WORK S B Y TH E SA M E A UTH OR .

J u st P u bl i sh ed . Crown 8 m , 7s 6d . . cl ot h , wi th nu merous Ill u st rat i ons .

TH E A RT OF P A PE R M A K ING -
: A P rac ti cal H a n d
book t h e M an u fact u re of P a p er from Ra gs Esp art o S t raw, an d
of
ot h er Fi brou s M a t eri a l s, i n cl u di n g t h e M a n n s t ore of P u l p fro m
W ood Fi bre ; wi th a descri p t i on of t h e M a chi n ery an d Ap pl i an ces
u se d. T o whi ch are a dded De ta il s of P rocesses for Recoveri n g S oda
from W aste Li q u ors .

S econ d Edi t i on . C rown 8 vo, 99 . cl ot h .

‘

TH E ART OF L E ATH E R M ANUF A C TURE Be i n g

a P ract i ca l H an db ook , i n wh i ch th e Opera t i on s of Ta n n i n g, C ar ry i n g,
a n d L ea t h er Dressi n g are fu l l y D escri be d , a n d th e P ri n ci p l es O f
Tan n i n g Ex p l ai n ed , an d man y R ecen t P rocesses In trod u ced W i th .

n u mero u s Il l u stra ti on s .

A sou n d, comp reh en si ve tre a t i se on t an n i n an d i ts accessori es

g
.

Th e book i s an emi n en t l y val uabl e p rodu c ti on Ch m i ea l R evi ew

. .

J u st P u bl i s h ed . T hi rd E di ti on , re v i sed an d much en l a rged . 000 p p .

,
crown 8 v o, 9 s cl ot h . .

E L E C TRO D E P OS ITION
- : A P racti cal Tre atise on
t h e El ec trol si s of Gol d , S il ver , C op per , Ni ck el an d oth er M e t al s an d
A l l oy s W i
. desc ri p ti on s of V ol tai c B a t te ri es , Magn eto a n d D y n a m o
El ect ri c M a ch i n es , T h erm op il es a n d of t h e M a t eri al s an d Pr ocess es
u se d i n eve ry D e p a r tm en t of th e A rt , an d se veral C h a p t ers on
E L EC T RO - M E T A L L U R GY W i th n u mer ou s Il l u s tra t i ons
. .

Em i n en t l y a book for t h e p ra c t i cal work er i n el ec tr o -dep omt i on It .

con t ai n s mi n u te a n d p rac t i cal descr i p ti on s of m et h ods, p roc esses a n d ma

t eri al s , a s a c tu al l y u rs ued an d use d In t h e works h op M r W a t t s book
'

f ”—
. .

re com m en ds i t sel f 0 al l i n terested i n i ts su bj ects E n gi n eer. .

J u st P u b l i sh ed . N i n th E di ti on , en l arged a n d re vi sed , 1 2mo, 4s cl oth . .

E LE C TRO M E TA L L U RGY :
-
P ract i ca l l y Tre a t e d .

Ten th Edi ti on , En l arged a n d R e vi se d , wi th A ddi t i on al M a t t er a n d

Il l ustra ti on s , i n cl u di n g t h e m ost recen t P rocesses .

From th i s book both a ma te u r a n d ar ti san ma y l earn e very t h i n g n eces

”—
sary for th e su ccess fu l p rosecu t i on of el ect ro p l ati n g
- Iron . .

C R OS BY L OC K WOOD S ON , 7, S t ati on ers H al l Court, L on don , E C

’
.
 T H E A RT OF

S OA P M A K IN G -

A P R A C TI CA L H A N D B OOK

THE M ANU FA C TURE OF H ARD A N D S OFT SOA P S,

TOILET SOA P S, ETC .

A t Tn O R or
'
BY AL EX AND ER
EL E C T R o- M RTA L L U R O Y P R A C TI C A L L Y R
W
T E TE
A
A TT
D,
”
T H E A RT or E T H ER
L A
”
M A N U F A CT UR E , ET C .

w i th gl i t mrrou s i l l u s t ra ti ons

F I F TH E D I T I ON R E VI S E D

TO WH I CH IS A DDED

AN A P P EN D IX ON M OD ERN C A ND L E M A K IN G -

mi en

L ON D ON

C R OS BY L O C K W O O D A N D S ON
7, STA T ION E R S H A L L C OU RT, L UD G A TE H IL L
'

1 8 96
 P REFA CE .

IN c o mpi lin g thi s book t h e A u thor h as en deavou re d to

,

fi l l a void i n En glish t ec h n ical lit e ratu re Whil e al m ost

.

e v e ry art is r epr e sen t ed by tre atis e s or h an d books of a

m ore or le ss pra ctic a l chara c te r S oap m aki n g so far as

,
-
,

th e A u thor is awar e has n ot u n til t h e pre s en t ti m e b een

,

fu rn ish e d with a sp ecial book of re fer en c e for t h e con

v en i en ce of its n u m erou s follo wers I n t h e U n it e d St at e s
.
,

h o we ve r sev eral elaborat e tr eatise s of for eign origi n have

,

appeared an d to th e se th e au thor has b een i n debted

,

for m u ch val u able i n form ation e sp e cially as re gards t h e

,

C on tin en tal m ethods of m akin g ordi n ary so aps an d toil et

so aps giv en by D u ssau ce C ristia n i Ott an d K ii rt en
, , , , .

A n i mportan t featu re i n t h e pre s en t vol u m e i s t h e

ch apter on t h e R ecove ry of Glyc e rin e fro m Wa ste L ey s ,

i n which m an y proc e ss es for r e cov e ri n g this val u abl e

pro du ct are given .

A l t hou gh it wo u ld n ot h ave b een possibl e n or ev en

desi rable t o i n cl u d e e very kn o wn proc ess of soap makin g -
,

a great n u mb e r Of proc e sses i n an abridg e d fo rm are given ,

wh i ch c an n ot fail to be u s e fu l to t h e m an u fac tu re r .

To wri t e an origin al work u pon an art wh i c h h as been

vi P R E F A CE .

bu i lt u p SO to sp eak by th e i n gen u i ty of th e great h ost

, ,

i
of n en tv or s a n d pat en t e e s w ou l d b e a n
,
i m possibi l i ty
th e pr s
e en t w ork th e r e for e ,
m u st b e acc ,
ept e d a s an

e pi o
t m e of th e ir coll e ctiv e proc e sse s an d i m prov em e n ts
rath er than as an origi n al treatise an d th e A u thor tru st s ,

that i n his en deavo u r to produ ce a work which wou ld be

u s e fu l both as a practi cal han dbook a n d so rc
u e O f g r
e n e al
r c
refe en e h e m t h av e b een w ho ll y u n s u cc e ssful
a
y n o .
,

P UB LISH ERS N OTE TO TH E F I F TH ED ITI ON

’
.

presen t edition of this work i s su bstan tially a

TH E
reprin t of t h e last editi o n with a n e w A pp en dix (l eft by
,

M r Watt i n M S an d n ew fi rst prin ted ) on th e su bj ect of

. .
,

CA N DL E M A K I N G which with its ill u stration s it is

-
, , ,

believed wi ll be foun d a very u se fu l an d acceptable

addition Owin g to t h e death of M r Watt a few m on ths
. .

after th e preparation of t h e l ast edition t h e work h as n ot ,

u n d e rgo n e an
y fu rth e r r evisio n at his han ds tho u gh t h e ,

opportu n ity has been taken of m aki n g a few correctio n s

i n th e text for whic h t h e P u blish ers are i n debted to M r
,
.

H J osh u a P hil l ips F I C

. H o wev er fro m t h e co n ti n u ed
, . . .
,

an d large d em a n d for t h e work i t is ab u n dan tly e vid en t ,

that as revised an d en larged by th e A u th or t h e vol u m e

, ,

a mply fu lfils th e p u rpose with which it was design ed .

L OND ON , October, 1 8 95 .
 CON TEN TS .

IN TR OD UCTI ON

CH A PTER I .

SA P ON I F I CA TI ON EK PL A I N ED .

Ch e vreu l s Th eory —Li ebi g s Re search es on Sapon i fi cati on

’ ’

M E SOA P F A T
C O R Y— I TS A P P A RA TUS A ND
A P PLI A N CE S .

Th e S o p p s
a - an —M orfi t s S team
’
Seri es — Th e L ey Tan ks—Th e F rames
— W ooden F rames— Iron F rames Cru t ch es— St eam C ru tch
Vari ous oth er I mpl emen ts— Barri n g Apparatu s

C H AP TER II I .

M A TER IA LS US ED I N S OA P -M A KI N G .

Th e F ats an d —
Oil s — OIi v e-Oi l Tal l ow— Lard— P al m-Oi l Cocoa-n u t
Ol l Ca st or-oil — Bon e grease -
H orse-grease Ki tc h en -st u ff
Ol ei n e, or Tall ow-Oi l — F i sh -Oil s— Resi n , or Col o h on — Re p y
cov ered GreaseYork shi re F at —
or Th e A l k a li es C au sti c S oda
—P ot ash — Si l i cate of S oda, or S ol u bl e G l ass— Chi n a C l ay , or
—
K aoli n S ul ph ate of S oda , or Gl a u ber s Sal t
’

C H A P TER I V .

CA US TI C L E YS .

T h e Loy Ta n k s— M e th od of P repari n g th e L ey s
b
 C H AP TER V .

M A N UFA OT URR OF H A RD S OA P S .

P A GE
C as ti l e, or Oli v e-oil S oap —P ure Ol i v e-Oi l Soap, or W hi te Casti l e
S oap — M arsei ll es S oap — F ren ch M arbl ed Soap — N ot es on M ot
tl i n g— F ren ch F or mu l as for S oa ps —Th e C om posi ti on of P u re
Ol i ve-oil Soap— L on don M ott l ed S oap — W h i te C ur d S oap

C H A P TER VI .

a
M A N UFA C T UR E OF H A RD S OA P S— Oon ti n ued .

S oaps— C on ti n en tal M eth od— D unn

‘
l el l ow,
’
R esi n P rocess
’
or S

M ei n i ck e P rocess
’
S

C H AP TER VI I .

M A N UFA C T UR E OF H A R D S OA P S— Con t i nued .

Treatmen t of Ni gers — An derson ’s P rocess— Cocoa-n u t Oi l Soaps

S tmt e van t s P rocess — Fren ch C ocoa -n u t Oi l S oaps
’

C HAP TER VI II .

M A KI N G S OA P B Y TH E OOI D P R OORSS .

H awes s S y st em— M ak i n g small Qu an ti t i es of S oap—To preps re

’

W hi te Soap—L ard Soap by th e Col d P rocess

C H AP TER IX .

OL EI O A CI D — S OA P FR 0 11! R E OO VER ED GREA S E .

l
Oeci A ci d— S oa p from R e cov ere d Gr ease— M orfi t s Sy stem of Soap
’

m ki — O l i A i d S — K ott u l a s S oa s—I n stan tan eou s

’
a n g e c c oa p s p
Soap

CH A PTER X .

CH EA P ENED S OA P S .

Dr Norman dy P rocess— Sil i cated Soaps : Sh eri dan s Process

’ ’
. s

G ossage s P rocesses— Preparati on of Si l i cate of Soda—Prepara

’

t i on of Si l i cat e of P otassa— M i xi n g S i l i cate of S oda wi th S oaps 96

 C ON TEN TS . IX

C H AP TER X I .

CH E A PE NED S OA PS Con t i n ued .

1
PAG E
D u nn s P rocess G u ppy s P rocess Th omas s Pr ccess
’ ’ ’
P otato
fl o u r i n S oa p
— C h i n a C l a y (K aol i n ) i n S oa p
— D ou gl as s I m prov e
’

m ts F ul l er s Eart h Soap—D a vi s s P rocess

— ’ ’
en

C H AP TER X II .

D I S I NF E C TI N G S OA P .

C o
h l ri di se d S an i t ar
y Soap
—Bl e ach i n g S oap i n t h e P an —P ee rl ess

ad ed to Co
d mbi n ed —
Soap L i m e S oap, by L u n ge
’
s M eth od

C H A P TER XIII .

S A P ON I FI OA TI ON UND ER P RE S S UR E .

Ben n ett an d Gi bbs s P rocess—M r G W R ogers P rocess— N e w

’ ’
. . . s

P rocess of Sapon i fi cati on — G l u ten i n Soap

C HA P TER X I V .

VA RI OUS P R OCE S S E S .

K ur ten s P rocess— L u mbert on s P rocess— Mr Sy mon s s D i si n fect i n g

’ ' ’
.

Soa p— Soap s m ade from A n i mal R efu se— Bern adet s P rocess
’

V i l l art s P rocess— C re rel s P roc e ss — V il l acrose s P roc ess — C u t

’ ' ’

t i n g Soap

C H AP TER X V .

M A N UFA OT URE OF S OF T S OA P S .

Preparati on of th e P otash Ley —Th e F atty M ater i al s empl oy ed

Scot ch Soft Soa p — L on don Crown S oap — R esi n i n Soft S oaps
—Con t i n en tal Meth ods

C H A PTER X VI .

M A N UF A CT URE OF S OF T S OAP S Conti n ued .

Be l gi an Soap- Russi an S oft S oap— G en t cl e s P rocess— J a cobson s

’ ’

P ro cess—S oa p for Si l k s an d P ri n t ed G oods - F u l l i n g S oa p —M

L och s Soft Soap
’
 C ON TE N TS .

M A N UF A CT UR E OF TOI LE T OR F A N C Y S OA PS .

rs os
Apparat u s for Its -m el t i n g th e S oap—M ach i n e for Sl i ci n g t h e S oap
Re - m el t i
t h S o — M i xi g C o l o u ri n M att ers an d P f m
n g e ap n
g e r u es

C u tt i n g t h e S a
o p — S tamp i n g th e S oap

CH AP TER XVIII .

M A N UFA OT URE OF TOI L ET S OA P S Con ti n ued .

Rose S oap, Sav on A l a R ose— Oran ge -fl ower S oap—Ci n n amon

or

S oap—M u sk Soa p Bi tte r A l mon d Soap , or Sa von d A man des

— ’

A m ere s — W i n d sor S a
o p— Brown W i n dsor S oap—V i ol et W i n dsor
Soap — S a v on e u B q
ou u e t— Sav on al a Can n el l e (Ci n na mon Soa p)
— Al mon d o S p M arsh m all ow S oa p—Van i l l a S oap—Benzgi n
- il oa —
S oap s s e o e
o 0

CH AP TER X IX .

M A N UF A OTUR E OF TOI L E T S OA PS Con ti n ued

.

F ren ch S t m f m ki T il t S — F m l f F ch T oi l et
y s e o a n g o e oaps or u a) or r en

S oaps Sav on de G u i mau v e (M arsh m all ow Soap) — S a v on a u x

Fl eurs d I tal i e Sa von de C ri mes— Sa von de P al ms —V i ol et
’

w — V n il l a Soap — R ose-l eaf Soa — Sav on it l a

S oa p (
Y e l l o ) a p
M a ré ch a l e — L e tt u ce S o a p
— A mbe r gr i s S nap
— E l d er -flower Soa
p
— L em on Soap—Oran ge Soap— G l y ceri n e Soap Savonn ettes or
W b
a s h a l l s — Vi ol et W ash bal l s H on ey Sav on n ettes Sa von
n ett es of S weet H erbs— Sav on n ettes Of C amph or —Savon n et tes of
Ne or l i — S v
a on n e tt es a l a V a n i l l a— M arbl ed Sav on n ettes— Sav on
n ett es a u M i H
el ( o ey S av
n -
onn ette )
s — Fl oati n g S avonn ett es
S an d- Bal l s s o s o s e
s 0

C H A P TER XX .

S OF T TOI L E T S OA P S .

N apl es S oap, or A l m o n d C re a m — F ren ch M e th od— W h i te Soft T oi l et

—
S oap P 0 “ de r e d S o a ps — S h av i n
g P as t e — Essen ce of S oa p
E ssen ce de S av o n V i en n a— Essen ce de Sav on C ori n th e—Tran s
p a ren t So ap
 C ON TE N TS . xi

CH AP TER X XI .

M ED I CA TE D S OA P S .

P AC ]
Si r H M arsh
.
’
Sso ap
— M
Su l ph ur e r c u r i a l S o ap
— M e di c i n a l S of t
— i
S oap A D t om n i a l S oa p
— C arb o li c A c i d S oa p
— M e di ca t e d T ar

—
S oap Tooth o p S a — L i u i d G l y c er i n qe S oa p
— B o r d h a r d t s H er b
’

—
S oap Arsen cal S oap
i — A S p
oa f o r W shi g
a n D og s— T u r p ti n e
en

S oap Ta r S oa
-
p
— Bl ac k S oap
— V ar i o us S u b sta n c e s i n t r odu ced

i n to M an u factured S oaps

C H AP TER XXII .

M I S CELLA NE O US S OA P S .

—
S oap t o be u sed i n Cl oth M an u factori es Vl h i te Cocoa-n ut Oi l S oap
’

l a —
D resden P a m So p Al teu b u rge s R esi n S oa p— Ox-gal l S oa p
’

Sc ou ri n g Ball s— Borax S oft S oa p— B orax S oap P owder— Lon don

-

Soap Powder

C H AP TER XXIII .

M I S CEL L A N E O US P R OGE S S E S .

J en ni n gs s P rocesses— L ev at s P rocess— V i ol et s P al m-Oi l S oap

’ ’ ’

H ampel s S h av i n g Soap— M rs M arri ott s P rocess Sawdus t i n

’ ’
. —
—
S oap L ewi s s P r oc ess — Borax S oap C am ph or an d Am mon i a
’

Soap s— M ack a y an d Sell er s P rocess— P etrol e um Soap : Bas tet s

’ ’

P ocess B esson an d Remy s P rocess—T arda n i s P rocess— H al f

— ’ ’
r

resi n S oap- M r G P ay n e s P rocess— M r Ban k man n s P r ocess

’ ’
. . .

—M r W J ey es s Proce ss M V ari cas s Process— L orbur y s

’
— ’ ’

q
. . .

P rocess Cl eav er s Tereben e Soap— Sch arr s L i ui d Soap—M r

— ’ ’

Bi et I d e Process—M a rki n g S oaps

’

C H A P TER XXI V
A LE A L I M E TE Y—M E TH OD S OF D E TE R M I N IN G TH E P E R
CE N TA GE OF R E A L A L KA L I I N C OM M E R CI A L S OD A
A S H , P OTA S H , A ND CA US TI O A L K A L I .

M ohr ’
s Al k al i m eter — Preparati on of T est -A ci d, or
S tan dard Sol u ti on
—Samp1i n g A l k ali es Th e A ssay N orman dy s M eth od—Test
— — ’

i n g C o merc
m i a l P e a rl h
as es— T O determi n e th e P ercen tage of real
or an h y drous Al kali

C H AP TER XX V .

M E TH OD S OF A NA L YZIN G OR A S SA P I N G S OA P S .

a sa —
So p A s y Re mpel e M eth od ofA ssa i n g Soaps— D A rcet
’

y
’ ’
s M eth od
—R i ch ardson an d W a tt s S y st e m
’
xu C ON TE N TS .

C H AP TER XXVI .

P URI F YI N G A N D B L EA GE I N G OI L S A ND FA Ts .

PA“
Bl each i n g P al m-Oil : W a tt s C h rom e P rocess— R ecov ery of th e
’

Ch rome—Bl ea ch i n g P al m - Oi l wi th C h romate of L i me—P uri fy i n g

Oi l s D un n s M eth od J ust i ce M et h od
’
Of P urify i n g an d
’
s

Bl eachi n g Oi l s an d F at s

CH AP TER XXVI I .

RE GOVER Y OF TH E GI F ORP I N E F R OM WA S TE OR

You n g s P rocess—P ay n e s P rocess—V ersman n s P rocess— ’

O F arrel l s
’ ’ ’ ’

P rocess— Th omas an d F u l l er s P rocess— A l l an s Process—L awson

’ ’

an d S u l m an s P r oc ess— M V i ct or C l ol u s s M et h od— B en n o, J appé

’ ’
.

an d Co M eth od
’
. s

C HA PTER XXVIII .

USEF UL N OTE S A N D TA B L E S .

Pi ckli n g Sbap —Th e 0 1eometer — A l u mi n at e of S oda — To det ermi n e

'

th e Q
u an i
t yt o f R esi n i n S oa p
— D e tecti on of R esi n i n S oa p

Ch ea p Al m o n d S oa p
— A n al y se s of S oft S oap s—P o ta to -flou r i n

S oft Soap— S apon i fi cat i on o f N eu t ral F at ty B odi es by Soaps

J ell i fy i n g— T wa ddell s H y dr om e ter — Cau sti c i si n g S oda— Soda
’

Soft S oap — H a lf-

p a l m S o ap
— A du l t era t i on o f C omm erci al S i l i cate
of Soda S p o C c p
oa s f r a l i o- ri n te s F u ll i n g S oaps— T abl e sh ow
r —
i n g P roport i on of dry S oda i n L ey s of di fferen t densi ti es — Tabl e .

sh owi n g th e P roport i on of dr y P ot as h i n L ey s of di fferen t dens i ti es .

— Com parat i v e F ren ch an d E n gl i sh Th ermometer S cal es— Tabl e

sh owi n g th e S peci fi c G rav i t y correspon di n g wi th th e D egrees

o f Bau mé s
’
q
H y drom et er for Li u i ds den ser t h an W a ter
T abl e sh owi n g t h e S pecifi c G ravi t y corresp on di n g wi th th e D e
g r ees o f B a u m é s H y d
’
ro m q
et er for Li u i ds l i gh te r t h an W a t er

T a bl e of O i l —
E ssen ti al
s F u si n g an d C on geal i n g P oi n ts of F ate
an d Oi l s—K ii rt en s Tabl e, Sh owi n g t h e Com posi ti on an d P r odu ct
’

Of Soap by th e C ol d P rocess from C on cen t rated L ey an d M i xture

of Cocoa n tu O -i l wi th P al m -
o , L ar ,
i l d an d T al l ow— B oi li n g
i t f om e V ol a t i l e Oi l s — B oi li n i n t s of C au sti c Al k al i n e
p
-
po n s o s g o

L ey s — Tabl e Sh owi n g th e Q
u an t i t y of C au st i c S oda i n L e s of
y
di fferen t D ensi ti es Tabl e Of t h e M ech an i cal P ower of Steam
 C ON TE N TS .

A P P EN D IX A .

Maki n g Son i n smal l Quan ti ti es — P earl

S oa p
-P
ow d er — E .xt r a ct o f .

S oa p _
a shi n g - Po w der —W ool -was hi n
g C om .un d U n i .

v ersal
.

W ashi n g P o
- wd er — Th e Recov ery o f G y ceri n e from
.

W ast e LO S — A ll en an d N i ck el s M eth od — V en abl es P rocess

I
.
’
.
’
.

M odern erman M eth od of M aki n g S oa p — Rem ov al of h as

A l k ali from S oaps — Trans paren t S oaps m ade by C ol d Process
. .

Mi al h e 8 N eu tral S oap — S am phi r e Soap — D r !Vri gh t s C l assi

’ ’
-
.

fi cati on of Soap P r ocesses — M ari n e S oa p or H y drat ed Soa p . .

Bl ak e an d M axwell s P r ocesses — T esti n g SoapS — D etermi n at i on

’
. .

of G l y ceri n e — D r M u ter S M eth od — D e termi n a t i on Of Resi n In

’
. . .

—
S oa p f Ei ch ba um s Soa p — S oaps for C al i c o P n n t ers an d D y ers
’
. .

— Soa for S il k D ers — S oa L eav es — Zal mon ’S Ar omati c M ou th

p y p . .

S oa p —
. A rom at i c A n ti septi c Toot h S oap — U n na
’
S O v e r - fa
t ty
Soa ps — D i mbl eby S W y ch -h azel Soap — C ast or Oi l Soa p
.
’
.

W ei se 8 F ormu l a for W i n dsor S oap — Ren deri n g Tal l ow

’
.

Si li ca tes of Soda an d P otash — W ay s P rocess — Barri n g Soap

’
. .

by M achi n er y — W ay S Sil i cat ed S oap — B l u e a n d G rey M ot t l ed

’

F u l li n g S oap — S oap t o Remov e Stai n s —C ott on -Seed

.

S oaps — . . .

OIL— Chl ori n ated Soap — Commer ci al Val u e of S oaps

AP P ENDIX B .

M OD ER N CA N D L E -M A K I N G .

Improv emen ts i n M odern C an dl e -M aki n g — Th ree M eth odS i n Vogu e . .

Em l oy ed — R en deri n g T all ow — S te ari n e — Li m 0

. . .

ocess A ci difi ca ti on P rocess

. .

IN D EX
 T H E A RT

S OA P M A K I N G -
.

I NTRODUCTION .

A CCOR D I N G to t h e great R om an historian P lin y t h e Ga u ls , ,

were t h e origin a l in ven tors of t h e art of soap m akin g -

th eir b est prod u ct b ein g a com bin ation of goat S fat an d ’

t h e ash es of t h e beech t ree Th e Rom an s s u bs e qu en tly

-
.

acq u ired a kn o wl edge of t h e art an d e ven t u a lly i n tro

,

du ced it i n to I taly a fter th e ir s u ccessfu l i n vasio n s of G a u l .

In proo f of t h e an tiqu ity Of soap as an artic le of c om

m erce a soap m aker s Shop has been discov er ed i n t h e
’
-
,

r u in s of P ompeI I an d is still exhibited to tra vellers

, .

P rior to t h e i n v e n tio n of soa t h e an ci en ts em ploy e d

t h e u i ce s of c ertai n plan ts as def ergen t s an d also fu ll e rs
°
’

eartli
,

, which was first spread u pon t h e s u rfac e of t h em

cloth es an d th en stam p ed i n by t h e fee t B y this m ean s
, .

greasy m at ter was rem oved on su bsequ en t sco u ri n g t h e ,

fu llers earth h a vin g t h e p rop e rty of absorbin g gre ase to

’
-

a con siderabl e exten t So m e tim es this earth was em

.

ployed as a clean sin g m edi u m i n baths an d e v en u p to ,

t h e b e gin n in g of t h e e ighteen th c en t u ry this syst em was

adop ted i n R om e by person s of t h e high est distin ction .

I n t h e eighth c en tu ry th ere we re m an y soap m an u fac

torie s i n Italy an d Spain bu t it is a r em arkable an d
,

i n te re stin g fact that n ea rly fi ve hu n dred y ears elapse d

e re soap m a n u fact u r e was in trodu c e d i n to F ran c e a n d

practised as an art by th e P h ocean s an in te lligen t an d ,

in du striou s ra ce Of G recian an d Egyp t ian origin Th e

, .

first so ap m an u factories i n F ran ce we re e stablish e d a t

M ars eilles a city su rro u n ded with n atu ral a dvan ta ges of
,

soil an d cli m ate for t h e produ ctio n of all t h e cru de m at e

B
 TH E A R T OF S OA P -JI A X IN G .

r ia ls c s y for soap m ak i n g Th e Olive tree th e fru it

n e e sar -
.
-
,

of which y i elds a fi x ed Oil i n gr eat ab u n da n ce flo u ri sh e d ,

i n t h e so u th of F ran c e whil e t h e shores of t h e M edi t erra

,

n ean yielde d an am pl e s u pply of m aritim e plan ts fr om ,

which cr u de soda was obtai n ed by calcin ation M a rseille s .

,

ho wev er with all th ese advan tages was un able to produ ce

, ,

suffi ci en t m at erial to m ee t t h e de ma n ds of h e r m an u fa c
t u rers th erefore as time progress ed I taly fu rn ish ed
, ,

su p li e s of olive oil whil e Spain co n tribu t ed cr u de soda

-
, ,

or G ri lle .

Th e m an u fact u re of soap i n F ran c e was en tirely con

fi n ed to t h e combin ation of olive Oi l an d so da u n til t h e -

begi n n in g of t h e presen t cen tu ry wh en pal m oil an d ,

-

cocoa n u t oil were also em ploye d i n t h e art an d su bse

-
,

qu en tly toilet or fan cy soaps we re i n trodu c ed an d u lti

, , ,

m at ely form ed an e xten sive an d im portan t addi tion to t h e

soap trade .

Th e exact p eriod at which soap was fi rst m an u factu r e d

i n E n glan d appears som ewhat u n c ertain bu t it was pro ,

bably i n th e fo u rteen th c en tu ry wh en it was chi efly m ade ,

u pon t h e F ren ch system that is to say with bari IIa

, ,

cr u de carbo n ate of soda ) ; an d som e oth er m an u factu re rs

(
adopt ed a m ethod practis e d i n G erma n y i n which potash , ,

follo wed u p by salt su pe rsede d t h e u se of soda ob ta in ed by

,

th e calci n atio n of m aritim e plan ts .

W e fi n d that t h e first pate n t for improvem en ts i n t h e

man u fact u re of so ap was Obtain ed i n 1 622 by M essrsJ ,

J on e s an d P almer an abridgm en t of which is given,

b elo w
Th e m i steri e arte way an d mean s of m akin gs of
, , ,

hard soaps comon l y call ed by th e n am e of Ven ice or

,

castil e scape witho u t t h e v se of an i e fi re i n t h e boy l i n g

,

or m akin gs thereo f an d with a materi al l comon l y called

,

or k n o wn by t h e n am e of be ri l l i a an d Th e art m i st eri e , , ,

way an d m ean s of m akin g s of so fte scape witho u t t h e v ss

”
o f fi re i n t h e boy l i n ge an d m aki n e th e reo f
g .

F rom th e above p eriod u p to th e presen t tim e m an y ,

paten ts for i mportan t i m prov emen ts I n soap m aki n g have -

been taken ou t i n En glan d .

 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

were sp u rn ed , an d th eir att em pts t o i m prov e t h e cr u de

art were foiled i n every possible way The re were, h ow .

e ve r , a fe w e xc e pti on s to t h e g en eral rul e ( of thu m b ,

)
an d s ev eral large fi rm s — n otably t h e fi rm Of B enja m i n ,

H
William , an d Thom as awes, of Lam be th wh o dared to —
adm it t h e teachi n gs of scien ce within th eir portals N ot .

on ly did th e se m an u factu rers en cou rage im provemen ts

based u po n chemical prin ciples, bu t th ey also em ploye d
chem ists i n the ir works, wh o, fu rn ishe d with a laboratory
an d applian c e s, soo n con ve rte d t h e operatio n of so a p

m aki n g i n to an art, i n th e prope r sen se of t h e te rm Th e .

e stim a t io n of t h e actu al a m o u n t of alkali i n a giv en

sam ple of soda ash was dete rm i n ed by th eir own ch emist,

-

i n m an y i n s tan c e s i n di catin g a wide diffe ren c e wh en com

pared wi th th e an alysis of t h e alkali broke r s ch emist ’
-
‘
.

Al l goods were s u bj ecte d to exam in ation by t h e soap

m aker s a n alyst be fore pu rch a se, an d th u s t h e in t ellige n t
’

m an u factu rer wa s prote ct ed fro m frau d an d i mposi t io n ,

which gave h i m an i n calcul able advan ta ge ove r his n u
aided competitors .

A ltho u gh t h e great F ren ch ch emist C h evreu l had , ,

cle arly explain ed th e n atu re of th e reaction s wh ich take

place wh en fatty su bstan ce s are treate d with boili n g
sol u tio n s of ca u stic alk ali fe w soap m ake rs wou ld v e n t u r e
,
-

to m odify their an tiqu ate d system of m an u fact u re by

callin g to th e ir aid t h e m an of sci en ce Th e soap .

m ake r s argu m en t seem ed to be

’
M y soap h as a large
sale it y i elds a good profit ; wh at m or e can I req u ire
,

I f t h e ch e m ist told h i m that h e wa s liberatin g a larg e

portio n of glycerin e which flowed away with his was t e
,

l eys in to t h e riv er or sewe r i n stead of b ein g r ecove red

, ,

an d h e wa s th e reby losi n g a larg e su m an n u ally th e ,

soap m aker cared n ot for h e still had a good profi t on his

-
,

soapS .

I n 1 8 36 t h e au thor s fath e r t h e lat e M r C harles

’
.
, ,

Wa tt pat en ted his n e w well kn o wn process for bl eachin g

,
-

palm Oi l by mean s of chro m ic a cid ; bu t it was n ot u n t i l

-

se veral y ears a fte r t h at soap m akers took u p -

th e
p roc e ss a n d adopt e d i t S o gr e.a t wa s t h e pr e
j u dic e a ain s t
g
 IN TR OD UC TI ON .

an
y an d
all i m prov em en t ,
that e v e n a trial o f t h e proc e ss
was for a t im e r ej e cted an d whe n at last t h e t ra de wer e
i n du ced afte r some of th e m ore in telligen t firm s h ad
,

beco me lic en s ees u n der th e pa t en t to gi ve th e proc ess a ,

trial n ot u n freq u en tly wo u ld t h e workm en pu t ra w (that

,

is u n bleach ed ) pal m oil in to th e batch which had bee n

,
-

’
Op e ra ted u pon d u rin g t h e pat en t e e S abs e n c e so th a t th eir
, ,

e m ploy ers m ig h t den o u n c e t h e d e m on stration as a fail u re .

I n at least on e in stan ce a trick of this kin d wa s p ractised

u po n t h e au thor wh o for m an y y ears co n d u ct ed t h e op era
,

tio n of bleachi n g pal m Oi l on his father s beha lf i n -

,
’

Lon don an d t h e provin c es .

R efe rri n g to t h e i m port an c e of ch emical k n owl edge i n

soap m an u fac t u re M r William H a wes i n a paper which
, .
,

h e read b e for e th e Soci ety of A rts on t h e 28 t h of M arch ,

1 8 5 6 stti te d that
, ton s of ta llo w were co n verte d in to
glycerin e an n u ally cau sin g a loss of abo u t
, an d
there i s n o do u bt whatever th a t t h e whole of this was te
co uld be avoided by m an u factu ri n g soap by t h e cold pro
ce S S, or at all e ven ts this val u able prod u ct sho u ld be
re covered as h ereafter descri bed A t t h e presen t day i n .
,

m ost of th e large r soap work s th e teachin gs of scien c e

-
,

are n ot o n ly r e cogn ised bu t an e xperien c ed ch em ist is

,

e n gaged u n de r whos e skilfu l g u a rdia n ship t h e vario u s

,

Op e ra tio n s are co n d u cte d I n so m e i n stan c es t h e so n s

.

of mem be rs of t h e fi rm have b e en prop erly in s tr u cte d

i n ch emical kn owledge an d to th em are i n st ru st ed th e
,

scien tifi c de tail s of this strict ly ch em ical art I n so me .

e sta blish m en t s , t h e prin cipals or at l ea st on e of th em , ,

have acqu ired su ffi cien t kn owledge of chem istry to en able

th em to con du ct their op eration s mi tt a knowledge of wfzat
May a re doi ng ; so that we m ay n ow say that at las t
sci en ce an d soap m aki n g go han d i n han d except i n a
-
,

few in stan c e s wh er e th e B ritish workman is still looked

u pon as an idol .

A n oth er i m portan t feat u re i n th e m an u factu re of soap

wa s t h e applicat i on of steam an d s u erh eated steam i n
p , ,

place of t h e e r n ary fi re A ai n I mprovem en ts were

l I t

made i n th e mach i n ery an d appI

.
,

i a u ces of th e so ap works -
,
 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

am n o gst which m ay be n otic ed t h e su bsti tu tion of cast

iron fram es for t h e old fash ion ed wooden on es fro m which
-
,

m an y a t on of soap leak ed ou t b efor e solidification took

pla c e t h e steam pu m p su perseded t h e ordin ary ladle for
-

fitte d s oaps t h e ste am cr u tch i n som e works s u pplan te d

-
, ,

t h e wooden or iron han d worked im pl em e n t an d (i n

-
,

A m erica m or e especial ly ) m a n y m echan ic a l co n triva n c e s

have been in trod u ce d for di m i n ish in g labo u r an d hasten
i n g t h e Ope ratio n s of m a n u factu re. To th ese m ay be
added th e lo n g series of pate n ted processes havi n g for
th eir obj ect t h e ch eap en i n g of th e m an u factu re by t h e i n
t rodu c ti on of c erta in s u bs t an c es which witho u t inj u ri n g
,

t h e soap e n abl e it to be sold at a lo wer price to t h e c on

,

s u m e r Th e vario u s proc e sses will be fu lly d escri bed wh en

.

t reat i n g of t h e m a n u fac t u re of hard soaps

.
 C HA P T ER 1 .

S A P ON IFI CA TI ON E K P L A IN E D .

Th eory — L i ebi g
’
Ch evr eu l R esearch es S ap on i fi cati on
’
s . s on .

TH E com bin ation of fatty m at ters wi th an a s soda alkali —

a n d potash for e xa mpl e — by t h e aid of wat er an d h ea t ,

is t h e r es u lt of ckemzca l acti on I t i s n ot a m ere com

'

bin in g of t h e s u bstan ce s i n t h e ordin ary sen se for we ,

fi n d a fter th eir p erfect u n io n has bee n e ffe c t ed t hat t h e

, ,

co n stitu en ts of t allo w for in stan ce (stea r i ne p a lmztzne an d

' ’

, , ,

have u n dergo n e a re markable chan ge each of —

th e se s u bstan c es has acqu ired th e prop erties of an acid This .

i mpo rtan t discovery was made by C he vre u l an d wh e n ,

p rop erly u n derstood th e practic e of soap m akin g becom es -

n ot on ly m or e c ertain i n its r esu lts b u t i n fi n itely m or e ,

eco n o m ica l .

C h evr e u l s T h e or y j Ch e vr eu l discover ed that wh en

’
.
- -

soap was decom posed by an acid t h e fa tty m atter which th u s ,

b ecam e sep ara ted or se t free possessed properti es en ti rely ,

diffe ren t fro m t h e origin al s u bstan ce W hen m elted it

‘

.
,

re dden ed litm u s paper ; it was freely solu ble i n warm

alcohol an d was c apable of formin g sal ts like ordin ary
, ,

acids Wh en a solu tion of carbon ate of soda was added

.

to t h e separated an d sapon i fi ed m atter soap was agai n ,

form ed while a third su bstan c e possessin g a v ery s wee t

, ,
”
t aste rem ain ed i n t h e m oth er liqu or which was fo u n d
, ,

to be gly ceri n e Th e gi ft ed ch e mist th u s proved that soap

.

m ade fro m tallo w was i n r eality a com pou n d of stea rate

a l mi ta te o
f
'
an d soa a an d th a t glyc e ri n e was set fre e d u ri n g
p ,

t h e proc e ss of sap on i fi cat i on which su bstan c e b ein g , ,

sol u ble rem ain ed i n th e waste or sp en t leys an d e ven tu

, ,

Th e l i q t all ow was gen eral l y t er med

u i d con st i t u en t of ok i n e u n ti l
m or e r e cen t research prov ed i t t o be a compoun d of p al mi ti n e an d ol ei n e.
 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

ally fou n d its way i n to t h e se wer or river as th e case , ,

m ight be .

Th e a cids l i b erate d d u rin g t h e proc ess of co n v erti n g

”
fats an d oils i n to soap are call ed fatty acids thos e “
,

obta in ed fro m tallow b ein g chi efly stea ric an d palm itic
acids Olive oil an d oth er so ft fats yi eld on sapon i fi cat i on
.
-

oleic acid P alm oil yields a m ixtu re of p al m itic an d

.

oleic acids ; an d cocoa n u t oil fu rn ishes palm itic ol eic -

, ,

an d la u ro ste aric acids

-
.

Soap th en is a co mpo u n d of fatty acids com bi n ed with

, ,

alkali an d water Oth er su bstan c e s ho we ver beside s oils

.
, ,

a n d fats are em ploy e d i n so ap m aki n g ; for exa m pl e r e si n -

, ,

a com pou n d of sev eral v egetable acids is u sed wi th , ,

t allo w to form yello w soap M eta ll i c soap s as th ey are

, .
,

ca lled are prod u c ed by boili n g oxides of m e tals wi th oils

,

or oth er fa tty m atters D iachylon plaster which is .

-
,

for me d by boili n g litharge (oxide of l ead ) with olive oi l -

a n d wa te r i s an i n solu ble so ap com posed of oleate an d

,

m argarat e of lead Th e glycerin e for m ed d u ri n g t h e

.

proces s rem ain s with th e water .

So aps a re divided i n to t wo prin cipal cl a sse s n am ely ,

H A R D an d SOFT SOA P S Th e form er a re prod u c e d by .

com bin in g soda an d wate r with fa tty m atters an d t h e ,

latte r are m ad e with potash com bin ed with horse oil fi sh -

, ,

an d oth er i n fer ior oils a n d h en c e th e s e are so m eti m e s dis

,

t i n gu i sh ed as soda soap s an d p etasi a soap s .

H ard soaps are of v a rio u s kin ds t h e m ost importa n t ,

b ein g C astile Soap White C u rd M ottl ed Y ello w a n d

, , , ,

Tran sparen t Soap These soaps are combi n ation s of tallo w

.
,

p al m oil cocoa n u t oil oliv e oil or oth er fatty s u bstan c e s

-
,
-
,
—
wi th cau stic soda th at is soda dep riv ed of i ts carbo n ic ,

acid by boili n g with fresh lim e an d water .

Wh en tallo w is boiled for a co n siderabl e ti m e i n a

solu tion of ca u stic soda (or l ey as t h e solu tion is called ) t h e ,

fatty m atte rs st e arin e an d p al m iti n e as su m e a gran u l a r or

, ,

c u rd like app eara n c e e n tir ely losin g their greasy an d oily

-
,

chara cter ; a n d i f a sm all por tion be pre ssed be t ween t h e

folds of a p i ec e of p ap er i t will n ot p ro d u c e a g rea sy
 S A P ON IF I CA T1 ON E XP L A [ N E D .

s tai n This is proof tha t t h e con versio n of th e fa t ty su b

.

stan ce s in to stearate an d palm itate of soda is co m plete

that t h e m ass is sap ontfi ed i n fact If t h e boilin g h as b een , .

su ffi ci en t an d an excess of cau stic alkali rem ain s i n t h e

,

l ey this will s u bsid e an d t h e soap a ft e r b e in g allo we d t o

, , ,

repose for a shor t ti m e will appear on t h e s u r face I f ,

.

n ow a sm all portio n be treate d with wa rm alcohol it will ,

r eadily an d en tirely dissolve form i n g a tran sparen t sol u ,

tio n of soap A fter expelli n g t h e alcohol by evaporation

.
,

t h e tran spar en t soap will r em ain which on coolin g will ,

assu m e con sid erable hardn ess .

I n sapon i fyin g t h e variou s fatty m att ers em ployed at

,

t h e presen t ti m e i n soap m an u fa ctu re a n d wh ich di ffe r ,

greatly i n th eir composition m u ch care is ex ercis ed as to ,

t h e stren gth of alkalin e l ey u s ed i n t h e firs t an d su bs eq u en t

ope ratio n s of boili n g I f th e l ey be too stro n g its .
,

s u pe rior de n sity will retard its free diffu sion thro u gh t h e

m a ss of fa tty m atter It is co m m o n ly t h e p ractic e th ere
.
,

fore with t allo w soaps to apply ca u stic l ey of a m oderate

, ,

stren gth at first an d wh en this has b eco m e exhau sted or

,

sp en t a s i t is termed it i s p u mpe d ou t of th e coppe r or

, ,

a n a n d a fre sh charge of l e f s u p erior str en gth giv e n

p , y o ,

an d t h e boili n g con tin u e d u n til t h e grease or fat is

killed or n eu tralised by t h e alkali D u rin g th e boilin g .

glyc erin e is lib erate d a n d this su bstan ce bei n g sol u ble i n

, ,

water su bside s with t h e l ey Un til rec en tly t h e e xha u ste d

, .
,

leys were allo we d to flow a way as a waste prod u ct ; at t h e

presen t time howe ver t h e glyce rin e is u s u ally r ecovered
, ,

by on e or othe r of t h e vario u s process es fu lly describ ed i n

C hapter XXVI .

I t is well k n o wn that cau stic l ey acts differ en tly u pon

th e vario u s fatty bodi es with which it co me s i n co n tact .

F or e xa m ple a weak l ey will act u pon t allo w u n til i t s

,

alkali b e co m es exha u sted or n early so ; wh e r e a s a l e of

y ,

e q u al stre n gth will scarc ely i f a t all sapon ify cocoa n u t , ,

-

oi l. Wh en ho wever cocoa n u t oil is ble n ded with oth er

, ,
-

fatty su bsta n ce s it will readily b eco m e act e d u po n by

,

we a k l ey s A g ai n re si n altho u gh i t is readily co n ver t ed

.
, ,
to TH E A R T OF S P -M A K IN G.

i n to soap by treatmen t with alkali will n ot form a h ard

,

so ap u n less co mbin ed with a c e rt ain proportion of t a llo w ,

which ; du rin g t h e proce ss of sapon i fi cati on ex e rts a ,

po we rfu l in fl u en ce u po n its con stit u en ts probably by ,

ch em ical action n ot y et fu lly u n derstood .

L i eb i g s R e s e a r c h e s on S a p on i fi c a t i on — J u stu s L i ebi g
’
.

— to whos e origi n al m in d we are i n d ebte d for so m an y

valu able discoveries i n organ ic ch emistry m ade so m e —
i m po rtan t r esearch es on t h e sapon i fi cat i on of fatt bodies
a n d his vi ews sho u l d be well u n d erstood by th
,

e so ap

m ak e r wh o recogn is e s t h e val u e of scien tific k n o wl e dg e i n

t h e p u rsu it of his in te re sti n g art .

”
P ota ssa an d sod a soap s ,
says Liebig are readily ,

solu ble i n hot wate r an d alcohol The addition of a .

qu an tity of water to th e aqu eou s solu tion prod u ce s prec i pi

t atie n, t h e n eu tral salts of s te aric an d m argaric acid
d eco mposin g in to free alkali , which rem ain s i n solu tio n ,

an d ste arate an d m argarate of t h e alk ali potash or sod a )

( ,

which pre cipitates i n t h e form of p early crystallin e sc ale s .

P otassa soaps are m ore sol u ble i n water than those c on

tain in g soda Stearate of soda m ay be con sider ed as th e
.

typ e of h ard soaps an d wh en i n con tact with ten tim es as

,

m u ch wat e r it u n dergo e s n o strikin g chan ge Ste arate of .

potassa for ms a thick paste with t h e sam e q u an tity of

wa te r . Oleate of soda is sol u ble i n t en part s of wate r ,

while ole ate of potassa dissolve s i n fo u r parts of wat er ,

fo rm in g a gelatin ou s m ass with t wo parts an d posse ss e s ,

s u ch a stro n g affi n ity for water th at 1 00 parts abso rb 1 62

parts i n a moist atmosph ere M a rgaric acid acts like
.

stearic acid F rom this it follo ws that soaps are so ft i n

.

proportio n to t h e oleates an d ha rd i n proportion to t h e

,

stearate s an d margare tes th ey co n tain Soda soap exhibits

, .

a p ecu liar b ehavio u r with c o m mo n salt ; it loses t h e po we r

of be i n g p en etrated by l ey or dissolvin g i n a sol u tion of

s alt of a certain stren g t h an d this remarkable action is an

,

im por tan t con dition i n its m an u factu re on which depen ds ,

t h e s eparation of all fr ee alk ali an d oxide of glyc e ryl

( glyc e r i n e,) i ts
p e rc e n tag e o f w at e r a n d, its m ark e t ab l e

co n di t io n
.
12 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

Th e addition of sal t or a sol u tio n th er eo f, to a con

,

cen t ra ted alkali n e sol u tion of soap i n wate r, precipitates

th e soa i n gelatin ou s flocc u l aa, an d t h e m ix t u re be have s

ly
precise lik e solid soap boiled with a dilu te solu tion of
r

salt C arbon ated an d cau stic potassa act exactly like salt,
.

by separati n soap fro m t h e alkalin e fl u id (l ey ) i n which

i t is absol u te y in solu ble .

These observation s, so carefu lly made an d clearly ex

pl ai n ed, can n ot fail to be of t h e greate st valu e to t h e
m an u fact u rer of a comm ercial article so im portan t as soap ,
a n d which , at t h e pre s en t day , is m ad e fro m s u ch a gre a t

v ariety of fatty m aterials, each requ i rin g a differen t treat

m en t for its skil fu l a n d e con omical con version in to soap .

C on tin u in g h i s observation s, Li ebig says, Th e applicatio n

of t h e abov e to t h e m an u fact u r e of soap is e vide n t Th e .

fat is kept boili n g i n an alkali n e l ey u n til all pasty m att ers

disappear, bu t th e l ey shou ld have on ly a cer tain stren gth ,

so that th e soap m ay be p erfectly dissolv ed i n it Thu s .

tallo w may be boiled for days i n a cau stic potassa l ey of

t h e sp ecific gravity of withou t sapon ifyin g If th e
.

l ey be stron ger , a partial sapon i fi cat i on take s place , bu t ,

b e in g solu ble i n th e fl u id, it floats u pon th e s u rfa ce as a
solid m a ss . By t h e gradu al additio n of wa te r an d con
c ertain poin t th e m as s become s thick
a n d cla mm y , a n d with m or e wat e r a kin d of emu lsio n is

form ed, which con tin u ed h eatin g r en ders p erfectly clea r

a n d t ran sparen t i f a s u f fi cien t q u an tity of alkali be pre s en t .

I n this stat e it m ay be dra wn i n to lo n g threads, which o n

coolin g e it h er r emai n tran sp aren t, or are m ore m ilky an d
gelati n ou s A s lon g as th e hot m ass, when it drOps from
.

a sp at u la, exhibits clo u di n ess or opalescen c e, th e boilin g

is con ti n u ed or fresh alkali added Wh e n excess of
.

a lka li is pres en t t h e clo u din ess aris es fro m i m pe rfec t

sa on i fi cat i on or in s u ffi ci en cy of wate r : t h e for m e r i s

'

p
seen by dissolvi n g a littl e i n p u re wa te r , which be co m e s
e r fe c t ly clear when th e whol e is sa on i fi ed I f t h e le
p p .
y
con tain s li m e t h e m ixtu re is also clo u ded, bu t th e addition
of c arbon a t ed alkali in stan tly c l ari fi e s it .

I n order to s eparate th e soap fro m water, free alkali,

 S A P ON IF I CA T]ON E X P L A IN E D . r3

an d oxide of glyc ery l a large qu an t i t of salt is gradu ally

,

added to th e boilin g m ass on each dition waiti n g u n til

,

it is dissolved Th e fi rst addition in creas es t h e con sist en cy

.

of t h e m ass whil e each s u cc e ssiv e po rtio n ren de rs it m or e

,

fl u id till it loses its threadin g characte r an d drops from

, ,

t h e spat u la i n short thick l u m ps

, A s soon as t h e con ge .

—
lation is com plete that is when th e gelatin o u s floccu l ae
,
—
separate from a clear watery liqu id t h e fi re is extin gu ish ed ,

t h e soap allo wed to collec t on t h e s u rfac e an d co ol e d eith e r ,

on t h e liqu id or ladle d ou t an d allo wed to soli di fy In .

t h e form e r cas e it is im p u re fro m wate r free alkali es , ,

or oth er i mpu rities of t h e l ey an d is th erefore u n fit for ,

t h e m ark et altho u gh su ffi ci en tly good for do mestic u se

, .

A s i n oth er ch em ical op eration s a precipitate is p u rifi e d

by boilin g it i n a fl u id i n which it is n ot solu ble so is ,

soap pu rified by a solu ti o n of salt ren dered alkalin e .

W h en th e sapon i fi ed flu id is m ade with potassa t h e ,

salt (chloride of sodi u m ) ope rates i n a t wo fold man n e r : it -

dissolve s i n th e pasty liqu id an d decomposes formi n g on ,

t h e on e han d chloride of potassiu m an d on th e oth er soda ,

soap Wh en potash l ey is em ployed i n soap m akin g t h e

.
-
,

fi rst saltin g r equ ires m ore than t wic e t h e qu an tity of

salt. I n t h e preparation of potash soaps a con cen trate d ,

potassa l ey is employe d for s eparatin g t h e soap Th e .

sapon i fi cat i on of fats is n ot co m pl eted by t h e first treat

m e n t with leys an d t h e su bse qu en t addition of fresh
,

leys b esides p u rifyin g also ren ders sapon i fi cati on m ore

, ,
”
perfect .

I t m u st be obviou s on p eru sin g t h e above rem arks of

,

t h e great G erm an ch em ist that t h e fi rst du ty of t h e soap

,

m ake r is to m ake him se lf thoro u ghly co n ve rsan t with t h e

-

ri n ci l es of sa on i fi cat i on an d n ot t o r ely sol ely u on

p p
hi s own observation Th e soap boiler be h e ever so s i l
,
-

—
.
,
—
.

ful an d ob serva n t an d th er e e m an y s u ch sho u ld avail

ar

him sel f of su ch i mportan t in form ati on as is con veyed i n

t h e above l u cid an d practical obs e rvation s .

I t will be s een that t h e com bin ation of alkali with fatty

matte r is n ot by an y m ean s a rapid proc ess bu t is t h e ,

res u lt of slo w an d grad u al ch e m ica l action du ri n w hich

g ,
14 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K I N G .

con siderable h eat is gen erated over an d above th e actu a l

t em peratu re of t h e m ate rials wh en placed i n con tact .

A lthou gh sapon i fi cat i on is hasten ed by th e proc e ss o f

boilin g it is n ot advisable to apply vigoro u s boilin g i n
,

t h e earli e r stage s of t h e op eration On t h e co n trary it i s.

,

fou n d b etter i n practic e to allo w th e boilin g to be gen tle

at fi rst an d to in crease its rapidity to ward t h e close of t h e
,

operatio n or wh en t h e materi als have a bsorb ed th eir fu ll

,

p erc en t age of alkali .

A lthou gh it is practic all y i m po ssibl e to m ak e soap wi tho u t

lib eratin glyce rin e gen erally to t h e exten t of 5 per c en t
this solu g
.
,

l e su bstan ce m ay be recov e red as a v alu abl e by ,

produ ct by eith er of th e processes h ereafte r described Th

, .

prope r stren gth of leys th eir gradu al co mbi n ati on wi t h

,

t h e variou s fatty bodie s wi t h which th ey co m e i n co n tact ,

an d t h e slo w a n d gen tl e a u gm en ta tion of t h e boil i n g

op eration while sapon i fi cati on is progressin g are i m ,

portan t con sideration s u pon which too m u ch care can n ot

,

be besto wed In deed it is grati fyi n g to kn o w that of

.
,

late years so m e of ou r leadin g soap m akers hav e devot ed -

m u ch att en tion to alkali metry an d t h e treatm en t of ,

v ario u s fats a n d oils with alkalin e l eys of appropriat e

stren gth accordi n g to t h e n atu re of t h e fatty m atte r to

,

be u s ed Th e exam in atio n by an alysis of sam ples fro m

.
, ,

vari ou s boils of soap en abl es t h e m an u factu re r n ot on ly

to re gu late his m ode of workin g bu t also to dete rm i n e ,

t h e in trin si c val u e so to speak of his produ ction s

, ,
.

”
I n m akin g wh a t are call ed fitted soaps th e in gre ,

di en t s are boiled in to a thi n liqu id m ass or em u lsio n , ,

d u rin g t h e fi rst Op eratio n a fter which a s eco n d dos e of

,

l ey as also a con siderabl e qu an tity of co mm on salt , are

,

in trodu ced in to t h e pan for t h e pu rpose of c u ttin g t h e

”
a s it is t e r m ed by which t h e soap s eparat es from
p a n , ,

t h e l ey an d sal t an d rises to t h e su rfac e while m ost of t h e

, ,

i m p u riti e s an d foreign m atters su bside with t h e l ey If .

t h e m at eri als are n ot su ffici en tly sapon i fi ed an d p u rifi ed ,

t h e l ey is p u m p e d ou t an d fresh l ey i n trod u c ed with ,

”
fu rth er boilin g , an d t h e m ass is again cu t or separated , ,

by th e addi tion of weaker l ey an d salt, th e operation

 SA P ON IFI CA TI ON E X P LA IN ED . (5

bei n g repeated i f n ec essary Th e application of co m m o n

.

salt n ot on ly prom otes t h e s eparatio n of t h e sapon i fi ed or

sem i sapon i fi ed m atters fro m existi n g i mp u riti e s an d t h e
-

e xha u ste d alkali n e l ey bu t it also by its den sity fa cili

, , ,

tate s th e ir su bsiden ce M oreover t h e presen ce of salt i n

.

t h e l ey do u btl ess en ables it to acqu ire a high e r te m pe ra

tu re du ri n g th e su bs eq u en t boilin gs an d th u s h aste n s t h e
,

e va oration of wat er from th e sapon i fi ed mat eri als

p .
 C H AP TER I I .

—
TH E S OA P F A OT OR Y I TS A P P A RA T US A ND

Th e S oap-P an s M orfi t s S t eam S eri es Ley T ank s F ram es

’
. . . .

W ooden F ram es .
— I r on F ram es — .Cru t ch es — S team C ru t ch
. .

V ari ou s oth er I mpl emen t s — Barri n g A pparat u s

. .

WH E N we co n sider t h e m agn it u de of t h e op eration s con

n ect ed with t h e art of soap m a kin g , an d t h e large q u an ti
-

ti es of soap an n u ally produ c ed by ou r n u m erou s m an u fac

t u rere, we can n ot h elp reflectin g u pon t h e com parative
si mplicity of t h e apparatu s an d u ten sils em ployed at an
ordin ary soap works A series of n on pan s or coppe rs,
-
.

se t i n brick work , with fi re grat e b elo w, or steam pip e s -

passin g in to t h e i n te rior of each pan , a se ri es of wooden

or cast iro n fram es to rec eive t h e fin ish ed soap s u n dry
-

pails or b u ckets, shov els an d trowels iro n p u mps an d

sh oots for removin g waste or sp en t leys a fe w
hydro m eters an d th erm om ete rs tan ks for preparin g
cau stic alkali ; wh eelbarrows an d trolli es for co n veyin g
m ate rials s wi mmers an d ladles of variou s ki n ds
’’

cru tch es an d stirrers ; a wooden m achin e for c u tti n g

soap i n to bars , with t h e u s u al firi n g tools, form t h e chi ef

r equ irem en ts of an ordin ary soapery .

I n so m e of t h e m ore exten si v e works , ho wev er , m an y

m ech an ical i m prov e m en ts hav e b een i n trodu c ed , whic h
will be r eferre d to i n th e follo win g pages F or t h e presen t.

we will en deavou r to d em o n strat e th e r equ irem en ts of a

soap fa ctory of m oderate di m en sion s , m which advan ta ge
h as b een t ak en of som e u se fu l l ab u r savin g applian c es,
o
-

a s a lso of th e application of st ea m , i n plac e o f fi re, i n t h e

operatio n s of soap boilin g

-
.
 A P P A RA T US A N D A PP L IA N CE S . 17

T h e S oa p-P a n s were gen erally m ade o f cast iron , with -

a
flan ge rou n d th e u p ) er s u rface Th ese pan s are con cave
at t h e botto m an dare fi tted with steam pip es which
.

-
,

ter min ate i n a p erforated co i l which rests on t h e botto m

of each p an Th e pan s a re set i n brickwork an d an iro n
.
,

p u mp for re movin g t h e fin ish ed soap an d leys is fixed

b etween each pair of pan s This p u mp is worked by .

steam an d is con n ecte d to t wo m ovable arm s of broad

,

iron t u bin g on e of which rests i n each pan These tu be s

, .

a re rais ed or lo wer e d b m ean s of a chain an d p u lle y so

y ,

that th ey m a be allowed to dip in to t h e soap to a n y

requ ired dept or i n to th e l ey ben eath it Th e p u mp .

can empty t h e co n t en ts of on e or both pans at t h e sa m e

tim e .

Th e pan s proj ect abo u t three feet above t h e floor which ,

en abl e s t h e soap boiler an d his assistan ts to m an ip u late

-

them with p erfe ct case Each pan is fi tted with an iro n .

lid, or wi th a wooden lid co vered with sh eet iron Th e -

.

lids are lowered or raised by a chain an d p u lley .

n or copp er (or as t h e F r en ch an d A m eri

can s t er m i t kettle) is som eti m es m ade of cast iro n i n
, ,
-
,

s everal division s u n ited togethe r by iron c em en t th e lo we r

, ,

p ortion or pan proper b ein g of a con cave for m t h e whole

, , ,

b ein g set i n brickwork which is so con str u cted that t h e ,

fi re plays o n ly u pon t h e lowe r par t of t h e pan a n d n ot ,

u po n its sid e s Soap pan s of large di men sion s are gen e rally
.
-

m ade of wro u ght iron plat e s ri ve t ed tog e th e r

- .

Th e so ap pan is som etime s exte n ded by placi n g what is

-

t erm ed a curb above its u pper ri m which is m ade of sto u t ,

sh eet i ro n or of wood bo u n d with iro n Th e obj ec t of t h e

-
, .

c u rb is to preven t t h e o verflow of t h e soap d u rin g t h e

m ore v igoro u s op eration of boilin g So m eti m es (wh en .

s team h e at is employ ed) sto u t blocks of wood are plac e d

ro u n d t h e flan ge of t h e pan in stead of employin g t h e
c u rb.

M or fi t s S t e a m S er i e s
’
Th e accompan yi n g en gravi n g
.
-

F i
( g ) . 1 r e pr e s en t s a s t e a m s e ri e s d e sig n ed by M r M orfi t . .

A l tho u gh n ot so si mpl e as t h e a rra n ge m en t pr e vio u sly de

scri be d i t i s a n i n gen io u s syste m an d might be adopte d wit h
, ,

C
18 TH E A R T OF S OA P-M A K IN G .

advan tage Th e three pan s represen ted may be employed

.
,

if preferr ed , for boili n g thr ee differen t ki n ds of soa

n am e ly on e for whi t e or c u rd soaps a n oth e r for y e]o w
, ,

or resin soaps an d a third for su p erior soaps W is t h e

, .

boile r t o which t h e m ain pip e or feeder G is con n ected

,
.

Th e boilin g pan s which are of iro n a re each fi tted with a

-
, ,

wooden curb A A h oop ed ro u n d by iron ban ds Th e

,
.

lo wer part of each pan B is of cast iron C on n ected to th e

- .

bottom of t h e pan s is a pipe an d stop cock 1 for drawin g -

,

off t h e sp en t l eys H H is a do wn ward pip e for co n v ey i n g

.

t h e steam to t h e coil which t erm i n at es i n a v ertical len g t h

,

of pipi n g x for t h e e scap e of wast e st e am Th e taps H 1 1 .

are u s ed for t u rn in g t h e steam on or of f A blo wpip e .

L is conn ected t o t h e m ain pipe G This blowp ip e .

t ermin ate s i n a sin gle coil p er forat ed with a n u m ber of

holes Th e obj ect of th e bl o i pe is to give a ddition al
.

h eat wh en n ecessary an d to assi st i n stirrin g u p t h e con

, ,

ten ts of t h e pan Th e t ap P i s u sed for r egu latin g t h e

.

pressu re of steam from t h e boile r w .

Steam jack et pan s e sp eci ally for small op eration s are

-
, ,

very u seful i n a soap factory an d are admi rably su ited for

,
20 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A KIN G .

a great h eight for min g a recep tacle for an en tire boil of

,

m an y ton s of soap . Some ti mes t h e fram es are bou n d

togeth er by lon g
iron screwed rods
which pass do wn
throu gh th em
F i g 3 is a sin gl e
.

wood en fram e , an d
i n F i g 4 s e vera l.

w o o d e n fr a m es
are sho wn con
n e ct ed by th eir
p e gs to each oth e r .

Th e i n te rior width of soapfram es corr espo n ds to t h e

l en gth of a bar of soap an d t h e l en gth of a fra m e is
,

e qu al to t h e thick n e ss of abo u t
twen ty bars of soap .

C ru t c h e s — W h en it is de
.

sirable to add to tru e soap othe r

s u bstan ces for th e p u rpose of
,

ch eap en in g or m odifyin g it for

vario u s special pu rposes t h e ,

addition al m atter is frequ en tl y

i n trod u c ed by bei n g c ru tc h e d
as it is ter med F or this .

p u rpose c e rtain tools calle d

”
cr u t ch e s a re em ployed These .

a re m ad e of wood or iro n or o f ,

iro n with a wooden han dle Two .

for m s of th e se are giv en i n

F igs 5 an d 6
. .

S t e a m C r u t c h — A far m o re
.

e ffe cti v e wa y of m ixin g oth e r

su b stan c es (as silica te of soda
for e xam pl e ) with soap is by
m e an s of t h e st e am cru tch an d
cru tchin g pot by a i d of which a p erfect i n co rporation of
-
,

t h e mat e ri a l s is efle c ted withou t m an u al l abo u r i n a fe w

'

, ,

m in u te s an d t h e so ap th u s treate d is mu ch m ore u n iform

,
 A P P A R A T US A N D A P P L IA N CE S . 21

than it is possibl to b com e i f han d cr u tch ed i n th e

e e -

fram e . Th e arran g e men t for stea m cr u tchi n g m ay be

thu s bri efly described
A wood en platform is e recte d abo u t t en feet above t h e
floor of t h e boilin g room n ear t h e soap pan s ; i n t his a -

s mall pan is set for con tai n in g t h e liqu id materials to be

add ed to t h e soap an d which rec eiv e s t h e r equ ired charge
,

o f liq u id for a frame of soap B y t h e side of t his pl atfor m

.
,

a n d co n n e ct e d to a shaft above is a ,

v e rtical revolvin g spin dle fu rn ish e d ,

with s ev eral fla t steel blade s (F i g 7) .

fixe d altern ately an d i n an an gu lar

direc tion This revolvi n g spi n dle or
.

steam cr u tch is raised or lo were d

by m ean s of a rop e an d p u lley W h en .

r equ ire d for u se t h e cru tchin g pot is

,

wh eel e d u p to a n d i m m ediately ben eath

t h e cr u tc h i n g spin dle t h e wh eels of ,

the pot b ein g plac ed i n groov es or

hollo ws i n th e floor Th e pot havin g .

rece i ved a s u pply o f soap t h e q u an ,

ti ty of which h as b ee n d u ly gau ge d by
a n otch ed stick t h e stea m cru tch is
,

lo were d an d sin ks in to t h e soap re

, ,

volvin g with con siderable rapidity .

Th e co n t e n ts of t h e little pan a re n ow allo we d to flow

i n t o t h e pot an d soo n afte r th e requ ired qu an tity h as
,

b een cr u tch ed i n t h e revol vin g sh aft is stopp ed an d th e

, ,

c ru tch raise d ou t of t h e pot which is th en wh eele d ,

a way to m ak e roo m for a s eco n d pot a n d is th en d ra wn ,

u
p clos e to a fra m e an d its co n t e n ts allo we d to po u r o u t
,

by ra is in g a n i ro n g ate sit u a te d n ea r its base Fig 8 . .

r e p re sen ts t h e cr u tch i n g pot with i ts gate A ra is ed by t h e

l eve r B an d at F i g 7 is a drawin g of t h e steam cr u tch
.
,

i n which i t s se ve ra l blade s a r e sho wn Th e b ev el .

wh ee l s a bov e i n dicate its con n ectio n with t h e u s u al

sh a fti n g .

I n s m a l l works wh ere ste am is n ot e xten si v ely

,

e m ploy e d wa ste l e y s are p u mp e d fro m t he s oap pa n s by

,
-
23 TH E A R T OF S OA P -III A K IN G .

i ronhan d pu mps which

-
, are lo wered i n to the pan s by
mean s of a chain or rop e .

V a r i ou s ot h e r I m p l e m en t s
pl oy ed i n t he soap a re em

boili n g depar t m en t ; th ese a re th e tro we l (F i g th e .

”
l adl e s (F igs 1 1 an d . th e swi mm e r (F i g an d .

v ariou s broad shov els an d iro n shoots (F i g the .

41 1 g . 9 .

l atte r bein g u sed I OI ‘

con v ey in g l eys an d soap to an d from
t h e pan s B esides
. these, ho wever wh eelbarrows an d
,

Fig 10
. . Fig 1 1
. .

t rol li es s d for con veyi n g materi als

ar e u e , su ch as ca sks of
fatty m atters r esin an d oth er goo ds
, ,
.
 A P P A R A T US A N D A P P L IA N CE S . 23

On e of t h e most importa n t, at t h e sam e ti me mos t

an d

disagreeable operatio n s con n ecte d with a soap works i s that

,
-

of m aki n g t h e ca u stic l e ys This is gen erally co n du c ted i n

.

a bu ildi n g at a co n ven ien t distan ce from th e boili n g room

'

an d i n su ch a sit u ation that t h e li me waste r es u ltin g fro m

-

H g 12 . . Fi g 1 3 . .

th e operation can be readily removed to a par t of the

adjace n t gro u n d wh e re it wil l be ou t of th e way Th e .

soda an d slak ed lim e employe d i n t h e produ c tion of ca u stic

soda are , with t h e n ec essary
addition of water boile d toge,

ther by m ean s of steam an d ,

t h e res u lti n g l ey aft e r s u h si

,

den c e of th e carbon ate of lim e ,

is p u mped ou t or drawn off

i n to ta n ks ready for u se .

B a rri n g A pp ar a t u s .
— The
ordin ary apparatu s em ploy ed
for c u tti n g soap in to bars con
s i sts o f a wood en m achi n e r u n

n i n g u po n wh eels (F i g .

A back of sto u t tim be r pro

s e veral fee t abov e t h e
j e ct s

grooved t able a u pon which

,

t h e slabs of soap are piled ,

an d a re kept i n osi t i on by

t h e u pright back Two men

, Fi g 1 4
, , ,

provided with a l en gth of brass

or steel wire looped at each en d t ak e th eir stan d at th e
,

m achi n e an d first m ark t h e width of t h e bars by m ean s of

,

t h e tooth ed gau gin g st ick (F i g which bein g drawn

.
,
34 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K I N G .

e ven ly down wards marks each slab as a gu ide for t he

,

c u ttin g wire Each ma n n ow t akes on e en d of th e wire

.
,

Fi g 1 5
. .

an d p asses a wooden han dle thro u gh th e l oop Th e wir e i s .

th en plac ed i n th e n otch es m ade by t h e ga u ge an d is th en ,

stea dily drawn do wn ward u n ti l it sin ks in to t h e groove

be n eath On e of t h e m en n ow rem ove s his han dle from
.

t h e loop an d t h e oth er draws t h e wire throu gh t h e groove

,

an d r et u rn s t h e e n d of t h e wire to his m ate t h e sam e ,

operation b ein g r epeated u n til t h e en tire n u mbe r of slabs

a re cu t . Th e bars of soap are the n r em oved an d a fresh ,

batch of slabs place d u pon t h e m achin e B ars of soap are .

u su ally abo u t 1 4 5 i n ch e s lon g by 2} i n ch es th ick a n d ,

23 i n ch es i n width .

I n so m e factori es c u ttin g m achi n es are u sed which will

c u t i n to bars a con sid er abl e n u mb er of slabs at on e ti m e .

This m achin e con sists of stron g woo den fram ework with
wro u ght iron fittin gs an d a s eries of stee l wires fi x ed at
-
,

eq u al dista n c es . A lthou gh this m achin e is capable of

c u tti n g a great n u mb er of b ars by a sin gl e m ovemen t t h e ,

wi res are v e ry li abl e to br eak an d this frequ en tly cau s es

,

dela y while t h e brok en wires are bei n g repl ac ed Th e .

m achin e ho wev e r is a v ery time s avi n g on e wh en i n good

, ,
-

order .
 C HA P TER I II .

JIA TE RIA L S US E D IN S GA P MA K IN G -
.

T h e F at. O an d
i l s — Ol i ve-oil — Tal l ow — L ard — P al m- oi l — Cocoa-n u t
. . . .

Oi l Castor -oi l Bon e grease — H orse grease K i t ch en st u fl

'

.
- - - -
. . . .

Ol ei n e or Tall ow Oi l — F i sh oi l s — R esi n — R ecov ered G rease — Th e

. .

A l k a l i es — C a u sti c Soda —P otas h — Si l i cate of S oda — Chi n a Cl ay

. .

. . . . .

S ul ph at e of S oda“

Th e F at s an d Oi l s .
— F rom
p eriod wh en th e p rin th e
c i l e s of sa on i fi ca ti on be gan to be u n de rstood by s oap
p p
m akers t h e e mploym en t of oth er tha n th e ordi n ar soap
,

m ate rials com man ded att en tio n ; an d aided by t e i n ,

v est i ga t i on s of ch em ists t h e m an u factu rers grad u ally ,

a dd ed to the ir list of fatty or sapon i fi abl e m atte rs u n ti l , . , ,

at t h e presen t time an y m aterial that will form soap is

,

worked u p i n so m e way or o t her .

Ol i v e oi l as we h ave sho wn form e d t h e basis of con

-
, ,

t i n en t al soaps prior to t h e art bei n g i n trod u c e d in to

En glan d This oil is expressed fro m t h e fru i t of th e oli ve
.

t ree an d co mes i n to t h e m arket i n three differen t con

,

di ti on s : t h e fi n est or vi rgi n sa la d oi l an i n ferior kin d

,
-

obtain ed by greater pressu re of t h e b er ries with t h e ai d of

boili n g water an d a thi rd qu ality obtain ed by boili n g t h e
,

r esid u u m wi t h water I t is t h e latte r variety whic h i s

.

m or e comm o n l y em ploy ed i n soap m aki n g -

.

W h en oli ve oi l is lo we red to t h e temperat u re of

-

3 8 F ahr it be gin s to con cal an d at 20 it s eparat es i n to

°
.
,
°

t wo dis ti n ct s u bstan c e s e a i ne or Ol ei ne whic h is fl u id

, , , ,

a n d marga ri ne a solid p early s u bstan ce M argarin e is

, .

n ot a tr u e chem ical co m po u n d ho we ver bu t is a , ,

m ixt u re of s teari n e an d pal m iti n e Th e proportio n s .

a r e (abo u t ) 72 per c en t e lai n e an d 28 per c en t m ar .

, .

g a ri n e. O liv e oi l is freq u en tly ad u lte rat e d with p oppy

-

a n d oth e r oils Th ese are disti n gu ish ed by n ot con gealin g

.

at t h e sa me t e mp eratu re as oli ve oi l an d also by ret ai n in g -

,
26 TfI E A R T OF S OA P -M A K H VG .

a i r, wh en shakenreadily than p u re ol ive oil I f

u
p m or
, e -
.

5 per c en t of an y oth e r oil be presen t t h e co n solidatio n is

.
,

slo wer an d l ess fi rm bu t i f 1 2 per cen t of foreign oil be

, .

m ixed with it this floats on th e su rfac e for s eve ral days

, .

Oils of poppy sesam e rapese ed or cocoa n u t m ay be

, , ,
-

th u s recogn ised wh en m ixed with oli ve oil -

.

T a l l ow is chiefly ob tain ed from t h e fat of sh eep an d

ox en th e t allow b ei n g first rendered as it is tech n ically
, ,

—
called that is separated fro m th e m embran ou s m atter with
,

which it is associat e d i n th e form of s u et Th e ren derin g .

of tallo w is accom plish e d i n vario u s wa s by first

y re

du ci n g t h e su et to sm all piece s an d th en pa ssin g a cu rr en t ,

of ste a m thro u gh it by m ean s of p erfo ra t ed pipin g or b

y ,

th e m etho d pat en t ed by th e late M r Ch arle s Watt i n .

,

1 8 36 which co n sists i n addi n g to th e fat while i n th e

, ,

steam i n g t u b dilu te su lph u ric acid to whic h a little n itric

, ,

acid is added an d a sm all qu an tity of bichrom ate of pot

,

ash W he n t h e lu m ps of fat are n early dissolved abou t

.
,

on e pou n d of n itric acid dil u te d with on e qu art of wa t e r , ,

is pou red i n to t h e t u b follo wed shortly afte r by abou t , , ,

t wo o u n c es of alcohol t h e whole b ein g briskly stirre d i n

,
.

Wh en th is process was first in trodu ced for th e operation s ,

of t h e tallo w me lte r it was fou n d that can dl es m ade fro m

-
,

t h e tallow th u s treat ed r equ ire d n o stor i ng as it was t erm ed

, , ,
.

I n those days can dl es wer e frequ en tly store d for s ev eral

m on ths b efore b ein g co n sider ed fit for lightin g p u rpos es .

Th e obj ect of th e proc ess was to destroy t h e tissu es su r

ro u n di n g th e fat which steam alon e did n ot accom plish
,
.

”
Lon don or town tallo w is gen erally con side re d th e
, ,

b est m aterial of its kin d bu t R u ssian Sou th A m erican , , ,

an d i n later ye ars A u st ralian tallo ws e n te r t h e m ark e t

, ,

i n large q u an titie s .

F ats or greas es of variou s ki n d s oth e r than t allo w are , ,

al so largely employed i n soap m akin g -

.

L a r d or t h e fa t of hogs is e xte n si v ely u se d esp eci ally

, , ,

by t h e F ren ch i n t h e m an u factu re of soaps A ccordin g

,
.

to U re it is co mposed o f 62 parts of olei n e an d 38 parts of

steari n e i n 1 00 parts an d its fu sin g poi n t is 8 1 F ah r
,
°
.

P a l m oi l which is stated to be u sed m or e ex ten siv ely

o

,
28 TH E A R T OF S OA P -JIA K IN G .

A m o n g t h e other ve ge tabl e fixed oils u sed i n so ap

m ak i n g m ay be men tion ed t h e oils of h empseed, rap e seed ,
cotto seed, poppy, li n seed, se sam u m, col za, b eech n u t, e tc
n - -
.

B eside s t h e ordin ary fats an d oils, cer tain fa tty m atte rs

called grea ses are mu ch u s ed by soap m ak e rs -
.

B on e-gr eas e is s u ppli ed by bo n e boilers, an d fo rm s a -

u s efu l so ap m at e rial for m ottle d soaps .

H or s e-gr e a s e , althou gh n ot an abu n dan t article is ,

ava il able as a so ap m ate rial .

K i t c h e n s t u fl as pr epare d by t h e stu ff m elters is a

'
- -
. ,

ve ry u sefu l m aterial for m ottled soaps an d is largely u se d ,

by t h e L on don soap m ake rs for this pu rpose B ein g t h e

-
.

rod u c e of kitch en waste it con tai n s m an y di f f r t ki ds

p e en n

of fa tty m atte r , bu t a fte r its s eparatio n fro m t h e m ore

solid particles as gristle rin d bon es fibri n et c by pres

, , , , , .
,

s u re i t forms an u n iform fa tty m ass of good con siste n cy

, ,

an d co n tain s a co n siderabl e propor tio n of st ea ri n e which ,

r e n d ers it well su ited to th e m an u fact u re of a c u rd soap

su c h a s t h e L on do n m ottl ed soap .

O l e i n e or T al l ow oi l wh ich has b een sep arate d fro m

,
-
,

tsa rin e by pressu re i n order that th e latter m ay be u s ed

,

alon e for can dle maki n g is a u sefu l m aterial i n com bin a

-
, ,

tion with stron ger fats .

P i s h oi l s are chi efly u s ed i n t h e m an u fact u r e of so ft or

o

potash soaps i n com b i n ation with tal lo w

,
.

R esi n ,or C ol op h on y was first em ployed as a soa p

,

m ate ria l i n En glan d I t is e xt en sively u sed i n t h e m an u

.

fact u re of y ello w soaps t h e p ale or yello w resi n b ei n g pre

, ,

fe rr ed for this p u rpos e Y ello w r e sin gen erally co n t a i n s a

.

lit tl e water which do es n ot exist i n t h e da rker va ri eties

,
.

R e c ov e r e d gr e a s e or Y or k s h i r e fa t is obt a in e d from
, ,

t h e s u ds an d washi n g wa te rs of t h e fu l l i n g m ills I t is of .

a bro wn colo u r of disagreeable odo u r , an d of a sticky

,

con sisten ce Wh en m elted an d a stron g sol u tion of

.
,

fl
'

ca rbon a te o f so da add e d to it e e r v esc en ce t a k e

, s plac e ,

fro m t h e disen gagem en t of c a rbo n ic acid t h e gre as e con ,

sisti n g of s everal fa tty acids which act powe rfu lly u po n ,

t h e ca rbon at ed alkali
’
W h en n eu tralised a n d m ix ed
.
,

Th i s grease often con tai n s oil s whi ch can n ot be sa p on i fi ed.

 M A TER IA L S US E D IN S OA P -M A K IN G . 29

wi t h oth er soaps , th e re covere d greas e is u s efu l i n t h e

m an u factu re of th e ch eap er k i n ds of W i n dsor an d oth e r
sc en ted soaps .

T h e A l k al i e s sed i n th e sapon i fi cat i on of th e variou s

u

fat ty s u bstan c e s em ployed i n soap m an u fac tu re are sod a

a n d pota sh t h e form e r b e in g u s e d i n a c a u stic state i n
, , ,

t h e pr eparation of ba rd soap s an d t h e l a tte r also bein g , ,

cau st i c i sed is u sed for m akin g soft soap s Th e soda

, .

s u ppli ed to soap m akers is an 1 mpu re carbon ate of th a t

-

alkali A s we h a ve said soap was for m erly m ade fro m

.
,

ba r i l l a a cr u d e c arbon a te ofsoda obtain e d by th e c alcin atio n

,

o f c er tain pl a n ts which we r e fo u n d on t h e co a sts ofF ra n c e ,

S pain a n d oth er co u n tri e s ; it was also m a de fro m ke lp

, ,

obtain ed by b u r n i n g a great variety of seaweeds on th e

shores of Scotlan d I relan d B rittan y an d N orm an dy i n
, ,

F ran ce W h en Leblan c ho we ver i n trod u ce d his i n v al u

.
, ,

a bl e proc e ss for co n ve rtin g sea salt first i n to s u l phat e of -

,

soda by treatin g it with su lph u ric acid an d aft erwards ,

i n to carbon ate of soda by calcin in g with fi n e coal an d

chalk th e e mploym e n t of barillas an d k el ps gradu ally
, ,

a n d e v en t u ally e n tire ly c eas e d A n d n ow a fter enjoyin g

,
.
,

a lo n g pe riod of u n bou n ded s u ccess oth er i mproved pro ,

c esses a re fast taki n g t h e pl ac e of Leblan c s process ’

.

F or a l en gthe n e d p e riod a n d in dee d u p to t h e presen t ,

t i m e soap m ak ers we r e acc u sto m e d to p u rchase th eir

,
-

a lka li u n d e r t h e n a m e of soda a sk which u s u ally con tain s ,

a bo u t 5 0 to 5 2 e r c en t of soda t h e e x act p er cen tag e

p .
,

b ein g determ i n e d by p rocesses to be e xplai n ed h erea fter .

S oda ash b eside s othe r i m p u rities u su al l y co n tain s fro m

, ,

2 to 3 per c en t of co mm o n salt . .

C a u s t i c S od a is n ow su ppli e d to soap m ak ers a t a

.
-

reaso n able price con s equ en tly th ey prefe r pu rchasin g this

,

i m portan t article to m akin g the ir own cau stic soda which ,

i n volves n ot on ly c on siderabl e tro u ble an d delay i n its

p rep aratio n bu t also an acc u m u l ation of li m e waste
,
-
,

which is n ot al ways easy to ge t rid of i n large citi e s

a n d to wn s .

Th e a u thor i n conj u n ctio n wi t h M r J B erge r Sp e n c e

, . .
,

ob tai n ed a paten t i n A p ril 1 8 8 2 for makin g ca u stic soda

, , ,
30 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

by t h e decom position of comm on salt by electricity an d ,

by this process it is expected that th e cost of m akin g this

impor tan t article of commerce will be greatly redu ced ,

e v e n beyon d t h e pr esen t extre mely l ow pric es .

P ot a s h previo u sly ren dered cau stic by boi lin g with

,

qu ickl im e an d water is u sed i n th e m an u factu re of soft

,

soaps A m erican potash is ho wever chiefly u se d for this

.
, ,

p u rpose .

S i l i cat e of S oda or S ol u bl e Gl a s s as su pplied to th e

, ,

trade i s i n t h e form of a thick viscid tran slu c en t m ass

, , , ,

which flows ve ry slowly from t h e casks i n which it is store d

a fter t h e h eads or b u n gs have b een r em oved I t is pre .

pared by boilin g gro u n d fli n ts (silica ) i n a stron g sol u tio n

o f cau stic soda Wh en di ssolved i n hot water it form s a
.

sol u tion which u n ites with c ertain kin ds of soap v ery

r eadily form in g a ch eapen ed compou n d readily m arket
,

able ; an d sin ce t h e silicate of soda possesses con siderable

d etergen t propertie s its adm ixtu re with gen u in e or pu re
,

s oap giv es an advan tage to th e con s u m er which few soap

adu lteran ts can boast Th e in trodu ction an d m ethod of .

preparation of this i n terestin g article i n to soap is du e to

M r Sh eridan wh o obtain ed a pat en t for his in ven tio n as
.
,

far back as 1 8 38 Sin c e that p eriod ho we ver m an y o th e r

.
, ,

paten ts have b een obtain ed for t h e m an u factu re an d

e m ploym en t of silicate of sod a all m ore or l e ss bas e d u po n ,

Sh eridan s in ven tion S ilicate of soda (or sol u bl e glass ) i s

’
.

n ow comm on ly m ad e by calcin in g tog e th er i n a r e v er ,

beratory fu rn ac e 9 part s of soda ash of 5 0 per c en t with

,
.

1 1 parts of clean san d or po wdered q u art z for h a rd soaps ; ,

or equ al parts of p earlash (previou sly dri ed) an d san d for

soft soaps th e latter m ixtu re form in g silicate of potash
,
.

Afte r p erfect combin ation of t h e alkali with th e si l icio u s

m att er it is cast i n to m o ul ds an d a fter wards qu en ch ed
, ,

with water I t is n ext gr0 u n d i n a m ill an d th en boiled i n

.
,
—
water con tai n in g al kali potash or soda as t h e ca se m ay ,

be . Th e solu tion th u s obtain e d is e vaporate d u n til it i a

di cat es 5 9 by B au m e s areom eter or h y drom et e r In this
’
.
,

co n ditio n it is ready for m ixin g with so aps bu t th e sol u ble ,

la i ll s pli d to oap m ak rs i t h fo r m of a
g ss s ge n era y u
p e s e n e -
 M A TE R IA L S US ED IN S O P M A K IN G
A -
.
3 1

thick vi scid m ass which they redu ce with hot water to

, ,

an y r eq u ired str en gth .

C h i n a cl a y or K aol i n is som etim es u s ed as an adu l teran t

, .

i n t h e m an u factu re of som e of t h e ch eaper soaps .

S u l p h a t e of S od a or G l a u b e r s S al t is also exten si vely

’
, ,

u s ed i n co mbi n atio n with soaps of t h e ch eap e r ki n d th e

,

m ixt u re prod u ci n g a soap of c on siderabl e h a rdness, while

r edu cin g its percen tage of fat ty materia l .
 C H AP T ER IV .

0 A US TI C L E YS .

Th e L ey T an k s — M eth od of P repari n g th e L e y s
. .

T h e L ey T a n k s large vessels m ade of wrou gh t i ron

a re -

plates riveted togeth er ; i n some fac tori es th ey a re con

str u cted of brick work lin ed wi t h c e men t D u ssa u ce recom .

m en ds large t u n lin ed with sh ee t lead with a p erforat e d ,

fal s e bottom which h e b eli e ves wo u ld be t h e m ost d u rabl e

,

a pparatu s for this p u rpose A cock sho u ld be fi tte d n ear

.

t h e botto m of eac h t u n an d th ro u gh it t h e cl ea r l e y
, ,

coll ectin g i n t h e lower par t of t h e v essel b etween th e

diaphragm an d t h e bottom can be drawn off in to v essels ,

pl aced ben eath N ear th e vat shoul d be a p u m p with its

.

spou t arran ged for a su pply of water .

Th e arran gem en t of l ey tan ks i n a M ars eille s soap work s

is as follo ws
N o 1 is called t h e freslt vat i n to which th e fresh alkal i
.
,

an d lim e are i n trod u c e d ; N o 2 is t e r me d th e a va n ca i re i t

.
,

b ei n g on e step i n advan ce ; N o 3 is t h e sm all a va n ca i re .

,

be in g t wo steps i n advan ce an d th erefore co n tain i n g ,

weaker liqu or an d N o 4 is c alled th e water Vat b ecau s e i t

,
.
,

rec eive s t h e wate r directl y In to N o 3 th e m od erat el y

. .

e xha u st e d or sp en t l eys a re thro wn F ro m No 3 t h e l ey . .

is p um ped i n to No 2 to be stren gth en ed an d i n l ike

.
,

m a nn e r fro m N o 2 to N o 1 . U po n t h e lim e p ast e i n

. .

N o 4 whic h h as been t aken from No 3 wate r is pou red ;

.
,
.
,

t h e l e y th u s obtai n e d is pou red u po n t h e li me p aste of

N o 3 which has been rem ov ed fro m N o 2 N o 3 is
.
,
. . .

t wice lixiviated an d N o 2 o n ce Th e rec eiver u n d er

, . .

N o 1 h as fo u r co m pa rtm en ts ; i n t o N o 1 t h e thi rd l ey
. .
,

an d in to No 4 t h e fo ur th l e w hich is so we ak as t o be
.
y ,
 CA 0 5 77 0 L E YS .
33

u sed for lixi v i ation in stead of water Th e li me v at No 4 . .

,

wh en exhau sted is em ptied ou t of t h e wi n dow n ear wh i ch i t

,

stan ds i n which case t h e water is po u red u pon th e co n ten ts

,

of N o 3 an d t h e we ak e st l e y u po n N o 2
.
, N o 1 is n ow . . .

a va n ca i re to No 4 b ec au s e this has b e com e i n i ts tu rn t h e

.
,

f r e ak vat i n to
, w hich t h e f r e sh soda a n d q u ickli m e a re p u t .

Th e l ey disc h arged fro m N o 3 co m e s i n this case u po n .

N o 2 an d a ft e r b e in g run thro u gh it is thro wn u po n

.
, ,

No 1 . .

In som e large factori es th e l ey tan ks are pl ace d i n a

bu ildi n g apart from t h e soap ery an d fro m th en ce t h e l ey ,

i s pu m p e d i n to tan ks situ ated n ear t h e soap — pa n s a v ery ,

clean ly an d con ven ien t arran gem en t .

M e t h od of P r e p ar i n g t h e L ey s — This o cratio n is th u s .

directed by M essrs C harle s Ten n an t an d o t h e exte n

. .
,

sive alkali m an u fact u r e rs of St Rol l ox G lasgo w : .A layer ,

of fr esh bu rn t lim e say fi ve m easu res of 1 1 2 lbs each

, .
.
,

is to be laid equ all y over t h e bo tto m of t h e vat an d a ,

few gallon s of wat e r to be th ro wn u po n t h e lim e u n til i t ,

b e gin s to slake or fall This layer is th en to be covered .

i m m ediat ely wi th 6 c wt of soda ash t h e n ext laye r with .

,

fo u r m easu re s of li m e slaked as be for e t h e fo u rth laye r ,

with t h e sa m e qu an tity of so da ash t h e fi ft h layer wi th ,

li m e as b efore an d t h e last layer with t h e sam e qu a n tity

,

of alkali .

A ft er stan din g t wo hou rs th e vat is to be st an ch ed by ,

filli n g it with water or weak l ey of a form er vat ; this is to

be don e gradu ally After stan din g abo u t fi ft een or si x
.

teen hou rs t he pl u g is to be gen tl y loo sen ed so as to allo w

, ,

t h e l ey to ru n off or t rickl e cle ar a n d cau stic a fter i n fi l t ra

tion thro u gh t h e b eds of lim e This is called t h e fi rst .

r un n i n s
g A s
. soo n as t h e l e y c e as e s to ru n t h e pl u g is to ,

be tight en ed an d t h e v a t agai n fill ed with wate r an d afte r

, ,

sta n di n g a s u f fi ci en t tim e to be ru n do wn as before,

This .

i s t h e second r u nn i ngs an d work e d to ge th e r with t h e first

,

r u n n in gs i n t h e soap pa n is an excel l en t l ey an d works

-
,

fr eer an d be tte r th a n i f u s ed s epar at ely A fter t h e vat is .

r u n dry it is to be t u rn ed ov e r i n to an oth er v a t cov ere d

, ,

wi th water, an d agai n ru n do wn Th i s l ey i s very weak , .

1)
34 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

an d is seldom worked i n th e soap pan bein g u s ed in stead of

-
,

water to stan ch or fill u p t h e s t ron g or first set vats

,
As .

soda ash is n ot all equ ally solu ble it is som etim es ,

n ec essary to t u rn t h e con te n ts of t h e vat ove r a s eco n d

tim e i n order to ob tain all t h e fr ee alkali bu t exp erien ce

a n d car e are t h e o n ly s u re g u ides Th e r ec e ive rs for t h e
.

l ey a re g en e rally mu ch sm a lle r vats bu t i t is p re ferabl e to ,

have th em of th e same size it be in g a t all ti m e s d esirable

,

to hav e a su ffi ci en t su pply of stron g cau stic l ey .

S ho u ld th e l ey i n t h e co u rse of t h e proc e ss of boili n g

t h e soap clos e as it is t erm ed with t h e m ate ri als a n d
‘ ’
, , ,

n ot s e p a rate a s mal l q u an tity of co m m o n salt thro wn with

,

care i n to t h e boilin g so ap wil l effect a se pa ration ; bu t this

is al ways to be avoided i f possi ble Th e l ey m ay be taken .

o u t of t h e v a t with a p u m p or sypho n A third r un ni n g .

”
m ay be taken fro m t h e first vat to s ta n ch with .

In orde r to asc ertain wh e th e r t h e soda has be en prop erly

an d fu lly c au st i ci sed a few drops of hydrochl oric acid
,

m riatic acid re add e d to a sm all q u a n tity of t h e l e

( u
) a y ,

a n d i f e fi erv escen ce tak es plac e it is a s u r e in dic a tio n t h a t

'

u n cau sti c i se d carbon a t e of soda is pres en t I n this cas e .

t h e l ey m u st be retu rn ed to t h e l i m e again an d again i f ,

n ec e ss ary u n til it is p erfe ctly c a u stic

,
B oili n g t h e lim e .

a n d soda ash is a m e thod fre q u en tly i f n ot g en e rally , ,

a dopt ed an d in d ee d th er e is n o do u bt th a t it is a s u r e r
,

m e thod of ren derin g alkalies ca u stic than by a cold

process .

A sim ple m e thod of asc e rtain i n g i f th ere be an y

carbon ate of soda rem ain in g i n th e l ey is to pou r a little
of t h e l ey in to clear li m e wate r wh en i f t h e m ixt u re
-
,

ass um es a m ilky appearan c e (fro m t h e form a tio n of

carbon ate of lim e ) it i s proof that u n cau sti ci sed carbon ate
of soda is pre s e n t .

In m ak i n g c au stic soda by steam boili n g fi fty pou n d s ,

of fre sh sl ak e d lim e are r e qu ir e d for ea ch on e h u n dred

po u n ds of soda an d abou t t en to t welve parts of water to

,

ea ch part o f soda I t i s u su a l to slake t h e lim e with hot

.

wate r an d wh e n t h e soda a n d li m e with t h e wa t e r have

,

been pu t in to th e tan k or va t t h e st eam i s t u rn ed on an d

,
 C HAP TER V .

M A NUP A OT URE or E A RD s 0 AP S .

Ca sti l e or Ol i v e-oi l S
oap — P u re Ol i v e- oi l
. S oap — Marsei l l es Soap . .

F ren ch M arbl ed S oap — N ot es on M ott l i n g — F ren ch F ormu l as fo r .

S oaps — C omposi t i on of P ur e Ol i ve-oil S oap — L on don mott l ed S oap .

—W h i t e C urd Soap
.

C as t i l e or is con sidered th e typ e of al l

O l i v e-oi l S oa p
hard soaps an d when m ade from pu re ma te rials i s
,

white em olli en t (from emol l i er to so ft en an d is al m os t

,

e n tir ely fr ee fro m odo u r

) ,

It is u n q u est 1on abl y t h e b est

,

k n own soap . Th e co m m ercial article which is also call e d ,

M a rsei l l es soap from its m an u factu re i n F ran c e havi n g

,

been first practised i n that city has a pl easin g mottled or ,

m arbled appearan c e with r ed an d grey v e in s p erm eatin g

its s u bstan ce thro u gho u t a n d which are du e to certain i m
,

p u riti es i n th e alkali or produ c ed artifi cially by th e in tro

,

d u ction of a little s ulpha te of iron (green copp eras ) i n t h e

process of man u factu re which becom es d ecom posed an d
,

con verted in to red oxide (peroxide) o f iron A s form erly .

m ade this soap was exceedin gly h a rd an d brittl e bu t t h e

, ,

i n trodu ction of oth er i n gredien ts as th e oils of h empseed , ,

lin seed an d poppy for e xampl e ren d er th e soap less

, , ,

disagreeably hard while a t t h e sam e ti me redu cin g t h e

,

cost of m an u factu re .

P u r e Ol i v e oi l S oa p or W h i t e C a st i l e S oa p is u sed i n
-
, ,

pharmacy i n th e preparation of lin im en ts plasters an d ,

c erat es an d also i n p i lls I t is m ade from p u re oli ve oil

, .

an d cau stic soda free from colo u re d i m pu riti es .

M a r s e i l l e s S oa p — In t h e m an u fa ctu re of M arse illes

soap for commercial p u rposes great care is e xercised as t o ,

t h e stre n gth of th e leys an d al so t h e proport l on s to be

,

appl ied to a given q u an t ity of olive oil A fter a sen es of .

 M A N UFA C T UR E OF IIA P D S OA P S .
37

c areful experimen ts made at M arseil les it was fo u n d that

, ,

t h e fol lo win g were th e prop er proportion s of cau stic soda

an d oil for m aki n g this kin d of soap Each 1 0 0 lbs . .

of oliv e oil requ ire fi fty fo u r po u n ds of cau stic soda l e -

y i

of 3 6 B a u m e for p erfect sapon i fi ea t i on an d this a m ou n t

°
,

of l e r epres en ts abo u t of solid ca u stic soda

y
th e u tm ost amou n t t h at m u st be applie d to e ach 1 00
lbs of th e oil u sed Si n ce this oil ho wev er varie s i n
. .
, ,

t h e proportio n of solid mat ter (m argari n e) which it c on

tain s t h e stren gth of t h e l ey em pl oyed i n th e first opera
,

tion of boilin g m u st be r egu lated accordin gly .

g i L( o r on e co n tai n i n g a l ow p e rc e n tag e o f solid

l ey is redu c ed by wate r u n til a B au me s hydro
’

i n g i n it m arks 1 0 to 1 1 (degrees ) E a oil co tai i g

° °
g g n n n .n

a m u ch lar er ercen tage of sol i d mat ter (as l ard oil , lard
or oth er sg
,

li fat ) t h e str en gth of l ey sho u ld be abo u t

8 or 9 B
° °
.

— T h e r eq u isit e q u an tity of l e i n th e
zrs o p er a t i on y (
proportion s above given ) is to be first ru n i n to t h e pan ,

fillin g it to th e exten t of abo u t on e third of its c apacity -

.

H eat is th en applied by fi re or st eam as t h e cas e m ay be , ,

a n d wh en t h e liq u or co m e s to a boil lbs of oil are , .

added a t on e tim e with con sta n t stirrin g In a v ery shor t .

time a thick m ass of a pasty co n sisten c e is for med by t h e

r eac tio n of t h e hot cau stic al kali u pon t h e oil I f from .

m iscalcu lat io n or oth er circ u m stan c e an exc ess of oil has

, ,

b een added this excess will show itself u pon t h e su rfac e

, ,

wh en an addi t i on al q u an t i t y of l ey m u st be at o n c e appli ed .

On t h e other han d i f in stead of formin g in to a thickish

, ,

paste t h e m ixtu re is v ery thi n this in di cates an excess of ,

l ey an d m ore oil m u st be added by degrees This additio n

,
.

will of co u rs e som ewhat cool th e m ixtu re bu t t h e t e mp era

, , ,

t u re soon rises again an d t h e m ass again boils with con,

si de rabl e frothin g Th e boilin g m u s t be k ep t u p for

.

e ightee n or t wen ty ho u rs .

D u rin g th e boili n g con siderabl e e vaporatio n tak e s plac e

, ,

wh ereby t h e l ey b eco m es stron g er ; it is th erefor e n ecessary ,

wh en t h e pasty con di tion b ecom es thick to add wea k l ey ,

fro m ti m e to tim e sin c e th e paste is n ot sol u ble i n stro n g

,
 8 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

l ey . P reviou s to th e addition of weak leys howeve r t h e , ,

”
spen t or exhau st ed , l eys are pu mp ed or drawn off Th e
,
.

a dditio n of fre sh l eys is k e pt u p u n til t h e whol e of t h e

fatty m atter is ki l l ed as it is t erm ed (that is n eu tralised)

, , ,

or wh en eve r it is fou n d th at th e l ey has lost its cau sticity ,

which is asc ertain ed by dippi n g t h e tip of t h e fi n ge r i n t h e

l ey an d applyin g it to th e to n g u e Every addition o ffre sh .

l ey is acco mpan i e d by con stan t stirri n g A fte r fou r or fi ve .

chan ges of l ey with con tin u e d boili n g an d stirri n g t h e

, ,

m ass beco m es of an u n i form so apy con sisten c e an d a sm al l ,

portion pressed between th e fi n gers b ecom e s i mm ediately

hard an d flaky .

F requ en tly t h e alk al i fro m which th e leys are m ade

con tain s com m on salt su lph ate of soda an d oth er im p u rities
, , ,

which h av e t h e effect of r e tardin g t h e proc ess of sapon i

fi cat i on by keepin g th e al kali an d fa tty m at ters i n a m or e
or less separated state wh ereas th ey r equ ire to be i n ti
,

m ately associat ed to effe ct a pe rfect ch e m ical u n io n W h en .

i t is fo u n d th erefore th at t h e proc ess is progressin g slo wly

, ,

fro m this cau s e it is c u stom ary to th ro w in to t h e pan a

,

quan tity of soap scraps to aid t h e operation .

W h en th e soap pan s are h eated by fi re it is n ec essary to

-
,

u se e v ery pr e cau tion to pr e v en t t h e b u rn i n g of t h e so a p a t

t h e sid es of t h e pan Sho u ld this occ u r ho we ver th e fi re

.
, ,

m u st be slack en ed an d a sm all qu an tity of s tro n g l ey

,

added with brisk s tirrin g which will par tial ly separat e t h e

, ,

a sty m ass fro m t h e l e brin gin g t h e latte r i n con tact

p y ,

with th e m et al of t h e pan an d th u s pre ven t th e bu rn in g

,

o f t h e s apon ifyin g m atte r .

S econd Op ra ti on
e — Th e oil b ein g n ow com plet ely
n e u tra lis e d with alkali t h e com bi n a t ion i n its pre s en t
,

state also con tain s a large qu an tity of water i n t h e shape

of e xha u ste d or sp e n t l ey To rem ove this m an y su b
.
,

stan ces m ay be em ployed bu t com mon sal t which , ,

an swers t h e p u rpos e adm irably is from its ch eapn ess ,

gen erally em ployed Th e proc ess of separation which is

.
,
”
gen erall y term ed cu ttin g th e p an is effecte d by thro w ,

i n g in to t he p an a co n c en trated solu tion of com mon salt ,

or a fe w shov el fu ls of t h e sam e ea ch porti on b e in g ,

 M A N UF A C T UR E OF H A R D S OA P S .
39

allo wed to dissolv e be fo re t h e n ext is added F or con .

ve i n t h e salt t h e tr u ck sho wn i n F i 1 6 is a v e ry con

y g , g .

v en i en t v e hicl e . Wh en s u ffi cien t salt h as b een thro wn i n ,

t he soap s eparat e s from t h e

l eys (which also hold gl y ce
r i n e i n solu tion ) an d coagu
late s i n flakes or gran u lar
clots Th e soap boiler by
.
-
,

freely u si n g his shovel

by repeatedly dippin g i t
i n to t h e boi l i n g m ass an d
-

observin g its con ditio n

c an t ell i n a m o m en t wh en Fi g 1 6 . .

e n o u g h sal t has b e en adde d .

A t this p eriod t h e l ey r u n s cle ar off th e shovel or tro wel ,

leavin g t h e soap i n se parate d lu m ps u pon i ts su rface By .

co n ti n u ed boili n g th e clots ass u me a gran u lar or grain like -

appearan ce i n which con dition t h e soap is said to be

,
”
boile d to a cu rd .If t h e boi l in g be co n tin u ed too lon g
a fte r th is stag e it wi l l by m a ki n g t h e salt ed leys t oo c on
, ,

c en t ra t ed r en d e r t h e c u rd so st i fl that t h e vapo u rs arisi n g

'

from t h e boilin g of t h e liq u or ben eath will wi t h diffi c u lty

m ake th eir e scap e thro u gh t h e m ass .

W h en th e so ap has assu med th e form of grai n s or c u rds ,

—
it is k n o wn tha t all t h e su pe rab u n dan t water th at 1 s i t s ,

u ncombi n ed water— i s separate d fro m it an d at this sta e

, g
t h e fi re is d ra wn or t h e st e am t u rn ed off as t h e cas e m ay ,

be a n d t h e pan is allo we d to repo se for a few ho u rs to

,

en abl e t h e l eys t o d eposit Whe n su ffi cien t time h as

.

b een al l o wed for this t h e leys are drawn off by m ean s of

t h e cock sit u ate d at t h e lo we r part of t h e p an .

Tki rd Op era t i on — This is termed fi n i shi ng tbc soap ,

by which process i t b ec om es clean sed from salin e or

oth e r i mpu riti es which are still loosely attach ed or
, ,

m echan ical ly m ix ed with it an d at t h e sam e t i me an y

, , ,

portion s of t h e fatty i n gredien ts wh ich may n ot h ave been

t horo u gh ly sapon i fi e d u n dergo p e r fe ct co n v e rsi o n
,
i n to
soap . Thi s i m portan t op eratio n is effected by mean s of a
l ey of su ch s tr en gth that i t c an n ot dissolve t h e m ade
40 H I E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

soap I t m ay be h e re m en tio n e d th a t al tho u gh soap is

.

so l u ble i n v ery weak leys it is absolu t ely i n sol u ble i r ,

stro n g sol u tio n s of cau stic alkali A l l t h e spen t l ey s .

havi n g been drawn off th e soap i t is n ow gen tly boiled ,

with a l ey of t h e stren gth m a rkin g 1 8 or 20 B to ° °

.
,

which 8 or 1 0 per c en t of salt is added Th e qu an tity

. .

of this sali n e l e m fi
u st be j u st s u f ci e n t to coagu l at e or
y
cl ose t h e soap a n d to pre v en t it from adh e rin g to t h e side s
,

of t h e p an . W hile t h e boilin g gen tly proc eeds t h e so ap

is con stan tly stirred Th e l ey i s n ow allowe d to su bsi de
.
,

wh en it is drawn off a s befo re an d fr e sh l ey add ed u n ti l , ,

after a gain boili n g t h e leys retain th eir cau sticity— wh en

,

sapon i fi cat i on is kn o wn to be co m pl et e A t this p eriod .

t h e boili n g beco mes m or e violen t an d frothy an d t h e ,

soap boile r keeps t h e pan fro m boil in g over by con s tan tly
-

u si n g his shove l with which h e scoops u t h soap nd

, p e a

thro ws it ove r t h e boilin g m ass .

A s soon as t h e soap y i elds a n odou r r esem bli n g viol ets ,

an d is scaly wh en p r e ss ed b et ween t h e fi n g e rs witho u t a d

h e rin g to the m t h e fi n ishi n g proc ess is comple te Th e

,
.

ti me occu pied i n this op eration is fro m eight to t e n ho u rs

i n wi n te r an d from t en to fi fteen ho u rs i n su mm er : t h e
,

len gth of tim e h owever depen ds greatly u pon t h e

, ,

qu an tity of m aterial op erated u po n W h en t h e operatio n .

is co m p l e te th e fi re is withdrawn an d th e so ap is allo we d ,

to rest for a few ho u rs aft er which t h e l ey is again ,

drawn off The fi n ish ed soap is white an d fi rm an d c on

.
,

tai n s fro m 1 6 to 25 per cen t of wa t e r W h en t h e l eys . .

are i mp u re con tain in g salts of i ron an d su l ph u r it

, ,

ass u m es a dark shade owin g to particles of m etallic soap

p erm eati n g th e mass W h en this i spt h e case it m u s t be
.
,

again treated with weak l ey an d v e ry gen tly h ea t ed , ,

wh e n t h e dark colou re d soap which is c all e d n iger or

-
,

n igre be in g m or e d en s e than t h e fi n e soap an d n ot sol u bl e

, ,

i n weak l ey s u bside s,
To facilitate th is th e cove r of t h e
.

p an is lo we red an d t h e soap agai n s u f

,
fe re d to re pos e ,

wh en t h e white soap which form s t h e u pp e r stratu m may

, ,

be l adl ed i n to t h e fram e s .

Ti l e fourt/z Op erati on which is t erm ed mottl i ng or , ,

 JI A N UFA C T UR E OF H A RD S OA P S .
4 !

marbli n g, is t h e r esu lt of c ertain reactio n s which occ u r

be tween th e im p u rities of t h e l ey (chiefly i ron , su lph u r,
an d al u m in a ) a n d t h e sapon ac eo u s m att er W h en these
.

i m p u riti es e xist i n con siderabl e qu an tity , th ey give a sl ate

colo u red tin t to t h e soap B y exam i n ation it has b een
.

fo u n d that t h e fatty a cids of t h e soap e xch an g e bas e s

with th e salin e i mp u riti e s, an i n sol u bl e dark colou re d -

a l n mi n oferrngi n ons soap b ein g form ed , which is di f

- fu s ed
throu ghou t t h e m ass, with , also, black su lphu ret of iron .

These b ein g h eld i n s u spen sio n by t h e thick soapy m ass

for m bl u ish v e in s i n t h e white gro u n d, th u s givi n g t h e
soap a m arbl e d app ea ran c e . B y exposu re to t h e a i r, h ow
e ve r, t h e iron sal t s b eco m e oxidis ed , an d acq u ir e a r eddish

h u e from t h e fo rm atio n of peroxid e of iron W hen t h e

.

alkali , from which t h e l eys have b een m ade, co n tain s a

large qu an tity of iron an d su lph u r i mpu rities , t h e soap
b eco m es m ottled withou t an y artifi cial m ean s This b ei n g .

s e ldo m t h e case with th e alkali m an u factu red at t h e pre

s en t day (exc eptin g t h e black ash ) t h e desir ed effect is
prod u ce d by addin g to t h e so ap , a fte r it is fin ish ed or
clarified, an d witho u t separatin g it fro m t h e n iger or n igre,
fo u r ou n c e s of green copperas (s u lphate of iron ) for e ach
1 0 0 lbs of oil i n t h e soap
. Th e i ro n salt is fi rst dis
.

solve d i a weak l e , which is add ed to r en de r t h e paste

y
thi n n ish , an d t h e m ixtu re m u st be cooled gradu ally, so
that t h e colou red soap m ay b ecom e thoro u ghly di ffu sed
throu gh t h e m ass Too m u ch l ey m u st on n o accou n t be
.

added, oth er wise t h e darke r an d h eavie r soap will si n k to

t h e bottom . A gai n , t h e coolin g of t h e soap m u st n ot be
too rapid or th e colou red vei n s will close too m u ch , an d
thu s spoil t h e strike of t h e soap
‘

Th e soap is allowe d to rem ain i n t h e pan to cool a li t tle ,

afte r which it is ladle d in to th e fram es In F ran c e ladl es
.

with p e rforated botto m s are em ployed, so that an y l ey

that m ay rem ain m echan ically m ixed with t h e soap m ay
ru n of.f A fte r e ach fram e is fille d th e soap is well
cr u tch ed to m ake it hom ogen eo u s, an d, i f it be de sired to
a dd wat e r, t h e requ isite qu an tity is well cru tch e d i n
whil e t h e soap is still hot . Th e fra m e s are so meti m es
42 TH E A R T O F S OA P -M A K I N G .

cove red with sacks i n cold weath er so tha t th e soap m ay ,

cool slo wly u pon which mu ch of th e b eau ty of t h e

,

s tri ke or m ottle depen ds .

It has b een asc ertai n ed that three po u n ds of olive oil -

will yield fi ve pou n ds of m arbled M arseill es soap wh ereas ,

t h e sa m e am o u n t of oil will on l y prod u c e fou r po u n ds

fo u r o u n c es of white so ap which prove s th at t h e form er ,

r etain s m ore water i n its compo sition than t h e latter .

F e c
r n h M ar bl e d S oa p
— D u ssa u ce i n his ad mi rabl e ,
”
Treatise on t h e M an u factu re of Soap gives an ela bora te ,

description of t h e man u factu re of m arbled soaps as con ,

d u ete d i n F ran c e fro m which we give t h e follo wi n g

,

e xtra c ts

B esid e s ol ive oil th e earth n u t s esam e lin seed col e

-
,
-
, , ,

se ed an d black garden poppy oils greases ta llo ws e tc

,
-
, , , .
,

a re al so u s e d i n t h e fa bricatio n of m a rbl ed soaps bu t t h e

soap resu ltin g from th ese differen t com bin ation s of oily
a n d fatty m att e rs whil e b ei n g of good q u ality can n ot b e
, ,

compared to those obta in e d by t h e dire ct sapon i fi cati on

of oliv e oil- Th e latt er a re al ways d en ser firm er an d
.
, ,

fi n er .

“
H o wever we m ay r emark that th e m ixt u re of ol iv e
,

oil s with oth er oil s co n tain in g le ss stearin e gives i f n ot , ,

t h e b e st a t leas t t h e fi n es t ki n ds of m arbled soap

, Th ey .

a re also m ore u n ct u o u s an d th e ir c u t is so fte r

, an d
s m ooth er as th ey con tai n less stearate of soda th an thos e
,
—
prepared from olive oil th ey are m ore detersi ve an d
-
,

m o re advan tage o u s for u se .

Th e soda s em ploy ed for th es e soaps are of t wo ki n ds ;

on e , call ed soft soda is t h e m o st alkalin e ; t h e oth er
, ,

c alled sa l ted soda is co mposed of soft soda an d com mo n

,

salt W ell prepare d soft soda o u ght to be free from com

.
-

m on sal t ; it is em ployed to prod u c e t h e p a sti ng i n t h e

fi rst operation Th e sa lted sodas are a m ixtu re of so ft
.

so da an d salt Th e proportion s of salt are from 3 0 to

.

4 0 p er c en t of t h e weight of soda
. Th eir al kalim etric .

degree is fro m 1 8 to 22 p er c en t o f p u re alka li . .

I n c erta in circ u m stan c es salt e d soda can be su bstit u t ed

bv co mm o n s alt ; n ever th el ess i t ou ght to h e r em ark ed ,
44 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G.

off, wh en i ts stren gth is u s u ally from 22 to 25 B F resh ° °

.

wate r is th en added, an d, a fte r m an y ho u rs, is d ra wn

off as before , t h e washi n g bei n g con ti n u e d so lo n g as
”
ca u stic alkal i be presen t .

The preparatio n of salted l ey is i n all r espects sim ilar

to t he p rec edin g, except as r egards i ts form u la, which i s
as follo ws

Cru de soft
da ash at 3 3 to 3 8
-so
° °

sal te d soda at 1 8 t o 20
° °

F resh l i me

The p asti ng operat ion is thu s given — Take

Ol i ve oi l
'
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Ear th -n u t oi l
Bl aCk garden popPY Oi l '
c c c c c c c o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Th e sapon i fi cat i on
is effe cted i n a sh eet iron ket tl e hold -

i n g abo u t gallon s in to which from 1 25 to 1 5 0 ,

”
gallon s of so ft l ey at 1 0 or 1 2 B are po u red ,
° °
.
, .

H eat is appli e d a n d wh en boilin g comm en c es t h e oils

, , ,

a re add ed by degree s with co n stan t stirri n g S oon a fter

, .

t h e oils hav e been adde d an d t h e boili n g again starte d a , ,

violen t agitation takes place with con siderable foami n g .

A t this ti me th e m ixt u re swells u p greatly wh en th e h eat ,

m u st be lo wered or t h e m ass wo u ld i n evitably boil ov e r

, .

A ft e r a whil e t h e fo am in g c eas es an d a p erfectly ho m o ,

n eou s m ass of a d u ll whit e colo u r is forme d T h

g e e .

boilin g is con ti n u ed for fo u r or fi ve hou rs By th e shu l l i .

tion th e m ixtu re of t h e m aterials become s more an d m ore

i n ti mate ; it also acqu ires m ore co n sisten cy an d stren gth
by t h e evaporation of th e water fro m t h e l ey ; th en add
25 to 3 0 gallon s of l ey at 1 5 or 1 8 B with stirri n g for
° °
.
,

abou t t en m i n u tes B oil a few ho u rs an d when t h e m i x

.
, ,

t u re h as acqu ired a thicker con sisten cy add to it on e ,

pou n d of green vitriol (su lphate of iron ) pre viou sly dis ,

solved i n a few qu arts of boilin g water B y this additio n .

th e paste which was of a re ddish whit e ass u mes in stan

, ,

tan eou sl y a g reen ish colo u r t h e in ten si t y of whic h ,

 M A N UF A C T UR E OF H A R D S OA P S .
45

depen ds u pon t h e d egr ee of su lph u ratio n of th e l ey To .

combin e t h e s u lphate of iron with t h e paste t h e m ixtu r e

is well stirred for a few m in u tes ; u n der t h e actio n of t he
soda, t h e iro n is d ecom posed, form in g an oxide of iron .

Th e ch em ical u n io n of this oxide wi t h t h e s u lph u re t of

sodi u m , wh ich a l ways exi sts i n t h e l eys of cr u de soda ,
prod u c es th e colou rin g prin cipl e of th e m arbli n g of t h e
se a1 3 .
1 hord r to
e in tim ate combin ation of th e fatty
e n u e an s r
m atte rs with t h e l ey an d also t o give a good co n sis te n cy
,

to th e paste from 25 to 3 0 gallon s of so ft l ey at 25 B

,
°
.

a re added grad u ally with co n sta n t stirrin g an d t h e boil

, ,

i n g con tin u ed for se ve ral ho u rs Th e pasti n g op eratio n .

,

as it is term ed gen erally occ u pi es abo u t fi fteen ho u rs

, ,

wh en a p er fe ctly n eu tral so ap is obtai n e d .

The sep a ra ti on of t h e soap is th u s con d u ct ed In .

soap factori es t o prod u c e separa tio n they thro w on th e

, ,

soapy m ass by sm all q u an ti t ie s at a tim e lim pid re

, ,

gen erated leys at 25 to 3 0 B W h en th ese leys can n ot

° °
.

be h ad n ew s alted l eys at 20 to can be u s ed or a

°
, , ,

solu tion of salt at 20 B To obtai n 25 gallon s of salt °

.

sol u tion at 20 1 4 ; lbs of sal t are e mployed W h en t h e

°
. .

sapon i fi ca t i on 1 s co m pl et e an d t h e paste has th e r equ ir e d

,

co n sisten c e it is watered with a su fli ci en t q u an tity of ol d

,

an d salte d l e at 25 to To r e n de r t h e actio n of t h e
°
y
l eys m o re thoro u gh u pon all t h e m olec u l es of soap a large ,

bo ard is placed over t h e kettle on which a m an provided , ,

with a h eat er or cr u tch stan ds to stir th e m ass co n tin u ally

, ,

fro m botto m to top i n s u ch a m an n er that t h e l ey brou ght

,

to t h e su rfac e p en etrate s every portion of t h e soap Th e .

paste n ow separates i n to clots or c u rds a n d i f t h e l ey , ,

r u n s off freely from t h e shov el or trowel it is kn o wn that ,

t h e s ep aration is co mpl et e Th e soap is th en allo we d to .

r est wh en t he l ey slo wly s u bsides A fter a few ho u rs t h e

, .

l ey is dra wn off which co n sists of fro m 1 75 to 1 8 8

,

a llo n s o f l e at 1 7 1 8 B This l a f r b i g
° °
g y or ey t e e n .
,

pass ed over an old resi d u u m of s oda exh au sted by wash

i n g wi th wa t e r i s u se d i n t h e op e ra tion o f m o t tl i n g
, .

Th e n ext operatio n i s c alled cocti on (boilin g) by wh i ch ,

46 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

th e co mpl ete combi n ation of th e oils or fatty m atters with

t h e alk a li is en s u r ed It is this op eratio n also which
.
, ,

g i ves hardn ess an d co n sisten cy t o t h e soap i n creas es ,

i t s den sity an d deprives it of all disa greeabl e odo u rs ,

,

b eside s r en derin g it m ore detergen t .

Th e leys u se d i n this op eration are t e rm e d sa l ted l egs ,

b ei n g a m ixt u re of so ft (n ot cau stic ) soda an d a rtific i al

sa l ted sodas ca u st i ci sed by li m e as b e for e de scribe d ; bu t
, ,

b efore t h e application of this l ey t h e soap is treated

wi t h 8 8 gallo n s of col d soft l eg at 20 to 25 B which
° °
.
,

is thoro u ghly well cr u tch ed i n This has t h e effect of .

s ep arati n g t h e soap i n to flakes which float on t h e l ey .

A fte r st i rri n for half a n ho u r th e cove r is lo we re d to

k eep i n th e cat an d i n abou t fou r hou rs after t h e l ey
, , ,

is d rawn off D u ssau c e says : Som e man u factu re rs for

.
“

t h e first s ervic e u se salted l eys bu t i n our j u dgm en t , , ,

so ft leys a re to be preferred In deed there i s alrea dy .

,

i n th e past e a n e xc e ss of salt du e to th e l eys em ployed,

for t h e s eparation an d as too larg e a q u an tity of salt

, ,

i n terferes with t h e u sefu l action of n ew l eys on t h e

m ol ec u le s of soap it is prop er an d ration al to elim in at e
,

it fro m th e paste as m u ch as possible Th e soft leys .

con tribu te to this resu lt This advan tage is n ot t h e

.

o n ly on e th e l eys of coction u sed i n con siderable qu an

, ,

tities i n th e s eparatio n have set free som e fatty m a tte rs

,

i mp erfectly com bin ed ; t h en t h e so ft leys while pu rify ,

i n g t h e past e fro m t h e exc ess of sal t 1 t con tain s de te r ,

m in e th e i n corporation of t h e oily or fatty su bstan ce s

which had n ot been com bin e d be fore an d cou ld n ot be ,
”
i f sa lte d l eys had b een u se d .

Th e above observation s are of con siderable val u e i n ,

a sm u ch as th ey gu ard t h e soap m ak er again st fallin g -

—
i n to a v ery comm o n e rror t h a t of applyin g salt before
sa p on i fi ca t i on is kn own to be co m ple t e .

Th e first appl icatio n of t h e salte d l ey is giv en a ft er

t h e l ey of t h e last op eratio n has b een drawn off F ro m .

1 0 0 to 1 1 5 gallo n s o f salte d l ey at 25 B are p u t in to

°
.
, ,

t h e pan a n d h eat appl i ed with sti rri n g so soo n as boil

,

i n g commen c es .Th e boilin g is to be con ti n ued u n til

 M A N UFA C T UR E OF H A R D S OA P S .
47

t h e l ey c eases to taste cau stic which is gen erally after ,

seven or e ight ho u rs A black foam or fob appears .

on t h e s u rfa c e which o n ly c ea se s wh en t h e m at eri als are

,

comple tely satu rate d wi th alkali Th e h eat is n ow ch ecked .

,

t h e m ass allo we d to r e st for thr ee or fo u r ho u rs a fte r ,

which t h e l ey is dra wn off A secon d do se of 1 1 5 to 1 25 .

gallo n s of salte d l ey is n ow giv en of a stren gth equ al ,

to from 25 to 3 0 B an d t h e boilin g res u m e d an d kept

° °
.
,

u
p for t w e lv e to fi ft e en ho u rs w ith occasio n a l stirri n g , .

A bo u t e ve ry hou r du ri n g t h e fi rst eight or t en ho u rs

, ,

a bo u t 5 g all on s of l e at 28 to are add e d to s u pply

°

y ,

t h e plac e of t h e evaporat e d wa te r an d com pl et e t h e sat u ra

tio n of t h e soap I t is u su ally towards t h e close of this
.

boil that t h e ope ration is complete t h e foam h a vin g dis ,

a pp eare d an d t h e soap is n ow sti f

,
f clean an d dry an d , , ,

fu rro wed by deep chan n els Th e l ey thou gh colo u r ed is

.
, ,

clear an d sho ul d be slightly cau stic to t h e taste I f th es e

, .

co n dition s are n ot fu lfi lled t h e l ey m u s t be drawn off after ,

repose for t wo ho u rs an d 75 gallon s of salted l ey at 28

,
°

or 3 0 B added with fu rth er boilin g for seven or eight

°
.
,

hou rs .

—
M ottl i ng Th e n e xt an d last op eration is term ed mottl i ng .

Th e soap havin g r e sted for an ho u r or t wo t h e last l ey is ,

drawn off an d a pu re l ey at 1 2 to 1 5 B is sprin kle d

° °
.
, , ,

over t h e s u rfac e of t h e soap with con tin u al stirrin g which ,

thu s b ecom e s of a som ewhat softer con sisten ce A weaker .

,

p u re l ey a t 8 to 1 0 B is th en adde d an d well stirred i n

,
° °
.
, ,

wh en t h e soap which u p to this tim e was i n hard gran u

, ,

l ar an d c u rd like l u m ps b ecom es so fter t h e grain s of

,
-
, ,

soap b ei n g m ore plastic an d v iscid Th e operation is n ow .

fi n ish ed by boilin g with leys at 5 or 6 B which are ° °

.
,

grad u ally i n trodu c ed oth erwise th e weaker l ey wo u ld

,

spoil t h e adh esiven ess of t h e soap W h en t h e so ap floats .

on t h e l e i la rg e flak es of a gre en ish colo u r it is kn o wn

y n

that it is ready for t h e fram es .

I f t h e con dition of t h e soap with t h e above treatm en t , ,

is defective it arises fro m on e of t wo cau ses 1 Th e

, . .

additio n of t h e cold leys has coole d t h e so ap too m u ch ;

or 2 t h e soap con tain s an exce ss of sali n e m atters In
, , .
43 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN t ?.

the fi rst cas e th e soap m u st be h eat ed gen tly, an d wh en

t h e l ey is s u ffi cien tly warm , stir well u n til t h e prope r con .

sist en c e is obtain ed I n t h e secon d case, ru n off t h e ley s,

.

an d add fre sh pu re l e y a t 1 0 to 1 2 B , with gen tle boili n g

° °
.

an d stirri n g .

B efore pu ttin g t h e m arbl ed so ap i n to fram es , i t is u su al

to first place a l i t tle wa rm l ey at t h e botto m of each fram e,
to preven t t h e soap from adh e rin g t o it some tim es, also , a
pi ece of can vas is la id ov er t h e botto m of t h e frame with
t h e sam e obj ect . When properly boiled, t h e soap is i n
t h e for m of hard an d s eparate grai n s , t h e en tir e m a ss
h avi n g a bl u ish black colo u r, t h e i n ten sity of whi ch
-

dep en ds u pon t h e qu an tity of m e ta llic so aps p res en t i n

t h e m ass , a n d which are du e to t h e salts of al u m i n a a n d
iron con tai n ed i n t h e l ey These m etallic soaps, du ri n g
.

t h e coolin g of t h e m a ss, s eparate fro m t h e white soap

( w hich for m s t h e
g ro u n d or bas e
) i n irr e g u lar v ein s of

varied colo u r, an d thu s a m arbled appearan c e is obtai n ed,

t h e b ea u ty of which d ep en ds g reatly u pon t h e skil fu l
m an ipu latio n of t h e m ottl er , o : work m an wh o su peri n
te n ds this part of t h e ope ration I t is an i m portan t p oi n t
.

to r un t h e soap i n to t h e fram es wh en th e prop er co n ditio n

for good m ottlin g has be en attai n ed .

N ot e s o M ot t
n l i n g — Th e stro n gest l ey is first i n tro
d uc ed, then t h e m edi u m , an d lastly t h e weak est .

Th e pri n cipal poin ts to be obse rved i n m ot tl i n g are

1 Th e i n trodu ctio n of weak leys i n to t h e paste ; 2 Th e
. .

a pplicatio n of g en tl e h eat t o k ee p t h e m ass i n a fl u id

s t ate ; an d, 3 C o n tin u al stirrin g

. .

Th e preca u tion s to be obs erve d are : 1 N ot to add m or e .

l eys than are n ecessary , so th a t t h e h ea vi er m e tallic soaps

hich h colo u rin g pri n ciple s of t h e m ottlin g ) m a
( w a re t e y
be thoro u gh ly dissem i n at ed thro u gh t h e m ass of white
so ap, a n d u lt i m a tely prod u c e t h e m arbled vein s which are
chara cteristic of t h e so ap 2 Th e t em perat u re of t h e
. .

soap m u s t n ot be too high 3 If too m u ch weak l ey h as

. .

b een applied, this , by thin n i n g t h e m ix tu re, will c a u se

t h e h ea v i e r me t allic so a ps to si n k i n to t h e l eys , an d t h e
soap wi ll be whi te i n stead of bei n g marbl ed 4 If t h e
. .
 M A N UFA C T UR E OF H A R D S OA P S .
49

l eys be too stron g , t h e m etallic

soaps will n ot separate
prop erly an d th e en tire m ass will con tai n less than its
,

fu ll proportio n of water thereby en tailin g a loss to th e

,

m an u fact u rer .

A l l circ u m stan ces b ei n g fa vo u rabl e t h e follo win g cha ,

r a ct e ri s t i c s will pres en t th e m s elv e s : t h e fl a ke s of soap

a re separate d fro m eac h oth er an d float on t h e l e th y

,y ; e

a re so ft a n d b u lky of a fi n e gr ee n colo u r a n d of a vi scid

, ,

co n sisten ce Wh en ready for t h e frames t h e grain s are

.
,

plian t an d elastic an d have a tremu lo u s an d gelatin ou s

,

appearan ce . Th e soap m u st n ot be pu t i n to t h e frame s

u n til it has cool e d do wn a littl e
,
t h e prop er t em p e rat u re

bein g b etween 1 5 8 an d °

F r e n c h F or m u l a for S oa p s — Th e followi n g form u l ae

represen t som e of t h e fatt y com bin ation s u sed i n di fferen t
localities i n F ran c e i n t h e m an u factu re of soap

O v e Oi l
'
o o o o o o o o o o o o o c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o o o o o o

This prod u ces a white, odou rl ess soap .

Bl each ed pal m-oi l .

Oi l of sesame

P rodu c es a v ery hard soap of good qu ality bu t n ot so

, ,

white as th e abov e . I t t u rn s sl i ghtl y y ellow by keepi n g .

This is con smered to form a v e ry good soap , an d s u perior

E
50 THE A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

to th at of M arseilles bu t u n fort un ately it h as a fai n t

,

sm ell of tallo w which restricts i ts u se i n domestic

,
”
eco n omy .l
()

Th is formu la m ak es a good wh ite soap bu t th e presen c e ,

of cocoa n u t oil gives t h e soap a disagreeable odo u r

-
,

althou gh it im proves its l ath eri n g prop ertie s .

T h e C om p os i t i on of P u r e Ol i v e oi l S oa p accordi n g to -
,

Ure s an alysis is
’
,

8 0 d3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0

F att y aci ds (ol ei c an d mar gari c) .

W ater an d 0 0 10 111211 8 matter 0 .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Engl i sh i mi ta ti on .

SOda O
O O O O O O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F at ty matt ers
W at er, wi th a l i ttl e col ou ri n g matter

1 00 0

Th e ordin ary c omm erci al M a rseill es soap con tai n s fro m

62 to 65 per c en t of fatty ac ids . .

L on d on M ot t l e d S oa p i s gen erally m ade from m elte d

kitch en stu ff, bon e grease, ch eap tallo w, an d a n y i n ferior
fatty m atte r th at will prove servic eabl e The l eys are .

m ade from cru de soda ash , te rm ed bl a ck a sk, t h e i m pu riti e s

”
i n which giv e t h e m ottl ed or m a rbl e d st rike , for which
”
this vari ety of soap is fam ed Th e goods, as th e fat ty .

m at erials are called , are fi rst pu t i n to t h e p an , wh en t h e

first dose of l ey , at sp gr 1 0 5 0, is ru n i n , a fter which . .

t h e fi re is m ade u p b en e ath t h e p an , an d t h e m at eri als

b ro u ght t o a steady boil To assist t h e com bin atio n of .

t h e fatty su b stan c es with th e l ey , a workm an c o n stan tly

5: TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

of m ore stron g l ey u n til afte r lon g boi li n g t h e co mpo u n d

, , ,

h as acq u ired a stro n g alkali n e taste C o mm on salt i s .

n ow again adde d to se parate t h e soap as b efore from t h e

l ey an d t h e boili n g co n ti n u ed for some hou rs i n con t act

,

with t h e cau stic l ey so as to en su re th e p erfe ct sapon i fi

,

catio n of every atom of fatty m aterial .

Soda which con tai n s s u lph u re ts (as th e so called bl a ck -

ash ) is preferred for m aki n g m ottled soaps for r easo n s ,

which hav e b een already expl ain ed M ott l i n g is com .

m on l y practised i n so m e Lon do n soap works by in t rod u ci n g -

i n to t h e n early fi n ish ed soap a certai n q u an tity of stro n g

cr u d e soda l ey thro u gh t h e rose spo u t of a waterin g can -
.

Th e den se s u lph ur etted liqu or i n passin g thro u gh t h e

,

pasty m ass an d l ey gives it a m arbled app earan ce Som e

, .

tim es a smal l qu an tity of a solu tion of P r ussian bl u e is

u s ed for this p u rpos e .

W h en cru de sodas howeve r are u sed i n t h e m an u fac

, ,

tu re of m ottled soap t h e m ottlin g is effected towards t h e

, ,

close of t h e op eration by a m ere m echan ical m ixtu re of

,

t h e dark colou red l ey with t h e soap

- I t is effect e d i n th is
.

way t h e workman breaks t h e paste i n all direction s wit h

his rak e after which h e holds it perp en dic u larly till i t
,

r each es t h e l ey wh en h e raises it vertically with a j erk

, ,

m aki n g it act like t h e pisto n of a p u mp by d oin g which ,

h e l i ft s som e of t h e l ey an d spreads it ov e r t h e s u rfa c e

of t h e p aste . In its su bsequ en t descen t thro u gh t h e
n u m e rou s fi ss u re s an d chan n els of t h e soap , on its wa t
y o
t h e bottom of t h e pan t h e dark colo u r ed l ey i m pre gn at e s
,
-

t h e soapy particl es i n vario u s form s an d de grees th ere by ,

produ cin g vein s or m arkin gs which wh en t h e soap is ,

afterwards cooled give it th e desired m arble l ike app ear

,
-

an ce This operation has al so t h e ad van tage of cooli n g

.

t h e soap i n som e d egree which is n ec essary b efor e i t i s

,
”
u t i n to t h e fra m e s or t h e strik e or m ottli n g wo u ld
p , , ,

n ot be p erfect o wi n g to t h e su p erior d en sity of t h e dark

,

article s which fo rm t h e colou re d v ei n s of t h e soap

p .

W h en m ottled soap is ready for fram in g i t is i n t h e ,

for m of a thick gela t in o u s m a ss i n t ersp ers ed with l eys

, , ,

an d i n this co n di t io n i t is l adle d ou t i n to l ar ge pail s an d

 M A N UFA C T UR E OF H A R D s oa p s .
53

ut i n to fram es which are pr e ferabl m ad f wood si c

p , y e o n e ,

t h is m aterial retain s t h e heat lon ger th an iron fram es an d ,

by t h e m ore radu al coolin g a fin er m arble d app earan ce

is obtain ed h en m ottled soap is m ou lded i n cast i ro n
.
-

fram es t h e en ds of t h e bars a re liabl e (fro m rapidity of

,

cooli n g at th e side s of t h e frame s) to have a pl ain whi tish

app earan c e i n st e a d of b e in g m arbl ed
, .

W hi t e C a r d S oa p — Th e fin est q u ality of this soap is

m ade from pu re tallo w ren dered as b e fore stat ed fro m t h e
, , ,
”
s u e t of ox en an d sh eep En glish or to wn tallow a s th e.
, ,

Lon don tallow m elters call i t i n con tradistin ction to t h e ,

produ cts i m ported from R u ssia an d oth er foreign cou n tries ,

was gen erally preferre d u n til t h e i n trod u ctio n of A m erican
a n d A u stralian t allo ws which b ei n g of good q u ality are
, , ,

e qu ally s ervic eable i n th e m an u factu re of this soap .

B eside s tallo w ho we ver oth e r m ate rials as lard bleach e d

, , , ,

pal m oil olive oil or m ixtu re s of th ese i n v aryi n g p ropor

-
,
-
,

t io n s a re u sed i n m a ki n g c u rd soap
, .

To prod u ce on e t on of cu rd soap from 1 0 to 1 4 c wt of ,

.

ta llo w or olive oil are requ ired Th e process of sapon i fi

-
.

cation is t h e same as for m ottled soap e xceptin g th a t th e ,

removal of all colou ri n g m atter an d i m pu riti es of t h e l ey

m u st be effect ed by boilin g t h e soap rep eatedly with fresh
l eys afte r t h e rem oval of each previo u s dos e of l ey or by ,

thin n in g t h e soap with a sm all qu an tity of l ey with gen tle

boilin g an d th en coverin g t h e pan an d allo win g t h e soap
,

to repose for s everal hou rs to allo w t h e leys to s u bside , .

By th u s washin g (as we m ay say ) t h e soap W i th l ey all t h e ,

da rk colou re d i m pu rities are rem oved an d s u bside with

-
,

t h e l eys l e avi n g t h e soap cl ean an d wh en cold white

, , , ,
.

When fi n ished t h e c u rd is ladl e d ou t of th e pan an d pu t

,

i n to t h e fram es which sho u ld be covere d with can vas or

, ,

clean em pty sacks so that th e soap m ay r e tain its heat

, ,

a n d th ere by e n abl e i t to clos e prop erly .

Th e follo wi n g is t h e F r en ch syste m of m akin g t all ow

c u rd or gra in ed soap : to tran sform l bs of tallo w .

i n to g rain or c u r d soap 4 00 l bs of p otash h a ve t o be tak e n

, . .

Th e tal lo w is pl ace d i n t h e k ettl e (pan ) a bou t 40 0 lbs of , .

l ey of 1 0 B added an d t h e fi re kin dle d

°
.
,I n a short ti me .
54 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K I N G .

fro m t h e co mm en c em en t of th e boilin g, th e fi re is k ept

well u p, bu t afte rwards it sho u ld be m ode rat ed A fte r t h e
.

u s u al frothin g, it shou ld be asc ertain e d wh e th e r t h e fat

has combin ed with t h e l ey This is k n o wn by t h e yellow

.

bro wn m ass, which , u n de r gradu al u ph eavin g, con tin u es

qu ietly to boil What adheres to t h e spatu la , wh en dipp ed
.

i n to th e m ass an d withdra wn , has a gelati n o u s, greyish

white appearan ce, wi tho u t s eparation of l ey .When t h e
l ey an d fat are n ot com bi n ed , t h e m ixt u r e m ove s i n th e
k ettl e t o an d fro withou t risin g u p ward, e xc ept n ow a n d
th en , i n isolat ed spots, with a boom in g n oise Wh en th e .

co mbin ation is complete, th er e are added, at short in tervals ,

an d i n fo u r or fi ve portio n s , abo u t lbs of l ey at 1 6 °
.

to 1 7 B Th e boilin g n ow b ecom es den se an d lan g u id,

°
.

a n d t h e m ass appears of yellowish bro wn , an d ru n s off

a -

t h e spatul a i n coh e siv e, lo n g, tran sl u c en t stri n gs , an d t h e

soap boils to a past e I f so m e of t h e soap be dropp ed on
.

glass, an d t he sample, whil e still hot, do es n ot appear per .

fe ctl y cl ear, l ey is still wan ti n g . A sm all qu an tity of l ey

shou ld n ow be added, u n til t h e soap , while hot, app ears
p erfectly clear Wh en this period is r each ed, th e c u ttin g
.
“

of t h e pan b egin s .

Th e salt has h er e a do u bl e p u rpose to fu lfil I t m u st

.

tran sform t h e potash in to a soda so ap , an d also separate

its gly cerin e, su lph u rou s liqu or, l ey , an d im pu rities Th e .

fu ll q u an tity of salt r equ ire d for this pu rpos e is n ot

”
appli e d at o n c e, b u t a r ep eat ed
“
s altin g ou t shou ld be
”
given A fter each salti n g ou t , t h e u n der l ey is sepa
.

rate d fro m t h e so ap , an d t h e latter brou ght i n con tact

with water an d sal t B y boilin g tallo w an d pot ash , wh e n
.

th e m aterials are n ot v ery pu re, t h e saltin g ou t is

u su ally p e rform e d i n thre e op era t io n s . Th e l ey is n ow
rem oved fro m th e soap i n t h e u su al way Th e salt is .

eith e r thrown in to t h e so a p i n t h e dry st at e , or i n sol u tion

of abo u t 20 B
°
. W h en t h e m ass t u rn s white, an d ebu ll i
tio n occ u rs all over th e pan i n p atch es, t h e soap risin g
with co n side rabl e v i go u r , it is kn o wn th a t s u ffi ci en t s alt
h as b een adde d . Th e fro th i n g n ow di sap pea rs Th e
.

b oili n g i s co n tin u ed for a n ho u r lon ger, an d t h e n st opped

 M A N UFA C TUR E OF H A R D 55

by e xtin gu ishin g t h e fi re so as to allo w an y i mpu riti es ,

still i n t he m ass to settle .

W h en t h e l ey has b een rem ov ed from th e pan 700 lbs , .

or 8 00 lbs of water with 70 lbs or 8 0 lbs of salt dissolve d

.
, . .

i n it are n ow added an d t h e m ass again brou ght to

, ,

a boil A fter boilin g u p it sho u ld be exam in ed to see

.
,

that t h e c u ttin g of t h e pan has been properly efi ected

'

Th e boilin g is then con tin u ed for som e tim e after whic h ,

t h e m ass is allo wed to r epos e as b efore an d t h e salin e l ey ,

again drawn off A lthou gh th e secon d liqu or an d bo i lin g

.

have g e harden ed t h e soap y et this is n ot s u ffi cien t ; ,

th ereforreatly
a third boilin g with 5 0 lbs to 60 lbs of sal t , . .

dissolv ed i n 700 lbs to 8 00 lbs of water is m ade by . .

, ,

which t h e hardn ess of t h e soap is perfec ted A s soo n a s .

it boil s an d froths u p t h e soap mu st be a s i n exam in ed

to ascertain i f t h e p roportion s of salt an d Icy h av e b een
,

s u ffi cien t If en ou gh sal t has n ot b een added, froth

.

app ears on th e su rface of th e boilin g soap an d th e latte r ,

b u rn s readily In this case m ore salt m u st be added

.
,

u n til it boils u i n re gu lar l u mps of soap If t oo mu ch

p .

salt be presen t t h e soap appears u pon th e spatu l a [trowel]

,

i n a separa te d form t h e l ey ru n n i n g off an d littl e gu tte rs

, ,

formed Th i s fau l t is rem edied by addin g a few b u ckets

‘
.

of wat er If a little portio n of t h e soap be press ed by

.

t h e th u mb i n t h e pal m of t h e han d i t harden s im m e ,

di a tel y ; an d i f on r u bbin g it t h e sample retai n s a coh e sive

, ,

character it p ossesses th e req u ired fi rm n ess an d i s solid ;

, ,

i f on t h e oth e r han d it cr u mbles m ore wate r m u st be

, , ,

added an d i f th e sample spreads or smears a fresh l ey of

, ,

s alt of 1 5 B must be added u n til the proper con dition i s

°
.

r eached .

Th e op eration of cle ar boi l i n an d fi tti n g i s n ex t pu r

su ed t o p erform which on e h a of t h e kettle is covere d
,
-

with wooden plan ks an d a m an fu rn ish ed with a stirre r , ,

or heat er b eats do wn th e m ass so that it doe s n ot ru n

, ,

over B y this Operation t h e soap particles are drawn

.

m ore closely to geth e r i n to glob u lar grain s Th ese grain s .

si n k an d on t h e s u rface of t h e k e ttle app ears a white

,

fl aky froth To pre ven t t h e fal l i n g of t h e m ass great

.
,
56 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K I N G .

h eat is n ow n eeded Th e fi re is briskly kep t u p an d th e

.
,

e n t ire k e ttl e cove r e d with pla n ks an d cloths Th e soap .

n ow boils u w ith co n siderable frothin g d to pr v t

p a n e en ,

it fro m r u n n in g ov er on e of t h e plan ks i s rem oved an d

, ,

t h e foa m is bea t en with a lo n g iro n rod u n til it s u bsides .

Th e k ettle is ag a in closely co ver ed an d t h e boili n g re ,

s u m ed t h e preven tio n of overflo w bei n g agai n reg ulated

,

as befo re .

Th e violen c e of t h e eb u ll i tion grad u ally di m in ish es bu t ,

i n its st e ad a whistli n g n oi se is p e rc e ived i n t h e k e ttle .

On e of t h e plan ks is r e m ov ed fro m tim e to tim e an d t h e ,

soap exam i n ed ; wh en i f large an d p erfectly tra n sl u cen t

,

b u bbles rise u p t h e soap is fi n ish ed an d t h e fi re is th ere

, ,

fore ex ti n gu ish ed Th e wood en plan ks a re n ext rem oved

.

to allo w t h e soap to cool an d a fe w b u ckets of soap l ey ,

a re pou re d i n to t h e k ettl e Th e soap is n ow r eady to be

.

u t i n to t h e fram es an d car e is taken that as littl e l e as

p , y
p ossible en ters th e fram es .

B oilin g with so da l ey presen ts this advan tage that t h e ,

soap m ay be fi n ish ed i n on e water Th e first l ey is applied .

at t h e stren gth of 1 0 to 1 2 B Th e whol e of t h e fa t is

° °
.

plac ed i n t h e k ettle with on e fou rth of th e l ey requ isite

,
-

for sapon i fi cat i on , an d t h e boilin g carrie d on as u su al .

A fte r boilin g u p t h e m ixt u re is e xam in e d t o asc e rta in i f

,

t h e prop er com bin ation has tak en plac e i n which ca se ,

fu rth e r additi on of l ey at 1 6 to 1 8 B i s added Th e ° °

. .
, ,

addi tio n of this l ey is co n tin u ed u n til a sam pl e pl ac ed on

a piec e of glass app ears perfectly clear Th e c u ttin g of .

t h e pan follo ws which rem ov es t h e glyc eri n e l iberat ed , an d

,

th e s u rplu s wat e r I n this case m u ch l ess salt is r eq u ired

.

than wh en boili n g with potash l ey F or each 1 0 0 lbs of . .

fa t 1 0 l bs to 1 2 lbs of salt are re qu ired

. . Th e sal t may .

be appli ed i n t h e dry state or i n sol u tion as preferred , .

Th e rem ain i n g op eratio n s a re co n duc te d as before de

sc rib ed .

Sod a soaps m ade by this process hav e som e advan tages ,

pri n cip ally becau se it is i m possible t o r em ov e al l th e

p otash ; b esides which th ey are gen erally very n e u t ra l
,

an d pl a stic — D ussa uce

. .
 III A N UF A C T UR E OF H A R D S OA PS
'
.

57

I t was form erly th e practice i n En glan d to m ake tal lo w

soap with potas h l eys , as a bov e describ e d, an d t h e so ft
so ap th u s produ ce d was con ve rted i n to h ard soap by
addition s of sal t i n s u ffi cien t qu an tity to fu rn ish th e
p roper proportion s of soda by th e r eaction of t h e po tash
with t h e n e u tral salt
. Th e high pric e of potash an d a
,

great r ed u ction i n th e cost of soda h oweve r, ca u sed t h i s

,

s st e m to be ab a n d on e d i n t h is co u n t ry
y .
 C H AP TER VI .

M A N UF A CT URE OF H A RD S GA P S

Yel l ow Resi n Soaps — C on ti n en tal M eth od —D unn s Process

’
or . . .

M e i n i ek e s Process
’
.

Y e l l ow or R e si n 8 0 ap s .
— A lthou gh
resin is freely sol u ble
.

i n alkalin e leys it is n ot capabl e of bein g con verte d i n t o

,

soap proper by itself When m ixed with fatty m atters i n

.

variou s proportion s ho weve r it forms a series of soaps

, ,

poss essin g high detergen t po we r an d exceedin gly em ol ,

lien t an d agreeable i n u se A well made resi n so ap is n o .

-

do u bt th e m ost pleasa n t of all soaps for washin g t h e ski n .

P oss essi n g n o body of its el f t h e s mallest proportio n of ,

soun d tallo w which it requ ire s to m ake a hard soap is an

eq u al part I t is seldo m ho weve r that so large a pro
.
, ,

portion of resin is u s ed i n soap Th e p ec u liar odou r of .

r esin is greatly disgu ised by its combin ation with fa tty

m atters an d it has b een state d that ran cid tallo w disgu ise s
,

t h e odou r of resin i n soap m ore than an y oth er de scription

of fat or oil exc ept cocoa n u t oil we m ight add which
,
-
, ,

gives an odo u r to soap that even t h e m os t po werfu l per

fu m es overcome bu t for a ti me an d wh en th ey have ,

e vaporate d t h e ran k an d fro wsy s mell of t h e cocoa n u t

,
-

oil remain s .

Si n c e resin will n ot m ake a soap of itsel f wh en treate d ,

with cau stic l eys it is u s u ally i n trod u c ed in to th e so ap pan s

,
-

wh en t h e o th er goo ds or fa tty m atte rs have u n de rgon e t h e

, ,

roc e ss of sa on i fi ca t i on I n d eed i f t h e r e sin we r e ut

p p .
p ,

i n to t h e an w ith th firs t ch a rge of m at erials t h e c au stic

p e ,

l ey wou ld s ei ze it at on c e an d di ssolve it an d th u s pre ven t ,

th e l e v fro m p erform in g its prop er fu n c tion — tha t of

60 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

size , an d in
order to di min i sh its weight wh en full ofsoap , ,

i t i s ra is ed by m ea n s of a rope ru n n i n g i n a p u lley by a
secon d m an while t h e fi rst holds t h e han dle of t h e ladle
, ,

dips it in to th e soap an d gu ides it to th e pail which is ,

rested u pon th e edge of t h e pan an d is carried wh en fu ll ,

to t h e soap frames To haste n th e operatio n of filli n g t h e

.

fra mes s eve ral men each carryi n g his o wn pail are
, , ,

u s u ally occ u pi ed wh en a
“
cl ean se as it is t erm ed is , ,

goin g on In larger factories wh ere t h e application of

.
,

st ea m is e xten siv e t h e fi n ish e d soap is p u mp ed ou t of t h e

,

copp ers i n to wrou ght iro n pots (F i g 8 ) r u n n in g on -

.

wh eels , an d which are also u sed for cru tchin g i n liqu or of

“

vario u s kin ds ; th ese pots bein g wheeled u p to th e fram es , ,

a re e m pt ie d i n to th em or t h e so ap is p u m p e d i n to iron or ,

wooden shoots on e en d of which is sl un g on to t h e p u m p

, ,

while t h e oth er rests on t h e u p p er ed ge of t h e soap

fra m e an d wh en th e fram e is fu ll th e shoot is shi ft ed
, ,

to th e n ext an d so on , .

C l ea n si ng — W h en clean sin g y ello w soaps gr eat c are

.
'

i s n ecessary to avoid r emovi n g with th e fi n er soap t h e , ,

dark colo u red co mpou n d called n iger which form s a

-
,

stratu m between th e leys an d t h e pale soap This dark .

brown soap derives its colou r from t h e re sin an d i mpu ritie s

i n t h e l ey an d altho u gh it possesses all t h e characte ristics
,

o f a good soap is u n salable by i tself as a comm ercial

,

article an d shou ld th erefore be worked u p with oth e r

,

lighter goods i n th e m aki n g of ch eaper so ap s .

A n o th er form u la for y ello w soap is th e follo wi n g

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 2, 000 1b8 .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 600

Th ese bein g pu t in to th e pan from 1 5 0 to 1 75 gallon s ,

of soda l e at 1 0 to 20 B a re ru n i n an d t h e stea m t u rn ed
° °
y .
,

on . When th e materials are m elted th e pan is bro u ght ,

to a boil con stan t stirrin g bein g applie d to pre ven t t h e

,

resi n from adheri n g to t h e bottom a n d sides of t h e pan .

Wh en t h e m ass s wells u p e xce ssively t h e h eat m u st be ,

c h eck ed Th e boilin g is con tin u ed for o n ly abo u t t wo or

.

thr ee ho u rs o wi n g to t h e rapidi ty with which t h e com bi n a

,
 M A N UFA C T UR E OF H A R D S OA P S . 6!

tio n of th e materials an d th e alkali is effected Th e s t ea m .

be in g n ow t u rn ed off t h e m ass is allowed to rest for abo u t

,

six ho u rs when t h e spen t l ey is dra wn off an d fresh l ey is

,

then added an d th e boil in g r esu m ed an d con tin u ed for

,

abou t three hou rs Afte r repose for si x hou rs t h e l ey is

.
,

agai n drawn off an d fre sh l ey ru n in t o t h e pan Th e

, .

v ariou s boil in gs with fresh l eys are con tin u ed daily u n til
t h e soap has acqu ired t h e proper co n sis ten c e which is asce r ,

t ai n ed by t h e soap boil e r p re ssin g a sam ple pr evio u sly

-

cooled be tween his fi n er an d th u m b I f t h e soap di vide s .

in to hard flakes it is n i sh ed or n early so ; bu t i f greasy

, , ,

sticky an d soft it requ ires fu rth er boili n g with fresh l ey

, , .

I f t h e soap sam pl e is sa tis factory boil bri skly for a shor t ,

time an d then tu rn off t h e steam an d thro w i n a fe w

, ,

pails of cold water Afte r abo u t t wo hou rs th e l ey is to

.
,

be drawn off a s b efore This b ein g don e six or eight pails

.
,

of wate r are added an d well stirred i n an d t h e boili n g ,

briskly pu rsu ed I f from sam ples taken from t h e p aste

.

t h e l ey r u n s off cl ear more wate r is to be added an d t h e

, ,

boilin g con tin u ed If it do es n ot separate from th e l ey an

.
,

e xc e ss of w ate r is pr e s en t an d a s mall q u a n tity—,abo u t

—
hal f a pailfu l of stron g bri n e m u st be added .

'

—
F i ni s/zzng On e of t h e m ost importan t an d delicate
.

parts of th e ope ration is that offi n i shi ng t h e sea Wh en

t h e soap has be en rop erl y fi tted as above it wi l cli n g to , ,

t h e shov e l or tro we an d have a gelati n o u s textu re This .

bein g t h e case th e soap is prope rly fi n ished Sometimes

, .
,

i n order to give t h e soap a bright yellow colo u r a little ,

raw (t hat is u n bleach ed) pal m oil is added

,
This oil while -
.
,

i m partin g an agreeable odo u r to th e soap is believed to ,

dis n ise i n som e d egree th e n at u ral odou r of t h e resin .

qu ick er process for m akin g yello w soaps than th e

former is p erform ed i n t h e apparatu s kn o wn as P api n s
’

di gester . Th e follo win g giv es t h e propor t io n of goods an d

l ey em ployed i n this process
W h i t e t a l l ow
P al m -oi l
R esi n (p owder e d)
Cau sti c soda l ey at 25 B
°
.
62 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

Th e se m ateri als are pu t in to th e P ap i n digester an d ,

boiled for an hou r u n der pre ssu re at t h e t em perat u re o f

25 2 F ah r
°
A t t h e en d of this tim e t h e soap is fin ish ed
.
,

an d is a fte r b ei n g allo wed to cool do wn a lit tl e run i n t o

, ,

th e fram e s .

C on t i n e n t a l M e t h od — Th e F ren ch m e thod of m ak i n g
.

yello w or resin soap i n m an y respects differs fro m ou r

own syste m bu t sin c e it pre sen ts m a n y i n tere sti n g featu re s
,

we give t h e process described by D u ssau ce i n his Trea t i se .

I t will be obs e rv ed that by this m e thod t h e resin i s c on

v erted in to a r esin ou s soap so called before it i s added t o , ,

th e hard soap with which it is to be co mbin e d .

F i rst p rocess — In to a pan holdin g from 625 to 75 0

.

gallon s in trodu ce lbs of tallow which is to be melte d .

,

by t h e aid of heat Wh en melted it is to be sapon i fi ed

.
,

with abo u t 75 gallon s of fresh ca u stic (soda ) l ey at 7 or

°

8 B
°
. While ru n n in g i n th e l ey t h e m ixtur e is to be well ,

stirred A l l th e l ey be in g added t h e h eat is to be au g

.
,

m en t e d an d t h e stirri n g con ti n u e d for t wen ty fi v e or thir t y

,
-

m i n u t es A whi te e m u lsio n is th u s formed t h e l ey an d

.
,

t allo w h avin g p e rfectly co mbin ed an d a ho mogen eo u s ,

paste is t h e r esu lt A n hou r after t h e last l ey has been

.

added t h e boilin g becom es m an ife sted by a t u m u ltu ou s

,

m ove m en t i n t h e m ass an d th e form ation of a v ery ab u n

,

dan t white scu m Th e h eat m u st n ow be m oderated an d

.
,

t h e paste stirre d I f th ese pre ca u tion s are n ot su ffici en t a

.
,

fe w pails of cold water or weak l ey are thro wn i n to t h e

p an .

Wt n th e effe rvesc en c e h as c eased th e foam i n g ,

di m i n ish es an d soo n disapp ears en tirely Th e paste is

, .

n o w ho m og en e o u s an d whit e or of a y ello wish tin t ,

.

C on tin u e to boil g en tly ; by boili n g t h e m ixt u re b eco m e s ,

m o re in ti m at e an d p erfect an d acq u ire s m or e con sist en cy ,

by t h e evapo ration of th e l ey C o n tin u e t h e sapon i fi cat i on .

with l ey s a t 1 5 to 1 8 B which are added i n portio n s of

° °
.
,

6 g allo n s at a tim e e ve ry fi fteen m in u t e s for on e a n d a

h al f ho u r A fte r t h e last a ddition of l ey co n tin u e to boil
.
,

e n tly for a few ho u rs withou t addi n g n e w do ses of l e

y .

y con ti n u i n g t h e boilin g t h e pa ste i s satu rated sl owly ,

 M A N UFA C T UR E OF H A R D PS . 63

an d grad u ally with alkali ; it becomes den ser an d fi rmer ,

an d m ay th en r ec ei ve stro n ge r l eys witho u t fe ar of t h e

t allo w separatin g fro m t h e already sapon i fi ed m ass Th ere .

wo u ld be n o dan ger of s eparation i f too stron g leys were

u se d wh e n t h e paste is i m p erfe ctly satu rate d with al kali .

To pre ven t this in con ven ien ce t h e m ass is boiled for a few
,

h o u rs a fte r t h e additio n of t h e l e , Th e obj ect of this

boilin g is to ren der th e u n ion of th e mol ec u les more
in tim ate an d complete .

Th e sapon i fi ea t i on is fi n ish ed by th e add i tio n of

25 gallo n s of n ew l ey at 20 to 25 B which is added
° °
.
, ,

6 gallo n s at a tim e e very ten or fifteen m i n u tes

, Wh en .

a l l t h e l ey is add ed th e ste a m i s tu rn ed OE an d t h e
, ,

m ixt u re stirre d for hal f an ho u r B y co mbin in g with .

t h e stron g l ey t h e paste thicken s an d acqu ires a con sisten cy

,

proportion ate to t h e qu ality of th e tallo w Th e time of .

this operatio n vari es from eight to t en hou rs .

S ep ara ti on is effected with cl ear l eys of coction at 20

°

t o 25 B
°
While t h e l ey is b ein g added gradu al ly t h e
.
,

m ass is kept con stan tly stirred Wh en th e qu an tity ofl ey

.

a dded has b een s u f fi ci en t to effect t h e separation oft h e soap ,

a spon tan eo u s chan ge takes plac e i n th e con dition of t h e

paste which form s i n to sm all grain s in tersp ersed with l ey
, .

t e n t h e s eparatio n is co m pl et e which is k n o wn by th e ,

l ey freely separatin g from t h e soap t h e ope ration is fi n ish ed , .

Th e stir rin g is ho weve r k ept u p for hal f an hou r or lon ge r

, , ,

so that t h e separation m ay be p erfect throu ghou t th e m ass

”
I f leys of coction can n ot be had di ssolve from 5 0 to ,

60 lbs of salt i n abo u t 75 gallo n s of n e w l ey at 1 5 to

°
.

18 B
°
. Th e effect will be t h e sam e bu t th e l eys will con ,

tai n an exc ess of salt Th e em ploymen t of t h e form er is

.

to be preferred wh en ever it is possible to obtain them ;

75 gallo n s of su ch l ey at 20 to 25 B or t h e sam e qu a n
° °
,
.

tity of n ew l ey a fter t h e addition of salt are su ffi ci en t to

, ,

“
t'
L ey s of cocti on , or , as we th em , sal t ed l ey s,
sh o u l d cal l ar e
d t h h t h i d m f da an d l i me l eft i n th e l e v a t s, wh i ch
p a sse r ou g e re s u u o so y
se par a t es a n y fat ty m at ter t h ey con t ai n , an d re n ders t h em cl ea r Th e .

l e y s a re p a ssed repeated l y th rou gh fi l ters wh i ch are ri ch er i n soda , an d

q
t h us ac u i re addi ti on al st re n gth .
64 TH E A R T OF S OA P -
M A K IN G.

ef
fec t th e separation . A fter repose for fi ve or si x ho u rs
,

t h e l ey is dra wn off .

Th e l ey b ein g drawn ofl, pou r i n to th e k ettl e

'

B oi l i ng .
-

75 gall on s of n ew cau stic l ey at 24 or 25 B an d apply

° °
.

h eat W h en t h e boili n g begin s, co n siderable foami n g

.

app ears u pon t h e su rface of th e soap, which disp erses on ly

wh en t h e soap is en tirely boile d If a fter fi v e or si x .

ho u rs con tin u ou s boilin g t h e l ey is still cau stic, it m u st be

’

kep t u p u n til all t he foam disappears If, on t h e other .

han d, t h e l ey has lost all its cau sticity, 75 gallo n s of n ew

l ey at 3 0 B are to be added, a n d t h e boil kept u p for fo u r
°
.

or fi ve ho u rs lon ger .

Th e op eratio n b ei n g fi n ish ed, t h e soap is i n th e form of

very hard white grain s, which, wh en pressed b etwe en t h e
fin gers, are redu ced to scales Th e steam is n ow to be .

t u rn ed off, an d t h e m ass allowed to rest for fou r or fi ve

hou rs, after which th e l ey is d ra wn off, t h e qu an tity of
wh i ch will be abou t 5 0 or 60 gal lon s, an d of a stren gt h
e qu al to 27 or 28 B
° °
.

i ng is eflect ed by r u n n i n g in to th e pan 5 8 gallo n s of

'

h
water, an d h eatin g to t e boilin g poin t, with co n stan t
-

stirrin g Wh en t h e rain s of soap are well melted , an d

.

have th e appearan ce 0 flat particles separated from th e l ey ,

t h e operatio n is fi n ish ed I t i s kn o wn that t h e soap i s
.

separated from t h e l ey wh en by takin g it u p with t h e

shovel th e l ey ru n s off i n a colo u rless stream Th e steam .

is n ow tu rn e d off, or th e fi re drawn , an d t h e pan i s well

covered, aft er which t h e whole is allo wed to r est for s eve n
or eight hou rs A t th e en d of this p eriod th e pan is
.

u n cove r ed, an d t h e l e
y dra wn off T h e soap is th en r e
. a dy
to receive its admixtu re of resin o u s soap, which i s prep ared
as follo ws
P rep a ra ti on of R esi n S oap — P u t i n to a pan , capabl e of
holdin g abou t 3 75 gallon s, 75 gallon s of fresh soda l ey a t
30 B A pply g en tle h ea t, an d wh en th e l ey b egi n s to
°
.

boil thro w i n , e very fi ve or six m in u tes (abou t 1 5 to

20 lbs at a ti me ) ,
. lbs of resin , previou sly redu ced
.

t o a fi n e po wd er an d pass e d thro u gh a coarse si eve Th e .

mi xt ure mu st be well stirre d d u ri n g th e whole ti me t o

 M A N UFA C T UR E OF H A R D S OA P S .
5

preve n t th e r esin from clo ggi n g an d adh eri n g to t h e

“

sides of t h e pan I t is i m por t an t to m ode rate t h e h eat as

.
,

t h e r esi n soap h as a g re at t en de n cy to expa n d an d a n ,

exc e ss of h ea t wo u ld c a u se i t to b oil o v e r Th e h ea t .
,

ho we ver m u st be kept u p to n ear th e boili n g poin t oth er

,
-
,

wis e t h e m ass will b e co m e thick a n d of a v e ry da rk colo u r .

W h en kep t at n ea r t h e boili n g poi n t it is al ways p er fec tly -

cl ear an d i ts colou r of a reddis h yello w

,
-
.

I f du rin g t h e b oili n g t h e r esi n so ap ris e s an d thre at en s

to overflo w t h e h ea t m u st be ch ecked an d a fe w p ails of
, ,

cold wate r thro wn i n to t h e pan which a t o n ce h as t h e ,

de sire d effect I t is absol u tely n eces sary to stir th e m ass

.

con tin u ally other wise t h e r esi n will agglo m erate i n m asse s
,

a n d th u s pr e v en t t h e l ey fr o m acti n g free ly u pon it Th e .

sa on i fi ca t i on of lbs of r e si n occ u pi e s abo u t t wo

p .

ho u rs a n d t h e resu ltin g com po u n d is p erfectly fl u id a n d

, ,

free fro m solid p a rticle s Th e soap b ei n g n ow ready it i s

.
,

i n trod u c ed i n to t h e tallo w so ap an d thoro u ghly i n co r ,

p ora ted with it by con stan t stirri n g B e fo re doi n g so .

,

ho we v er it is n ec essa ry to pa ss t h e r esi n so ap th ro u gh a
,

coarse si eve so as to free it fro m piec es of s t ra w woo d

, , ,

an d oth e r lik e i m p u ri t i es with which it is fre q u e n tl y

con tamin ated .

I t is con sid ered a bad plan to k e e p po wde re d r es i n i n

barrels esp ecially i n a wa rm situ ation sin ce it i s liable to
, ,

aggl u ti n ate an d form a m o re or le ss co m pact m ass I t is .

bette r to have t h e resin red u c e d to a po wder o n ly a sh ort

ti m e before u sin g it .

A ft e r b ei n g well m ix ed an d ru n i n to fram e s it is som e

t i me s t h e p ra c t ic e to cr u tch each fram e u n til a p ellicle
(or ski n ) for m s on t h e s u rfa ce a fter which t h e so ap is l e ft ,

to cool Soap th u s m ade is s aid to be fi r m an d sligh t ly

.

alkali n e produ cin g a good lath e r e ven i n se a wat er The

,
-
.

p rod u c e fro m t h e proportion s of m ate ri als give n sho u ld

, ,

be l bs of good soap . Th e colo u r ho we v e r is o f a

.
, ,

very dark bro wn y ello w an d by modi fy i n g t h e p roc ess a

-
, , ,

light e r colo u red so ap i s obtai n ed bu t t h e pro du c e i s l ess

-
,
.

Th e se con d proc e ss i s as follo ws

l ut i nto the pan 250 gallo n s of sOda l ey at 8 or 10 B
’ ° °

P
66 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

A ppl y h ea t as u su al , a n d, wh en t h e l ey is warm a dd ,

l bs of whit e tal lo w
. . B oil g en tly for fi ve or six
ho u rs, with occasio n al stir ri n g When p erfect co m bi
.

is eflec ted, an d a h om ogen eou s paste forme d,

'

n atio n

a dd 5 0 gallon s of l e at 1 5 B an d boil to se c u re t h e
°
y , .

t hicken i n g of t h e pas te . N ow fi n ish t h e sapon i fi c at i on

wi t h 3 0 or 4 0 gallo n s of l ey at 20 B , an d s tir we l l for
°
.

half an ho u r Tu rn off t h e stea m an d s eparate t h e soap

.

wi t h leys of coctio n (old leys ) at 20 to 25 B i n t h e sa m e

° °
.

way as be fore .

A fter a few ho u rs re st dra w off t h e l ey an d co n ti n u e

’

t h e boili n g with 1 75 to 200 gallo n s of soda l ey a t 25 B

°
.

I f, a fte r boili n g for eight or t e n ho u rs, t h e l ey is still

ca u stic, an d t h e soap form s thi n hard scale s whe n pre sse d
bet ween t h e fi n gers , fro m 600 to 8 00 l bs of y ello w resi n.

m u st be added, which give s t h e soap a fi n e y ello w colou r,

an d t h e grai n of t h e soap is m ore ho mogen eo u s Th e .

boili n g m u st be c on ti n u ed , an d 75 to 1 0 0 gallo n s of l ey
a t 25 to 28 added , which will co m pl et e t h e sa on i fi c a t i on
° °

p
of t h e r esi n A fter fo u r or fi ve ho u rs boil i n g t h e l ey
’
.

sho u ld still be cau s t ic , wh en it is k n o wn that t h e soap i s

fi n ish ed . A sm all sam pl e, droppe d u po n a cold s u r fac e,

sh ou l d set hard an d fi rm i n a few m i n u tes A ft er t h e .

u s u al repose t h e l ey is ru n of f .

N ow ru n i n to t h e pan fro m 1 0 0 to 1 25 gall on s of l ey at

an d a gai n boil , wi t h con stan t stirrin g, u n til t h e m i x

tu re becomes liqu efied IVh e n all t he grain s are melte d ,

.

form in g a n early ho m ogen eo u s paste , from which t h e l e y ,

ho wever, separate s, t h e operatio n is fi n ish ed ; i f t h e l ey
do e s n ot separa te, an additio n of cl ear old l eys m u st be
m ade to aid t h e s eparatio n . Th e st ea m is n ow to be
t u rn e d off an d t h e lid of t h e pan lo we r ed u pon it A fte r
.

a repose of t wen ty fo u r ho u rs t h e leys, togeth er with all

-

i m p u rities, will have s u bsid ed, l eavin g t h e p u re, fi n ish ed

soa p above, which m a y th e n b e cl e an s e d— that is , p u t i n t o
t h e fram e s — i a t h e u s u al way W h e n a l l t h e soap is i n
.

t h e fram e s i t is to be stirre d u n til cool , a n d i f it be de sire d

to give t h e soap a sligh t p er fu m e, an o u n ce of a n ise oil for
e ve r 1 0 0 l b s o f so ap may be c r u tch ed i n To i m p art to
y . .
 S A -M 4K I N G
68 TH E A R T OF O P .

D u rin g th e op eration of th e bl ast t h e soap m u st be

k ept i n wh a t is te ch n ically t erm ed an open or grai n e d
”
sta te , an d for this pu rpose salt or bri n e is to be added
wh e n n ec es sary . Ex e ri en ce proves that it i s be tte r n ot
to m ak e a chan ge of ey d u ri n g th e op erati on of t h e bl ast
wh ere t h e l ey of th e stren g th be for e m en tio n ed is u sed,
bu t i f a weak er l e y is em ploy e d, on e or m o re chan g es m ay
be m ade , as is well u n derstood . I t is fo u n d desirable th at
t h e soap sho u ld be k ept at what is call ed a weak state
du ri n g th e m ovem en t of t h e stream s of air th ro u gh t h e
m aterial s, oth e rwis e t h e soap is apt to s well u p fro m t h e
a i r han gi n g i n t h e grai n , an d this is fo u n d tro u ble som e t o

g et rid of, r equ iri n g lo ng boili n

.
g I f dark colo
-
u re d

m a te rial s are u se d, it is well to k eep t h e bl ast i n op eration

th ree or fou r ho u rs afte r t h e resi n is m elted, provide d t h e
soapy mass is kept weak an d open grain ed When a -
.

charge is to be wo rked u po n t he n igre, su ch n igre shou ld

be grain ed, an d t h e spen t l ey pu mp ed or dra wn off as
u s u al , an d t h e fre sh charge a dd ed i n t h e m a n n e r b e fore

m e n tio n ed , u sin g l ess l ey i n proportion to t h e q u a n tity

an d stren gt h of t h e n ig re , t akin g care n ot to t u r n on t h e
bl as t u n til th ere is su ffi ci en t grease p resen t to make t h e
n igr e we ak .

M e i n i c k e s P r oc e s s r equ i r es th at t h e soap pan shou ld

’
-

be fu rn ish ed with a still h ea d a n d coolin g worm , sin c e t h e

- -

r esin is adde d i n th e form of white tu rpen tin e , which,

d u rin g th e boili n g , gives off its volatile oil as a distillate,
wh ich is co n den se d an d sa ved as a by p rodu ct, an d th u s
-

decreases th e cost of t h e soap . lbs of white tu r

.

p en ti n e are m elted i n th e pan by steam h eat with 8 0 0 lbs .

o f t allo w or i n fe rior fa t , a n d wh en t h e m ixtu re r e ach e s

1 0 8 Fahr it m u st g ra d u ally re c e ive , with con stan t

°
.

s tirri n g, 8 0 0 lbs of c au stic soda l ey con tai n i n g 3 0 per

.

c en t of dry so da Th e u n ion of t h e m aterials is v ery

. .

p rom pt at t h e abov e t empera tu re, t h e acids of t h e resi n

a n d gr eas e b e in g co m pl e te ly n eu t ral is e d an d con ve rte d

i n to l iq u id m elte d soap Th e essen ti al oil of t u rpe n ti n e

.

i s se t free at t h e same ti me, and i n Order to promote i ts

 AIA N UF A C T UR E 69
'
OF H A R D S OA P S .

vapori sati on s al t bri n e is adde d Th e h ead b ei n g ca 1 e .

fu l l y lu te d u po n t h e p an an d adj u s ted to t h e worm a n d ,

th e m ixtu re bro u gh t to a boil t h e st eam a n d vapo u r o f ,

t h e spirit beco me u n i ted an d p ass ove r in to t h e w rm an d

o ,

When all t h e e ssen tial oil i s dist illed

.

are co n de n s e d .

m e r t h e rem ai n i n g soap is fi n ish e d 1 n t h e u s u al way

, .

P ractic e sho ws that t h e greatest exc ellen c e 1 n r esin s oap

is n ot ob tai n ed by addin g t h e resi n directly to th e oil or
p aste Th e b est plan is to m ake th e grease an d resin
.

soaps separatel an d th en to m i x th e m i n pro e r p ropor

y p
tion s Th e resi n soap is fi rst prepared by stirri n g 8 0 lbs
. .

o f po wd ere d r esi n a little at a ti m e i n to 1 0 0 lbs of so da

, , .

l ey at 25 B an d boil i n g in to a p erfec t sol u tio n

°
.
,
Th e .

a c id propertie s of re si n r en de r t h e co mbi n atio n e a sy a n d

pro m pt e ven wh en th e l ey is m ade fro m a carbo n a te d

,

alkali Th e resi n o alkalin e solu tion is the n to be wel l

.
-

stir red in to t h e fin ish ed paste m ad e from tallo w while it , ,

is still i n th e an ; bu t its tem peratu re sho u ld n ot be above

° p
1 3 5 to 1 4 0 F ahr oth er wise p erfect ho m ogen e ity of th e
°
.
,

m ixt u r e can n ot be obtain ed In this way 1 5 per c en t of . .

re sin m ay be i n trodu ced witho u t m ate rial l y da rke n in g t h e

colo u r of th e tallow soap M o reover t h e qu ality of t h e .
,

produ ct is good S o metim es se veral per cen t of starch

. .

or bran are u sed to assist t h e co mbi n atio n of t h e t wo

soaps W hen t h e soap m aterials are worked by fi re
.

in ste ad of steam th e boilin g sho u ld be con tin u e d gen tly

u n til t h e paste i s u n i for m t h ro u gho u t an d th en t h e sal t is ,

to be added .

Y ello w or re sin soap m ay be prepare d from c u rd soap

, ,

by addi n g to it abou t 25 p er cen t of resin an d th en .

,

addin g from 2 to 4 per cen t of carbon ate of soda an d 1 .

,

or m ore per ce n t of al u m or su lphate of al u m in a t h e.

,

whol e b ei n g boiled with wa te r u n til a p erfec t co m bin atio n

t ake s place To pre ven t t h e resin fro m be co mi n g preci
.

i a t ed abo u t 2 r c en t of dilu te su l ph u ric acid 1 part

p t ,p e ( .

a cid to 9 parts wate r re stirred in to t h e m ixtu r e

) a .

I t i s wel l k n own th at th e a ddi ti on o f sal t to wat er en abl es t h at l i u i d q

a t ta i n a hi gh er t emperat u re t h an 21 2 F , th e boili n -p oi n t of wa t er
°
to g . .
70 TH E A R T OF S OA P-M A K IN G .

A ccordi n g t o Richardso n an d W at t i t is b ette r t o

sapon i fy t h e re sin an d t allo w separa tely, an d to m i x t h e
t wo soaps i n t h e pan , an d th e n t o boil u n til a p erfect
u n io n takes place Sal t is th en added, an d th e soap
.

fi n ish ed i n t h e ordi n ary way

.

Th e u s u al p roportio n s of pal m oil a n d resi n ar e

-

p arts of t h e form er to 1 p art of t he la t t er

.
 C HA PTER VII .

M A N UFA OT UR E OF H A R D S OA P S

Treatmen t of t h e N i gers — A n derson s P r oc e ss — C ocoa n u t Oil Soaps

’
-
. . .

S t u r tev an t s P rocess — F re n ch C ocoa - n u t Oi l Soaps

’
. .

T r e a t m en t f
o N g i e s — In th e m an u fa ctu re llo w or of
r .
y e
“ ”
re sin so aps , t h e m a t e ri als, or g oods ,
boiled over
a re

s u ccessive portio n s of cau stic soda l ey of v ario u s de grees ,

of stren gth or den sity a s b e for e e xplai n ed u n til t h e l a st

, , ,

l eys stil l re tain th eir ca u stici ty a ft er con tin u ed boilin g

with t h e fa tty m atte rs A fte r a fe w ho u rs r epos e t h e l eys
’
.

”
a re dra wn off a n d t h e proc e ss of
,
fitti n g co mm e n c ed “

To accom plish this t h e paste is bro u ght i n to a thi n con

,

ditio n by a ddi n g either very weak leys or wat er an d t h e

, ,

boil i n g r es u m ed u n til th e m ass ass u m e s t h e form of an

,

e m u lsi o n . Th e h eat is th en ch eck ed an d t h e soa p ,

allo we d to r es t for t wo or th re e d ays wh en a da rk ,

colo u red s u bstan ce s u bsi des whi ch is called n iger or n igre

,
.

Th e fi n ish ed soap is th en clea n sed by p u m pin g i t o ff

“

fro m t h e 11 1ger i n to t h e fram es gr ea t c are b ein g t ake n th a t

,

n o n e of t h e dark colo u r e d m a te rial is allo we d to be dra wn

-

off with it .

Th e n iger is u s u a ll y e ith e r work ed u p i n s u bs equ en t

boil s of so ap or co n ver ted i n to an i n te rior qu ality of
y ello w soap accordin g to t h e r equ ire m en ts of t h e soap
,

m a ke r . Th e u tili sa tion of t h e n iger ho we ve r h a s , ,

frequ en tly p ro ve d a so u rc e of tro u bl e to t h e soap m ak er -

,

e sp e cially wh en e m plo y i n g l arge q u an tities of dark

colo u red resi n M r A n derson a well k n o wn L on do n
. .
,
-

soap m ak er t u rn e d his a tten tio n t o this s u bj ect m an y

-
,

e ar s ago n d s u b se u e n tl y obt ai n e d a p t t f o m
y a
, q a en r ,

whic h we e xt ract t h e follo wi n g

72 TH E A R T OF S OA P- M A KIN G .

A n d e r s on ’
s th at when c u rd so ap is
P r oc e s s . I fi nd
b oiled to stre n g th an d su bj e cte d to a fittin g proce ss som e ,

wh a t si m il ar to t h e fitti n g pro ce ss u se d i n m akin g yello w

soap t h e re separ ate s from it a p ec u liar s u bstan ce an al o
,

gou s to t h e n iger of yello w soap an d that by rem ovi n g ,

th i s n ige r an d boili n g t h e rem ai n der of t h e goods i n t o

c u rd soap I obt ai n a c u rd soap of be tt e r qu ali ty than t h e
,

origi n al ch a rge of goods wo u ld yi eld wi tho u t this ope ra

tion I also fi n d t h e n iger which I rem o ve e m i n en t l
ada pted for m akin g m o ttled soap to which p u rpose T
.
, ,

a p ly it a cco rdi n gly

p .

I n c arryin g ou t m y p ro cess I proc e e d i n all r esp e c t s ,

i n t h e m an n e r practise d co m m o n l y by so a p m ak e rs u p -

to a ce rta i n poi n t ; th a t is I pl ac e i n t h e coppe r t h e ,

o rdin a ry m ateri als for m ak i n g cu rd so ap wi th t h e or ,

di n ary l eys an d boil th e m t oge th er u n til t h e goods are to

,
’
"
stre n gth an d ribbo n ou t well on t h e fi n ger ; bu t at
,
’

th i s sta ge i n stead of boili n g ou t t h e h e ad an d fi n ish in g

,

a s h e r e t ofo re p ractis ed I co m m en c e t h e p e rfo rm an c e o f

,

m y p roc ess I p u m p ou t t h e stro n g l e y 0 11 which t h e

.
,

goods ha ve been boil ed an d t reat t h e goods with su cce ssive ,

po rtio n s of wea k l ey or wat e r a n d boil th e m t oge th er ,

u n til t h ey assu m e t h e app earan c e of a fitti n g y ello w

copper This con ditio n bei n g arriv e d at I ste p t h e
.
,

o peratio n a n d allo w tim e for t h e n iger to d eposit whic h

, ,
—
m a y r eq u ir e from t we n ty fo u r to thirty si x ho u rs I n ow - .

p roc eed to s ep a rate t h e n i ge r which I e i th er pu m p ou t ,

fro m u n de r t h e p u rifi e d good s to a n a dj ac e n t coppe r o r I ,

re move t h e p u rifi ed good s from abo ve t h e n i ger t o an

a djac e n t copp er a s I fi n d m o st co n ven i en t ; bu t i n e ith e r
,

c ase t h e goods b ei n g t h u s de prived of th e n ige r I add t o

, ,

th em t h e prop er fi n ishin g l ey for c u rd soap an d boil to a ,

su it abl e c u rd or u n t i l t h e so a p i s fo u n d t o be i n a c on di
,

tio n fo r cl ea n sin g i n to t h e fr am e s .

W hen I op e ra te u p on a ch ar ge of v ery i m p u r e
m at eri a l s or wh e n fro m a n y ci rcu m stan c e I co n sid e r it
,

a n advan t a g e I rep ea t t h e p u ri fy i n g or fi t ti n g p roce ss

,

on e or m or e t i m e s i n which c a se afte r s ep a rati n g t h e

, ,

n i er a s b e fo re I add to t h e r e sidu al p a r t i a l l y p u rifi e d

g , ,
 MA N UFA C TUR E OF HA R D S OA P S . 73

goods a l ey of m ode rate stren gth on ly (in stead of th e

fi n ishin g l ey for c u rd soap) an d boil taki n g care that n o ,

he ad is form ed I th en pu mp ou t this l ey an d agai n

.
,

treat t h e goods with weak l ey or wate r u n til su fficien tly

dil u ted so as to pe rform th e fittin g proce ss a ft e r which I
, ,

a llo w tim e for s u bsid e n c e sepa rat e t h e n i ge r add t h e , ,

fi n ishin g l ey an d boil to a c u rd as before

, .

H e n ext d escribe s his m e thod of trea ti n g th e n i ge r an d ,

t h e way i n which h e co n v erts it in to m ottle d soap A fte r .

s eparatin g t h e pu rifi ed soap from t h e n iger as be fore h e , ,

adds to t h e latte r t h e ordi n ary l ey u se d for fi n ishin g

m ottl e d soap an d boils u n til t h e soap is fit for cl ean si n g
, ,

or fra mi n g Th e qu an ti ty of n ige r obta in ed from on e

.

boil ho we ve r is n ot s u ffi ci en t to m ake a boil by its el f ;

, ,

th e refore M r A n de rson t akes t h e n i ger r esu ltin g fro m

.

fou r six or m ore boils of soap an d fi n ishe s th e m i n on e

, , ,

ope ratio n as above So m etim e s h e adds to t h e n igers a

, .

”
c ertai n qu an tity of tall o w fa t bo n e grease m el ted st u ff , , , ,

or oth er s u i t abl e m a t eri al s an d th en proc eeds to fi n ish as ,

with a n ordin ary m ottle d so ap .

C ocoa n u t Oi l S oa p s — On e of t h e m ost i m portan t addi

- .

tio n s t o t h e list of fatty m atte rs s u itable for soap m akin g -

wa s t h e v e ge t able su bsta n c e c a ll e d cocoa n ut oi l or cocoa -

bu tter which fro m its extrem e whiten e ss an d capabi l ity

, ,

o f for m i n g a hard so a p soo n be c a m e a n a cc e pt a ble su b

,

st i t u t e i n som e de gr ee for t h e m ore costly t allo w Soap .

m ade fro m this oi l or ve ge tabl e b u tt e r is capabl e of taki n g

, ,

a larg e r p erc en tag e of wat er — an d stil l for m a h a rd

u
p
— th a n a n oth e r kn o wn fa tty m at e ri al Th e so ap
p y .

m a de from i t m oreo ver is m or e sol u bl e i n sali n e or hard

, ,
— —
wat e rs e ven sea water an d for this r ea so n it has lo n g
-

been m ade i n to a soap call e d M a ri ne S oap for u se on ,

board ship .

C ocoa n u t oil ho we ve r wh e n sapon i fi e d h as t h e great

-
, , ,

di sa dva n ta ge of i m partin g an exceedi n gl v di sa g reeable

o do u r to t h e sk i n a n d e ven to articl es cl e an sed by i t s
a g e n cy ; a n d e ven wh en bu t a s m all p e rc e n t a g e of thi s
s u bs t an ce i s blen ded wi th oth e r so ap m a te ri als its pecu ,

l i a rl y o ffen s i ve odou r wil l re st u po n t h e s u r fac e of t he ski n

74 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A KI N G .

for m an y hou rs after washin g with it Soap m ade fro m .

this oil th ere fore sho u ld n e ve r be i n trod u ced in to toil et

, ,

or fan cy soaps , e ven i n sm all qu an tity exce pt for t h e v ery ,

l ow priced qu aliti es
-
.

C ocoa n u t oil doe s n ot r ea dily sapo n i fy with ca u stic so da

-

leys when by itself bu t wh en added to tallow or pa lm o i l

, , ,
-
,

i t do es so witho u t diffi cu lty When sa pon i fi ed by itsel f .

it forms a soap of al m ost u n u sable hardn ess an d for this ,

r easo n be sides its obj ectio n able odo u r it is al ways a sso

, ,

c i a t ed with oth e r fatty m a te rials wh en e m ploy ed i n t h e

m an u fact u re of soap .

St u r te v a n t s P r oce s s — On e of t h e ea rliest proce sses

’
.

for m akin g soap with cocoa n u t oil as an i n gredien t was -

pat en ted by St u rtevan t i n 1 8 4 1 I t co n sists i n first steam , .

i n g t h e oil i n a wood en vat an d addin g to it 6 lbs of ,

.

s u lphu ric an d 1 2 lbs of hydrochloric acid to each t on of .

oil to rem ove as far as pra cticable its obj ectio n able odo u r
, .

A fte r allo win g th e oil to re st for a while it is dra wn ofl

'

, ,

a n d i s th en r eady for th e soap an

p
-
.

make a W /i i te Cocoa oi l S oap — Th e mat erials are -

tak en i n t he follo wi n g proportion s : lbs of cocoa n u t .

-

o i l e ith e r a s it is i m porte d or re fi n e d as above ; 1 68 l bs

, .

of olive or o t h e r s wee t oil or tallo w ; 3 25 gallon s of so da ,

l ey at 24 B an d 60 gallon s of potash l ey at 20 B
°
.
, Th e °
.

co co a n u t oil ta llo w or oi l as t he case m a y be are fi rst

-
, , , ,

u t i n to t h e an a n d h eat applied A bo u t 1 0 gallo n s of

p p , .

t h e so da l ey is th en added an d wh en t h e wh ol e m ateria l s ,

a re u n ited t h e sam e q u an tity of soda l ey is add ed fro m

,

tim e to ti me wi th co n tin u e d boilin g c are b ei n g tak en th a t

, ,

e a ch portio n of l e
y is w ell co m bi n e d with t h e fa tty m atters

before t h e n ex t is applied A s soon as th e whole of t h e soda .

l ey has been u sed t h e boi l i n g is kept u p for abo u t hal f a n

,

ho u r Th e pota sh l ey is th en added grad u ally as before

.
, , ,

an d wh en t h e whol e u an tity has been u sed t h e boilin g

q ,

is k ept u p for abo u t fi ft een m in u tes aft e r which abo u t ,

8 4 lbs of comm o n salt are spri n kl ed slowly over t h e m ass

.
,

t h i s op era t i on occ u p y i n g a bo u t a q u art e r o f a n ho u r .

Th e boi l i n g is t hen con t in u e d for abo u t h al f a n h ou r a fte r ,

76 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K I N G .

qu an tity v ery weak l ey is th e n added t h e te mp era tu re

of ,

of t h e m ass n ot bei n g allo we d to e xc e ed fro m 1 8 0 to °

1 90 F ah r
°
Th e boili n g sho u ld be co n ti n u ed for ab ou t
.

t wo ho u rs a t t h e en d o f which ti m e t h e l ey will have

,

becom e exhau sted A little weak l ey is th e n added an d

.
,

sal t thro wn i n with stirri n g u n ti l a s am pl e allo wed to

, , ,

cool app ears cle an dry an d free fro m greasin ess I f it

, , , .

does n ot possess th ese ch aracteristics an d th e re is n o ,

e vid en c e of ca u sticity a fu rth e r dos e of l e m u st be add e d

y , ,

a n d i f n ec e ss a ry m ore salt .

I f too m u ch he a t be applied th e soap will be co me too ,

thi n ca u sin g a separatio n of t h e tal l o w or p al m oil fro m

,
-

t h e cocoa so ap a n d th e sam e obj ectio n able r e s u lt wil l be

,

obtai n ed i f th e re be an e xc ess of salt or l ey In t h e latte r .

c a s e t h e st ea m is t u r n ed of
, f a n d a li t tle fresh cocoa n u t ,
-

oi l m u st be add ed with con stan t stirrin g u n ti l t h e prop e r

, ,

con ditio n is obta in ed Th e h ea t is to be kep t u p for fi ve

.

or six ho u rs with frequ en t s tirri n g so th at a p er fect an d

, ,

u n i for m co m bi n atio n m a
y t ak e p l ac e WV h en t h e o e ra
p .

t io n is fi n ish ed t h e soap is allo wed to r est u n ti l t h e fol

,

lo wi n g day , wh en t h e pan is to be aga in h eated wh ereby ,

t h e u n ion of t h e alkali a n d fa t t y m a tters b eco m e s m o re

p erfec t an d t h e soap tu rn s ou t harde r an d better than i f
,

fram e d at o n c e on t h e co m ple tion of t h e boilin g It i s .

also co n side re d advisabl e to al lo w t h e soa p to cool i n t h e

an u n ti l it i n dicate s a t e m p e ratu re of 1 5 5 F ahr before
°

p .

re movi n g it to t h e frames an d to wel l cr u tch it wh en i n , ,

t h e fram e s u n til it b e gi n s t o sti ffen wh e reby a m ore

, ,

homogen eo u s co n ditio n of t h e soap is se c u red Th e .

cr u tchi n g ho we ver m u st n ot be applie d wh e n t h e soap

, ,

has cool ed do wn to 1 30 F a h r , or i t will se pa rate fro m °

.

t h e l ey .

I f,a fter allo wi n g th e soap to repo se i n t h e p an d u rin g

t h e n ight it sho u ld be wa n ti n g i n str en gth a lit t le m ore
, ,

l ey m u st be added u n til it tas t e s slightly ca u stic

, Sho u ld .

this n ot be effe ctu al warm stron g bri n e m u st be grad u ally

,

a dd e d ,an d well stirr e d i n u n til t h e de si re d r es u l t is

obtain ed .

So ap co n tai n i ng a l a rge p erc en tage of cocoa n u t oil i s -

 M A NUF A C T UR E OF H A R D S OA P S .
77

capa ble of holdin g i n its co n stit u tio n a v ery con side rable
q u an tity of wate r an d y et fo r m a hard soap ; i n deed i n
, ,

so m e so aps we hav e s ee n wa t e r h as been n ot o n ly t h e

,

chie f i n gredien t bu t a l most t h e o n ly on e

,

F r e n c h C oc oa n u t O i l Boa p s — I n F ra n c e th ey m ak e
- .

whit e an d tin te d soaps fr om cocoa n u t oil a n d sin c e th e ir -

m ethod of m an u fa ct u re so m e what di ffe rs fro m th a t ado pt e d

i n this co u n try t h e follo wi n g proc e ss giv en by D u ssa u ce
, , ,

wi ll be read with i n terest .

Wfi zte a n d R ose S oap s — F or th ese soaps th e oil mu st

’

be v e ry white a n d con c re te ; th a t of C ochi n is th e b e s t

an d t h e m ost highly e st ee m ed Su ppos e that a so a p is t o .

be pr ep ared yi eldi n g 5 00 to 60 0 per c en t i n trod u c e 200lbs . .

of oil in to a sh ee t iro n k e ttl e (pan ) of a capa city of fro m

-

3 75 to 400 gallon s M elt th e oil by a gen tle h eat an d a s

.
,

soon as m elted po u r i n it 5 0 gallon s of n e w l ey of soda

a sh at an d boil t h e m ixt u re a ddi n g from ti m e t o ti me ,

sm all portion s of l ey a t 1 8 to u n til t h e past e h a s

°

acq u ired a cau sti c taste W h en i n this state it is a s i gn

.

t hat it is en tirely satu rate d Th e fi rst op e ratio n lasts.

fo u r hou rs .

To h a rden t h e soap an d m ak e it prod u c e th e qu an tity

n a m e d abov e add to it sa lt wa te r (bri n e at 1 8 to 20 i n
)
° °
,

t h e p roportio n of 5 gallo n s e v e ry fi fteen m i n u te s an d a t ,

t h e s am e ti me co n ti n u i n g t h e e bu llition It is i n t h i s .

s econ d stage of t h e ope ration t h a t t h e de gree of coctio n

n d for this
(b oili n g ) of t h e soap m u st b e asc e rtai n e d a ,

p u rpose a c ertai n qu an tity is tak en from ti m e to ti m e an d

allo wed to cool on a dish W h en t h e sam ple b eco m e s .

solid by cooli n g t h e ope ra tion is fi n ish ed G en erall y t h e

, .

qu an tit y of salt wate r u sed is abou t t h e sam e a s th a t of

-

t h e l ey an d at abo u t t h e sam e d e gre e

, F or t h e above .

pre portio n s t h e op eration la sts abo u t seven or eigh t hou rs ,

d u rin g whi ch t h e mixt u re is con stan tly k ept i n a sta te o f

eb u lli t io n . W hen t h e operation is fi n ish ed t h e steam is
t u r n ed off, an d th e soap before b ein g ru n i n to t h e fram es ,
,

i s s u ffe r ed to cool a n d r e st for t welve or fi ft een hou rs .

I ft h e so ap is to be r ose it i s colo u re d as soon a s r u n

,

i n to the frames, and While ye t fluid, wi th 4 l bs or 6 l bs of . .

78 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

v el m ilio n , which is well distrib u t ed i n th e m ass by sti rri n g .

To ha ve an u n i form colou r i t is i m portan t that t h e paste

shou ld be v ery fl u id, for i f too cold, a p art wou ld r em ai n
”
white .

W e shall have again to refe r t o t h e s u bj ect of cocoa

n u t oil soaps wh en tr e a ti n g o f r ed u c e d or ch e ap en ed soaps ,

which form an i m p ortan t bran ch of t h e soap - m a kin g

i n d u stry , especiall y i n t h e n orth ern parts of En glan d .
 C H A P TER VI I I .

M J K IN G S OA P B Y TH E C OLD PR OCE S S .

H awes s Sy ste m —M ak i ng small u a n ti ti es of S oap - To pr epare aW h i t e

Q
'

S oap — L ard S oap by t h e C ol d P rocess

. .

I r had lon g been t h e d ir es e of

soap m akers to possess -
'

som e proc e ss ofsapon i fi cat i on less tedio u s an d costly tha n

t h e ordi n ary syste ms of soap boili n g I t wa s well kn o wn
-
.

th at cau stic al kalies wo u ld co n ver t i n to sapon ac eou s m a tter

fa t s an d oils , witho u t t h e a pplication of h ea t, an d it wa s
also we ll k n o wn that d u ri n g t h e p roc e ss of sapon i fi ca t i on

by t h e o rdi n ary sy stem of boilin g over ca u stic l eys , a con

si de rabl e a m o u n t of lycerin e wa s set free, an d which ,
g
b ein g a su bstan c e sol u l e i n wate r, pas sed a way with t h e
spen t or waste leys , cau sin g a direct an d positive loss i n
t h e m an u fact u r e .

I a we s s S y s t e
'
m — On e of th e m ost i n ge n io u s practica l
.

i
attem pts to m odi fy t h e ord ary syste m of soap m ak i n g
n -

was tha t de vise d by M r W illia m H a we s, a g en tlem an

.

wh o h ad lo n g been co n n e ct ed with t h e soap trad e , an d wa s

in dee d a m ember of on e of t h e larges t an d m ost en te r
prisin g firm s i n Lo n do n Th e process is well kn o wn as
.

t h e COLD P R OC ESS , an d is th u s d e scribed by t h e i n v en tor

I tak e a n y given q u an tity of tallo w, say 2} to n s, a n d
h avin g m el ted it , k eepi n g t h e t e m perat u re as l ow as pos
sible, I m i x it with t h e qu an tity of alkalin e l ey whic h is
req u ired to completely sat u rate t h e t allo w an d co n vert i t
i n to soap ; an d su ch m ixin g I p erfor m by mechan ical
m ean s , an d th e apparat u s or m achi n e r I employ is h ere
a fte r descri bed I u se t h e ordin ary ey of soap boile rs,
.
-

preferri n g that made from th e st ron gest an d pu rest alkali .

The sapon i fi eat i on of th e tallo w, or o th er fatty m atte r,

80 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K I N G .

m ay be a sc erta i n e d by t h e ab sorptio n or co m bi n at i o n o f
t h e tallo w or fatty m atte r with t h e l ey , care havi n g b ee n
t ake n , i n t h e firs t i n stan c e , to u se a s u fficien t q u an tity
th e re o f, or ab ou t 20 gal l o n s of l e y of 1 7 B to every
°
.

1 0 0 lbs of ta llo w
. I t i s n ec essa ry to s ta te th at t h e p ro
.
‘

portion of alkali varie s with th e di ffe ren t fa ts an d oil -1 .

Th e co m bi n a tio n of t h e fa tty m at te r a n d l ey m a y be
ef fecte d i n a n ordi n ary boi l i n g c ald ron , with t h e additio n
of a m achi n e to prod u c e a n i n ti m at e adm ixt u r e , an d t h e
m i n u t e di vision of t h e ta l lo w Th e whole ap parat u s is
.

Fi g 1 7
. .

re presen ted i n t h e dra wi n gs i n F i g 1 7 It con sists of an

. .

u pright sha ft fro m which ar m s a a a a radiat e t o t h e si des

, , ,

o f t h e caldro n 6 6 . This sh a ft ei t h e r p erm an en tly or t em

,

orari l fi x e d i n t h e copp e r m a y be of wood or iro n T h

p y , . e

m ode of fi xi n g t h e appa rat u s a n d t h e m at e ri als u se d fi rst

will de p en d u pon t h e n at u re of t h e caldro n an d t h e con
v e n i e n ce of t h e m a n u fact u re r A n oscill a ti n g m otio n or
.
,

a rotary m otio n m ay be gi ven to t h e sh a ft an d co n n ect ed

,

ar m s by an y of t h e ordi n ary m e thods of co mm u n icati n g

‘

mechan ical po we r ; or a cyl i n d er m a y be e mploy ed wit h

a s h a ft 0 , pa s si n
g t hrou
gh i t h o n zo nt al l y , and from
 M A K IN G S OA P B Y TH E C OL D P R OCE S S . 8i

which arm s 0 c c 0 m ay radiate wh en a rotary m otion will

, , ,

thorou ghly i n corporate t h e fa tty m atte r an d t h e l ey .

Th e si ze of th e cyli n de r for abo u t to n s of tallow

, ,

will be abo u t 6 feet i n diamete r a n d 1 2 fe e t i n l en gth .

It m u st be provid ed with con ven ien t doors D D for charg , ,

i n g an d em ptyin g M otion b ei n g co mm u n icate d to t h e

.

m achi n e an d t h e caldron havi n g b ee n pre viou sly charg ed

,

with t h e tallo w t h e l ey is to be grad u ally added th ereto

, ,

an d i n a short ti m e e ve ry p articl e of t h e fatty m att e r wi l l

be bro u ght i n to in ti m a te co n tact with t h e alkalin e l ey ,

an d by s u ch m ean s sapon i fi cat i on will t a k e pl a c e Th e .

sti rrin g is con tin u e d for abou t three ho u rs or u n til t h e ,

t allo w appears com pl e tely sa pon i fi ed as i s i n dic at ed by ,

t h e m ass thicken i n g a fte r which it is a llo wed to stan d fro m

,

on e to fou r days accordi n g to t h e q u an tity of t h e pa st e

, .

Sho u ld a cyli n der be u s ed th en i m m e diately u pon its

,

bei n g charged with tallo w at a t em pera tu re j u st high ,

e n o u gh to k e e p it fl u id t h e l ey is r u n i n an d m otion com
, ,

m u n i cat e d to t h e shaft an d con tin u ed from 3 to 4 ho u rs

, ,

or less tim e i f th e m a ss beco mes thick soon er A s th e

,
.

ben efit of this proc ess arises m ai n ly from t h e sap on i fi cat i on

of t h e ordi n ary m ateri als i n a com p aratively cold sta te it ,

is desirable as soon as t h e m ass t hicken s an d t h e l ey is

, ,

absorbed that th e cylin der sho u ld be e mptied an d t h e

, ,

con ten ts t u rn ed in to an ordi n ary caldron p reparatory to ,

b ein g fi n ish ed an d con verted i n to ye llow soap by t h e ,

addition of resin ; or in to m ottled soap or white soap by ,

t h e op er ation of fi n ishin g leys as at p resen t practis ed by ,

soap boil ers gen eral ly B y this tran sfe r from t h e cylin der
- .

to t h e ordi n a ry caldron tim e is al lowed for th e combi n a

,
”
tio n of t h e tallow a nd alkali to b eco m e p erfect .

Th e adoption of t h e cold proc ess i n this cou n try has

n ot we be li e ve exte n d e d m u ch b e yo n d t h e li m its of v e ry
, ,

sm all operation s su ch as toile t soa p m akin g for exam pl e

,
-
, .

I n d eed t h e diffic u lty of obtai n in g l eys s u ffi ci en tly con

,

c en t rat ed withou t evaporatio n wo u ld to som e e xten t

, , , ,

stan d i n th e way of its exten ded application A t t h e .

p resen t ti m e ho wever wh en soap m akers are su pplied

, ,
-

wi t h cau sti c soda i n a soli d s tate wh ich ren ders i t ,

Q
82 TH E A R T OF S OA P M A K IN G. -

unne e sc s ary for th em to m ake th eir leys i n th e ordin ary way ,

it m ay be advisable p erhaps th a t th ey shou ld on c e m ore

, ,

t ake t h e cold proc ess i n to co n sid eratio n A ltho u gh soaps .

m ad e by this proc ess re ta in m ore alkali th an those m a de

by t h e ordin a ry m ethods of boilin g an d wo u ld th e refore , , ,

be le ss su itabl e for toile t p u rpos es it is c ertai n that good ,

h o u sehold or lau n dry so aps i f carefu lly prepared co u ld

, , ,

be advan tageou sly m ad e by this syste m .

F or m a ki n g s m a ll q u a n t i t i e s of S oa p by th e cold pro
cess t h e l e sho u ld h a v e a d en sity of abo u t 3 6 B This °
, y .

m ay be ob tai n ed e i th e r by evapora tin g s t ron g n ew c au st ic .

l ey prep ared i n t h e ordi n ary way or by dis so l vin g com ,

m e rc i al ca u stic soda i n wat er u n til t h e req u i red stren gt h

is reach ed .

T o p r e p ar e a W h i t e S oa p — P u t i n to a pan c apabl e o f .
,

holdin g abou t 1 00 gallon s t a llo w l ard or bleach e d p al m , , ,

oil 1 20 lbs cocoa n u t oil 4 0 lbs apply gen tle h eat

, .
-
, .
,

with occasion al stirrin g u n til al l t h e fatty m a tte r is m elte d

, .

W h en th e liq u id grease has attai n ed t h e h eat of

abo u t 1 20 F ahr add gradu ally 8 0 l bs of l ey at 3 6 B
°
.
, , , .
°
.
,

an d stir well u n til a co m pl et e u n io n of t h e fatty m att e rs

an d alkali is ef fe cte d Th e te mp eratu re of t h e in gredi en t s

.
,

a t t h e tim e of addi n g t h e alka li m u st n ot be high er th an ,

1 22 F ahr
°
oth erwi se th ere will be a sepa ration of
.
,

t h e l ey fro m t h e fa tty m aterials I f th e stirrin g h a s b een .

diligen tly pu rsu ed t h e sapon i fi cat i on will be com plete i n

,

abou t t wo ho u rs an d t h e soap is th en ready for t h e fram e I f

, .

it is desired to p erfu m e t h e soap this shou ld be don e while ,

it is i n th e pan an d b efore it h as h ad time to c ool It i s

, .

n ot a good pla n wh en m akin g sm all q u a n titi es of soap to

, ,

a dd t h e p e r fu m e a ft e r t h e so a p is i n t h e fram e si n c e it i s ,

t h en m or e diffi c u lt to effect a p er fect i n corporatio n of t h e

r es pective m aterials .

W h en soap m ade by t h e cold proc ess has been i n t h e

fra me for abo u t fi v e hou rs , a con side rabl e au gm en tation of
i ts tem pe ra tu re tak es plac e o win g to t h e ch em i cal reaction ,

of its co n stit u en ts wh er eby a m or e p erfect com bi n ation is

,

ef fe cte d . I n order to favo u r thi s r e action t h e fram e ,

sh o u ld be clos el cov e re d so soon as i t h as been fi ll e d wit h

y
 C H AP TER IX .

OL EI C A CIR ' — S OA P F R 0 11! R E C O VE RE D GRE A S E .

Ol ei c A ci d —Soap from Recov ered G rease —M orfi t s Sy st em of S oap

’

m ak i n g —Ol ei c A ci d Soap s — K ot tul a s S oaps — In stan tan eous Soap

.

’
.
. .

Ol e i c A ci d — I n t h e m an u fact u re of
. steari n e for can dles ,

ordin ary tallo w is boiled i n wooden vats by high ressu re

steam with slaked li me for s everal ho u rs by wh i cpa l i me
-

, , ,

soap is for med This is tran sferred to an oth er ve ssel an d

.

t reate d with dilu te s u lph u ric acid which co mbin in g with , ,

t h e li me form s su lph a t e of li m e which deposits while t h e

, , ,

fatty acids (stea r i c an d ol ei c) ris e to t h e s u rface Th e m i x .

t u re of fatty acids th u s for m ed is n ext placed i n vessels , ,

to cool an d is after wards su bj ecte d to pressu re wh ereby

, ,

t h e ol eic aci d s epa rates an d flo ws i n to v essels r eady t o

receive it A t t h e exten sive can dle works of P rice an d
.

C om pan y t h e ve getabl e fats are deco mpose d in to th eir

con stitu en ts fatty acids an d glyc erin e by t h e action of
, ,

su p erheated steam alon e th a t is witho u t pr eviou s sapon i , ,

fi cati on By a n oth er proc ess pal m an d cocoa n u t oils are

.
,
-

d ecom posed b stron g s u lph u ric acid at a te mperatu re of

abo u t 3 5 0 Fahr produ ced by su p erh eated steam an d t h e
°
.
, ,

res u lti n g m ass is a ft er wards disti lled by t h e ai d of steam

h eated to abo u t 5 5 0 F ahr This is called su lp / mri c aci d °
.

sap om fi i
'

oa t on .

I t will readily be s een th erefore th at as a by prod u c t , ,

-

o f th e can dl e factory ole ic acid m u st be an abu n da n t soap ,

m akin g m at erial an d so i n dee d it is : an d th eoretical l y

, , ,

it sho u ld be con vertible in to soap (oleate of soda) by mean s

o f a carbo n ate d (n ot ca u stic ) alk a li T aki n g advan tage of .

t his fac t M r M orfi t m an v y e a rs sin c e p u rsu e d a l o n g

, .
, ,
 OL E I C A CI D —S OA P
'
F R OM R E C O VER ED GR E A S E .

se r ei s of practical expe ri m en ts wi t h a vie w to de velopin g

a p roc ess by which comm ercial oleic a cid com m on ly kn own ,

as Ol ei ne broom oi l an d red oi l
,
—
, resu l t i n g from t h e proc ess e s
—
above referred to cou ld be con ver ted in to soap withou t t h e
em ploy men t of cau stic leys Th e proc esses which h e su bse.

qu en tly i n trod u ced i n clu ded t h e m an u factu re of soaps fro m

”
t h e fatty acids gen erally in cl u di n g recovered grease or
, ,
’
su d oil .

Sin c e t h e treat men t of fatty acids with carbon ate d alka

li es i n ste ad of em ployin g them i n t h e cau stic state as i n
, ,

ord i n ary soap m akin g in volves th e escap e of carbon ic acid

-
, ,

an d a c on seq u en t s wellin g u p of t h e m aterials wh en bro u ght

i n con tact e ven witho u t boi l in g am ple room m u s t be le ft

, ,

i n t h e pan to allo w for t h e grea t i n cre as e i n b u lk which

occ u rs afte r repeated addition s of alkali .

S o a p fr o m R e cov e r e d Gr e tn a — B efo re givin g a bri ef

de scription of M r M orfi t s process it m ay be we ll to refer
.
’
,

to a se ries of experim en ts con d u cte d by t h e au thor som e

years ago with t h e obj ec t of con verti n g recovered grease
,

i n to a m arke tabl e soap Th e grease was first m elted at a

.

tem pe ratu re su ffi cien tly high to liqu e fy it wh en sm all doses ,

of a warm sol u tion of soda crysta l s we re adde d from tim e

to tim e with con stan t stirrin g u n til effervescen ce n o lon ger

, ,

occu rred on th e addition of t h e soda solu tion Th e fa tty .

acids bein g n e w n e u tralised th e sapon ac eo u s m ass was n ext ,

treated with a sol u t io n of obl ori de of soda with t h e obj e c t ,

of lighten i n g its colou r Th e po we rful bl eachin g prop e r

.

ti es of this solu tion wh ich it o wes to t h e p re sen ce of

,

hypochlorite of sodi u m soo n affecte d th e colo u r of th e

,

soap ren derin g it m an y de grees paler bu t som e portion

, ,

o f t h e colo u ri n g m atte r r em ai n e d u n acte d u pon b th e

bleachin g liqu or which becam e e vi den t wh en t h e ob oride
,

ceased to prod u ce an y fu rth er effect .

Th e soap was a fterwards boil ed ov er a stron g salted l ey ,

an d t h e r e s u lti n g pa ste m ix ed i n va ryi n g propor t ion s , ,

with oth er soaps ; bu t alth ou gh th e ct r i de of soda h ad

dim in ish ed t h e p ec u liar odo u r of th e grea se to som e exten t ,

i t was fo u n d that on ly a sm all perc en t age of t h e fatty acid

soap co u ld be worked u p with soaps of b e tte r q u alit y an d ,

e v en th en a kee n n o se wo u ld r ecog n i se its prese n c e When .

86 TH E A R T OF S OA P - JIA X IN G .

p erfu med wi th itro b en zol or cassi a its odo u r was effectu

n -

ally di sg u ised an d it cou ld th erefore be employed i n m ode

, , ,

rate p roportion s i n som e ki n ds of fan cy soaps A s a ru le .

,

soap makers have a gre at di slike to recover ed grease or

-
,

Wakefield fat o win g chi efly to its odo u r bu t which a fter al l

, , , ,

is n eith er so disagreeabl e n or so lasti n g on t h e ski n or lin en

wash ed with it a s that im parted by cocoa n u t oil soaps -
.

M or fi t s S y s t e m of 8 0 a p m a k i n g — This has for its o bj e ct

’
- .

th e con versio n of t h e fa tty acids of co mm erc e i n to soap by

m ean s of carbo n at e of soda i n stead of em ployin g ca u stic
,

leys wh ereby t h e in ven tor prod u c es soap con tain in g de fi

,

n it e proportion s of fatty m ate ri als soda an d wat er th e s e , , ,

p roportion s b ein g deter min ed before t h e m an u factu re com

m en ces . The time occu pie d i n m akin g a batch of soap is
stated to be t wo an d a hal f ho u rs an d i n t wo days afte r
- - -
,

t h e soap is r eady for c u ttin g Thu s fo u r boi l s m ay be

.

made i n on e day i n each pan th ereby r en derin g it u n ,

n ec e ssary to kee p large stocks of soap on han d .

Altho u gh soap m ade by this system can be ru n that ,

is ch eap en ed by th e addition of large qu an tities of water

,

a n d oth e r adu lte ration s it do es n ot i n its i n tegrity con

“
, , ,

tem plate an y su ch degradation On t h e con trary it i s .

,

design ed to fu rn ish soap of th e greatest possible exc ellen ce

at t h e lowest possible cost so that t h e m an u fact u rer m ay
,

have a creditable m ean s of secu rin g both profit an d s u cc ess

again st t h e dishon est com petition of very m u ch i n ferior
”
soaps as made by t h e older m ethods .

Th e fat acids be in already deprived of th eir glyc erin e

, ,

do n ot su ffe r loss i n t e sam e way that n eu tral fats n ece s

sari l y do i n t h e proc e ss of sapon i fi cat i on co n s eq u en tly t h e ,

wh ol e of t h e m at erial u sed i n co mbin atio n with specific

,

p roportion s of soda an d water are u ltim ately obtain ed i n,

t h e form of soap .

A m on gst t h e advan tages which are claim ed for t h e ol eic

soaps is t h e follo win g : t h ey clean s e bette r i n cold an d
h ard wat ers than th e high e st grad e of soap that c an be
m ade from n eu tral fats In deed for m ost p u rposes it is
.
, ,

n ot n e c e ssary to u se hot or e ven warm wa t e r to brin g ou t

,
”
their best effec ts .
 -M
88 TH E A R T OF S OA P A K IN G .

portion to form soda crystals n am ely pe r c en t or,

.
, ,

say 1 gallon of wate r for e very 5 lbs of ash This qu an

,
. .

tity of alkali form s a n eu tral soap ; for stro n ger soaps ,

from 21 0 t o 225 lbs of ash are u sed Th e solu ti on of

. .

soda m u st m ark 21 2 F before be in g added to th e hot°

.

’
m ate ria l i n t h e p an an d on ly from six to twelve m in u te s
,

ti m e allo wed to ru n i n t h e whole of th e liqu or Th e .

stirrer is th en set i n m otion a m in u te or l oss after t h e alkali

b egin s to flow an d is k ept u p with t h e h eatin g u n til t h e
, , ,

p rocess is complete Th e brisk ch emical action which is

.

se t u ca u s es a great s wellin g of t h e m ass to a ll ow for

p ,

which a cu rb is fixed above t h e pan Soon a fter t h e l a st .

portion of alkali h as been ru n i n t h e m ass begin s to su b ,

side an d chan ges from its spon gy state i n to that of a

,

clear so ft ho mogen eou s paste which soon assu me s a bri l

, , ,

li an t appearan c e Late r it be com es m ore con sisten t ; an d

.

i n an hou r an d fi ft een to thirty m in u te s from t h e m om en t

t hat t h e al kali co mm en c ed to fal l in to t h e oil t h e p a s te ,

is so stiff an d dry that it cu ts or peels fro m t h e walls ,

’

”
of t h e pa n an d t h e blades of t h e stirrer Th e paste is .

n ow spri n kled ov e r with eight or t en gall on s of boili n g

wate r t h e stirrin g an d h eati n g b ein g co n tin u ed u n til t h e

, ,

paste at first q u ite soft regain s its stiffn ess Soap th u s

, , .

m ade co n sists of i n 1 0 0 par ts oleic acid soda , ,

to wate r ,

In stead of employin g a sol u tion of soda ash M r M orfi t , .

som etim es u ses soda cry stals fu sed i n th e ir own wate r of ,

cry stalli satio n ; an d sin ce this salt of soda has attain ed a

r em arkably l ow price i t wo u ld dou btless i n this co u n try
, , ,

at least prove t h e m ost facile as also t h e most econ om ical

, , ,

for m of soda to apply to this system of sapon i fi cat i on .

Ol eic acid is exten sively u se d by soap m ak ers i n t h e -

ordi n a ry proc ess es of soap m akin g ; bu t it is gen e ra lly -

associate d with a con siderable portion of tall ow or oth er

fa t co n tain in g s tearin e by wh ich a fi r m e r a n d harde r so a p
,

i s ob ta in ed than with oleic acid alon e F ro m 30 to 4 0 .

r c en t of tallow is a fair proportion

p e . .

To m ake soap from ole ic a cid an d tallo w th e pro

—
,

p ortio n s ma
y be ol e i c acid l bs t allo w 90 0 lbs ,
.
,
.
 A CID S OA P S . 89

Th e ol e ic acid is fi rst ru n i n to th e p an an d h eated , a fter

which , abou t 1 0 0 gallon s of old l ey , at 22 to 25 B , are
° °
.

i n trod u c ed. In a short time t h e oil assu m es a spon gy

con dition I f n ec essary, t h e operation m ay be hasten ed
.

by addin g a fe w gal lon s of fresh l ey at abo u t 28 B Th e °

.

hea t i s to be kept u p m odera tely for fi ve or six hou rs,

with occasion al stirrin g, u n til t h e grain s of soap form ed
b ecom e dissolved A s soon as this is effect ed, t h e whole
.

is to be bro u ght to a gen tle boil u n til a thick foam appears

on t h e s u r fac e ; this foam m u st be k e pt u n d e r by con

t i n u al agi tatio n , an d i f th e re is a dispositio n of t h e m ass

to rise above th e edge of t h e pan , from 1 2 to 1 5 gall o n s of
l ey at 20 or 25 B m ay be dash ed i n
° °
. . I t is b e tter, h ow
e ve r, t o ch e ck t h e h ea t at tim e s , a n d to add t h e l e y s
cau tio u sly, rather than to be com pell ed to resort to t h e
applicatio n of fresh leys to su bdu e t h e risin g of t h e m ass .

D u ri n g t h e boilin g , a pe rfect separation m u st take plac e,

an d t h e soa p appear i n t h e form of sm al l grai n s Wh en
’

this co n dition is arrived at t h e boilin g is to be con tin u ed

for abou t a cou ple of hou rs , t h e steam th en tu rn e d off, a n d
t h e soap allowed to stan d for abo u t eight or t en ho u rs .

A t t h e en d of this p eriod th e leys are dra wn off, an d t h e

operation of sapon i fy i n g t h e tall o w com m en ced T his .

tallo w is fi rst pu t i n to th e pan , wh en 75 gall on s of fresh

l ey at 20 to 28 B are ru n i n , an d t h e whole well stirre d,
° °
.

to en su re p erfect combi n ation of t h e leys with t h e tall o w .

Th e m ixtu re is th en su ffe red to rest u n til th e follo wi n g

day, wh en t h e steam is to be again tu rn ed on A fte r a .

whil e t h e grain s form ed d u ri n g t h e sapon i fi ca ti on of th e

oil grad u ally disapp ear, an d t h e tallo w b egin s to ass u me
t h e u su al pasty co n dition . A s soo n as this is co m plet e,
which is determin ed by fr eq u en t exa min ation of sm all
sa mples taken fro m th e m ass du rin g th e boilin g, th e steam
is t u rn ed off, an d th e process of sep ara ti on co mmen ced .

To separate th e sapon ifi ed m aterials, small q u an ti tie s of

old leys at 22 to 25 are added (a bo u t 3 or 4 gallon s at a
° °

ti me ) , when con siderable eflerv escen ce occu rs Sim ilar

'

dose s of l ey m u st be added fro m tim e to tim e, with c on

t i n u al stirrin g ; bu t each portio n of l ey m u st be allo we d
90 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

to have its fu ll effect before i n trodu cin g t h e n ext oth er ,

wise t h e u prisin g of th e m ass will be so great as to ren de r

it liable t o overflo w Th e addition s of l ey m u st be m ade
.

u n til s eparatio n is effected which m a be asc ertain ed by

y ,

dippin g th e shovel i n to t h e m ass i n th e u su al way wh en , ,

i f t h e soap app ears i n smal l grain s fro m whic h t h e l ey ,

r u n s freely t h e Operation is n early fi n ish e d ; bu t to

,

en su r e its p e rfect com pletion 4 0 or 5 0 g a llo n s of t h e sa m e

,

re in t rod u c ed wi t h brisk stirrin g for abo u t h alf an

{ y
e a ,

l ou r .

Th e soap, which is n ow i n t h e for m ofv ery small grain s,

is allo wed to repose for eight or ten ho u rs, wh en t h e l ey is
drawn off as u su al, an d t h e sapon ifi oa ti on of th e soap
c o mplet e d by boilin g wit h t wo fresh s e rvices ofl eys In .

t h e firs t s ervice abo u t 90 gallo n s of fre sh ca u stic l ey at

24 or 25 are ru n in to t h e pan , foll o we d by gen tle boilin g
° °

for eight or t en hou rs A t t h e e n d of this time t h e leys

.

wil l be free from cau sticity D u rin g th e bo i lin g, h ow

.

e ver, to m ak e u p for t h e e v aporation which t ak es plac e,

2 or 3 gallon s of l ey sho u ld be added abo u t eve ry ho u r

or so .

A fter th eleys of th e last op eration have b een r emov ed ,

a s econ d service of stron g ca u stic l ey is given This l ey .

sho u ld be of 27 or 28 B F rom 60 to 75 gallon s of this

° °
.

l ey are n ow r u n in to th e pan s team t u rn ed on an d en tl e

, ,

boili n g appli ed for fou r or fi ve hou rs du rin g whio t h e ,

soap acq u ir es m or e con sist en cy an d by t h e e vapo ratio n of

,

water fro m t h e l ey t h e m ass decr eas es i n bu lk A s i n t he .

former op eration rep eate d sm all dos es of stro n g l ey m u st

,

be add e d fro m tim e to tim e an d th e thick skin whic h ,

form s on th e su rfac e of th e soa p shou ld be driven in to t h e

m ass by a stirr e r A t t h e co m pl e tion of t h e op era tio n t h e
.

leys sho u ld still be cau stic to t h e tast e after a boil of eight

or t en ho u rs Th e gran u lar soap i f properly fi n ish ed
.
, ,

shou ld wh en pressed between th e fi n gers form hard an d

, ,

dry scales or flakes an d r eadily po wder wh en r u bbed i n

,

t h e palm of t h e ha n d Th e steam is n ow t u rn ed off t h e

.
,

cover of t h e pan lowered u po n it an d t h e soap a llo wed to ,

repo se u n til t h e follo wi n g day wh en th e l ey i s dra wn off

,
.
9 2 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

i t rior
n e of
a cast iro n pan set i n brick work ; B a cast iron
- -

jacket i n to which t h e pan fi t s closely an d is ren dered ,

ste a m tigh t by pre p er l u tin g

-
D D is t h e steam su pply .

Fi g 1 8. .

pip e 0 is an exit pip e for co n d en s ed st eam A t E is a

.
-
.

d i sch arge pi pe for e m ptyin g t h e pan

- .

”
“
Red oil is a v e ry u sefu l fatty m ate ri al for soap m akin g -
.

F orm erly st eari n e was obtai n ed o n ly fro m tal lo w bu t t h e

, ,
—
v ege table ba tters or oils palm an d cocoa n u t— are n ow
,
-

e xt e n si v ely em ploy ed i n its m a n u fact u re W h en steari n e .

i s m ade by su lp h u r i c aci d sap omfi ca ti on an d s u bse q u en t

'

distilla tion t h e oleic acid is of a b ro wn colou r an d is

, ,
“ ”
kn o wn co mm ercia lly as bro wn oil
,
I t has a stron g
, .

e m pyr eu m atic odo u r whic h m ay b e p artially r e m ov e d by

,

passin g a cu rren t of su perh eated steam thro u g h it an d ,

its colo u r m ay be con sidera bly i mproved by treatin g it

with a sm all q u an tity of sol u tio n of bichromate of po tash
an d m u riatic acid as i n bl eachin g palm oil,
- .

These fatty m atte rs do n ot requ ire cau stic alkali for

th eir con v ersion i n to soap sin ce th ey have already b een ,

con v erted i n to fat acids by t h e variou s processes em ploye d

,

i n t h e m a n u fa ct u r e of st earin e for ca n dl e m akin g It is -

.

u su al th e refor e to tr ea t th es e oils with car bon a ted alk ali

, , ,

as befo re sho wn There are howev e r several m ethods of

.
, ,

n e u t rali si n g th e s e fa t acids with carbo n at e of soda fro m ,

which t h e m an u fact u re r m ay sel ect that which has his

preferen c e I t is n ecessary that t h e soap pan sho u ld be
.
-

capacio u s or that on ly a m oderate charge of oil shou ld be

,
 OL E I C A C ID S OA P S .
3

op erated u pon at a ti me si n ce a profu se efferv escen ee takes

,

place i m m ediately after t h e alkali an d fat a cids come i n

con tact wh ereby t h e volu me of t h e m aterials is greatly
,

i n creased A gai n t h e alkali m u st be i n trodu ced (with

.
,

brisk stirrin g) very grad u ally u n ti l th e fu ll proportio n h as,

been gi ven .

Ol ei c A c i d S oa p s In m akin g th ese soaps it is t h e

.
-

practic e to esti m ate t h e exact qu an t ity of soda that will be

requ ired to ren der a giv en weight of oleic acid neutra l ,

al th o u gh a slight exc e ss an d for so m e soaps a larger exc ess

, ,

sho u ld be giv e n Som etim es as i n Morfi t s system soda ash

’
.
, ,

is dissol ved i n t h e prope r equ ivalen t of wa t er t o form soda

crystals or soda crystals are m elted i n th eir own water of
,

c rystallisation i n a jack et pan by steam h eat Barilla -

, .
,

kelp bicarbon ate of soda hav e also been u se d to n eu tralis e

,

ol eic ac id bu t the re can be n o dou bt that t h e ordi n ary

,

soda crystals of co mm erce i n th eir fu s ed or m elted state

, ,

a re fro m th e ir co m parative p u rity an d co n v en i en ce to be

, ,

prefe rred to all oth er varietie s of carbo n ate of soda .

Th e de sire d q u an tity of ol eic acid b ei n g r u n i n to th e

an (which sho u ld be a jacket e d pan h eate d by s tea m ) a
p ,

m oderate h eat is applied an d t h e fu sed crystals allo wed to

,

fl ow i n grad u ally with brisk stirri n g which is m ore

,
—
ef fect u ally perform ed by t h e stea m t wirl of M orfi t Th e .

h eat an d stirri n g m u st be kept u p u n til t h e efle rvescen ce

'

c eases an d t h e m ass assu m es t h e co n di tion of a h om ogen eou s

,

p aste If a soap of greate r firmn ess is req u ired dr i ed or

.
,

e tfloresced soda m a b u s e d i n plac e of a portion of t he

y e
fu s ed crystals Th e dri ed sal soda is produ c e d by passin g
.
-

c u rren ts of hot air throu gh th e crystals u n til th ey fall i n to

a powder Or fi n el y po wdered an d si fted soda ash m ay be
.
-

u s e d for i n fe rior ole ic soaps in stead of t h e dried soda

,

crystals I n u sin g th e dry carbon ate of soda ho wever

.
, ,

it m u st be added aft er t h e fatty acid has b een brou ght to

a past e with t h e portio n of fu s e d crystals e mploy ed .

If r esi n is to be i n trod uc ed t h e r e qu isite proportion is ,

to be thro wn i n to t h e pre vio u sly h eated fat acid an d th e ,

st i rri n g co n t i n u e d u n t il t h e wh ol e of t h e r e si n h a s m el te d ,

aft er which t h e fu s e d sal soda is to be r u n i n as d escribed

-
.
94 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

Wh en th e so ap has acqu i re d its prop er con si sten c e it i s ,

to be shovelled i n to t h e fra me s i n t h e u su al way or m ay ,

be blen ded wi th variou s proportio n s of o th er soaps .

K ot t u l a s S oa p s — A de part u re fro m t h e ordi n ary sys

’
.

t e m of soap m aki n g was i n trod u c e d by D r Ke tt u la abo u t

-
.

t wen ty fi v e yea rs ago an d a t t h e ti m e attracte d m u ch

-
,

at ten tion In con d u ctin g his process K ot t u l a adds t o

.
,

ordi n ary c u rd m ottled yellow or oth er so aps m ade i n t h e

, , , ,

o rdi n ary way fatty m atters lim e liqu or con cen trate d
, , ,

soda leys an d al u m with t h e obj ec t of produ cin g a cheaper

,

n eu tr a l soap th a n h e b e lie ve s was hith e rto produ c ed Th e .

fat ty m atters h e e m ploys a re su ch as are comm o n ly u s e d

by soap m akers H e first boils soda leys u n til t hey have
-
.

acq u i red t h e s tren gth of abou t 3 0 B an d th en adds °

.
,

to t h e m al u m i n t h e proportio n of abo u t 3 5 lbs to each

,
.

”
c wt . of l e
y H e th en prepa re s a
.
“
li m e liq u or by
addin g to an y requ isi te qu an ti t y of water as m u ch lim e
as it wil l a bsorb or take u p an d to this li me sol u tio n h e ,

adds sal am mon iac i n t h e proportion of abo u t h alf a po u n d

to each c wt of t h e sol u tion So meti m es h e om its t h e
. .

sal ammon iac .

The fatty m atte rs co n cen tra t e d soda leys an d l i m e, ,

liqu or are n ow added to t h e m elted soap i n s u ch propor

tion s that t h e fat ty m atters will becom e d u ly sapon i fi ed ,

an d that t h e soap produ c ed m a y be of t h e r equ ir ed de sc ri p

tion Th e whole are th en boiled i n t h e u s u al way Th e

. .

proporti on s of fatty matte r con cen trated leys an d lim e , ,

liq u or m ay be varie d accordin g t o t h e character of so ap

req u i re d Th e follo wi n g propor tio n s are ho wev er recom
.
, ,

m e n de d — Ord i n ary fitte d soap or c u rd soap 1 0 ton s ; , ,

fatty m atte rs 4 ton s ; soda le ys prepar e d as above 4 § to n s ;

, , ,

li m e liqu or 65 t on s To prod u c e a m ottled soap h e adds

, .

a c ertain qu an tity of u ltram arin e oxide of m an gan es e or , ,

o th er s u i table pigm en t pr evio u sly m ixe d with wate r an d

, ,

t h e whole are th en boile d togeth e r for hal f an ho u r wh en ,

t h e soap is r eady for cle a n si n g i n t h e u s u al way

~
.

I n s t an t a n eou s S oa p — B a m o dific a tio n of t h e abo v e

y .

process K ot t u l a prod u c e s wh a t m ay be term ed an i nsta n

ta neous soap by com bi n i hg fat ty m atters wit h c o n c e n t ra te d
,
 CHA P TER X .

CH EA P EN ED S OA P S .

N orman dy s P rocess —Si li cat ed Soaps : Sh eri dan s Process — Geese ge s

’ ’ ’
~
.

P r ocesses .P rep arat i on of Si l i cat e of S oda — P r eparati on of Si li cate

.

of P otassa M i xi n g Si li cate of S oda wi th S oaps

.
-
.

P a s v rou s t o t h e abolition of th e excise du ty on soap , t h e

addi tion of an y foreign su bstan c e to soap, with a view to
ch eapen it, was resiste d by t he Ex cise B oard an d its
m y rm idon s with wo n dro u s p erti n acity ; an d sin c e t h e
e xcis e offi c er was e v e r on t h e prem ise s , like a m an in
p o ss e ssio n , an d r e g u l a rly lock e d u p e a c h copp e r wh e n

t h e ho u r for closi n g t h e factory a rriv ed, e vasion of t h e

l a w was n ot easily m an ag ed A t this p eriod, an y proc ess
. .

paten ted or oth erwise, which i n volved t h e i n trod u ctio n

i n to soap of an y su bsta n ce oth er than fat s, oils, l eys, an d
salt (on which l a tte r s u bstan c e t h ere wa s also a h ig h
d u ty) was a cri m in al o ffen c e D u rin g this p eriod, t h e
.

high prices of m at eri als an d t h e in creasi n g dem an d fo r

soaps ren dere d ch eapen in g processes n ecessary for t h e
p u blic con ven i en c e bu t , u n til t h e du ty wa s su bsequ en tl y
a bolish ed , i m pro v em en ts i n this direction co u ld n ot be
t a k en ad van ta ge of by t h e m or e en terp ri si n g firm s , wh o
we re both wil l i n g an d d esiro u s to adopt i mprovem en ts of
a satisfactory n at u re .

D r N or m a n d y s P r oc e s s , for ch eapen i n g soap by t h e

’
.

addition of su lphate of soda, m et with stro n g oppositio n

fro m t h e excise au thoriti e s , a n d, in st ead of r eapi n g t h e
a dva n tag e of his in gen u it , h e was su bj e ct ed to con stan t
y
irritatio n an d o ffi cial in ter feren ce N orm an dy s proces s,
.
’

which h as si n c e bee n s u bj ected to m o difi cati on s, ac cordin g

 CH E A P E N E D S OA P S 97

to t h e requ irem en t s of t h e m an u factu re r is bri efly as ,

follows — Th e soap b ein g m ade i n t h e ordin ary way an d ,

tran sferre d to t h e clean sin g copp er s u lphate of soda i n , ,

t h e proportion of20 lbs for e v ery 8 0 lbs of soap an d 4 lbs

. .
,

of carbon at e of soda or of potash or 2 lbs of e ach are , .

,

thro wn i n to t h e hot soap an d t h e whol e well stirred u n til

,

th e m a ss is p erfe ctly ho m ogen eo u s wh en t h e soap is ready ,

for fra m i n g i n t h e u su al way .

Th e su lphat e of soda an d carbo n ate of soda or potash

, ,

may be in trod u ced i n t h e liqu id state (th a t is fu se d i n ,

their water of crys tallisation ) S u pposi n g t h e q u an t i ty of .

soap to be tre ated is 3 to n s th e su lphate an d carbon ate of ,

“
soda are to be pu t i n to t h e pot or lo wer part of t h e ,

c l ean sin g copp er i n th e p roportion of 28 lbs of th e form er

-
, .

a n d 4 lbs o f t h e latt e r for e v e ry 8 0 lbs of so ap an d th e n

. .
,

allo we d to fu s e i n to a liq u id state Th e soap is th en t o .

be r u n i n to t h e cl ean sin g copp e r with co n sta n t sti r ri n g

-
,

whil e t h e soap is b ei n g tra n sferred u n til t h e m ixt u re is ,

co m plete .

So m etim e s it is d esirabl e to dissolve t h e su l ph ate a n d

carbon ate of soda i n water i n which case 3 c wt of water , , .
,

2 cwt of su lphate of soda a n d 1 cwt o f c arbo n ate of

.
, .

potash (or &cwt of each of t h e t wo latter ) are pu t i n to

.

t h e cle an si n g copp e r an d di ssolve d by h eat as b e for e ;

-
,

a ft er which t h e soap is tra n s fe r re d fro m t h e boili n g

copp er wh en 21 c wt m ore of su lphate of soda an d 3 c wt

, . .

of c a rbo n at e of soda or potash are to be a dd e d (or h a l f

this q u an tity ) an d t h e stirrin g co n ti n u ed a s before u n til

,

a p erfectly ho m ogen eo u s m ass resu lts .

I t is n ow co m m on ly t h e practic e to m elt th e cryst als of

s u lphate of soda (Glau ber s Salt) or carbon ate of soda i n ’
,

a s team jack eted pan a n d to ladle t h e liqu id as req u i red

-
,

n t o t h e m elted so a p a ft e r it has b ee n u t i n to t h e fra m e s

, p ,

wh en t h e u n ion of t h e m at erials is co m ple ted by cru t ch i n g

i n t h e ordi n ary way ; or t h e liqu id sal ts are in trod u ced by
mean s of t h e stea m cr u tch -
.

On e of t h e m ost i m portan t adva n ta ges of t h e above

—
proc ess which as we h ave sa id i s s u bj ec t to m an y m odi
, ,

i —
ti cat on s i s th at t h e s u l ph a t e of soda wh en m i xed wi t h ,

H
 -M
98 TH E A R T OF SOA P A K IN G .

soap deficien t i n hardn ess throu gh poorn ess of t h e mate ,

rials of which it is co mpos ed crys tallise s throu gho u t t h e ,

mass an d th ereby giv es it an artifi cial hardn es s which

, ,

preven ts it from washin g a way too freely i n t h e han ds of

t h e la u n dr ess In deed soap m ay be r en d ered so hard by
.
,

em ployin g larg e q u an titi es of this s alt as to r esist t h e ,

stron gest pressu re of t h e th u mb Wh en it is e mployed .

i n e xc ess ho wever it is v ery liable to efl oresce on t h e

, ,

s u rface of t h e soap ren derin g it n ot o n ly u n sightly bu t to

, ,

some exten t u n salable ,

.

S i l i c a t e d S o ap s : S h e r i da n s P r ooe s s Of all t h e
’
.

nu merou s ch eap en in g su bs tan c e s which have b een i n tro

du ced i n to p u re soaps th e si l i ca te o f soda or s
,o l u bl e gl a ss ,

m ay be dee m e d th e m ost im portan t si n c e it n ot on ly ,

favou rs t h e i n trodu ctio n of a large p erc en tage of water i n

c ertain ki n ds of soap bu t it al so possesses i n itse lf a high
,

detergen t prope rty Th e m erit of applyin g silicate of

.

soda to soap is du e to M r Sh eridan wh o obtain ed a paten t .

,

for his proc e ss as far back as t h e y ear 1 8 3 5 at whic h ,

p eriod ho we ver owin g to t h e th en existi n g excise laws

, , ,

it cou ld n ot receive t h at exten sive adoption which h as

fallen t o t h e lot of s u bs equ en t proc esses base d u po n his
origin al an d m ost i n gen iou s in ven tion .

A lthou gh t h e silicate of soda or solu bl e glass is n ow , ,

an ext en sively m an u factu re d articl e of co m m erc e

-
an d ,

for m s a n e c e ssary item i n t h e lon g list of soap m ate rials ,

it may be i n te restin g i f we give a brief o u tlin e of Sh eri

dan s origi n al process H e first formed a detergen t
’ “
.

”
m ixture by boilin g calcin ed q u artz or flin t (previou sly
,

grou n d to an almost im palpable powder ) or san d with ,

stron g cau stic soda or cau stic po tash leys ; th e pro

,

port ion s bein g on e part by m easu re of g rou n d calcin e d

flin t or qu artz to two parts of eith er cau stic alkali m ark ,

i n g 28 B °
Th ese wer e boiled togeth er for abou t eight
.

ho u rs with con tin u al stirrin g u n til th ey b ecam e a

, ,

homogen e ou s m ass havin g t h e appearan c e of sapo n i

,

fi ed m atte r [a visco u s co n di tion

] Wh en i n th is s t at e it .

was ready t o be m ix ed with so ap which wa s don e by ,

”
i n trodu cin g th e detergen t m ixt u re as Sh eridan called ,
 7 11 1 :
A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

on cen trat ed
(by e v a poratio n o f w at e r th e r e fro m ) a thic k ,

visco u s com po u n d is obtai n e d whic h is e asily redi ssolv e d ,

by t h e additio n of wate r This thick visco u s compou n d .

con tain s al k ali i n a state of weak co mbin ation with si lica ,

a n d i s th e re fore a n alogo u s to tr u e so a p
‘
which co n tain s ,

al k ali i n a wea k co m b i n a tio n wi t h fatty acids an d it is t o ,

t hi s co n di t io n of alk ali b ein g weak ly co m bin ed i n bo th

c om po u n ds a n d th e re fo re r e ady to e n t e r i n to o t h e r c om
,

bi n a t i on s t h at t h e d e t erg en t prope rti e s of tr u e soa p an d

,

t h e sol u bl e co m po u n d of sili c a an d alka li a re attrib u t a ble .

W h en t h e thi k viscou s co m pou n d of silica a n d a l kali

c

( a bov e m en tio n e d ) is a dd e d to tr u e soaps a n d i n ti m a t e ly ,

m ixe d t h er e with a co mpo u n d soap is o btai n ed at a l ow

, ,
”
cos t posse ssi n g v al u able d ete rgen t prop erti es
, .

P r ep ar a t i on of S i c a t e of S od a
l i — G oss ago prepares
s ilica t e of so da or silicate of pota sh by fu sion m u ch i n t h e ,

sam e way as t hat adop te d i n t h e prod u ction of ordi n ary

glass H e mixes t oge th e r abo u t equ a l p ar t s of dry car
.

bo n a te o f soda an d cl ean san d to whic h is a dde d on e part ,

by weight of g ro u n d coke or ch a rco al for each n in e p arts

by we i gh t of ca rbon ate of soda This m ixtu re is m elted .

i n t h e sa m e way as m ixtu re s of sa n d a n d alkalie s are i n

gl ass m ak i n g Th e m elted m ass is a fte r wards po u red in t o
-
.

cold wat e r which r e n de rs it m or e fri a bl e

, Th e p rod u ct is .

th en gro u n d to a fi n e po wde r an d a fter wards di ssolved by ,

boilin g i n th ree or fo u r ti m e s its weight of wa te r D u rin g .

t h e boili n g l i q u id c a u stic so da is so m eti m e s add ed A ft er .

r eposin g for a fe w ho u rs t h e clea r liqu or is drawn off a n d

c o n c en tra t e d by evapo ratio n u n til it a ssu m e s a viscid c on

dit i o n s u i t a ble for m i xi n g with pu re so ap .

P r e p a r a t i on of S i l i c a t e of P ot a s h — I n m aki n g silica te .

of pota sh t welve pa rts of dry ca rbon at e of po t ash t wo

, ,

part s o f san d an d on e part of coke or ch a rc oal are m ix e d

,

toge th er an d t h e who l e m e lted an d trea ted as abo ve I n

,
.

plac e of san d gro u n d fel spar m ay be u sed i n which case

, ,

three p arts of this m in eral are s u bstit u ted for t wo parts of

san d an d on ly on e hal f t h e qu an tity of alkali is u sed
,
- .

S u lph ate of soda or s u l phate of potash m ay be u s ed i n stead

Or. as Sh eri dan sa i d, H av i n g th e appearan ce of sa pon i fi cd ma tter .
 C H E A P E N E D S OA P S . 10 !

of th e c arbo n a te s of soda or potash i n m akin g t h e sol u bl e

”
g la ss i n wh ich ca se three pa rts of e ith e r s u lph a t e a re
,

s u bstitu t ed for t wo p arts of ei th er ca rbon ate an d fo u r ,

ti mes t h e qu an tity of coke or charcoal above given .

G ossage s u bs e qu e n tly fo u n d tha t silicate d soaps co u ld

be advan tage o u sly prod u c e d fro m p u r e so aps co n ta i n i n g a
m u ch larger p ropo rtio n of r esin tha n wa s u s u ally em ploy e d
i n t h e m an u fact u re o f h a rd soaps wh e re by a ve ry e con o ,

m ic al an d l ow pric e d so ap co u ld be p rod u c ed
-
I n p re .

p arin g a gen u i n e soap h e u se d n ot less th an on e pa rt o f

re sin for e ach t wo parts of tallo w or oil or a m i xtu re of ,

both ; an d whe n t h e soap h ad b een fitted an d wa s ready ,

for cl ean si n g h e i n tr od u c ed t h e vi s co u s sol u t io n o f s ol u ble

,

gla ss i n c e rtai n p ropo rtio n s t h e specific g ra vity of which

,

s ho u ld be abou t 1 5 00 (wate r b ei n g
W h en m an u fact u rin g gen u i n e soap to be after wards ,

con v erted in to silic ated soa p i n which a la rger p ropo r tio n

,

of r e sin tha n six p a rts for ea c h t e n parts of tallo w or oil ,

or a m ixt u r e of eac h is u sed h e p refe rs to fi n ish t h e soap

, ,
”
as a stiff c u rd i n which sta te t h e visco u s solu tion of
“
,

sol u ble glass is i n trod u c ed In m i xi n g t h e sol u ble glass

.

with soap it is r eco m m e n d e d that t h e fi rst por tio n o f t h e

,

sol u tion sho u ld be of t h e s pecific g ravity of abou t 1 3 0 0 ,

a n d t h e r e m ai n i n g po rtion s a t i n c reasi n g sp ecific gravi t i es ,

u n t il t h e whol e q u an tity of t h e si l ic at e sol u t io n av e rage s

t h e sp ecific gra vi t y of 1 5 0 0 .

M i x i n g S i l i c at e o S o a wi t
f d h S oa p s — F or effectu ally .

m ixi n g g en u in e so aps with silic ate of soda M r G os sag e , .

e m plo s c e rt ai n appa ratu s t h e si m pl e r form of which is

y ,

rep rese n ted i n th e drawi n g (F i g A circ u lar t u b A

.
, ,

h avi n g t h e for m of an in v e rted con e is fitte d with a se ri e s of ,

blades proj e ctin g bb 6 in side t h e vessel A v ertical shaft B

, ,
.
, ,

al so fu rn ish e d with a s eries of blade s c c c is su pporte d by , ,

a footstep (1 fixed a t t h e botto m of t h e v essel an d by a

, , ,

jo u rn al a d apted to a m etal l ic b ridge pi ece e which is

,
-
, ,

fixed ove r t h e t u b an d sec u red by scre w bolts to its

.
-

side s A b e ve lled cog wh e el is adapted to th e u pr i ht

.
-

sh a ft a n d a h ori zo n tal sh aft al so provided wi t h a b e vel ed

, ,

cog wh eel a n d su ppor ted by s u i table b earin g s is att ac h ed

-
, ,
t o: TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

to t h e t u b t h e two wheels b ei n g so placed that th ey will

,

work i n gear with each oth e r A drivi n g p u ll ey is a ttach ed

.

to t h e horizon tal sh aft which is set i n m otion i n t h e u s u a l

,

way wh en t h e apparat u s i s m a ired to be u sed

e
. Th e

Fig 19
. .

dia me t ers of th e p u ll eys an d wh eels are so re gu lated th at

th e u pright shaft m ay m ak e fro m sixty to eighty rev ol u
tion s per m i n u te A spo u t, j ,is attach ed to t h e lo wer p art
.

of t h e t u b, wit h a stoppe r, g, thro u gh which t h e co n t en ts

of t h e v e ss e l a re r u n off
.

“
Wh en I am abo u t to u se my i mproved apparat u s,
104 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

of 1 °

an d 20 c wt cau stic soda l ey of th e sp eci fi c

. of

g ravi ty of 1 t h e m ixt u r e bei n g al so at a t e m pe ra

t u r e of 1 5 0 °
F al ir. Th e wh ole are m ixed togethe r by
agitation .

In to an ordi n ary soa p coppe r is th en pu t 3 0 c wt of th e

-
.

sa m e m ixtu re of fatty oily or re si n o u s m att ers an d 4 0 c wt

, , , .

of cau stic soda (sp gr 1 1 8 0 ) m ixed wit h 20 c wt of

. .
°
.

wat er t h e wh ol e be i n g boil ed toge th er u n til sa pon i fi cati on

,

is co m plete Th e forme r m ixtu re of fatty m atters silicate

.
,

of soda an d so da l eys is th en adde d to t h e a bove an d t h e

, ,

whole aga in boiled togeth er wh en 3 cwt of co mmo n sal t , .

are to be a dd ed Th e boili n g is to be co n tin u ed u n til t h e

.

ma ss is r ed u c ed to abo u t t en to n s wh en i t i s t o be cl ea n sed ,

a s u s u al .
 C H A P T ER XI .

CH E A P E N E D S OA P S

D un n s
’
— Gu
P r ocess
ppy s P r oce
. ss — Th om a s s P
’
r oce ss — P ot at o -
fl o u
. r
’
.

i n Soap — Chi n a C l a y — D ou gl as s I mprov emen t s — F u11er s Eart h

’ '

. . .

Soap — D avi s s P rocess

’
. .

I N m akin g silicated soaps t h e st ren gth or den sity of th e ,

sol u tion of sol u ble gla ss i s re g u la t e d by soap makers -

accordin g to t h e qu ality of soap th ey d esire to produ c e ,

a n d t h e n at u r e of t h e goods e m ploye d i n t h e m an u fac

t u re so me materials form in g a pe rfectl hard soap with
-

a very large admixtu re of t h e silicate t m u st be born e .

i n m in d, ho we ve r t h at wh en e ver sol u ble glass is em ploy ed

, ,

a n d i n ho we ve r s m all a propor tio n t h e i n sol u ble bas e , ,

s i l i ca b eco m e s s eparate d i n washi n g

, leavin g a deposit , ,

m ore or le ss u po n t h e s u rfac e of t h e skin or lin e n cl ean s ed

,

by it M o reover al tho u gh silicate d soaps osse ss good

.
,

detergen t properti es th ey are n ot agreeab e for toilet,

p u r poses sin c e th ey a re very apt to i m part an u n pleasan t

,

rou gh n e ss to t h e ski n soo n a fte r u si n g th em .

D u n n s P r oc e s s
’ — Th e obj ec t of th i s proc e ss is to com
.

bi n e silicate s of soda or potash with so ap u n de r pressu re , ,

wh e reby a m o re p erfect u n io n is stated to be effec t ed an d ,

t h e sam e m e thod is said to be applicable to ordi n ary soaps .

F or y ello w soa p M r D u n n t ake s t h e m ate rials i n t h e u su al

.

—
p ropo r tion s say tallo w 7 palm oil 3 resin 3 p ar t s a n d
, , ,
-
, ,

c a u stic soda l eys at 21 B fro m 1 4 0 to 1 5 0 g allo n s°

. .

Th ese are placed i n a steam boiler (Fi g wh ich is fu r .

n i sh e d wi t h a m a n hole sa fe ty valv e a n d a l l oth er a p en d

p
- -
, ,

ages of s u ch an apparatu s wi th a th erm omete r dippin g ,

i n t o a cha mber of m erc u ry A t A is a fe ed pipe an d at B a .

-
,
 - M A K IN G
106 TH E A T O
R F SOA P .

discharg e pip e from which t h e fi n ish ed soap passes t o th e

-
,

rec ei vi n g pan at c
-
Th e fi re bein g kin dled, t h e boiler
.

i s h eate d u n til t h e pre ssu re at t h e safe ty valve is su ffi cien t -

to en able t h e tempe ratu re i n t h e boile r to rise gradu ally

to 3 1 0 F ahr a t which poin t it is allo wed to remai n
°
u
p .
,

for abo u t an hou r wh en t h e con ten ts of th e boiler are dis

,

ch arged in to t h e pan 0 an d t h e process is co mplete

, .

D u n n prepare s his silicate of sod a or potash also u n de r

pressu re by placin g i n t h e boiler cr u sh e d flin t or qu artz
,

a n d ca u stic soda or potash i n t h e proportion of 1 c wt of

, .

silic a to 1 0 0 gallo n s of l e at 21 B an d t h e whol e i s

°
y .
,

Fi g 20
. .

then h eated as b efore u n der a pressu re u n til t he t em pera

, ,

t u re of t h e boile r in dicates 3 1 0 F ahr Th e steam press u re

°
.

sho ul d be equ al to from 5 0 to 70 lbs to t h e sq u are i n ch .

,

a n d after a bo u t three or fo u r ho u rs t h e silicat e is to be

discharged by t h e exit pip e an d is th en ready for m ixin g

-
,

with soap i n an y r eq u ir ed propor t ion s .

G u pp y s P r oc e s s — A n i m provem en t was made i n t h e

’
.

above proc ess by M r G u ppy wh o e mployed stron ge r

.
,

leys which were i nj ected fro m a reser voir i n to th e boile r

,
10 8 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

th e arm s so ap i s fi rst i n trod u ced thro u gh th e m an

. Th e
hole an d th e shaft se t i n m otio n wh en t h e salts a re ad ded ,

an d t h e rotary m otio n co n tin u ed u n til p e rfec t co m bi n atio n

is effected I f t he m ass b ecomes too stiff t h e tem peratu re

.

is raised by tu rn in g on t h e steam to t h e jacket or i n to ,

t h e v essel its elf a n d t h e soap wh en fi n ish ed is dra wn off

,

or blo wn ou t thro u gh a pa ssage or cock at th e lo we r

, ,

part of t h e v e ssel an d is con v eye d to t h e fram es i n which

,

i t is cru tch ed for a tim e as is u su al with so aps of this ki n d , .

P ot a t o fl ou r i n S oa p — Th e i n gen io u s i n v en t o r of si li
- .

cat ed soaps (M r Sh e ridan ) co n c e iv e d t h e id e a of ble n di n g

.

with p u r e soap c e rtain proportio n so f potato flou r which h e -

,

carrie d in to effect n t h e ollo wi n g way

i f — E q u al par ts by
weight ofpotato flou r an d cold wate r a re m ixe d thorou ghly
-
,

so that n o l u mps m ay rem ai n To e ve ry 1 2} lbs of t h e . .

flou r u sed 3 7 lbs of a solu tio n of alu m free from sedi .

,

m en t are add e d an d t h e whol e well in co rporated by

, ,

stirrin g To this m ixtu re is added i n t h e sam e prop or

.
,

tion as be fore n am ely for e very 1 2} l bs of potato flou r

, ,
.
-

u s ed 4 0 lbs of soda or potash l eys at 22 B an d t h e

°
,
. .
,

whole m ix e d toge th e r in to a hom ogen eo u s m ass F or .

m aki n g hard soaps t h e soda l eys are to be u sed .

The above m ixt u re which is call ed t h e detergen t

is n owto be h e ated a t a t em peratu re of from
,
”
m ixtu r e ,

1 70 to 1 90 F ah r bu t n ot high e r for fro m thre e to fi v e

° °
.
, ,

ho u rs which is be st do n e by stea m i n a jacket pan D u ri n g

,
-
.

t h e h eati n g t h e m ixt u r e is to be co n stan tly sti rr ed t o ,

preven t it fro m adh erin g to t h e side s of t h e pan Th e .

m ixt u re be in g n ow r eady is to be add ed to m el ted so ap

, , ,

wh en it is i n t h e prope r co n ditio n for cl ean sin g This is .

b est do n e by placi n g t h e soap i n a half ton pan wh en t h e -

,

de tergen t m ixt u re while sti l l hot is to be added a pail , , ,

ful at a tim e an d well cru tch e d i n i n t h e sa m e way t h a t

, ,

c u rd soap is cru tch ed I t is n ec essary that t h e dete rgen t .

m ixtu re an d so ap sho u ld be as n early t h e sam e t em pera

tu re as possible Th e qu an tity of t h e detergen t m ixtu re
.

which is to be a dded to t h e soa p m a y vary fro m on e fi fth -

to on e thi rd by weight ; bu t t h e soa p m aker sho u ld de

- -

term in e this by m akin g sm all sa m pl e s wi t h diffe ren t

 CH EA PE N ED S DA P S . 10 9

proportio n s of t h e d etergen t m ixt u re an d allo wi n g th e m

t o cool . A fter well cru tchi n g t h e soap an d d e t ergen t
m ixtu r e t h e co mpou n d soa p is p u t i n to t h e ordin ary
,

fram es .

C h i n a C l a y (K aolin ) i n Soa p — Th e i n trodu ctio n i n to

soaps of solid in gredien ts which possess n o detergen t
propertie s i n th e m selves c an n ot be comm en ded n eith e r
, ,

sho u ld this syste m of ad u lte ration be en cou ra ge d by soap

m akers whose s u cc ess i n t h e m a n u fact u re of soap d ep en ds
,

u po n th eir r e p u tation for ho n esty If t h e p u bl ic wi l l

.
,

ho wever (as th ey c ertai n ly do i n th e presen t age of ad u l

t erat i on ) en co u rage ch eap an d worthless goods i n pr e fe r
,

e nc e to gen u i n e a rticl es e v e n t h e m ost scr u p u lo u s m u st

,

y i e l d to t h e de m a n d .

D ou gl as s i m p r ov e m e n t s i n th e m an u fact u re of so ap
’

con sists i n co mbin i n g an y v a rie ty of clay with soap ; t h e

m o st approv e d s u bst a n c e ho we ve r is kaol i n or C hin a cla y
, , ,

( a s ilic a t e of al u m i n a ) w hich , a bo u n d s ext en sively i n som e

districts i n C orn wall Th e clay is plac ed i n a v essel

]
.
,

h eated by steam or oth er wise an d worked u p i n to a paste ,

wi t h wate r t h e clay b ein g i n t h e proportion of abou t 25

,

p e r c en t of t h e m ass
. H e at be i n g a ppli e d t h e m ixt u re of
.
,

clay an d water is effec ted by con stan t s tirri n g To this is .

th e n adde d a sa tu rated sol u tion of salt i n t h e proportion

of abou t on e twe n ti eth pa rt of t h e whol e
-
Th e proportion .

o f t h e abo ve m ixtu re to be add e d to m elt ed soap i s r e g u

—
l ated by t h e re qu iremen t s oft h e m an u fact u r er th e u t m ost
e xt en t bei n g 5 0 pe r c en t of t h e cla y . P erson s of pec u li ar
.

fa n cy u se th es e argillac eo u s so aps for toil et p u rpose s .

F u l l er s E’
a t
r h So p a — Of al l t h e solid m att ers which
.

hav e been m ech an ically co mbin ed wi th soap th e m in eral ,

su bstan c e kn o wn as fu ller s ea rth is u n dou b te dly t h e

’

best M ore over b ein g i n itself a de te rgen t its co m bin a

.
, ,

tion with soap par takes l ess of t h e character of a m ere

a du lter an t than oth er argillac eo u s ( or clayey ) s u bstan c es .

I n deed lo n g b efore soap was kn o wn t h is s u bsta n c e was

, ,

e mplo y e d as a cl ean si n g m edi u m .

I t is n e arly t wen ty yea rs si n c e th e au th or in trod u c ed

i h m rk t m bi i o f so d f ll s ar h ’
n to t e a e a co n a t n o a
p a n u er e t ,
n o TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

un der title of F u ller s E artb S oap ; bu t altho u gh i t

th e
’

met wi th con siderable approbation as an agreeabl e toilet

soap it fail e d to co m ma n d an e xt en si ve sale
,
Th e m e thod .

of preparin g it is giv en be lo w bu t it sho u ld be s t at ed that ,

t h e obj ect was to in trod u c e i n to t h e soap t h e u t most

am ou n t of th e detersive eart h that coul d be m echan icall y
m ixed with it i n order that t h e latt er an d n ot t h e for m er
, , ,

sho u ld be co n sidered th e active in gr edi en t .

Th e fu ll er s earth sho u ld be of t h e b est comm e rci al

’

qu ality which occu rs i n large l u mp s an d first dried i n an

, ,

oven at a m oderate heat t h e obj ect bein g m erely to expel

, ,

t h e m oist u re with which i t is associat ed so that it will ,

freel sl aben wh en agai n m oisten ed with wate r I t is a

p ec u liarity i n this , an d oth er clays that they are m ore
.

friable aft e r b ein g dried an d th en m oisten ed

, W h en ,
.

t h e fu ll er s earth is thorou ghly baked t h e l u mps a re

’
,

placed on a flat slab with a ledge ro u n d it an d are then , ,

sprin kled with water u n til th ey cease to absorb that

l iqu id which is asc ertain ed wh en an exc ess of wate r
,

c eases to be absorbed or taken u p by t h e dried e arth , .

W Vh en t h e l u m ps have th u s b eco m e sa tu rate d t h e clay ,

becom es v ery so ft an d pasty to th e tou ch I t i s n ow to .

be dri e d at a v ery gen tl e heat u n til all t h e wat e r is ,

exp e lled wh en it will ass u me t h e fo rm of a fi n e bu t n ot

, ,

i mpalpable po wder In this con dition it is easily redu ce d

.

to a po wder bu t i n case th ere m ay be an y l u m ps presen t

, ,

i t shou ld be si fte d thro u gh a fi n e gau ze wire si e ve - .

To mi x t h e fu ll er s ea rth with soap (res i n soap by ’

preferen ce) t h e latter shoul d be pu t i n to a steam jacket

,

an an d t h e earthy powde r spread ov e r t h e s u rface a littl e

p , ,

at a time with con stan t cru tc hin g u n til th e fu ll q u an ti ty

, ,

has been in trod u ced B earin g i n mi n d ho we ver tha t .

, ,

t h e drie d clay is h ighly absorb en t afte r a c ertain q u an ,

tity has been worked i n t h e m ass will becom e con sider ,

a bly stiffen ed a n d th e r eby ren de r t h e cru tch i n g both

,

laboriou s an d diffi cu lt th e refore to m ake u p for t h e wate r , ,

e xp e lle d fro m t h e soap by e vaporatio n a sm all qu an tity ,

of hot wate r m a b add d i f n ec e ssary an d fi n ally a n

y e e y , , ,

de sired p erfu m e added i f for a toile t soap In this way , .

 CHA P TE R XII .

D I S IN F E OTIN G S OA P .

Ch l ori di sed S an i t ary Soap — Bl each i n g S oap i n t h e P an — P earl ash . added

t o C ombi n ed S oap — Li me S oap , by L u n ge s M eth od
’
. .

C h l or i di s e d S a n i t a r y S oa p .
—Th e
obj ect of t h e proc ess ,

for which t h e a u th or obtain ed a paten t i n 1 8 65 was t o ,

i m p art to ordin ary ho u sehold an d toile t so aps disin fect ,

i n g d e odorisi n g a n d bl e ach i n g prop erties an d at t h e

, , ,

sa m e ti m e t o i n cr e a se t h e d e t e rsi v e actio n of t h e so ap .

Th e m a t e rial e m ploye d wa s cl zl or zde of soda which wa s ,

p rep ared by m ixi n g chloride of lim e (ble achin g po wd er )

work e d u p i n t o a t h i n pa st e with cold wate r with a ,
—
sol u tion of c arb on at e of soda eith e r so da crysta ls or
soda ash b e i n g u se d a c c ordi n g t o co n v en i e n c e
,
Th e d ou bl e .

deco m positio n which t ak es pl ac e wh en t h e t wo su bstan c e s

(c h lo r id e of lim e a n d so d a ) a r e.
bro u ght i n co n t act r esu l t s ,

i n t h e form ation of ch l orid e of so da i n sol u tio n an d car ,

bo n ate of lim e as an in solu ble pr ecipita te .

To ma ke tbe D i si nfect i ng l lfi xtn re Take of ch lori de

.
-

of lim e 28 lbs an d m i x i n to a thi n p a ste or

. cream with
a bo u t 1 0 g allo n s of cold wa t e r th en di ssolv e 3 2 lbs of so da
,
.

c rys tals i n 1 8 gal lon s of h ot water Th e sol u tion of soda

.

is to be pl aced i n a clean t u b or ca sk (a steam e d oil cask

will do ) an d a cru tch pla ced i n i t for sti rrin g
, Two strip s .

o f wood are th e n laid a cross t h e u pp er ri m of t h e v e ss e l ,

u on which a fi n e wi r e ga u ze si e v e is to be r ested T h e
p
-
.

c h loride m ixtu re is n ow to be ladled in to t h e si eve an d as ,

e a c h l adlefu l is i n t rod u c e d t h e co n t en ts of t h e v e ss e l a re t o

be briskly stirred .Th e o bj ect of p assin g t h e chloride

Oth erwi se ch l ori na ted li me .
 D IS I N F E C TIN G S OA P . xx3

th ro u gh a sieve is to keep back u n m ix ed lu m ps fragmen ts ,

of wood ,
an d oth er i m p u riti e s W h en n early all t h e .

chloride has been added with con stan t stirrin g t h e m ass , ,

thicken s an d i n a fe w m om en ts after it b ecom es m ore

fl u id wh en t h e deco m position is com plete an d th e m ix tu r e
, ,

is re ady for u se .

Th e proportion of soap for on e fram e b ein g pu t in to t h e

fram e t h e m ixtu r e i s to be adde d a pailfu l a t a ti m e an d
, ,

well cru tch ed by on e or b preferen ce t wo m en c are b ein g

, ,

taken to clear t h e so ap rom th e sides an d en ds of th e

fram e oth erwise dark p atch e s of th e origin al so ap will
,

appear wh en t h e m ass is cold .

Th e b est kin d of soap for con ve rti n g i n to t h e san itary

soap is a sti ff c u rd from which t h e l eys have been ,

allo wed to drain a s mac/i a s p ossi ble by se veral hou rs ,

’

repose i n th e soap pan I t i s also im portan t that t h e soap

-
.

shou ld n ot be of a h i gher temperatu re than 1 3 0 to 1 5 0 F ° °

.
,

otherwise separatio n m ay occ u r This is ho we ver readily .

, ,

avoided by adoptin g t h e precau tion su ggested A fte r .

cr u tchi n g t h e soap is a llo wed to cool as u su al an d is then

, ,

cu t i n to bars i n t h e ordi n ary way .

W h en this soap is prep ared from ordin ary Lon don grey
m ottled soap t h e bleachi n g prope rty oft h e chloride of sod a
,

wi l l m an ifest itself by t h e su perior colo u r of t h e so ap ,

which while pre serv i n g to som e e xt en t t h e m ottle or

, , ,
”
strike , will be con side ra bly i m prove d ; an d i f t h e
origin al soap h a s been m ade fro m ran k an d coarse goods ,

t h e chloride will have dim in ish e d th e ir disagreeable odo u r

in a degree I n deed t h e chlorin ated soap has a n
e xeceg
ea .
,

ri n gtl y agreeable odo u r as compared with ordi n ary

m ottled soaps I t wi l l be obs erved that i n addi n g t h e
.
,

above m ixtu re to soap t h e carbon ate of lim e r esu ltin g from

,

t h e decom position also en te rs t h e soap , an d this m ight

n at u rally app ear obj ectio n able I t is bu t right to m en tio n
.

th e refore that wh en t h e m ixt ure is prop erly prepared an d ,

its in corpo ration with t h e tr u e so ap satisfactoril y aecom

p l i sh ed t h e i m palpabl e particle s of carbo n ate of lime are
,

n ot p e rc eptible n eith e r do th ey pres en t an i n co n v en i en c e

, y
when th e soap i s u sed for la u n d ry or oth er pu rposes while , ,
1 14 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

on t he oth er han d its ve ry su perior cl ean si n g an d

,

bleachin g powers ren der it in fi n itely m ore econ o m ical to

t h e u ser . I t has b een fo u n d i n large la u n dries that
wo m en whose han ds had s u ffe re d m u ch fro m u sin g m ottl e d
soap con tain in g cau stic l ey i n its in te rstice s were agr e e ,

ably su rprised to fi n d their excoriated han ds assu me

t h e n orm al con dition a fter u si n g t h e chloridis ed soap for a
short tim e In d eed it is a fact that this compou n d so ap
.

imparts a m ost a greeable sm oothn ess to t h e sk i n which , ,

aft er u sin g it becom e s rem ark ably so ft an d glossy

, .

In stead of em pl oy i n carbon ate of soda i n preparin g t h e

ch loride of soda as bef ore described a sol u tion of silicat e
, ,

of soda glass liq u or ) may be u sed for which s u gge stio n

( ,

t h e a u thor was i n debt e d to his fri en d M r J oh n C o wan of .

,

t h e Barn e s Soap W orks In this case th e follo win g pro

.
,

portion s m ay be taken .

C h loride of li me work e d u p i n to a thi n paste or crea m ,

as b e for e 20 lbs silic ate of soda 20 lbs dissolve d i n warm

.
, .

wate r u n til i t m arks abou t 1 8 T waddell These materials

°
.

a re to be m ix e d an d u s e d i n t h e sam e m an n e r as b efore ,

a n d t h e proportio n s of t h e chlorin ated m ixt u re m ay be

re gu lated accordin g to t h e n atu re of th e soap from fo u r to ,

six 60 l b pailfu ls b ein g a fair proportio n for a hal f ton

.
- -

fram e .

W h en th e chloridis ed soap h as b een well prepared li n en ,

a n d floor boards wash e d wit h it b eco m e r em arkably whit e

-

with com parative ly littl e labo u r which facts have been ,

dem on strat ed by rep eat e d an d e xt en sive trials .

I t sho u ld be m en tion ed that th e chloride has t h e effect

of con side rably harden in g soaps fr e e fro m r esin an d i s ,

sp ecially available for soaps con tai n i n g a large p ercen tage

of cocoa n u t oil
-
an d ev en a fte r b e in h eavily ru n or
liqu or ed with silicate solu tion se vera 60 lb pails of t h e
, .

chloride m ixtu re may be added with advan tage Soap of .

this ki n d however shou ld be cru tch ed as u su al u n til begin , ,

”
n i n g to se t .

A n i m portan t appl i c ation of t h e chlorid e of soda i s i n

bl eachin g soap made fro m th e darkest n igers which m ay ,

b ff ct d b i trod u ci n
g certa i n p p
r o ort t ons of t h e
e e e e
y n
 S OA P - M A K IN G
1 16 TH E A R T OF .

L i m e S oa p , b y L a n ge
’
s M e t h od — A flat- bottom ed pan i s
p referre d for makin g this soap i n to whic h is i n trod u ce d
,

any given qu an tity of fatty m atte r To this i s adde d .

dou ble t h e qu an tity of water an d slaked lime e u al to

Th e vfhol e is
,

1 2 per c en t of t h e weight of fa tty m atte r

. .

to be boil ed an d stirred (with an agitator by prefe ren c e ) ,

wh en an in solu ble hard lim e soa p an d a sol u tion of

glycerin e are produ ced wh en th e latter may be drawn ofl
'

fro m t h e bottom of t h e pan A c ertai n qu an tity of wate r

.

an d comm ercial carbon ate of soda (t h e latte r bei n g slightly ,

i n exc ess of t h e qu an tity of lim e u sed ) are n ext added an d ,

th e boilin g an d stirrin g co n tin u ed when t h e hard in sol u bl e

,

lim e soap will be de com posed an d a gran u lated car

,

bon ate of lim e will deposit le avin g a sol u ble soda so ap

,

floatin g i n flakes on t h e s u rfac e of t h e liqu id If t h e soda .

e m ployed do es n ot co n tai n s u fi ci en t salt a s u fficien t ,

qu an t ity of sea salt is to be added t o p rom ote t h e

separa tion .

In this way , t h e i n v en tor says “

it is possible to
,

m ake a good soap fro m fatty m atte rs with membran e s or ,

i m p u re oils wi t hou t previo u sly e xtractin g t h e p u re fat or

,

oil Wh en cocoa n u t or pal m oil is sapon i fi ed by this

.
- -

roc e ss t h e q u a n tity of li m e sho u ld be eq u al to a bo u t on e

p ,

fi ft h of th e weight of th e fatty m atter Th e soap thu s .

prepared i s stated t o be ve ry sol u bl e e ven i n salt wa ter , ,

a n d th erefore a tolerabl u re c a rbo n a ted alk ali sho u ld be

y p
u se d
.
 C HA P TER X III .

S A P ONIFI OA TI ON UN D E R P RE S S UR E .

Ben n ett an d G i bbe sP rocess — M r Roger s s P rocess — N e w P rocess of

’ ’
. .

S ap on i fi ca ti on G l u t en i n S oap
.
-
.

B en n et t an d Gi b b e ’
s P r oc e s s —
have b een several . Th ere
a ttem pts to produ c e sapon i fi cat i on by oth er than t h e
ordin ary m ean s in clu din g t h e cold proce ss of M r
, .

H awes before described i n which agitation of t h e

, ,

m aterials p erform s t h e preli m in a ry sta g e of t h e op eratio n .

M essrs B enn ett an d G i bbs of N e w Yor k obtai n ed a p a te n t

.

i n 1 8 65 for a m echan ical process which is said to poss ess

t h e followi n g adv an tages : 1 R apidity of m an u factu re ; .

2 I mprovem en t i n qu alit
. 3 I n cr eas ed q u a n tity ; .

4 Eco n o my i n labo u r ; 5
. av i n g i n fu el ; 6 Th e u se of
. .

ch eaper materials ; 7 Sapon i fi cati on of all t h e grea s e ;

.

8 Savi n g of t h e glyc e ri n e which en ters in to th e soap

.
,
.

Th e followi n g d escri ptio n of t h e proc ess is given i n

D u ssau ce
’
s Treati se .

Their process con sists i n agi tati n t h e sapon i fi abl e

m aterials with cau stic or carbon ated a kalie s i n solu tio n
i n wate r i n a cl osed vessel whil e u n de r h eat a n d pre ssu re
, ,

i n su ch a m an n e r as to cau s e a thoro u gh m ixin g of t h e

fats with th e alkalin e sol u tion an d produ cin g an i n sta n ,

t an eou s com bi n ation of t h e fatty acids with t h e bas e of th e

alkalin e solu tion W e su ppose a qu an tity of fatt matte r
.

e n clos ed i n a vess e l with a solu tion of carbon ate 0 soda i n

wate r an d h eat applie d to prod u c e a pre ss u re of 220 to
,

28 0 lbs per squ are i n ch an d a t em p erat u re of 3 5 0 to

°
.
,

4 0 0 F a co mbin ation b et ween t h e fatty acids an d t h e

°
.
,

soda of th e solu tio n will take place on ly at th e u pper su r

fa ce of th e sol u tion wh en i n con tac t wit h t h e u n de r s u rface
 P - M A K IN G
1 18 TH E A R T OF S OA .

of th e gr ease the h ea vy l ey occu pyin g th e lo we r part of

,

t h e v e ss el an d soap will o n ly be produ c e d wh er e t h e fa t

,

a n d alkali u n ite .

“
I f we n ow agitate i n s u ch a m an n e r as to st1 r toge th er
a n d th orou ghly m i x t h e co n ten ts of t h e v e ss el t h e whol e ,

will be i n stan tly con ve rte d in to a hom ogen eou s an d e v en

q u ality of soap I t is advisable to u se n o m ore water than
.

is wan te d i n t h e soap .

Th e in v e n tors u se a boi ler or cylin der si milar to a

plain cylin der steam boiler r estin g hori zo n tall y an d
-
,

h eated i n an y con v en ien t m an n e r On e or both h eads of .

t h e cyli n d e r is m ade so as to be con ven i en tly r em ovabl e ,

an d is abo u t t h e fu ll size of t h e i n n e r diameter of t h e

I'h g 21
'

. .

cyli n de r so as t o adm it of th e i n sertio n of a r evolvin g

,

shaft a a a (F i g
, which sho u ld be as lon g as t h e
.

cylin de r itsel f Th e bearin gs of this shaft sho u ld be i n

.

t h e c en tre of t h e cylin de r an d e ith er or bo t h en ds worked

,

throu gh a st u ffi n g box c for t h e con ven ien ce of applyin g

-

to t h e pu lley It po wer to revolv e th e shaft On t h e sha ft .

a re fast en e d arm s 9 g with floats or stirr e rs f j , exten di n g

n early to t h e sid e s of t h e cyli n de r ; t h e a r m s floats or , ,

a git a tors on on e side of t h e sha ft wh en r evolve d carryi n g

t h e fa t do wn i n to t h e al kali whil e t h e a i ta t ors on t h e

oth er side carry th e alkali u p in to t h e f
,

at th u s while , ,

u n d e r h ea t an d pre ss u r e thorou ghly m i xin g t h e whole

, ,

an d ca u sin g t h e con v ersio n of t h e whol e con t en ts of t h e

v e ssel i n s ta n tly in to a u n i form e ven an d good qu ality of , ,

so ap .
 20 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

process i s 200 lbs of soap for every 1 0 0 lbs of grease

. .

e mploy ed .

Th e proce ss is stated to be applicabl e to makin g an y

kin d of soap i n cl u di n g so ft soap which is prepared with
, ,

t h e sam e rapidity as an y othe r withou t r eq u irin g th e u se ,

of so m u ch pot a sh as i n t h e ordin ary re cess e s .

M r G W R oge r s s P r oc e s s
. . . y an othe r process
’
.
,

n am e ly that of M r
, G W Rogers of L an caste r N Y
. . .
, . .
,

so ap is m ade u n der pressu re at a low temp erature in stea d ,

of t h e high t em peratu re adopte d i n t h e abov e an d si mila r

syst em s by which t h e i n ven tor state s th e re i s a savin g of

,

tim e in asm u ch as t h e soap can be m ade i n from fi fteen t o

,

twen ty fi ve m in u tes with com plete sapon i fi cati on B y

-
, .

t his pl an m oreover t h e m ate ri als beco m e blea cbcd th u s

, , ,

en ablin g i n fe rior goods to be e m p l oy e d i n t h e m an u fact u r e .

Th e m aterials are m ix ed i n a tan k h ea t ed by ste am an d ,

t h e m ass th u s prepare d is ru n i n to an iron cylin der cap able

of holdi n g on e or m ore ton s an d su bj e cte d to a pressu re of ,

abou t 4 00 lbs to t h e squ are in ch by m ean s of a fo rce

.

p u m p driven by steam Th e m ass is kept i n th i s cylin d e r

.

u n t i l sapon i fi c a t i on is com pl e t e wh e n it is r u n i n to fra m e s , .

B y this syst em an y of t h e u su al com bi n ation s of fa tty

m atte rs m ay be em ploy ed an d t h e produ ct is said t o be ,

both fi rm an d tran sl u cen t It shou ld be observ ed that i n .

both processes given carbon at e of so da is u sed i n stead of

cau sti c soda which also ren ders t h e employm en t of
,

c o m m on salt u n n e c essary .

N e w P r oc e s s of S a p on i fi c a t i on M B ergh art has .

-
.

p aten ted a proc ess by which an i mal or ve getable fats or

oils are distilled in to cau stic or carbo n ated l ey s of soda or
potash Th e fatty m at t er is pl ace d i n a j a cketed retort
.
,

h e at ed by high pre ssu re st eam or i n a r etort oth er wise

-
,

h e ated to a t em p era t u re which will volatili se t h e oil or fat

witho u t ch art i n g it W hen t h e oil or fat be gin s to
.

v ola tilis e , air or carbon ic acid gas is blo wn i n t o t h e

r etort whi ch carri es over t h e fatty acids which are con

, ,

den se d i n pr e pe r r ec eive rs A t m osph eric a i r a lo n e or i n

.
,

c o m bi n atio n with s u pe rh ea ted st ea m is pr efe rre d i n c arry ,

.

i n g ou t t his p ar t of t h e pro cess .

 B E R GH A R T S P R OC E S S
’
. 1 21

Th e c u rr en t of ai r, or st eam an d air, is som etim es blo wn

i n to th e space above th e liq u id fatty m atter i n t h e retort,
a n d wh en advisable it is blo wn dire ct in to t h e m elte d fa t .

Th e cu rren t of air has t h e effe ct of carryi n g over t h e fatty

acids i n a m ore or less fi n ely divided s tate, wh en th ey pass
in to a chamb er, or seri es of cha mbers, which are fitted
with partition s i n s u ch a way that th e c u rren t, i n passi n g
th ro u gh th em, deposits th e solid fatty acids i n t h e ordi n ary
way .

When th e fatty m atters, as pri n ters grease, for ’

i n stan c e, co n tain a l i z ari ne or oth e r colou rin g m atters,

th e fa tty acids pass ove r from t h e r etort, while t h e
alizarin e or other colo u rin g m atter r emain s i n t h e
retort , an d i s afterwards treate d to separate an y re
m ain i n g fat fro m t h e colo u rin g ma tte r, which is th u s
recove red I t is th erefore i mportan t, when ali zarin e or
.

o t he r colo ur i s prese n t, to avoid too high a t emp eratu re

i n t h e distillation.

In m akin g soap by this proc ess , th e vapou r of th e fatty

a cids i s pass ed dir ect i n to cau stic or carbo n ate l eys of soda

or po ta sh, th e str en gth of which depen ds u pon t h e n at u re

of t h e fatty m att er employ ed . If a slight exc ess of alkali
is u sed, t h e ordin ary process of salti n g i s n ot requ ired .

Th e fa tty acids are bl o wn i n to t h e l eys u n til t h e al kali

is n early or abo u t n eu tralised Th e l ey is by preferen c e
.

con tain ed i n a closed tan k, which com mu n icates direc tly

with t h e ou tle t pipe of t h e r etort .I f n ec e ssary, t h e
fa tty acids may be roasbed b efore bein g trea ted with l ey ,
i n which case th e vapo u rs are allowe d to pass i n to a
cham ber con tain in g water . Th e in ven tor refers to
e m ploy hot air an d s u perhe ate d stea m i n com i n at i on t o
c arry over t he fatty acids in to th e l ey , by which t h e soap
b ecom es boi led du rin g its formation , an d th u s time is saved
i n t h e op eration Th e ai r has an i mportan t eflect i n
'

aidin g th e ch emical reaction , a par t from i ts u se as a

v e hicl e to carry ove r t h e fa tty acids . Th e steam is u se d
prin cipal l y to pre ven t th e charrin g of th e matt ers , an d i n
t h e m a ki n g of t h e soap to assist i n t h e boili n g of t h e sam e.

By t h e e m ploy men t of t h e high te mp er at u re, t h e fat ty

13 3 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

acids are separate d from th e glyceryl compo u n ds witho u t

t h e aid of su lphu ric acid or of sapon i fi ca ti on .

Gl u t e n i n S oa p — This proce ss paten ted by Le rb erg

, ,

c on sists i n m aki n g a sol u tio n of gl u t en i n caustic alk ali ,

whi ch i s after wards to be mixed with soa to t h e exten t of

p
abou t t en per c en t . I t is said t o 1 mpart in crease d
em ol l i en cy to t h e soap . Th e solu tio n of gl u ten is th u s
m ade — I n a sol u tion of cau stic alkali (soda or potassa )
at abou t 28 B as m u ch bran or lu ten derived from
°
.
,

an y oth er so u rc e is adde d as t h e alk

, i will take u p afte r
digestin g for som e hou rs wh en a clear hom ogen eo u s
,

m ass is obtain ed . This is n ow strain ed thro u gh a fi n e

si eve or coarse cloth when it is ready to be added to t h e
,

soap i n th e proportion given I t m u st be born e i n m i n d

.

th at n itrogen ou s m at ters s u ch as gl u te n are apt to

, ,

u n dergo deco mpositio n on tr ea t men t wi t h ca u s t ic alkali .

1 24 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

dissolve bu t witho u t boili n g If it is n ot su ffi ci en tly hard

, .

wh en dissolved brin e is to be added u n ti l it becom es qu it e

,

thick Th e n ovelty of this proc ess co n sists i n t h e u se

.
“

o f c au stic pota sh an d dissolvi n g a n d warmin g u t h

,
”
p e
soap a se co n d ti me withou t boilin g it .

L a mb s r t on s P r oc e s s con sists i n sa on i f i n g fatt

’

p y y
m atte rs by boilin g th em with an a lkali n e mi xtu re com
posed of carbo n ate of soda q u ickli m e common salt an d , , ,

al u m t h e i n gr edi en ts b ein g m i xed i n t h e followi n g pro

,

—
portion s z Su b carbon ate of soda 1 0 parts ; qu icklim e
-
, ,

1 0 parts ; alu m 1 part ; comm on salt 1 part

, Th ese , .
,

bein g m i x ed with water are added to th e fatty m atters , ,

an d t h e whol e well boil e d wh en i t is said th ey will be , , ,

com e p erfectly sa n i fi ed Th e so ap produ ced by this .

proc ess con tain s a th e glyce rin e an d t h e produ ct will be ,

a h ard soap of ve ry fi n e ch a ra cte r ; has n o di sagreeabl e

sm ell an d can con sequ en t ly be u s ed for toilet or ordi n ary

,
”
wa shi n g p u rpos es .

M r S y m on s s D i s i n fe c t i n g S oa p con sists i n addi n g to

.
’

ordin ary soaps t h e disi n fe ctin g a n d de odorisi n g su bst a n c e

kn own as thy mol or tby mi c acid which i s solu ble i n water , ,

i n sol u tion s of alkalies &c form i n g co mpou n ds which ,

.
,

a re sol u ble i n wat e r I t s advan tages ove r carbolic acid

.
,

c reosote &c are that it has n o u n pleasan t taste or odo u r

, .
, ,

b e in g very aromatic I ts solu tion s are stron gly an t i sep

.

tic an d possess disin fectin g prope rties i n a highe r degree

,

than carbolic acid an d its weaker sol u ti on s do n ot ac t

,
”
eau t eri si n gl y bu t coolin gly .

S oa p s m a d e fr om A n i m a l R e fu s e A lthou gh it i s .
-

well kn o wn that ca u stic al ka lie s will sapon i fy an im a l

tissu e s m embran eou s m atters an d i n deed all parts of
, ,

an imals e xcept t he bo n e this sou rc e of soap m akin g ,

-

m ate rial has n ot been m u ch explored i n this cou n try On .

t h e C on t in en t howe ve r so m e atten tion has b een de voted

, ,

to th is s u bj ect an d man y proce sses devised for u tili zi n g

,

slau ghterers offal an d b u tch ers waste as soap m a te rial

’ ’
.

Som e of the se proce sses are given i n D ussau ce s Trea ti se

’
,

from which we make a fe w e xtracts

B e r n a d e t s P r oce s s Th e i n te sti n es are deposite d i n
" ’ -
.
 VA R I OUS P R OCE S S E S . 1 25

cau stic l ey to preven t decom posi tion u n til th ey are to be

u se d . Th e l ey is th e n h e a t ed u n til en tire sapon i fi cat i on
take s place which op eratio n is easy a n d a very slightly
, ,

colou red grey soap is obtain ed I f req u i red to be whiten ed .

,

a solu tion of chlo ride of soda (see page 1 1 2) is pou red i n to

t h e p an a fte r whi ch comm o n sal t is added to p rod u c e
,

s eparatio n .

V i l l a r t a P r oc e s s h as for its o bj e ct t h e co n ve rsio n of

’

an i m al matters i n ge n era l i n to soap bu t m ore e specially ,

t h e r esid u u m of m eat scrapin gs of t allo ws (qu e ry su e ts )

, , ,

i n testi n es etc F rom these t wo kin ds of soap are obtain ed

,
.
,

t h e first of a green ish white colou r n ot v ery fi rm an d -

, ,

h avin g a disagree able odo u r ; t h e secon d is s i m ila r to t h e

above bu t with t h e addi tio n of resi n an d t allo w p rope rly
, ,

sapon i fi e d a n d m ix e d with t h e a n i m al soap Th e pro ‘ ’

.
.

cess is di vided i n to fo u r operation s

1 M acera ti on
. Th e s u bst an c e s a re pl ac ed i n woode n
.

t u bs capable of h oldi n g abo u t 30 0 or 400 l bs wh en a l ey .

,

com pos ed as follo ws is po u re d over th em — L im e 1 0 p ar t s ; ,

soda a sh 1 2 parts ; water 1 0 0 p arts Th e lim e is first

, , .
.

slaked an d t h e soda ash dissolved i n water an d this is ,

then pou red on t h e lim e with sti rri n g an d t h e m ixtu re , ,

th en pou red over t h e an i mal su bstan ces t h e whole bei n g ,

allo wed t o rem ain i n this c on ditio n for so me t ime bu t ,

with occasion al s t i r rin g .

“
2 Wa sbi ng
. Wh en t h e sapon i fi cat i on (by m ac era
.

tio n ) has been effected t h e a n im al su bstan ces are wash ed

,

i n t u bs to r em ove t h e lim e attach e d to th em aft er which

, ,

th ey are exposed to th e action of t h e ai r .

3 S ol u ti on
. A ft e r su ffi ci en t expos u re to th e air th e
.
,

an im al s u bst an ce s are placed i n a pan wi th a su ffi cien t ,

q u a n t i ty o f w at er a n d for e v e r y po u n d of th em a dd
,

1 2 gallon s of l ey at 4 pre pared as foll o ws —

°
Soda ash ,

1 lb . lim e 1 l b water 6 lbs This l ey m arks

,
. an d
, .

has al ways su cceeded ; however weaker or stron ger ley s ,

m ay be u sed tha t i s fro m 20 to , an d give good

°

res ults .

“
Th e a n im al m atter s bem g c o m ple t e l y di ssolved t h e ,

sol u tio n is to be po u r e d off from t h e lim e an d t h e sol u ,

1 36 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K I N G .

tion agai n boiled addin g d u ri n g t h e boilin g 25 gallon s

, , ,

of t h e s eco n d l ey for e ve ry 2 l bs of s u bstan c e an d con .

,

t i n u e to bo i l u n til on cooli n g it has t h e app e aran c e of a

, ,

fi rm past e .

4 C octi on
. Th e obj ect of this operation i s to gi ve
.

th e so ap a con sisten cy which will r en de r it sal eable as a

comm ercial articl e for which p u rpose tallo w an d resi n are
,

added i n preportion s varyin g from 2 to 1 0 0 per c en t i n .

t h e s e con d l ey above giv en Thu s for treatin g 5 00 lbs .

, .

of t h e soap first obtai n ed tak e : r e si n 1 0 0 1bs ; tall ow , , .

,

5 0 1bs ; liq u or N o 2 200 lbs

. These are to be boiled
, .
, .

u n til pe r fectly sapon i fi ed wh en t h e former soap i s to be ,

add ed little by little to avoid too mu ch s wellin g an d th e

, , ,

boili n g con tin u e d u n til th e paste on cooli n g becom e s , ,

hard wh en it is ru n i n to fram es, an d may be cu t i n abou t

,
”
t wo days a fte r .

C r ev e l s P r oce s s — M e1t i n boili n g wa te r t h e g reas es

’
.
,

m ea ts or oth e r parts of an im als press an d keep t h e re

, , ,

d a u m ; tritu rate an d grin d t h e r esidu u m m ac erate it i n ,

alk alin e liqu or for s everal d ays ; pu t t h e m acerated su b

stan c e in to a pan a n d boil u n til perfect liqu efaction take s
,

place wh en it m u st be allo wed to cool Th e m ass is th en

,
.

to be h eate d agai n an d alkali added gradu ally care bein g , ,

taken n ot to em ploy too stron g a l ey W h en th e m ixtu re .

has acqu ired t h e proper alkalin e stren gth t h e h eat is

slacken ed an d t h e m ass allo wed to cool F ro m 1 0 to 1 5 .

er c en t of r e sin sho u ld be added to t h e above an d wh en

p .
,

sapon i fi cat i on is co m pl e t e d t h e so a p is fram ed as u s u al .

Vi l l a c r os e s P r oc e s s — I n this proc e ss an i m al su b
’
'

—
stan ce s are sa pon i fi ed as follows Take an im al s u bstan ces ,

20 0 l bs cau stic soda 1 0 lbs m elt ed tallo w 4 0 lbs

.
,
.
,
.

Th e pan is first to be h eat ed an d wh en warm t h e soda is , , ,

to be thro wn i n t h e small qu an tity of water it con tain s

,

b ein g su ffi cien t to dissolve it N ow im m ediately in tro .

,

du ce t h e an im al su bstan ce s an d stir well Th e h eat m u st .

be g en tl e a t first an d t h e te mp eratu re grad u ally raised to

,

1 67 F D u ri n g t h e m eltin g t h e mass m u st be stirred

°
.

u n ti l it thick en s th en add t h e 4 0 lbs ,

of t al l o w (with a .

l i ttl e water i f n ecessary ) , whi ch soon beco mes sapon ified,

 C HA P TER XV .

M A N UFA OT UR E OF S OF T S GA P S
'

P reparati on of t h e P ota sh L ey — Th e F at ty M a ter i al s E mpl oy ed — S cot ch

.

S oft S oap — Lon don Crown S oap — Resi n i n S oft Soaps — C on

. .

ti n en tal M eth ods .

A L T H OU G H t h e prod u ction of so ft soaps is fa r l ess e xten sive

t han of those comm on ly kn o wn as ha rd so aps , still it is an
importan t bran ch of t h e m an u factu re, si n ce th ese soaps
a re e m ploye d i n m an y u s efu l arts, as for ex ample i n t h e

dr essi n g of woollen textil e fa brics .

Th e alkali em ploy ed i n t h e m a n u factu re of so ft soaps is

potash , an d it is a characteristic of all soaps m ade with
t h is al kali that i n stead of assu m in g a hard solid con
, ,

sisten c e as is t h e c ase with soaps m ade fro m soda th ey

, ,

a re al ways soft t en aciou s an d m or e or l ess tran spar e n t

, ,
.

M oreover potash soaps al ways con tai n a large percen ta ge

,

of wat e r m or e i n a s t ate of m echan ical m ixtu re tha n i n

,

ch em ical combin ation ; an d while 3 parts of fatty m atter

will gen erally yi eld abo u t 5 parts of soda soap t h e sam e ,

p roportio n of fatty m atter treate d with cau stic potash l ey

, ,

will yi eld from 6 t o 7 parts of potash soap .

P otash leys can n ot be separate d from th e soap as i n ,

th e ordi n ary m ethod of pu ri fyi n g soda soaps ; th er efor e t h e

leys em ployed wholly en ter i n to t h e composition of t h e
soap M u ch care is th erefore n ecessary to avoid i n trodu c
.

i n g too gr eat an e xc ess of t h e alkali .

P r e p ar a t i on of t h e P ot a s h L e m— Th e p earlash of com
m erc e or A m erican potash (c au s t ic pota sh ) are ordi n ar i l y
, ,

u s ed for th i s p u rpos e an d t h e form e r is co n verte d i n to

,

ca usti c potash by m e an s of fre sh li m e i n t h e sam e way as

, ,

i n preparin g soda l ey s I t is u su ally t h e practic e to pre

.
 M A N UF A C T UR E OF S OF T S OA PS . [ 29

p ar e l eys of t wo or thre e di f fe ren t degr ees of stren gth ,

t h e weake r of which is em ploy ed i n t h e first op erati o n of

a sti ng or pr elimin ary stage of sap on i fi cat i on
p , .

On t h e C o n ti n en t po tash l eys are prepared as follows

I f t h e potash is i n t h e form of hard l u m ps th ese are fi rst ,
”
cru sh ed on a hard ston e by m ean s of an iron pun n er ,

an d i f 3 0 0 or 4 0 0 gallo n s of l e re r eq u ired fro m 4 5 0 to

y a ,

5 00 gallo n s of water are pu t in to a n iron pan an d bro u ght -

,

t o a boi l Th e potash is th en added a li ttle at a tim e

. , ,

u n til t h e whol e q u an tity is dissolved ; bu t care is taken

that each por tion is di ssol ved be fore addi n th e n ext an d ,

so on an d t h e solu tion of t he alkali is acc e crated by con

,

t i n u al stirrin g Th e boili n g is kept u p u n ti l t h e solu tion

.
,

while boili n g m arks from 20 to 22 B

,
° °
.

To cau stici so t h e above sol ution of carbon ate of potash ,

fro m 60 to 70 per c en t of fresh lime mu st be t aken t h e

.
,

weight of lim e b ei n g de te r m i n e d by that of t h e potash

u s ed . Th e lime m u st firs t be slak ed with water as u s u al
«
, ,

an d t h e hydrate of lim e th u s form ed is to be grad u ally

added to t h e hot sol u tion of potash ; it is ho we ver con , ,

si dered pre ferabl e to m ak e t h e lim e i n to mi l k o f l i me by ,

m ixi n g it wit h a m oderate q u an tity of water While t h e .

li m e is bein g i n trodu ced th e m ix tu re is to be kept well

,

stirred an d t h e boilin g sho u ld be con tin u ed for se vera l

,

hou rs wh en t h e fi re is withdr awn an d t h e m ixtu re

,

allo wed to rest so that t h e carbon ate of li me m ay

,

gradually su bside This l ey wh ic h is called th e first or

.
, ,

strong l ey sho u ld stan d a t fro m 20 to 25 B Th e cl ear

° °
.
,

l ey is n ext r u n ofi i n to an iro n tan k or cistern , which

'

m u st be kept closed to preven t t h e absorptio n of carbon ic

acid from t h e air Wh en all t h e clear l ey is dra wn off
.
,

an eq u al q u a n tity of wat er is po u r e d on to t h e lim e an d t h e ,

w ell stirr e d for a short ti m e a fte r whic h it is allo wed

p an ,

to rest u n til t h e li m e has agai n deposited wh en t h e clear ,

l ey c all ed t h e second ley (m arki n g from 1 2 to 1 6 B ) is

,
° °
.

t o be dra wn off i n to a s eparate tan k A third dose of wate r

.

is th en po u red i n an d t h e pan again stirred as before an d

, ,

a fte r abo u t t welve hou rs repose a Mi n i l ey is obtai n ed a t

’
,

abo u t 6 t o 8 13 Further wash in gs of t h e l ime may th en

° °
.

K
r3o TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

be gi ven , u n til th e lim e is perfectly freed from the alkali ,

a n d th es e lat te r washi n gs m ay be use d i n lieu of wate r i n

s u bsequ en t operation s or i n stead of u sin g p u re wate r i n

,

dissolvin g fresh qu an tities of potash when preparin g othe r

b atches of l ey .

So m e man u factu rers em ploy variable ropor ti on s of soda

with their potash leys by which t h e sof , t soaps made with
th em acqu ire a fi rmer con sisten ce than wh en ca u stic po ta sh
alon e i s u sed besides which an advan tage is gain ed by
,

u sin g a proportion of th e che aper alkali When this is .

th e case t h e soda may be dissol ved with t h e potash i n t h e

fi rst i n s tan c e t h e proportion of soda to th at of potash
,

bei n g from 1 2 to 20 per cen t ; bu t W hen a large r pro .

porti on th an 1 5 per cen t of soda is u sed th e r esu ltin g

.
,

soap will n ot be so tran sparen t as ordin ary soft soaps .

The P a t ty M a t e r i a l s e m p l oy e d — Th ese are t h e .

an im al an d v e geta ble oil s Of t h e an imal oils those .

,

of t h e whal e se al an d c od are chi efly u s ed ; t h e v e e

, , g
table oil s are olive hempseed lin seed rapeseed coleseed
, , , , ,

colza poppy &c Som eti mes oleic acid, palm oil an d
, , .
-
,

small qua n ti ti es of tallo w a re also employed i n t h e m an u

fact u re bu t t h e latte r i s on ly u s ed to give th e soap a
,

ran ul ar or fi lik e ap pearan c e

-
g .

In m akin g ft Soap t h e se lect ed oil s are fi rst pu t i n to

,

th e pan an d moderat e h ea t applied u n til t h e oils have be

,

come thorou ghly li q u e fi ed when t h e ti ezrd ley m arkin g

'

, ,

from 6 to 8 B is run i n gradu ally with con tin u al stir

° °
.
,

rin g u n til a perfect co mbin ation of th e al kali an d

,

matters is effe cted whi ch is determin ed by t h e mass

,

assu m in g a perfectly hom ogen eou s con dition th ere bein g ,

n o u n co mbin e d oil on t h e su rface or l ey at t h e bottom of

t h e pan Th e m ixtu re is th en gen tly bro u ht to a boil
.
,

an d this is kept u p with stirrin g for se vera

, hou rs A s , .

soo n as th e paste assu m es a m oderate degree of con sisten cy ,

addition s of th e second l ey at abou t 1 2 to 1 5 B are to ,

° °
.
,

be m ade gradu ally that 1 8 a few gallon s at a tim e e ve ry

,

q u arte r of an ho u r or so con tin u in g to do this with con

,

stan t boilin g for a few hou rs du rin 8 whi ch ti me the added ,

al k ali will become gradu al l y absorbed .

1 32 TH E A R T OF S OA P M A K IN G -
.

is said to wan t strengt/z; or i f th e op aqu e frin ge fi rst

app ears an d th en van i shes it is said to have fa lse stren g th
, ,

an d i n dic a te s that t h e sapon i fi cat i on is i n co m ple te .

S c ot c h S oft S oa p — A con sid erable qu an tity of so ft soap

is m ade i n Scotlan d an d, a ccordin g to Ure t h e followi n g
,
’
,

process is th at gen erally adopt ed 273 gallon s of whale

o r cod oil an d 4 c wt of ta llo w are u t i n to t h e so ap pan
p .
-
, , ,

with 25 0 gallon s of l ey from A m e rican po t ash of su ch ,

alkalin e stre n gth th a t on e gallo n co n tain s grain s of

re al potash H ea t bein g applied to th e bottom pan t h e
.
,

m ixt u r e froths u p v ery m u ch as it approac h es t h e boilin g

t emperatu r e bu t is pre ven ted from boil in g over by bein g
,

beaten down on t h e su rfac e within t h e iron c u rb or crib ,

which su rm ou n ts th e caldro n Sho u ld it soon su bside .

in to a do u ghy lookin g paste we m ay in fer that t h e l ey

-
,

h as b een too stro n g It s prope r co n sist en c e is that of a

.

thin gl u e W e sho u ld n ow i n trod uc e abo u t 4 2 gallon s of

.

a stron ger l ey equ ival en t to , grain s of potash per

gallo n an d a fte r a short i n te rval an addit ion al 4 2 gallon s ;
,

a n d th u s su cc essively till n early 60 0 s u ch gallo n s hav e

,

b een added i n t h e whole A fter sui table boi l i n to .

sapon ify t h e fats t h e prope r qu ality of soap wi 1 be

,

obtain ed am o u n tin g i n qu an tity to 1 0 0 fi rk i n s of 64 l bs

, .

e ach fro m t h e abov e qu an tity of m ate rials I t is gen erally .

s u pposed an d I belie ve it to be tru e from my own

, ,

n u m ero u s e xp e ri m en ts u pon t h e s u bj ect that it is a m ore ,

diffi cu lt an d delicate operation to m ake a fi n e soft soap of

glassy tran sparen cy i n tersp ersed wi th t h e fi gged gran u
,

l a ti on s of st earate of potash than to m ak e a hard soap of ,

”
a n y kin d .

There can be n o dou bt wh ate ve r that co n siderable

j u dgm en t an d cau tion m u st be e xercis ed i n t h e boili n g of
so ft soaps an d i n dete rm in in g t h e ex act tim e when t h e
,

fi re sho u ld be dra wn or th e st eam tu rn ed off as t h e ca se ,

m ay be ; an d wh en this p eriod has arriv ed it is im porta n t ,

th at t h e fu rth er e vaporation of water from th e l ey shou ld

be ch ecke d n ot o n ly by t u rn i n off t h e steam bu t i f con , ,

v en i en t by i n trod u cin g in to t e soap copp er a su ffi cien t

,
-

“
Di cti on ary of Arts. M anufactures, and M i n es .
 M A N UFA C T UR E OF S OF T S OA P S . 1 33

qu an tity of cold soap to re du ce th e temp erat u re of th e

m ass .

L on d on “
C r own S oa p of t h e best q u ality is m ade fro m
tal low, l ard, an d olive oil, an d th e cau stic potash leys are
-

gen erally em ployed i n t wo di fferen t degrees of stre n gth ,

t h e weak es t fro m an d t h e s tro n ge st fro m 25 to 3 0 B
° °
.

Th e propor tion s of m aterials em ploye d for 1 8 ba r rels of

soap are tall ow an d lard 5 2 lbs ea ch, an d olive-oil 70
.

gallon s A bou t 4 0 0 gal lon s of l e bein g prepare d, a third

.

of this qu an tity is first pu t in to t e pan , wh en t h e t allo w

an d lard are adde d a n d t h e st eam t u rn ed on ; wh en t h e

fats are m elted t h e olive oil is ru n i n , a n d t h e boilin g con

-

t in n ed gen tly , a fte r which t h e m ass i s a llo wed to re st for

abo u t t wo ho u rs, wh en t h e s team is again t u rn ed on , an d
abou t 20 gallon s mo re l ey added, an d t h e m a ss agai n
brou gh t to a boi l A ddition al qu an tities of l ey are add ed
.

from tim e to tim e u n til t h e frothin g a t first exc essive ,

,

be gin s to m oderate, an d e ven t u ally s u bsides, an d t h e boil

i n g is con tin u ed u n til sam pl es taken from t h e pan exhibit
t h e prop er co n sisten c e . I f t h e sam ple trie d by t h e tro we l
is strin gy, more l ey m u s t be added ; bu t i f it ap pea rs
whitish an d clo tted, this sho ws an e xc ess of l ey , wh en a
m odera te q u an tity of oi l m u st be adde d . To wards t h e
en d of t h e op e ration brisk boilin g sho u ld be giv e n , a n d

fi n ally m oderated ; an d repea ted sam ples shou ld be taken

u n ti l t h e soap is fo u n d to be pe r fe ct ed .

A s e con d qu ality of C ro wn Soap is m ade from t allo w

28 6 lbs , sp e rm -oil 8 0 gallon s, an d cau stic po ta sh l ey 1 35
.

allo ns 9 4 gallo n s of t h e l e an d t h e ta llo w are fi rst ut

g .
y p
i n to t h e pan , an d t h e steam t u rn ed on ; an d wh en t h e
tallow is m elted t h e oil i s to be i n trodu ce d, afte r which
th e ste am is to be t u rn ed off an d t h e con t en ts of t h e pan
allowed to rest for abou t t wo hou rs A t t h e en d of this
.

ti me t h e s team is again tu rn ed on , an d 1 9 gallon s of l ey

added, an d t he whole brou ght to a boil, t h e h eat bei n g
con ti n u e d u n til t h e soap appears to be abo u t hal f m ade .

9 ga llon s of l ey are th en added , with r en e we d boilin g ,

a n d fi n a l ly t h e r e m ai n in g 9 ga llo n s of l ey are i n trod u c ed ,

a n d t h e ooi l i n g co n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e s oap is co m pl ete.

r3 4 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

R e s i n i n S oft S oa p s so ft soaps resi n i s .

— I n m ak i n g
som etim es i n trodu ced to th e e xten t of 5 or 1 0 per c en t of .

t h e wei gh t of t h e fatty m at erial s u s ed Th e r esi n is .

gen eral ly i n trod u ce d in to th e pan i n t h e fo rm of a fi n e

po wde r i n t h e earliest part of t h e ope ration wh ereby i t
, ,

sapon i fi e s with t h e oth e r in gredi en ts or fatty m atte rs .

C on t i n e n t a l M et h ods — Th e m e th od adopted for in t ro .

du ci n g re sin in to this soap at Lie ge i s accordin g to ,

D u ssau ce as follo ws , W hen t he soap is n early don e ,

t h e qu an tity of re sin r eq u ir ed to be added i s d eposited i n

a large sh eet iron caldron pierced with hole s l ike a
-
,

skim m er Th i s caldron is then i mm ersed to three

.

qu arters of its h eight i n th e boilin g soap In con tact .

with t h e excess of l ey con ta in e d i n t h e soap th e re sin

sapon i fi es an d th e r e si n o u s soap pass es thro u gh t h e holes
,

of t h e caldron an d com bin e s in tim at e ly with t h e m ass of

t h e soap i n t h e k ettl e This arran gem en t deserve s to at.

tract t h e atten tio n of m an u factu rers Wh en t h e sapon i .

fi cat i on i s fi n ish ed an d wh en by a well m an aged e vapor a

, ,
-

tion t h e soap i s well boiled its n atu ral colo u r is a

, ,

bro wn ish yellow If this colou r is requ ired th e h eat is

-
.

s topp e d off an d, a fter r estin g a few hou rs th e soap is

, ,

drawn off in to barrels open at on e en d If on th e con .

,

t ra ry t h e soap i s to be green this sh ade is gi ven to it by

, ,

addin g a sm all qu an tity of in digo To prepare this .

colou r m ac erate for a few hou rs in digo of good qu ality i n

,

boili n g l ey A fter separatin g th e l ey ru b it i n a m orta r

.
, ,

an d pass it thro u gh a fi n e si e ve To colou r th e soap add .

,

a certa in qu an tity of th e paste to th e soap an d i n corporate ,

”
by good stirri n g .

In Belgiu m an d H ollan d so ft soaps are m ade from

v e getable o i ls with som e tim es t h e addition of oleic acid
, , , ,

tallow or oth er an i mal fats Th e followi n g form u la is

, .

given for a so ft soap of good qu ality z Lin s eed oil — -

,

60 0 lbs ; coles e ed oi l 8 00 lbs ; oleic acid 20 0 lbs

.
-
,
.
,
.

Th ese m at erials are first pu t in to t h e pan an d h eate d

en t l a n d wh e n i n a liq u id state 75 gallon s of ca u stic
g , ,

l a t 6 t o 8 B are added gradu ally with con

° °
ot a s
p e
y .
,

t i n u al stirri n g Th e pan i s th en bro u gh t to a boil an d

.
,
 C H AP T ER XVI .

M A N UFA OTUR E OF s OF T s u p s

Bel gi an Soap R uss i an Soft Soap — G en tel e s P rocess —J acobson s P ro

’ ’
-
. . .

S oap for S il ks an d P r i n ted G oods —F u ll i n g Soap — M L och l

’
cses a
s
--
. .

sott scap .

3 6 18 3 1 1 In B elgi m a hal f hard soap is largely

S u pp - u ,
-

produ ced for t he u se of cloth m an u factu rers, an d i s

e m ploye d i n sco u rin g wooll en t extile fa brics This soap .

c o n tain s a n exc ess of alkali potash ) an e ss en tial fe atu r e i n

( ,

soaps em ployed for this pu rpose Th e cau s t ic l ey is u se d at

.

th ree diffe ren t d egrees of stren gth, n am ely, an d

30 B au me, an d th ese r epresen t t h e fi rst, second, an d th i rd

°

l eys u s ed i n t h e preparation of this soap The fa t ty .

m ate rials are divided in to thre e gro u ps, as follo ws

No I I N o I II .

3 8 0 1bs . Tal l ow 225 l bs . Tal l ow 1 5 0 l bs .

70 Tal l ow- oil 225 B l ea h ed pal m

q
oi 3 00
C ocoa -n u t oi l 150 Cocoa-n u
t oil 1 50 Cocoa-n u t oi l . 1 60

Th e qu an tity of l ey req u i site for 600 l bs of fa tty .

m at erials accordin g to e i t h e r fo rm u l a wi l l be fro m 75 0 to

, ,

775 lbs . On e third of this q u an tity m u st m a rk

an oth er third an d t h e r em ai n de r 3 0 B Th e t wo fi rst °
.

n a m e d fatty m at ters are u t i n to t h e a n wi th t h e wea k e st

p p
l ey an d th e se are boil ed togeth e r a ft e r which t h e seco n d
, ,

s tr e n gth of l e
y is add ed grad u ally follo wed by t h e ,

s tro n ge st l e Th e e n tire q u a n tity of l ey sh o u ld be i n tro

y .

d u c e d within t wo hou rs an d th e boi li n g is k ept u p u n til

,

t h e paste separa te s from t h e l ey wh en tri ed by t h e sho vel

 M A N UFA C T UR E OF S OF T S OA P S . 1 37

i n th e u s u al way .Th e soap is th en al lowed to repose,

wh en th e deposited l ey is to be withdrawn , an d t h e cocoa
n u t oil i n a m elt ed stat e is th en in trodu c ed, an d a su ffi ci en t

qu an tity of l ey added to ren de r th e soap cau stic B oili n g .

m u st be con ti n u ed u n til t h e soap is su ffici en tly fi rm , a n d

wh en this co n ditio n is r each ed t h e fi re is wi t hdra wn a n d
t h e soap allo wed to cool down , afte r which it is to be tran s
ferred to shallow fram es B y t h e s ep ar ation of th e l ey
.

which tak es plac e i n t h e a bove proc ess, t h e sali n e

im pu riti es con t ai n ed i n t h e potash a re r em oved A bo u t .

1 2 c wt of soap sh ou ld r esu lt fro m t h e proportion s gi ven

. .

R uss ai n f
So t S oa p — I n R u ssia a so ft so ap is m ad e
.

from a l ey com posed of three parts R u ssian or A m eric an

potash, an d on e part pearlash (a c arb on a te of potash ) , th e
solu tio n or l ey bei n g brou gh t to 1 0 B On e h a lf of th e
°
.

l ey i s add e d to t h e oils or fa tty m a tters i n t h e pan , an d

whil e th e se a re u n d ergoi n g t h e rocess of boili n g t h e

ib
rem a in der oft he l ey is allo wed to f w slo wly i n to t h e pan
fro m a cistern situ ate d a bov e that v e ssel A fte r t h e .

n ec e ssary bo i li n g , an d wh en t h e s oap has acq u ir e d t h e

proper con sisten ce, t h e fi re i s withdra wn an d t h e soap left

i n t h e pan t o cool .

G en t el e s
’
P r o c es s — A proc e ss was su ggeste d by M
. .

G en t el e for m aki n g so ft soap wi t h on e fi ft h part of soda -

m ixe d wi t h t h e potash l ey B y pre fe ren c e, cryst al s of

.

soda are u s ed an d it is im por ta n t th at t h e leys sho u ld be

fre e fro m chloride of sodi u m or oth e r s alin e i m p u ritie s .

Th e fa tty m ateri als re com m en ded for this proc e ss are :

re d oil , 1 0 0 lbs . tallo w, 4 0 lbs h em p seed oil,. lbs-
.

J ac ob s on
’
s P r o ce s s — Th e i n ven tor p repa re s a v ery u se
.

fu l ho u sehold soap by m ixin g ol e ic acid wit h soda or potash

l ey i n t h e follo win g propo r t io n s

D i sti ll ed ol ei n e

While po u ri n g th e hot water i n to t h e pan (i n which th e

o l ei n e is fi rst pl a ced) co n stan t stirr i n g is k ept u p an d t h e ,

l y
e th e n ad de d g ra du ally w i t h co n t i n u e d a i t a t i o n u n ti l
g ,
1 38 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

th e m ass h as a ssu med t h e appearan c e of a thick yellowish

paste withou t gran u les After t wen t fou r h o u rs rest the ’
'

.
-
,

soap is perfectly white an d ready or use Th e advan .

tages clai med for this proc ess are t h e rapidity an d ease
with which th e soap is m ade an d i t s e xtreme sim plicity .

Th e in ven tor says th a t adu lteratio n i s im possible sin ce ,

other s u bstan ces i f in trod u c ed wou ld i n ter fere with th e

, ,

proc ess of sapon i fi cati on Th e econ o my of t h e proc es s

.

also stated to be an i mmrtan t feat u re i n this m ethod of

r pari n g a soft soap
p e .

S oa p for S i l k s a n d P r i n t e d Goods — Th e late P ro fessor

.

Grac e C alve rt of M an ch ester to whos e in defatigable

-
, ;

e xertion s i n in du strial ch emistry m an ufact u re rs were

in debted for mu ch valu able in formation s u gge sted t h e ,

follo win g fo rm u l a for soaps to produ ce t h e high e s t

bri ghten in g effe ct u pon t h e vario us shades of colou r

F or bleachi n g raw silk, white ol ive oil soap is u se d on

-

th e C on tin en t.

Ole ic acid, sapon i fi ed by potash l ey , i s a v ery su itable

fatty m ate rial for m akin g soft soap Th e first po tash l ey
.

sho u ld have a stren th eq u al to abou t 20 B , an d t h e soap

°

fi
.

—
m ay be fi n ish ed wi t a stron ger l ey from 25 to °

P u l l i n g S oap — Th e soa u s ed by cloth m an u factu r ers

l
.

for fu l l i n g or clean si n g woo le n cloth requ ires to be rathe r

more alkal i n e than ordin ary hou s ehold soaps, bu t at t h e
same tim e it mu st n ot con tain su ch an excess of alkali as
t o affect i nj u riou sly t h e m ore d elica te colo u rs of t h e dye d
wool . So me m a n u fac t u rers e mploy a m ixt u re of oleic acid
 C H AP T ER XVII .

M A N UF A CT URE OF T OI LE T OR F A N C Y S OA P S .

A pparat us for Re-mel ti n g th e Soap — M ach i n e for Sli ci n g t h e S oa p .

R e -m el t i n g t h e S oap — M i xi n g Co l ou r i n g M att ers an d P erfum es

. .

.
t i n g t h e Soap —S tampi n g t h e Soap .

A LT H OUG H th e m an u fac tu re of toilet soaps occasion ally

fo rm s part of t h e soap m akers b u sin ess, i t is m ore gen e
’
-

rally carried on as a separate t rad e or is at tach ed to t h e ,

b u si n ess of t h e perfu m e r I n e ith er of th e latter case s

.
,

t h e so ap from which t h e toile t soaps are prod u c e d is

gen erally fu rn ish ed by th e lar r soap makers an d is -
,

re m elt ed p erfu med an d tin t ed

-
, , y th e fan cy soap m aker -
.

B efore explain i n g th e sy st em of m an u fact u re i t will be ,

n ec e ssary to direc t att en tio n to t h e apparat u s em ployed

an d t h e m ethods of ap lyin g th em an d i n doi n g so we , ,

m ay as well show h ow t e m an u factu re can be co n d u cte d

.

u po n a m ode rate scale .

A pp a r at u s for th e m el t i n g t h e S oa p —Th e pan s for

-

t his p u rpose m ay be made from wrou ght copp e r fi tted ,

i n to an iro n steam ti h t jacket t h e si ze bein g regu l a ted

-
,

a ccordi n to th e pro able re qu iremen ts of t h e m an u fac

t u re r . hese pan s sho u ld be c apable of con tain in g from
2} cwt to half a t on of m elte d soap
. A sim ple form of .

apparat u s which t h e au t hor h as em ploy ed for this an d

,

o t her pu rposes is sho wn i n th e woodc u t (F i g

,
I t h as .

t h e advan tage of bein g ch eap i n con s t r u cti o n an d econ o

Several sou n d casks (ru m pu n ch e on s an swer admi rably ) ,

h a vin g t h eir h eads rem oved are to be well coope red so
, ,

a s
to be water tight - I n to each of th ese a gal va n i ze d
.
 jll A N UF A C T UR E OF T OIL E T OR F A N C Y S OA P S .

i ron copp er or pan A is placed an d is s u pported by i ts

, , ,

flan ge u pon t h e u ppe r edge of t he cask ; bu t i n order to ,

pre v en t t h e e scap e of stea m by which th ese pan s are to be

,

h eated t h e flan ge is to be we ll lu ted with c e m en t This

,
.

m ay re adily be don e by first spreadin g wi t h a tro wel a

stiff paste of P ortl an d cem en t in side t h e ri m of t h e t u b ,

a n d flu sh wit h its e xtre m e e dg e W h en this has set .

u ite h a rd a so me what thin n e r past e of ce me n t is spr ead

q ,

u po n t h e form e r l ay e r a n d t h e a n th e n c a r efu lly lo we re d

, p
i n to its pl ac e when i t wil l beco me i mbedded i n t h e
,

F i g 25 . .

c em en t wh ich shou ld th en be trimm ed n eatly with t h e

,

tro wel In a day or t wo t h e lu ti n g will be s u ffi cien tly

.

h ard to en able t h e v essels t o be u sed A wooden cover 1 8 .

p rovid ed for each pan .

Th e hori zo n t al i ron pipe B con du cts t h e st eam to t h e

, ,

v e rtical pip e s c c 0 each of which is fu r n ish e d with a

,

sh u t off cock D D D an d t h e en ds of th ese pipe s are b en t

-
, ,

so as t o a llow th em to en te r t h e casks throu gh holes

d rilled abou t half way down an d which are carefu lly
-
,

sec u r e d i n th e ir positio n by calki n g with t ow or by an

y ,

oth er con ven ient mean s To allow the escape of coa

,
 43 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

den sed stea m , an d as a ven t for exhau st e d st eam , a hal f

i n ch hole is dri ll e d at t h e bottom of each c ask, imm ediate ly
above t h e iro n h oop ; an d th ese m u st al ways be k ept
e rfe ctly free , oth erwi se t h e
p an s w o ul d be liabl e to
p
becom e lifted by t h e press u re of th e steam W h en .

requ ire d for u se , t h e taps are first op en ed fu ll, i n ord e r to

allo w an y wa te r which m ay have rem ain e d i n t h e pip e s to
flow i n to t h e t u bs, an d from then ce to esca p e th ro u gh t h e
erforat i on s at t h e bott om Th e taps sho u ld th en be
h
.

alf tu rn ed, an d t h e steam moderat ely tu rn ed on at first,

t o allow th e con den sed wate r t o e scap e free ly A fte r a . .

whi le t h e taps m ay be tu r n ed n early fu l l on , when t h e

- hole s at t h e lo wer par t of
steam w i l l i ss u e fro m th e wa er
t
t h e casks Th e pan s, A , wil l hold abou t 2 cwt of soap
. .

ea ch .

A co n ven ien t form of steam jacket pan is given i n

-

Fi g . 26 . Th e dotted li n es at A show th e position of t h e

F i g 26
. . F i g 27
. .

p an in
jack t Bth e Th e su pply pip e
e . c is fu rn ish e d -
, ,

with a s t op cock
. D is an exit pip e for t h e escap e of
-
.
-

c on d e n se d wat e r an d wa ste st eam F or sm all e xperi .

m en tal op eration s t h e copp er jacket pan represen ted i n -

F i g 27 is a v e ry con v en i en t v e ssel
. .

M a c hi n e for S l i c i n g t h e S oa p P reviou s t o re .

mel ti n g the soap, whi ch i s i n the form Of bars about

1 44 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

be cu t in to shavin gs A wooden box 9 r ec eives th e

.
, ,

sha vi n gs as th ey fa ll from t h e m achi n e Th e bar o r .

slab of soap bein g place d on ,

t h e i n clin ed pla n e e is all o wed , ,

to tou ch t h e c u tter t h e han dle

be in g n ow tu rn ed t h e first blade ,

r em oves a shavin g an d is i m ,

m e di atel y follo wed by t h e seco n d

blade an d so on u n til t h e en tire
,

bar is ou t wh en it is r eplaced ,

by an oth er an d so qu ick is t h e ,

op eration that i n an ho u r t wo ,

c wt of soap m a b e r e du c e d to
y
.

shavin gs by this u sefu l m achin e .

R o m el t i n g t h e
- S oa p — Th e soap to be re m e lted for -

c on ve rsion i n to toil e t soap sho u ld be pu re u n liqu ore d

soap an d of rec en t m an u fa ctu re oth erwi se those s u rfac es

, ,

which m ay h av e b e com e harde n ed by lon g k eepin g will

be tro u bleso me to liq u e fy Th e bars of so ap are first
.

redu ced to thin slices by t h e plan in g m achin e (Fi g -

.

an d a few of th ese are first place d ro u n d t h e i n t erior of

t h e pan an d i n con tact with it wh en t h e steam i s to be ,

tu rn ed on an d after a short tim e t h e soap will b egi n

, , ,

to m elt wh ere i t is i n con tact with t h e pan To preven t

'

t h e soap from bec om i n dry on th e un melted su rfaces it is ,

a good plan to sprin k o i t with wate r After p u ttin g i n .

t h e fi rst few slic e s of soap t h e wood en covers sho u ld be

,

placed over th e pan s an d th ese shoul d n ot be raised u n til

,

su ffi ci en t tim e h as been al lowed for t h e pan s to b ecom e

well h eate d .If n ow on raisin g t h e l i d t h e soap appears
, ,

to have fairly commen c ed to m elt a few more slic es of ,

soap m ay be in trod u ced an d t h e pan agai n covered A fter

, .

a short ti m e fresh q u an tities of soap may be pu t in to t h e

p a n g radu ally a,n d car e m u s t b e tak en to avoid a ddi n g

an exc ess of t h e cold soap oth e rwise it will by chilli n g

, ,

t h e m elte d soap form a con glo m era te m ass which will n ot

,

r eadily liqu efy I f the se pre ca u tio n s are obse rve d th ere
.

wi ll be n o di ffi cu lty i n t h e re m eltin g A s fast as t h e soap

-
.

mel t s i t will si nk to the botto m of t he pan ; an d, i n order

 M A N UFA C T UR E OF T OI L E T OR F A N C Y S OA P S .

to assist th e m in glin g of th e m el t i n g soap with that which

is alr eady liqu efi ed gen tle stirri n g m ay be appli ed a n d
, ,

fre sh batch es of slic ed soap adde d gradu all y u n ti l t h e ,

n is s u ffi cien tly fu ll Th e h e at m u st be kept u

p with
p a .
,

occasion al stirrin g with a s mall wooden cru t ch u n ti l t h e ,

m ass is perfectly ho m og en eou s an d fr ee from u n m elted

l u mps .

S i n ce toil et soaps are requ ired to be som ewhat firm er

an d harde r than ordin ary ho u sehold soaps a c erta in ,

am ou n t of evaporation of th eir com bin ed water m u st be

allowed to take place du rin g t h e re m eltin g ; bu t this m u s t -

n ot be carrie d too far oth e r wis e t h e soap will be liable to

,

crack du rin g th e s u bsequ en t pressin g or stampin g ope ra

tion s A gain it will be n ecessary to evaporate a po rtion
.
,

of t h e co mbin ed wat e r to allo w for t h e addi tio n of t h e

e ss en tial oils or p er fu m e s which a re to be blen ded with i t .

Wh en dry colou rin g m atte rs as Verm ilion yello w , ,

ochre red lead and vario u s metalli c oxides have t o be

,
-
,

m ix ed with t h e m elte d soap , care m u st be taken n ot to

allo w th e paste to beco me too stiff oth er wise when these , ,

a e i n corporat ed with t h e m ass it m ay beco me u n man a e

gl g
,

a e .

M i xi n g C ol ou r i n g M Th e pro
a t t er s an d P e r fum es .
-

portion s of colou rin g matte r an d essen tial oils to be added

to t h e m el te d soap bein g weigh ed an d meas u red , m ay be
worked u p togeth e r wi t h a
spatul a, an d t h e m ixtu re
th en po u red in to t h e soap
a n d thoro u ghly i n corp o

rated by con tin u al cr u tch F i g 30

i n g or sti rrin g Or t h e
. .

colou rin g m atter may be added a little at a time t o a , ,

po rtion of t h e m elted soap dipped ou t of t h e bulk by a

s mall ladle (F i g an d wh e n this is well mix e d it sho u ld
.

be po u red in t o t h e pan an d stirred i n t h e r em ain der of ,

t h e colou r be in g i n tro duce d i n t h e same wa B thi

y y s .

m e thod t h e colo u rin g m att ers an d essen tial oils may be

v e ry p erfectly an d u n i for ml y ble n ded with th e soap paste .

W h en p erfumes are u sed wi t hou t colo u rin g matters th ey

'

,
: 45 TH E A R T OF S OA P- M A K I N G .

sh o u ld be slo wly po u red i n to th e pan with sti rrin g u n ti l , ,

th e r equ isit e proportion has b een added Th e soap b e in g .

p erfu m e d an d colou red sm all sam ples shou ld be tak en to

,

de te rm i n e i f it be of t h e prop e r con sisten c e t o set hard

an d fi rm wi tho u t be in g b rittl e It is n ow ready for t h e
.

fram es which for sc en ted soaps are m u ch sm aller tha n

, , ,

those employed for hou sehold soaps .

Th e con dition of th e soap when ready for th e fram es is

that of a thick pasty m ass an d m u st be tran sferred to t h e
,

fram es by mean s of t h e short han dl ed ladl e F i or

( g
-
.

s wimm er (F i g . an d wh en t h e fram e is ful l t h e so a p

shou ld be pressed or patted do wn so as to preven t an y ,

hol lows or cavities bein g form ed thro u gh t h e irregu l a r

distribu tion of th e soap i n th e fram e The soap shou ld .

a lso be well covere d with clo ths so that t h e coolin g m a

, y
be v ery gradu al .

C u t t i n g t h e S oa p — W h en t h e soap i s s u ffi cien tly cold

.

it is cu t in to slabs an d bars proportion ate to th e size re

qu ired for th e tablets which gen erally run eight six fou r
, , , ,

or two to th e pou n d Th e bars are n ext div ide d i n to cak es

.

or blocks th e widt h of which is r egu lated accordin g to

,

t h e size an d weight of t h e tabl ets .

S t a m p i n g t h e S oa p A s t h e tablets of t oilet soaps are

.
-

g en erally of an oblon g form with rou n ded corn ers t h e

, ,

cakes which have b een cu t from th e bars requi re to be

tri mmed b efore th ey u n de rgo th e proc ess of stam pi n g .

This is gen erally don e as follows A workm an tak in g a ,

cake i n his han d passes each sharp edge of t h e cake over

,

t h e bl ade of a plan in g m achin e s u ch as is shown i n F i g 28

, .
,

t h e blade of t h e m achin e b ein g so adj u s te d as to r em ove

o n ly a sm all portion from t h e edges Th e corn ers are n ext .

tri mm ed with a kn ife an d each cake i s weigh ed from ti m e

,

to ti m e du rin g t h e trimmin g u n til it approach es t h e

,

re qu ire d weight for th e tablet .

Th e cak e s th u s prepared are n ext pu t aside to dry or ,

a re plac ed i n a dryin g room so that t h e s u rfac e m ay be

-
,

free from stickin ess b efore th ey are s t am p ed Th e c ak e s .

,

a fter b e i n t r i mm ed an d dri e d as d e scribe d a r e fi rs t

g ,

m ou l de d i n a l e ve r pr e ss (F i g which give s them t h e

.
1 48 TH E A R T OF S OA P M A KIN G
-
.

or sc ewr press This u seful press i s li ke t h e former eu

.
, ,

ort d u pon a stron g wood en tabl e which latte r m u st

p e ,

s ec u red to t h e floor by bolts or screws a a represen ts .

t h e fram e of t h e press 6 t h e scr ew fu rn ish e d at its lo we r ,

en d with a socke t i n to which t h e u ppe r h al f m o u ld i s

,
-

sec u red by a scre w ; 0 is th e lo wer half m ou ld an d which -

,

is con n ecte d to t h e m ovable rod d Th e fly e e i s su r .

, ,

m o un t ed by t wo h eav y balls ff Th e u pright wrou ght

,

iro n rods g q are adapted by scre ws to th e hori zon tal bar

, ,

belo w i t It Th ese rods pass ben eat h t h e cast iron or brass

, .
-

m atrix z i an d raise t h e m ovable rod d after each stroke

’

, ,

of t h e press by which m ean s t h e stam ped tablet is se t

,

free an d bein g rem o ved is r eplac ed by an oth er

, , , I n th e .

u pp e r h al f m o u ld is fix ed by m ea n s o f a sc r ew t h e en
-
, ,

graved s ta m p which i s to i m press th e soap A fter stam pin g .

t h e table ts th ey a re care tu l l y t ri m m ed a t t h e e dges an d ,

are th en ready for wra p i n g u

p p .
 C H A P TER X V I II .

M A N UF A CT UR E OF T OIL E T S OA P S

Rose S oap Oran ge- flower S oap

. . Ci n n am on Soap M u sk S oap
. .

—Bi tter A l mon d Soap W i n ds or. S oap . Brown W i n dsor S oap .

— Vi ol et W i n dsor S oa — Sav on au Bou q u et — S av on a l a C an n el l e

fi
. .

— Al mon d-oil Soa a sh m l l w S oap — Van i l l a Soap — Ben zoi n

p r a. o .

B os e S oa p . or S a v on h l a B os e , m ay be m ade fro m
e ither of t h e followi n g form u l ae, th e soap bein g previou sly
wel l m elted, as be fore described
I
W hi te cu rd soap, ma de from best tall ow 60 l bs
.

40 ,
V er mi li on i n fi n e powder 3 ozs .

Th e v er m ilion is to be fi rst wel l m ix ed wit h th e soap ,

reat care b ein g taken to en su re p erfect in corporation .

e s tea m is th e n to be tu r n e d of f an d wh en th e soap has

,

c ool ed a l ittl e t h e follo wi n g p er fu mes are t o be adde d i n

abo u t t h e proportio n s giv en

oi l s of ci nn am on an d cl ov es, of ea ch

Soap prepared fro m t h e above form u la h as a d elicat e

ros e colou r is v ery fragra n t an d em oll i en t
, , an d i s i n d eed

on e of t h e fi n e st of toil et soaps .

bergamot
n eaol i
'

Oil s of cl ov es an d ci n n am on , of each
 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G
'
1 50

Ora n ge-fl owe r S oap .

W h i te cu r d soap

C olo u r with
Y el l ow
M i ni um

P er fu m e with
0 11 of P ortu gal

Ci n n am on S oa p .

C olo u r with 2 lbs . of yellow ochr e an d p er fu me with

M usk S oa p .

P al m '
Oi -
l soap c e e e o c e e e o c o c o o o o e o e o e o c 0 0 0 0

C olou r with
Brown och re, or B oze .

P erfu m e with
Oil s oi n a sk an d b ergamot , of each 7 are
Po wder of cl ov es, pal e roses, an d gi l l i flower , of each 9

Bi t t e r A l m on d S oa p , S a v on d A m an d e s A m er e s
’
or .

W hi te curd soap
Oi l of bi ttcr al mon ds 2ooze .

W i n ds or S oap — This fam ou s toil et soap as pr epared

.
,

i n L on don , is g en erally m ade from tallo w n i n e parts an d

oli ve oil on e part, an d i s perfu med (for every
- l bs .

of t h e paste) with

Oi l Of caraW a
g
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o e o e o o e o c o e s e s

Oi l s of l av en er an d rose mar y , of ea ch

Or, for e ach 1 00 lbs . of soap ,

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 5: TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K I N G .

a lit tle at a t im e , an d well cru tch ed or stirred i n to t he

m el ted soap .

S a y on a u B ou q u et — This so ap is prepared from the

followin g

Oli v e - oi l soa p

P erfu m e with
Oi l of b ergam ot

Oils of cl ov e , sassafras, an d t h y m e, of each

C olo u r with
22 l bs .

S a v on a l a C an n e l l e .
(C i n n a m o n S o ap .
)
W h i te curd soap
P al m - oi l soa p

C olo u r t h e paste with

Y ell ow och re

An d perfu m e with
Oi l of ci n n am on
sa ssa fras a n d bergam ot , of ea ch

A l m on d - oi l S oa p is , accordin g to D u ssau ce prepared ,

i n F ran c e as foll o ws an d sin c e it is sold at a high pric e

, ,

th e m at e rials mu st be of t h e best an d p u rest qu ality .

Th e oil of s wee t alm on ds mu st be p er fe ctly fre sh an d ,

th e carbon a t e of so da ch emically pu re Th e so da is dis .

sol v e d i n wat e r addin g to it on e third of its weight of

,
-

sl acked lim e ; stir fro m tim e to tim e an d afte r several ,

ho u rs filte r ; con cen trate th e l ey by e vaporation u n til it

,

m a rks 3 6 B ; th en tak e 1 2 parts for 25 parts of oil

°
.
,

i n trodu ce th e l ey in to a jar , an d gradu ally in corporate t h e

oi l b e i n g car e fu l to stir t h e m ixtu r e u n til it has t h e a
, p
p ea ran c e of a so ft greas e I n t wo or three days its
.

con sisten cy is su ch as that it c an be ru n in to chin a m ou lds ,

i f plac e d i n a room t h e t emp eratu r e of which is fro m 71 t o °

In abo u t on e m o n th it can be tak en from th e

m o u lds Th e te mp e ratu re of t h e l ey m u st be fro m 4 0 to
°
.

5 9 (1 04 to 1 4 0 F
° ° °
bu t th e soap m ay be prepar ed
m or e r apid l y by placi n g t h e m ixt u re on warm ash e s an d ,
 M A N UF A C T UR E OF TOIL E T OR F A N C Y S OA P S .

addin g a little warm wate r to t h e l ey so as to preven t its ,

con cen tration This soap is very white with a sweet

.
,
”
tast e an d odo u r It becomes very hard
. .

M ar s h m a l l ow S oa p .

W hi te cu rd soap an d pal m- oi l soa

p , of each 40 l bs .

C olo u r with

Gamboge

P erfu m e with

Or, th e follo win g

6 ozs.
4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 li Zfi o

2 ozs
3

This soap m ay be colo u red rose with verm il ion or , be

left as a white soap if desi red .

V an i l l a S oap .

C olo u r wi th

B e n zoi n S oa p .

Th e soap m u st be i n t h e form of a very st i fl paste,

'

oth erwise t h e ti n ctu re of ben zoin will ren der it rath er soft .

B ro wn ochre m ay be u se d as t h e colo u r i n g agen t .

 C H AP TER XIX .

M A N UFA OT URE OF T OI L E T S OA P S
Fren ch Sy stem of maki n g Toil et S oaps — F ormul a for Fren ch Toi l et .

Soaps Sav on de G u i mau v e — S av on au x Fl eu rs d Itali e — S avon de

’
-

Van i ll a Soap —Rose - l eaf

. . .

C ri m ée Sa on do Pa m s
v .
-
l — V ol et Soap
i — . .

Sav on a l a M aréch al e — L ett u ce S oap — A mbergri s S oap

.

Soap
e s0 a —Gl y ceri n e Soap
. . .

El der fl ower S oap — Lem on Soa

-
. u .

S av onn ett es or W ash bal l s —Vi o et W ash bal l s

. on ey Sav on n ett es .

Sa v on n ett es of S weet H erbs — S av onn ett es of C amph or —Sav onn ettes

. .

of N er oh — Sav onn et tes a l a V an i l l a —M arbl ed S av onn ettes — S avon

. .

n ett es au Mi el — Fl oati n S tt es - S an d Ba l l s
g av
. on n e . .

F r e n c h S y st e m of M a ki n g T oi l e t S oa p s .
— In stead ofpre
parin g toilet soaps from re m elte d soap as before described -
, ,

a system is adoptedon th e C on ti n en t by which these soaps

are m ad e by a seri es of m echan ic al op eration s whi ch we

will en deavo u r to de scribe as brie fly as possible Th e variou s .

op eration s are arran ged u n der t h e foll owin g h eads — 1 .

C u ttin g th e soap in to shavin gs 2 M ixin g t h e e ssen tial . .

oils an d colo urs with th e soap 3 G rin din g th e soap . . .

4 P o u n di n g th e soap i n a m ortar 5 B ellin g th e soap

7 Stamm
. . . .

6 P ressin g
. n.
g . .

Cu ttin g t h e soap in to sh av i n s i s pe rform ed by a

m achin e su ch as is shown m F i g 9 an d t h e shavin gs are .
,

pl aced m a lead lin ed wooden box Th e prop er propor .

tion of essen tial oils an d colo u rin m atter (except when

t h e soap is requ ired to be white are first mixed i n a
separate v essel with a little alcohol an d th e m ixtu re is
s
, ,

th en added gradu ally to th e shavin gs with con tin u al ,

stirrin g Th e perfu m ed shavin gs are n ext placed i n a

.

gri n din g machin e throu gh which th ey are all o wed to pass

-
,

s everal ti mes u n ti l a p erfectly homogen eou s paste i s form ed

, .
1 56 TH E A R T OF S OA P M A K IN G -
.

hal f an in ch is allo wed b et ween each so that th e air may

- -
,

circ ul ate ro u n d th e m an d th u s fa cil it ate th eir dryi n g o n

,

th e s u rfac e I t is i m ot tan t that t h e dry in g shou ld be

.

as rapid as possible 11 abou t a week t h e s u rfac e of t h e

.

cake s will have b ecom e harden ed an d ready for pressin g , .

This is don e by m ean s of a lev er ress F i g 3 1 which

m erely gi ves to th ese cake s t h e prelim in ary form of th e
.
, ,

m ou ld To apply t h e press on e of t h e cakes is placed on

.
,

t h e lo wer h al f of t h e m ou ld an d t h e l ever is th en forc e d

,

do wn wards an d then raised when th e cake is rem oved ,

an d an oth er s u bstitu te d for it an d so on u n til all t h e cake s

, ,

have been stru ck Th e edges of t h e cake s are th en

.

trimm ed after which they are again set aside to dry an d

, ,

wh e n su ffi cien tly so th ey are removed fro m t h e dryin g

room an d th e harden ed skin which has form ed u pon th e
,

s u rface is carefu lly r em oved by m ean s of a sh arp kn i fe ,

with which t h e cak es are dextero u sly scrap e d by t h e work

m an . I t is said th at a good work man can scrap e forty
do zen of cake s i n a day .

When t h e cakes hav e b een scraped th ey are m oisten ed

with alcohol to improve t h e sm oothn ess of th eir s u rfac e
, .

To accom plish this t h e fin gers of t h e right han d are

,

dipp ed i n alcohol an d this is spread qu ickly over t h e cake

, ,

which is th en rolled i n both han ds by which i t beco m es ,

m oisten ed all over i n a few m om en t s Th e cakes are again .

dri ed for abou t t wen ty fou r hou rs after which th ey are -

,

r ead y for t h e fin al stam pin g which is effected i n t h e fly ,

or screw press by which an ac tive man can m o u ld

,

c ak e s of soap per day .

In t h e above proc ess th e re is a loss of abo u t 1 4 or 1 5

er c e n t of water du ri n g t h e s e ve ral dryin g op eratio n s
p .
,

bu t this is allo we d for i n t h e op eration of balli n g i n which ,

t h e cak es are m ade h e avi er than t h e r esu ltin g fi n ish ed

soap is r equ ired to be Th e sc rapin gs of th e c akes are
.

afte r wards work ed u p i n fu t u r e batch e s of t h e sa m e kin d

of soap .

F or m u l a for f r e n c h T oi l e t S oa p s — Th e follo wi n g .

are som e of t h e form u lae for toil e t soaps adopted by t h e

F ren c h m akers
 JI A N UF A C T UR E OF TOIL E T OR F A N C Y S OA PS . 1 57

S a v on d e G u i m a u v e M arsh m allo w Soap

.
( .
)
10 l
P al m - Oi l soap c o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10

C ol o u r with

Oran ge mi n eral

P erfume with
Oil of l aven der
mi n t 0

w m way 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

l em on
Oi l s of rosemary an d th y me , of each

S a v on P l eu r s d I t a l i
’
au x e.

20 l bs .

P e rfu m e with

geran i u m

C olo u r with
Brown 0 0h re o o o o o o o o o e o o o o o o o o o o o o o e o o o o c o

S av on de C ri m es .

C ol ou r with
V em il i on
-

I v orY bMCk

P erfu m e with
Oi l s of th y m e, mi n t , an d rosemary , of each .

Oi l of l av en der

Ti n ct ure of ben zoi n

S a v on d e P a l m s .

P e rfu m e with
0 11 of bergamot
cl ov e s
1 58 TH E A R T OF S OA P -M A K IN G .

V i ol e t S oa p .
(Y ello w ) .

Y el l ow cocoa-n u t oil
P al m-oil
Tal l ow .

Soda l ey at 3 6 B
°
.

P owdered orri s r oot -

To which are added th e follo wi n g p erfu m es

Oi l of l em on

C olou r with cadm i u m yellow .

V a n i l l a S oa p .

C ocoa-b u tt er
P al m -oil

Starch

P erfu m e with

On ofrose
’
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L ard with prepare d by addin g th e van illa to

v an i lla is
t h e lard (1 oz to t h e keepin g it at a m oderate h ea t
.

for som e days th en strain in g &c

, , .

B os e -L e a f S oap .

R ose made

Co coa -n u
t oi l
Whi t e wax
S oda l ey , 3 6
°

P otash l ey , 3 0

P erfu m e with
Oil Of roses 2 0 28 0

bergam ot
ci n n amon ( y )
C e l on

C olou r wi th an i lin e fast re d, a light pin k .

1 60 TH E A R T OF S OA P - M A K IN G .

E l d e r-fl ower S oa p .

P erfu me wi th

Colo u r light green .

L om on S oa p .

P e rfu me with

C ol our li ght yello w with cadm i u m yell ow .

Or an ge S oa p .

P erfu me wit h

Colou r dark yel low with n aphthalin e yello w .

G l y c er i n e S oa p .

44 l bs .

44
22
Gl y ceri n e (pu re) 22
Cau st i c l ey , 4 0 B
°
27
Al coh ol , 96
°

Melt th e greas e at 1 04 F add th e alkali by sl o w

°
.
, an d

degrees k ee i n g th e h eat l ow to preven t evaporation an d

, ,

stir con stan t y Wh en t h e l ey h as become absorbed a fte r

.
,

three or fou r ho u rs stirrin g add th e al cohol which shou ld

’
,

be warm ed stir till it becom es cl ear t h en add t h e gl y ce ,

ri n e a n d wh en mixed t h e water a n d p er fum e ; t u rn i n to

, ,
 AI A N UFA C T UR E OF T OIL E T OR F A N C Y S OA P S .

th e fram e, po u ri n g slo wly This soap i f care fu lly mad e .

, ,

is a v ery su perior on e .

Th e sa m e au thor give s th e followi n g form u l a for pre

parin g white C asti le soap with or withou t olive oil ,
-

1 . Oli v e oi l -
4 0 part
G rou n d su et 30
Tal l ow . 30
2 Ol i v e-oi l
. 30
30
P al m -
n u t oi l 40
3 0 Ol i v e oi l'
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 30
C ott on see d oi l
-
30
T all ow oil -
40

4 . P al m oi l (bl each ed)

-

S esa m e-oil . .

T all ow

S a v on n et t e s , or W a s h b a l l s
Th ese m ay be m ade from — .

a n y oft h e m ilder toile t soaps or fro m t h e s u bj oi n ed for m u l a , .

Th e sph erical form is given by pre ssin g t h e soap i n

m ou l ds or by first form i n g th em i n to b al ls with th e han d
, ,

a n d wh en q u ite dry an d hard t u rn in g th em i n a lath e .

A ccord i n g to M r B e asl e y th e y a re for

. m ed i n to sph erical ,

balls by ta ki n g a m ass o f th e prepared soap i n t h e left

han d an d a con ical dri n k i n g glass with rather thi n
,
“
edge s i n t h e right B y t u rn i n g t h e glass an d ball of
.

soap i n e very direction th e ro u n ded form is soon gi ven ;

wh en dry t h e s u r fac e is scrap ed to r en der it m or e sm ooth
, ,
”
an d e ven .

Washballs are som etim es made with th e addition of

po wde red starch or farin a an d so m etim es san d H a vi n g ,
.

bu t a co m paratively li m it ed sal e th ey are u s u ally pre ,

pared i n sm all qu an titi es .

Vi ol e t W as h b al l s .

P al m-oil soap .

F ari n a (starch )
Fi n e powdered orri s

C u t th e soap i n to fi n e sh a v i n gs a