Regional Technical Seminar
Factory Testing
Vivek Bhatt
[email protected]
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Reasons for Testing
Compliance with user specifications
Compliance with applicable industry standards
Assessment of quality and reliability
Verification of design calculations
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• C57.12.00 and C57.12.90 are two most commonly used transformer IEEE standards
• Both these standards got released in early 2022, with revision date of 2021.
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IEEE C57.12.00-2021 Table 17
Routine Tests
Routine tests shall be made on every transformer to verify that the product meets the design specifications
Design Tests
Design tests shall be made to determine the adequacy of the design of a particular type, style, or model of
transformer or its component parts. Test data from previous similar designs may be used for current designs,
where appropriate. Once made, the tests need not be repeated unless the design is changed to modify
performance.
Other Tests
Other tests are identified in product specifications and may be specified by the purchaser in addition to
routine tests
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Class I and Class II
Power Transformers
Nominal System Top Nameplate
Voltage (kV) Rating (KVA)
Any
< 69 kV
Class I = 69 kV
<10,000 – 1ϕ
<15,000 – 3ϕ
Any
≥115 kV
Class II ≥69 kV < 115kV
≥10,000 – 1ϕ
≥15,000 – 3ϕ
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Preliminary Testing
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Preliminary Testing
Tests Class I Class II
Voltage Ratio Routine Routine
Insulation Power factor Routine Routine
Insulation Resistance Routine Routine
Waukesha Waukesha
1Φ Excitation test
Routine Routine
Waukesha Waukesha
CT Ratio & Polarity
Routine Routine
Control Wiring Checks
Routine Routine
& Hi-pot
Waukesha
Auxiliary Losses Routine
Routine
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Preliminary Tests
Voltage Ratio Test
• Performed with ratio-meter (TTR) based on voltage comparison
principle to check that windings are wound with correct turns
including tapped turns
• Low voltage is applied to HV winding and voltage measured across
LV/other winding is fed back to ratio-meter which displays the
applied/measured voltage ratio (= turns ratio)
• Turns ratio is compared with voltage ratio requirement to meet
tolerance of +/- 0.5%
CT Ratio and Polarity Test
• Verify Polarity ( & also Ratio ) and wiring to control box
Leak Test
• 10 PSI for 10 hours minimum
• Typically Tested during Manufacturing before release to Test
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Preliminary Tests (cont.)
Insulation Power Factor C57.12.90 Sec. 10.10
Between
Windings
To Ground
• Test voltage is typically 10kV
• Power Factor is affected by temperature;
Recommended 100 to 400 C
• No IEEE Limit for PF, Max 0.5% good for
most units
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Preliminary Tests (cont.)
Single Phase Excitation Test
• Test typically performed on HV terminal and tested at 10kV
• Test is performed one phase at a time and currents are compared
• For three phase transformers, two phases are expected to have
similar and higher current compared to third; current measured on
phase wound on center limb on three legged core will have lower
current due to lower magnetic reluctance
Winding Insulation Resistance C57.12.90 Sec. 10.11
• Typically tested at 1/2.5/5 kV and held for 1 minute before taking reading
• Test performed high voltage to low voltage and ground and low voltage to
high voltage and ground
• Acceptable values varies with design, voltage class and cooling medium -
typically is greater than 500MOhms
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Performance Tests
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Performance Characteristic Tests
Tests Class I Class II
No Load Losses Routine Routine
% Excitation Tests Routine Routine
Load Losses Routine Routine
Positive Sequence
Routine Routine
Impedance
Zero Sequence
Special Routine
Impedance
Winding Resistances Routine Routine
Sound Test Other Other
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No-Load Test Connection – C57.12.90 Section: 8
No Load Loss and Excitation Current
• Core Loss ~ Hysteresis Loss, Eddy Current Loss
• Hysteresis Loss ~ Flux Density & Grade of Steel
• Eddy Current Loss ~ Frequency, Temperature
Test Circuit
• Transformer is excited from either TV/LV or HV side at 60
Hz with a variable voltage sinusoidal source
• All other terminals are left open
• Applied voltage is slowly increased to test voltage 90%,
100%, 110%
• Need high precision measurement System
• Losses corrected to 20oC
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Load Losses and % Impedance
Load Loss C57.12.90 Sec. 9
• Load Losses are the losses of TRANSFORMER DUE TO LOAD CURRENT
• Load Loss = I2R loss + Eddy loss + Stray loss
• Eddy losses depend on conductor thickness and width and leakage
flux distribution
• Stray loss depends on % impedance, winding dimensions and clearance to tank and clamps
Impedance
• % Impedance = VOLTAGE FOR RATED CURRENT X 100
RATED VOLTAGE
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Load Loss Test Connection
Test Circuit
Transformer is excited, preferably from HV side at 60 Hz with a variable voltage sinusoidal source. LV
terminals are shorted. Applied voltage is slowly increased to feed the rated test current in the windings.
Measurement
With the help of a precision loss measurement system load current, voltage and losses are measured:
Measured loss = I² R Loss at ambient + stray loss
I² R Loss at 85ºC = I² R Loss at ambient*(234.5+85)/(234.5 + ambient)
Stray Loss at 85ºC = Stray Loss at ambient*(234.5+ambient)/(234.5 + 85)
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Load Loss Test Connection (cont.)
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Impulse Testing – C57.12.90 Section:10.3
• Lightning Impulse Class II – Routine, Class I – Other
‒ Reduced Wave RFW (50 – 70% of Full Wave)
‒ Full Wave *
‒ Two (2) Chopped Waves
‒ Full Wave
‒ Full Wave *
• Transformer Neutrals
‒ 1 RFW
‒ 2 FW
‒ 1 FW*
*Added in 2015 Standard
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Impulse Test
Lighting Impulse
• Front Time – 1.2 microseconds +/- 30% Tolerance (1.67 Times the time between 30% and 90% voltage)
• Tail Time – 50 microseconds +/- 20% (Time to 50% peak voltage)
• Chop Time > = 3 microseconds for > = 150 KV
> = 2 microseconds for < 150 KV
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Waveform Comparisons – RFW & FW Overlay
Voltage Waveform Current Waveform
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Impulse Generator (cont.)
Multiplier Circuit
RC circuit with circuit Inductance
Multiplier circuit introduced by
Prof. Marx
Impulse capacitor Cs are charged in
parallel and discharged in series after
firing the switching gaps F
Front Time T1 is determined by Rd
whereas time to half value is
determined by Re
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Voltage and Current Wave Shape Comparison
(Reduce and Full Wave)
Chop wave failure Failure between LTC Leads
Turn to turn failure within
Cable to cable failure winding
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Impulse Failure Waveforms
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Switching Impulse Test
Switching Impulse Test C57.12.90 Sec. 10.2
• Time to peak value > 100 microseconds
• Time for 90 % of peak Value > 200 microseconds
• Time to first zero on tail of the wave >1000 microseconds
Test Circuit
• Test for each HV Line terminal
• Ground Neutral terminal for all Wye connection
• Ground other end of all Delta windings
• All Line terminals to be kept open except test terminal
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Low Frequency Dielectric Test
Applied Voltage Test
• Transformer Connections
• Test Levels
Induced Voltage Test
• Transformer Connections
• Test Levels – Class I & Class II
• Partial Discharge
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Induced Voltage Test vs. Applied Voltage Test
Test Voltage
• For Delta connected windings, applied test voltage level corresponds
to NSV
For example:
Equivalent applied test voltage for 230kV ( 750,825,900 BIL) is 345kV
• For Wye connected windings, the applied test voltage is limited to the
BIL of Neutral
For example:
If line end BIL is 550kV and neutral end BIL is 150kV, then equivalent
applied test voltage is limited to 50kV (equivalent for 150 BIL)
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Induced Voltage Test – C57.12.90 Section:
10.7 to 10.9
Test Connection
• Three phase voltage is applied to LV terminals at frequency ≥2 times rated frequency; all other line
terminals are left open, Neutral and Tank is grounded
Test Voltage & Duration
Class I Transformers
• Test voltage is equivalent to twice the volts/turn and line end is raised to achieve equivalent power
frequency test voltage across phases
• Test duration is 7200 Hz; if test frequency is 180 Hz then test duration = 7200/180 = 40 seconds
• Test is considered to be passed if no collapse of voltage occurs or no audible internal sound is present
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Induced Voltage Test (cont.)
Test Voltage & Duration
Class II Transformers
• Enhancement level – 173% maximum tap voltage for 7200 Hz
• One hour test voltage – 150% for 1 hour
• Partial discharge limits < = 250 pC
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C57.12.00 – Table 4
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Temperature Distribution Model
Winding
Top Hot Spot
Hot Spot
Gradient
R
Location
V
Ambient Oil Winding
W Avg. Winding
T D COM SER Avg. Gradient
V G
L Oil Rise 65C 65C
T Avg. Winding Rise
Hot Spot Winding Rise
C
80C
Bot.
24 Hour Max Avg. Ambient = 30C Temperature
(Max Ambient = 40C)
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Temperature Rise Test – C57.12.90 Section: 11
• Measurements during temperature rise test
‒ Top oil temperature
‒ Ambient temperatures
‒ Top and bottom radiator temperature
‒ Hot winding resistance at shut down
• Top Oil Rise = Top oil temperature – Average ambient
• Mean oil rise = Top oil temperature – Average of top & bottom header temp
• Average winding rise
= { (Hot Resistance/Cold Resistance) X (234.5+ambient temp) } – Ambient
• Gradient = Average winding rise – Mean oil rise
• Hot spot Rise = Top oil rise + Hot spot gradient
• Hot spot gradient = Gradient (1 + k); k = hot-spot factoralculate
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Average Winding Rise
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DGA
• Before Test , After Dielectric, Before/After Temp Rise test, After all Tests
• Gassing rate depend on many factors - Winding temperature rise, Ambient
Temperature, Duration of test, Design characteristics like current and flux density
• Expect significant difference lab to lab .. Requires ASTM D3612 Method C
Gas Generation During
Limits per C57.130
Temp Rise Test
PPM/ Hour
Hydrogen H2 <1
Carbon Monoxide CO <2
Carbon dioxide CO2 < 18
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6 < 0.4
Ethylene C2H4
Acetylene C2H2 0
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Sound Test – C57.12.90 Section: 13
• Core audible sound: This sound component originates in the transformer core
• Load audible sound: This sound component is primarily produced by vibrations of the windings and tank walls
when the transformer is loaded.
• When a transformer is highly loaded, load sound can be a significant contributor to the total sound of the
transformer ,especially for low no-load noise medium and large power transformers.
• Cooling system audible sound: typically consists of broadband fan noise, plus discrete tones (of low levels) at the
fan blade passage frequency and its harmonics.
• The sum of core and cooling system sound components is typically referred to as the no-load noise of a
transformer.
• The total audible sound of the transformer, however, is the sum of all three components, 2015 standard outlines
measurement methods for Load sound and calculation to arrive Total sound.
• Sound levels are specified in NEMA-TR1 and that is only No-Load Sound Level
• Load Sound is not significant for smaller transformers ( < 100 MVA ) unless No load sound required is
below NEMA
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Sound Test – Measurement
• Measurements are generally taken on a weighted scale as per NEMA standard
• Location of measurements start at drain plug and around the transformer at approximate 3
foot intervals, 12 inches away from transformer tank/radiators as applicable at 1/3 and 2/3
heights for transformers over 9 feet
• With fans running – readings are taken 6 feet distance
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Other Tests
• Bushing Cap & PF – C1/C2
• Core excitation test – typically 110% for 24 Hours
• Leakage Reactance test
• Front of Wave Impulse testing
• Frequency response analysis (FRA)
• Fast Front Switching Impulse ( FFSI )
• LTC Tests
• Operate LTC at No Load Voltage
• Operate LTC under Load
• Dynamic Resistances
• DGA from LTC
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Questions
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