 x10" MeV £ _ 09x10" _ 95 28 E, 51x10 “Thus, the energy released in fusion i times the energy released in fission. 49. Given, power of reactor, P= 1000 MW We will use concept that the energy. generated in one fission of 3° U is 200 MeV. , 25 , 1 2 Number of $°U atoms in 1 g= 35= x6.023 10 <. Energy generated per gram of 2 U er) a Total energy generated in 5 yr with 60% ofthe Hime 10001089 «385 x24 00 60%, (a=?) <: Mass of "SU consumed in 5 yr, ____ Total energy Energy consumed per gram = 1000 x 10° 5 365 x 24x 60x 60% 0.8 G 538% 10° g = 1538 kg <¢ Tnitial amount of 3° U = (15442) kg = 0076kg 50. (i) Given, m, = 1.00783 u, m, = 1.00867 u (@) For $Fe, there are 26 protons and (56-26) = 80neutrons. ‘Am = mass of nucleons ~ mass of nucleus 1m, + 30m, =m = 26%1,00788-+ 90° 1.00867 ~55.934999 1528741 w energy = Am x 991 MeV = 0598741 x 931 = 49296 MeV (b) For 2 Bi, there are 83 protons and Toul ‘Am = mass of nucleons ~ mass of nucleus 83m, + 126m, -m ‘Am = §31,00783 + 126 x1,00867 - 208980388 'SC Sema er ny 1761922, Binding energy = Am 931 y, = 1.761922 = 161035 Mey! (i) rom eneray-mass relation Given, mass,m=1£= 107 hy Asweknow that, E =e =10X(3%105)' <9, oo where, m= mass of the body and 0= velocity of lg. 51.) Thegiven react (@ jn fH — TH+in Mass defect Am = m(}H)+ nip = 1.007825 + 3.016049 29.9). 0,00433u Q-value ofthe Q= Am x31 =- 0.005539 [asthe energy is negatives, the, endothermic. Acton jg tS {b) The given reaction FC 4 ‘Am =2m(5'0)— = 2x 12 19992499 — 4.00 0.00495 u m x 981 = 0.00895 931 o= Since, the energy is postive thus, exothermic. (ti) According to the concept of Avoga ‘The number of atoms in 239 gof 2 = 6.023x 10° Number of atoms in 1 kg of 023x 10" x 29 ‘The average energy released in one fssim = 180 MeV So, total energy released in fision of kyo = 180% 2.52x 10" 4.53% 10° MW | ‘62, Binding energy, B=2.2 MeV From the energy conservation law. E-B=K,+K, From conservation of momentus 2) peu Pa + Pp= AsE=B.Eq.(0) Tonly happen, if) The Dep "eaction i given iN +H ler, My Mes yn! 4g Mas detect I= HY 1H m1) mg 14102 + 3.016049 5.016049 - 49 918878 i =189x 109K annot be achieved in Inanucleus of #Ne Number of proton Number of neutrons = 20 ~19 =10 ‘Total mass of 10 protons and 10 neutrons =10m, + 10m, = 10m, +m,) =10°x(1.007825 + 1.008665) = 10x 2016:9u=201649 Mass defect, Am = 201639 - 19992307 = 0179508 wu Total binding energy = 0.179509 x 931 = 160,600293 MeV (i) The given reaction forthe decay process Bre — ofa This temperature sctual behaviour 54. () Mass defect Aim = m ( $$Fe)— 2m (?Al) 55.93494~ 2(27 98191) 0.02858 Q =Amx 931 =~ 2688728 Mev Because the energy is negative so, the fission is not possible energetically 56. Before B-decay, neutron is at rest. Hence, E, ‘of conservation of energy. This Ibe equal to kinetic energy of m, e P, =O fe pertain: Py