1

Velammal vidhyashram, surapet

Physics lab manual
2023-24
Class :xii

Name :

r.No. :

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 2

Experiment -1 Date :

Determination of resistance and resistivity of the wire using Ohms law

AIM
To determine resistance and resistivity of two wires by plotting a graph for potential difference
versus current.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED
A wire of unknown resistance, battery eliminator, voltmeter , ammeter, rheostat, plug key,
connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.
FORMULA
Resistance of the given wire,
V- potential difference across the wire
I – current flowing through the wire
specific resistance or resistivity  of the material of the given wire is

R- resistance of the wire

L – length of the wire
D – Diameter of the wire

MODEL GRAPH

BC
From the graph, resistance of the given wire is, R 
AB

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 3

1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with the help of sand paper in order to remove any
insulating coating on them.
2. Connect various components - resistance, rheostat, battery, key, voltmeter and ammeter as
shown in circuit diagram.
3. Note whether pointers in ammeter and voltmeter coincide with the zero mark on the measuring
scale. If it is not so, adjust the pointer to coincide with the zero mark by adjusting the screw
provided near the base of the needle using a screw driver.
4. Note the range and least count of the given voltmeter and ammeter.
5. Insert the key K and slide the rheostat contact to one of its extreme ends, so that current
passing through the resistance is minimum at certain value.
6. Note the ammeter and voltmeter readings.
7. Remove the key K and allow the wire to cool, if heated. Again insert the key. Shift the
rheostat contact slightly to increase the applied voltage. Note the ammeter and voltmeter reading.
8. Repeat step 7 for four different settings of the rheostat. Record your observations in a tabular
form. Repeat the same for other material.

OBSERVATIONS

Range of ammeter =
Least count of ammeter =
Range of voltmeter =
Least count of voltmeter =
Length of the wire 1, l1 =
Length of the wire 2, l2 =
Diameter of wire 1, D1=
Diameter of wire 2, D2=

TABLE :1 To find unknown resistance

Material Volt meter Ammeter Readings(I) Resistance, Mean

S. Readings(V)
No. R=V/I R
V
A ohm ohm

I 1
2
3
4
5

II 1
2
3
4
5

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 4

CALCULATIONS

RESULT
1. The potential difference across the given wire varies linearly with the current.
2. The resistance of the given wires from
i. calculation
a) Material I R=.................Ω
b) Material II R= .................Ω
ii. graph
a) Material I R=.................Ω
b) Material II R= .................Ω

3. The resistivity of the given wires from

i. calculation

a)Material I ρ=.................Ω m
b) Material II ρ= .................Ω m
ii. graph
a)Material I ρ=.................Ω m
b) Material II ρ= .................Ω m

PRECAUTIONS
1. Connections should be made neat and clean and as in the circuit diagram.
2. The wire used should be having uniform area of cross-section.
3. Zero error in measuring instruments (voltmeter, ammeter, metre scale) should be corrected.
4. The key should be inserted only while taking observations, as excessive flow of current causes
unnecessary heating of the wire.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Connections may not be correct
2. The wire used may not be of uniform area of cross-section.
3. The Ammeter or Voltmeter may have zero error.

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 5

Experiment -2 Date :

Meter Bridge -Determination of resistance

AIM
To determine the resistance of a given wire using a metre bridge
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED
Metre bridge, a wire about 1m long (of material whose specific resistance is to be determined), a
resistance box, a rheostat, galvanometer, a jockey, one-way key, a cell or battery eliminator,
thick connecting wires, sand paper

FORMULAE

( )
Unknown resistance of the wire,
R - resistance in the resistance box
l - balancing length

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE
(i) Draw the circuit diagram given above and make the connections according to the circuit
diagram.
(ii) Remove the insulations from the ends of the connecting wires with the help of sand paper
and make neat, clean and tight connections.
(iii) Make sure that the resistance in the resistance box is of same order of magnitude as the
unknown resistance X.
(iv) To check whether the connections of the circuit are correct, Touch the jockey gently, first at
the left and then at the right end of the metre bridge wire. If the deflections in the galvanometer
are in opposite directions, the connections are correct.

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 6

(v) Now choose an appropriate resistance R from the resistance box. Slide the jockey on the
metre bridge wire gently by touching and lifting it again and again till the galvanometer reads
zero nearly in the middle of the wire.
(vi) Record the lengths of both parts of the wire in the observation table.
(vii) Repeat the above steps two times more by selecting the suitable values of R for getting null
point between 30 cm and 70 cm.
(viii) Now cut the resistance wire X at the points where it leaves binding terminals. Straighten it
by stretching and remove 3 kinks.
(ix) Measure the diameter of the wire by a screw gauge atleast the different points. At each point,
the diameter should be measured in two mutually perpendicular directions.

OBSERVATION

To find the resistance of the given wire:

Resistance ( )
Balancing length, AB =ℓ Length, BC =(100-ℓ) Ω
S.No R
(cm) (cm) (ohm)
(ohm)
1
2
3
4
5
Mean resistance, X

CALCULATIONS

RESULT

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 7

The resistance of the material of the given wire is ……….. ohm

PRECAUTIONS
1. Connections should be made tight, neat and clean and as in the circuit diagram.
2. The meterbridge wire used should be having uniform area of cross-section.
3. The key should be inserted only while taking observations, as excessive flow of current causes
unnecessary heating of the wire.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Connections may not be correct
2. The meterbridge wire used may not be of uniform area of cross-section.
3.The key may not be plugged in properly.

Experiment -3 Date :

Meter Bridge- Verification of law of combination of resistances in series

AIM :
To verify the laws of combination of resistances in series using a meter bridge.
APPARATUS:
Meter bridge, galvanometer, one way key, a resistance box, battery, jockey, two unknown
resistance wires, and connecting wires.
FORMULAE
The effective resistance Xs of the combination of two resistors connected in series is
Xs = X1 + X2
X1 – Resistance of 1st coil
X2 – Resistance of 2nd coil

The resistance (X ) of a resistor is

( )

L - balancing length
R – resistance in the resistance box

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 8

PROCEDURE:
(i) Draw the circuit diagram given above and make the connections according to the circuit diagram.
(ii) Remove the insulations from the ends of the connecting wires with the help of sand paper and make
neat, clean and tight connections.
(iii) Make sure that the resistance in the resistance box is of same order of magnitude as the unknown
resistance X1.
(iv) To check whether the connections of the circuit are correct, Touch the jockey gently, first at the left
and then at the right end of the metre bridge wire. If the deflections in the galvanometer are in opposite
directions, the connections are correct.
(v) Now choose an appropriate resistance R from the resistance box. Slide the jockey on the metre bridge
wire gently by touching and lifting it again and again till the galvanometer reads zero nearly in the middle
of the wire.
(vi) Record the lengths of both parts of the wire in the observation table.
(vii) Repeat the above steps two times more by selecting the suitable values of R for getting null point
between 30 cm and 70 cm.
(viii) Repeat the whole experiment for second wire of resistance X2
(ix) After finding the value of X1 and X2, connect the two in series as shown in figure.
(x) Take at least three sets of observations for balance point lying between 30 cm and 70 cm.
(xi) Calculate the effective resistances using equation Xs= X1 +X2
(xii) Compare the measured values of effective resistances using Meter Bridge with the
calculated values.
CALCULATIONS

OBSERVATION

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 9

Resistance Mean
Resistance S. in RB Balancing length, Length, ( ) Resistance
coil Ω
No AB =l (cm) BC =(100-l) (cm)
(ohm) (ohm)

1
X1 =
2
X1

1
X2 =
2
X2

1
X1 and X2 Xs =
In series 2

RESULT
The value of unknown resistances X1 = ……..Ω and X2 = ……..Ω
The value of effective resistance in series:
i) By calculation, xS = ……..Ω
ii) By experiment, xS = ……..Ω

PRECAUTIONS
1. Connections should be made tight, neat and clean and as in the circuit diagram.
2. The meterbridge wire used should be having uniform area of cross-section.
3. The key should be inserted only while taking observations, as excessive flow of current causes
unnecessary heating of the wire.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Connections may not be correct
2. The meterbridge wire used may not be of uniform area of cross-section.
3.The key may not be plugged in properly.

Experiment . No.4 Date

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 10

GALVANOMETER - FIGURE OF MERIT AND RESISTANCE BY HALF

DEFLECTION METHOD
AIM
To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method and find it’s figure of
merit
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Galvanometer, A battery eliminator (0 - 6 V), resistance box, one way keys, voltmeter,
connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.
FORMULAE
Resistance of galvanometer G by half deflection method is,

R – high resistance in the resistance box

S – shunt resistance which reduces the deflection to θ/2
Figure of merit, ( )
E – emf of the cell
θ- deflection in the galvanometer
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE
1. Clean the connecting wires with sand paper and make neat and tight connections as per the
circuit diagram.
2. From the high resistance box (RBOX 1) (1-10 kΩ), remove 5 kΩ key and then close the key
K1. Adjust the resistance R from this resistance box to get full scale deflection on the
galvanometer dial.
Record the values of resistance, R and deflection θ.

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 11

3. Insert the key K2 and keep R fixed. Adjust the value of shunt resistance S to get the deflection
in the galvanometer which is exactly half of θ. Note down S. Remove plug K2 after noting down
the value of shunt resistance, S.

4. Take five sets of observations by repeating steps 2 and 3 so that θ is even number of divisions
and record the observations for R, S, θ and θ/2 in tabular form.
5. Calculate the galvanometer resistance G and figure of merit k of galvanometer respectively.
OBSERVATION

E mf of the battery E = ... V

Mean G = ……….. ohm

Mean K = …………A/div

CALCULATIONS

RESULT
1. Resistance of galvanometer by half deflection method, G = ... Ω

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 12

2. Figure of merit of galvanometer, k = ...ampere/division

PRECAUTIONS
1. Connections should be made tight, neat and clean and as in the circuit diagram.
2. The keys should be plugged in properly.
3.Emf of the battery should be constant.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Connections may not be correct
2.The keys may not be plugged in properly.
3.Emf of the battery may not be constant.

Experiment No :5 Date:
Concave mirror - Focal length by plotting graphs between u and v
AIM
To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and to find the focal
length.

MATERIAL REQUIRED
Concave mirror, optical bench with three uprights, mirror holder, two pins, knitting needle, metre
rod, spirit level.
FORMULA

Where, f is the focal length of the given concave mirror, v is the distance of the image and u is
the distance of the object.
MODEL GRAPH

From u-v graph, From 1/u – 1/v graph,

RAY DIAGRAM

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 13

PROCEDURE:
HOW TO SET-UP THE EXPERIMENT
(i) Fix an upright at zero cm mark on the optical bench and put mirror holder in it.
(ii) Place the other two uprights holding pins on the optical bench at different positions.
(iii) Level the optical bench with the help of spirit level and levelling screws.
(iv) Fix the mirror in mirror-holder and adjust the tips of the pins so that they are in the same
horizontal line as the pole of the mirror
HOW TO PERFORM THE EXPERIMENT
(a) Determination of approximate focal length of the mirror
(i) Take the mirror and hold it in such a way so that a clear distinct image of a distant object is
obtained on the wall.
(ii) Measure the distance between the mirror and the wall with the help of a metre scale. This
gives the approximate focal length, f of the mirror.
(b) Determination of v for different values of u
(iii) Fix the mirror in the mirror-holder.
(iv) Fix the object-pin A at a point between, f and 2 f but so that looking into the mirror, you will
see a clear real, inverted and highly enlarged image of A.
(v) Position the image-pin B beyond 2 f, so that there is no parallax between the tip of B and the
tip of image of A.
(vi) Fix pin B.
(vii) Repeat the procedure (ii) and (iii) for different positions of pin A between f and 2 f and
seeing that it is enlarged.
(xii) Record the observations in tabulated form as shown in table,
(viii) Find the values of 1/u and 1/v for each observation, by taking u and v in metres.
(ix) Plot a graph with 1/u on x-axis and 1/v on y-axis, taking same scale on both axes and start
from zero on either axes,
(x) Read the intercept on y-axis. Reciprocal of it gives the focal length.

OBSERVATION
Rough focal length of the mirror f =………. cm.

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 14

S. Object Image Focal length,

No. Distance Distance uv
f 
(u) (v) uv

(cm) (cm) cm-1 cm-1 cm

5
Mean, f = ………. cm

CALCULATIONS:

RESULTS

The focal length of the given concave mirror, f

By u-v method = ……..×10-2 m
From u-v graph = .……..×10-2 m
From 1/u- 1/v graph = ……...×10-2 m
PRECAUTIONS
1. The uprights supporting the optical elements should be rigid and mounted vertically..
2. Parallax should be removed.
3. Optical bench should be leveled.

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 15

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The uprights may not be vertical.
2. Parallax removal may not be perfect.
3. Optical bench may not be levelled

Experiment -6 Date:
Convex lens - Focal length by plotting graphs between u and v and between 1/u and 1/v
AIM
To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and
1/v.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
An optical bench, two sharp-edged needle (pins), convex lens, three uprights (with clamps),index
needle (may be a knitting needle), metre scale and spirit level.
FORMULA
Focal length of the given convex lens is,

u- object distance, v- image distance

MODEL GRAPH

U –V GRAPH 1/U -1/V GRAPH

RAY DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 16

* Obtain approximate value of the focal length of the thin convex lens by focusing the image of a
distant object. It can be found by obtaining a sharp image of the Sun or a distant tree on a screen,
say a plane wall, or a sheet of paper placed on the other side of the lens and measuring the
distance between the lens and the image with a scale. This distance is a rough estimate of the
focal length, f of the convex lens.
Note: Do not look at the image of Sun directly as it may hurt your eyes.
1. The optical bench is placed on a rigid table or on a platform, and using the spirit level to make
it horizontal with the help of leveling screws provided at the base of the bench.
2. The convex lens is clamped on an upright and mounts it vertically almost near to the middle
of the optical bench such that its principal axis is parallel to the optical bench. In this position,
the lens would lie in a plane perpendicular to the optical bench.
4. Index correction is found for both the pins.
5. The vertically mounted sharp pins P and P’ are placed on left and right hand sides of the lens
respectively. Pins P and P’are so adjusted the heights of the tips of these pins become equal to
the height of the optical centre O of the lens from the base of the optical bench. Let the pin P
(placed on left hand side of the lens ) be the object pin and the pin P’ (lying on right hand side)
be the image pin. A small piece of paper is put on one of the pins (say on image pin P’) to
differentiate it from the object pin P’.
6. The object pin P (on left side of the lens) is displaced to a distance slightly less than 2f from
the optical centre O of the lens &the position of the real and inverted image on the other side of
the lens above the image pin P’ is located.
7. Using the method of parallax, the position of the image pin P’ is adjusted such that the image
of the object pin P coincides with the image pin P’.
Note: As the value of u changes from 2f to f, v changes from 2f to infinity. Since the values of u
and v are interchangeable, i.e., the object and image are two conjugate points, therefore it is clear
that complete range of values for both u and v between f and infinity are obtained for a
movement of the object pin over the range 2f to f.
8. The upright position of the object pin, convex lens and image pin on the optical bench are
recorded observation table.
9. The object pin P is moved closer to the optical centre O of the lens (say by 2 cm or 3 cm) &
the experiment is repeated for at least six sets of readings for various distances of object pin
between f and 2f from the lens.
CALCULATIONS

OBSERVATIONS
Approximate focal length of the convex lens by distant object method = ... …..cm

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 17

Object Image
distance uv
Distance
(v) 1/u 1/v f 
S.No. (u) u v
(cm-1) (cm-1)
(cm)
cm
cm

RESULT
The focal length of the given converging thin convex lens by:
(i) u -v method, f = ............cm
(ii) from u – v graph, f =...............cm, and
(iii) from 1/u – 1/v graph, f =..........cm.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The uprights supporting the optical elements should be rigid and mounted vertically..
2. Parallax should be removed.
3. Optical bench should be leveled.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The uprights may not be vertical.
2. Parallax removal may not be perfect.
3. Optical bench may not be levelled

Experiment. No. 7 Date:

REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM

AIM
To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given glass prism by plotting a graph
between the angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED

Drawing board, triangular glass prism, metre scale, drawing pins, graph paper, protractor, white
paper sheets

THEORY:

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 18

A ray of light PQ (from air to glass) incident on the

first face AB at an angle i is refracted at an angle r along QR and finally, emerges along RS. The dotted
lines in the figure represent the normal to the surfaces. The angle of incidence (from glass to air) at the
second face AC is r′ and the angle of refraction (or emergence) is e. The angle between the direction of
incident ray PQ (produced forward) and the direction of emergent ray RS (produced backward) is the
angle of deviation δ
At the position of the prism for minimum deviation δm , the light ray passes through the
prism symmetrically, i.e. parallel to the base so that , i = e which implies r = r′. The advantage of putting
the prism in minimum deviation position is that the image is brightest in this position.
MODEL GRAPH

RAY DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 19

1. A white sheet of paper is fixed on a drawing board with the help of cello tape or drawing pins.

2. A straight line XY,is drawn using a sharp pencil nearly in the middle and parallel to the length
of the paper.
3. Points O1, O2, O3. ., . . . . are marked on the straight line XY at suitable distances of about 8 to
10 cm and normals N1 O1, N2 O2, N3O3. . . . drawn on these points .
4. Straight lines, P1 O1, P2 O2, P3 O3, . . . are drawn corresponding to the incident rays making
angles of incidence at 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, ... 60° respectively with the normals, using a protractor.
The values of the angles P1 O1 N1, P2 O2 N2, P3 O3 N3,...are written on the white paper sheet .
5. The prism is placed with its refracting face AB on the line XY with point O1 in the middle of
AB as shown in the figure. The boundary of the prism is drawn with a sharp pencil.
6. Two pins Pl and Q1 are fixed with sharp tips vertically about 10 cm apart, on the incident ray
line. Pl Ql such that pin Q1 is close to point O1. Closing one eye (say left) and looking through
the prism, right eye is brought in line with the images of the pins Pl and Ql. Pins Rl and Sl are
fixed about 10 cm apart vertically on the white paper sheet with their tips in line with the tips of
the images of pins Pl and Ql. In this way pins R1 and S1 will become collinear, with the images of
pins P1 and Q1.
7. Removing the pins Rl and Sl and encircling their pin pricks on the white paper sheet with the
help of a sharp pencil ,the pins P1 and Q1 are removed and their pin pricks encircled also.
8. The points ( or pin pricks) Rl and Sl is joined with the help of a sharp pencil and scale, to
obtain the emergent ray Rl S l. R1S1 is produced in backwards to meet the incident ray Pl Ql
(produced forward) at T1. Arrowheads are drawn on Pl Ql and R1 S1 to show the direction of the
rays.
9. The angle of deviation δ1and the angle BAC (angle A) of the prism (Fig. 1) are measured with
a protractor and the values of these angles are indicated in the diagram.
10. Steps 5 to 9 are repeated for different values of angle of incidence (40°, 45°, 50°...) and the
corresponding angles of deviation δ2, δ3... are measured with the protractor, and indicated them
in the respective diagrams.
11. Observations are recorded in tabular form with proper units and significant figures.

OBSERVATIONS
Angle of the prism, A =

S.No Angle of the prism (i) Angle of deviation (δ)

Angle of minimum deviation, δm = ...... degree

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 20

RESULT
Angle of minimum deviation, δm = ...... degree

PRECAUTIONS
1. All pins should be straight fixed vertically to the plane of paper.
2. Drawing board should be leveled.
3. Prism should be clean.
4. Position of the prism should not be disturbed for a given set of observations.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. All pins may not be straight.
2. Drawing board may not be leveled.
3. Prism may be uncleaned and broken.
4. Position of the prism may be disturbed.

Ex. No. 8 Date :

I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction diode in forward bias and reverse
bias.
AIM-To draw the I-V characteristics of p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias

Materials required: Power Supply (0-30V), Voltmeter (0-30V), Ammeter (mA range),
resistors, p-n junction diode

Theory

Forward Biasing :
Forward biasing occurs when the positive end of the diode is connected to the positive terminal
of the battery, and its negative end to the negative terminal of the battery. Here, majority carriers
from both sides move towards and cross the junction and current flows through the junction. This
current is known as the forward current and is the order of 10-3 A. The size of the depletion layer
decreases in forward biasing.
Reverse Biasing
A pn junction diode is said to be reverse biased when its p region is connected to negative
terminal of the battery and its n region connected to the positive terminal of the battery. Reverse
bias characteristics of pn junction diode shows that a very small current of the order of micro
ampere flows through the circuit due to drift of minority charge carriers
Model Graph

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 21

Circuit diagrams:

Forward bias Reverse Bias

Procedure:

 Connections are made as per the connection diagram.

 Insert the key. Arrange the sliding contact of the rheostat to minimum.
 Now, gently move the rheostat contact to provide a positive bias voltage.
 Note the voltmeter and milli ammeter readings.
 Repeat the process by increasing the forward current in equal steps by changing the
rheostat slider.
 It can be noted that, initially the current increase very slowly. For a certain value of
voltage, it shows a sharp increase. The corresponding voltage represents the knee voltage
of that diode.
 Plot a graph with forward voltage along X axis and forward current along Y axis. The
graph shows the forward V-I characteristics of the given p-n junction diode.

OBSERVATIONS
Forward V-I Characteristics :

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 22

Forward bias voltage, Vf Forward current, If

Sl. No.
(V) (mA)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Reverse Bias
Reverse bias voltage, VR Reverse current, IR
Sl. No.
(V) (µA)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

RESULT

The forward characteristics and reverse characteristics of the given p-n junction diode are drawn.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Connections should be made neat and clean and as in the circuit diagram.
2. Zero error in measuring instruments (voltmeter and ammeter) should be corrected.

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 23

4. The key should be inserted only while taking observations, as excessive flow of current causes
unnecessary heating of the wire.
SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Connections may not be correct
2. The Ammeter or Voltmeter may have zero error.
3. Keeping the key inserted continuously causes excessive flow of current and may lead the
damage of diode ( even ammeter and voltmeter )

*****

ACTIVITIES

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 24

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 25

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 26

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 27

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 28

Conclusion:
The following electric and electronic devices (i) diode, (ii) LED, (iii) resistance and (1v) capacitance. have
been identified

Conclusion: Diffraction of light due to thin slit has been observed

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 29

Precautions:
1.

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24

 30

VVS/ PHYSICS PRACTICAL/2023 - 24