WEEK - 1

QUESTION 1:
In which of the following penetration testing models, no information about the network is
given
to tester?

a. White box model. b. Black box model. c. Red box Model. d. Gray box model. e. None of
these.
Correct Answer: b
Detail Solution: In the white box model, the tester has complete information about the
network. In the black box model, the tester does not have any information about the
network.
Gray box model is somewhere in between, where the tester is only provided with partial
information about the network. There is nothing called red box model.
Thus the correct option is (b).
___________________________________________________________________________
_
QUESTION 2:
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true for a circuit switched network?
a. A communication link can be shared by more than one connection.
b. A communication link is dedicated to a connection and cannot be shared with
other connections.
c. The packet transfer delay between a pair of nodes may depend on the prevailing
network traffic.
d. The packet transfer delay between a pair of nodes is more or less constant
during the entire period of the connection.
e. It is efficient for bursty traffic.

Correct Answer: b, d

Detail Solution: In a circuit switched network, a communication link remains dedicated to a

connection; however, in a packet switched network, communication links may be shared by
more than one connection. Also, in a packet switched network, packets between the same
source and destination may follow different paths, and hence the packet transfer delay can
vary
with time; whereas in circuit switched network the link is dedicated so most of the time the
delay remains constant. Circuit switched network is acceptable for voice communication but
is
very inefficient for high traffic like data streaming.
Thus true options are (b) and (d).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 3:
A 1000 byte packet is sent over a 50 kilo-bits-per-second (Kbps) point-to-point link whose
propagation delay is 10 msec. The packet will reach the destination after ________ msec.
(Assume 1K = 1000)
Correct Answer: 160 to 170
Detail Solution: 50 x 1000 = 50,000 bits per second can be transferred through the link.
1 bit can be sent in = (1 / 50,000) sec
1000 bytes or 8,000 bits can be sent in 8,000 / 50,000 sec = 0.16 sec = 160 msec
Hence the packet will reach the destination after = 160 msec + 10 msec = 170 msec.
Thus the correct answer will be range 160-170.
___________________________________________________________________________
__
QUESTION 4:
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true for virtual circuit based packet transfer
approach?

a. It is a connection-oriented approach, where a route is established priori to

transfer of packets.
b. In this approach, each packets follows distinct path.
c. The intermediate node can perform dynamic routing.
d. All the packets reach in order to the destination.
e. It is a true packet switched network.

Correct Answer: a, d

Detail Solution: Virtual circuit approach is a connection-oriented packet switching approach

where a route is established before packet transmission starts. For a session the packets
follows the same path, and then once the session is expired a new route is established. In
virtual circuit, a virtual id is used which is used by intermediate node of the route such that
the
packet can be forwarded to the next node. This means that the Intermediate nodes can only
forward the packet and cannot make dynamic routing decision. In virtual circuit all packets
reach in order to the destination as packet follows the same path. It is not a true packet
switched network as it uses a fixed path for transmitting data.
Thus true options are (a) and (d).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 5:
Which of the following OSI layers is responsible for end-to-end reliable data transfer, with
error
recovery and flow control?
a. Session layer
b. Transport layer
c. Network layer
d. Datalink layer
e. Physical layer
Correct Answer: b
Detail Solution: The physical layer is responsible for actual transmission of signals over a
communication medium. The data-link layer is responsible for transmitting data frames
reliably
over point-to-point links. The network layer is responsible for the switching or routing of
packets from one node to the next on way to the final destination. The transport layer is a
virtual host-to-host layer between the two end systems which is responsible for end-to-end
reliable data transfer, with error recovery and flow control. The session layer manages
connection sessions.
Thus the correct option is (b).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 6:
Which of the following is/are false for TCP/IP model?

a. It allows cross-platform communications among heterogeneous networks.

b. It is a scalable client-server architecture which allows network modification
without disrupting the current services.

c. It can also represent any other protocol stack other than the TCP/IP suite such as
Bluetooth connection.
d. None of these.
Correct Answer: c
Detail Solution: TCP/IP is an open source scalable client-server based architecture used in
computer network. It is used to bridge the gap between non-compatible (heterogeneous)
networks. In TCP/IP based network a host/network can be added/removed without
disturbing the
current services/systems of the network. TCP/IP is not generic, and thus can only represent
the
protocol stacks defined in TCP/IP suite. It cannot represent any protocol that is not defined
in
TCP/IP such as Bluetooth connection.
Thus the false option is (c).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 7:
Which of the following is true for the IP?

a. It uniquely identifies a network interface of a computer system.

b. It uniquely identifies a host in the network.
c. It indicates how many hardware ports are there in the computer system.
d. None of these.
Correct Answer: b
Detail Solution: IP uniquely identifies a host in the network.
Thus the true option is (b).
___________________________________________________________________________
_
QUESTION 8:
How many bits are used for IP address (in IP version 4) and port number respectively?

a. 32, 8
b. 32, 16
c. 48, 8
d. 48, 16
Correct Answer: b
Detail Solution: 32 bits are used for IP address whereas 16 bits are used for port number.

Thus the correct option is (b).

___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 9:
If a 2000 byte data message is sent using a TFTP, the corresponding Ethernet packet will be
of
size _______ bytes.
Correct Answer: 2050
Detail Solution: In TFTP protocol, along with the data, 18 bytes Ethernet header, 20 bytes of
IP
header, 8 bytes of UDP header and 4 bytes of TFTP header will be added.
Thus the effective size of Ethernet packet will be 2000 + 50 = 2050 bytes.
___________________________________________________________________________
__
QUESTION 10:
If the IP header is 192 bits long, what will be the value (in decimal) of the “HLEN” field
_______?
Correct Answer: 6
Detail Solution: The HLEN field contains the size of the IP header in multiples of 32 bits or 4
bytes. Here, size of the IP header = 192 bits = 6 x 32 bits. Hence, HLEN will contain 0110,
which
is the binary equivalent of the number 6.
Thus the correct answer will be 6.

WEEK - 2

QUESTION 1:
Which of the following is/are false for IP fragmentation?

a. It is a process that divides packets into smaller fragments.

b. Fragmentation is required due to intermediate networks with smaller maximum
transmission unit (MTU).
c. Each fragmented packet is considered as separate IP packet.
d. IP fragmentation is typically done by layer-2 switches.
e. None of these.
Correct Answer: d
Detail Solution: IP fragmentation is necessary for data transmission, as every network has a
unique limit for the size of datagrams that it can process, which is known as maximum
transmission unit (MTU). In fragmentation, the packets are divided into smaller pieces and
each
piece is considered as separate IP packet. It is typically done by the routers in the network
layer
(or layer-3 switches).
Thus the correct option is (d).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 2:
Consider the following statements:
(i) In transparent fragmentation, all fragmented packets are reassembled by an exit router.
(ii) In non-transparent fragmentation, all fragmented packets reassembled by host.

a. Only (i) is true.

b. Only (ii) is true.
c. Both (i) and (ii) are true.
d. Both (i) and (ii) are false.

Correct Answer: c

Detail Solution: In transparent fragmentation, in every network that a packet passes

through, all
packets are routed through an exit router that assembles the fragmented packets. In this
approach
the subsequent network(s) have no information about fragmentation. Whereas in non-
transparent
fragmentation the packets can be transmitted through multiple routers as the reassembly is
done
by the destination host system.
Thus the correct option is (c).
___________________________________________________________________________
___

QUESTION 3:
For reassembling the fragmented packets at the final destination, which of the following
header
field(s) is(are) used by IP?
a. Fragment offset.
b. Flags.
c. Header checksum.
d. HLEN.
e. Identification.
Correct Answer: a, b, e
Detail Solution: For fragment assembly, identification (ID), fragment offset and flag fields are
used.
Thus true options are (a), (b) and (e).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 4:
An IP packet arrives at a router with the first eight bits as 01001100. How many bytes are
there
in the OPTIONS field ______?
Correct Answer: 28
Detail Solution: The first four bits (0100) is the IP version, and the next four bits (1100 = 12)
is
the header length. The header length of 12 indicates 12 x 4 = 48 bytes of header. The basic IP
header is 20 bytes long. Hence, the size of the OPTIONS field will be 48 – 20 = 28 bytes.
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 5:
In an IP packet, the value of HLEN is 6, and the value of the TOTAL LENGTH field is 1000 (one
thousand). The number of data bytes in the packet will be ________.

Correct Answer: 976 to 1000

Detail Solution: Since HLEN = 6, the size of the IP header will be 6 x 4 = 24 bytes. The total
size
of the IP packet is given as 1000 bytes. Hence, the number of data bytes = 1000 – 24 = 976
bytes.
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 6:
Which of the following is/are true for IP addressing?

a. Each host connected to the Internet is defined by an IP address.

b. IP address consist of two parts: network number and host number.
c. When a packet is routed to the destination network, only the host number is
used.
d. Class A address can have a maximum of 16,777,214 networks.
e. None of these.
Correct Answer: a, b
Detail Solution: Each host connected to the Internet is uniquely defined by IP address, where
the
IP address consists of network number and host number. When a packet is routed to the
destination network, then only the network number is used. Class A address can have
maximum
of 127 networks and 16,777,214 hosts.
Thus the correct options are (a) and (b).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 7:
Which of the following is/are not a feature of TCP?
a. Process to process communication.
b. Stream delivery service.
c. Connection-oriented service.
d. Unreliable service.
e. Full duplex communication.
f. None of these.
Correct Answer: d
Detail Solution: All given points except (d) are features of TCP. TCP provides reliable service.
Thus the correct option is (d).

___________________________________________________________________________
__
QUESTION 8:
Which of the following statement(s) is/are false for flag bits in TCP header?
a. SYN=1 and ACK=1 represents a connection request message.
b. SYN=1 and ACK=0 represents a connection confirmation message.
c. RST bit is used to reject connection request.
d. PUSH bit is used to indicate end of a message
e. None of these.
Correct Answer: a, b
Detail Solution: In the TCP header, SYN=1 and ACK=0 represents connection request,
whereas
SYN=1 and ACK=1 represents connection confirmation. RST is used to reset/reject
connection,
and PUSH bit is used to indicate end of message.
Thus the false options are (a) and (b).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 9:
What is the subnet address if the destination IP address is 144.16.34.124 and the subnet
mask
is 255.255.242.0?
a. 144.16.32.0
b. 144.16.34.0
c. 144.16.34.255
d. 144.16.242.0
e. 144.16.242.255

Correct Answer: b
Detail Solution: Let us express the two numbers in binary:
144.16.34.124 = 10010000 00010000 00100010 01111100
255.255.240.0 = 11111111 11111111 11110010 00000000
If we take bit-by-bit AND, we shall get the subnet address as
10010000 00010000 00100010 00000000 = 144.16.34.0
Thus the correct option is (b).
___________________________________________________________________________
_

NPTEL Online Certification Courses

Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
QUESTION 10:
An organization is allotted a block with beginning address as: 144.16.192.16/28 in CIDR
notation. What will be the address range for that block?

a. 144.16.192.0 to 144.16.192.16
b. 144.16.192.0 to 144.16.192.255
c. 144.16.192.16 to 144.16.192.31
d. 144.16.192.16 to 144.16.192.32

Correct Answer: c
Detail Solution: First 28 bits in the IP address will denote network number. The range will be:
144.16.192.16 = 10010000 00010000 11000000 00010000

to

144.16.192.31 = 10010000 00010000 11000000 00011111

Thus the range given in option (c) is correct.

WEEK – 3

QUESTION 1:
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

a. IP protocol uses connection-oriented routing.

b. IP protocol uses connection-less routing.
c. IP protocol is a host-to-host layer.
d. In connection-less routing, each packet is treated as an independent packet.
e. None of these.
Correct Answer: b, d
Detail Solution: IP protocol uses connection-less routing, where each packet is treated as
independent packet. Also, IP is not a host-to-host layer.
Thus true options are (b) and (d).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 2:
Which of the following is/are false for direct and indirect packet delivery option?

a. Direct delivery occurs when the destination host and deliverer are not present
on same network.
b. Indirect delivery occurs when the destination host and deliverer are present on
same network.
c. In direct delivery, hosts of same network can exchange packets without
interference of router.
d. In direct delivery, an incoming packet to the router is forwarded to the
destination host present in the network.
e. In an indirect delivery, the packet goes from router to router until it reaches the
one connected to the same physical network as its final destination.
f. None of these.
Correct Answer: a, b

Detail Solution: Direct delivery occurs when the source and destination of the packet are
located on the same physical network or when the delivery is between the last router and
the
destination host. If the destination host is not on the same network as the deliverer, the
packet
is delivered indirectly. In an indirect delivery, the packet goes from router to router until it
reaches the one connected to the same physical network as its final destination.
Thus the correct options are (a) and (b).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 3:
Which of the following routing flags can indicate route to a single host (and not to a
network) in
the routing table?
a. U
b. G
c. H
d. D
e. M
Correct Answer: c
Detail Solution: If the routing table entry indicates a host specific address, then it is specified
by H flag.
Thus the correct option is (c).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 4:
Which of the following statement(s) is/are false?
a. Autonomous systems are set of routers and networks managed by a single
organization.
b. In exterior routing protocol, all the participating routers are present in the same
autonomous system.
c. In interior routing protocol, the participating routers can be present in different
autonomous systems.
d. None of these.
Correct Answer: b, c

Detail Solution: Autonomous Systems are set of routers and networks managed by a single
organization. The interior routing protocols applies to a single autonomous system. All the
routers inside the AS exchange messages using some standard protocol (e.g. RIP or OSPF)
and
update their routing tables. In an exterior routing protocol (like BGP), routers belonging to
different AS’s exchange messages.
Thus the correct options are (b) and (c).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 5:
In Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing approach, which of the following packets is used
to
check if the neighbor router is up or not?
a. Link State Request.
b. Link Request Update.
c. Link State Acknowledgement.
d. Using TCP 3-way handshake protocol.
e. None of these.

Correct Answer: e
Detail Solution: In Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing approach, the “Hello” packet is
used
to check if a neighbor is up or not.
Thus, the correct option is (e).
___________________________________________________________________________
_
QUESTION 6:
If a packet is to be delivered to all the hosts in a network, what kind of address should be
used
to specify the destination?
a. Unicast address.
b. Broadcast address.
c. Anycast address.
d. None of these.
Correct Answer: b
Detail Solution: Unicast address is used if a packet is to be delivered to a specific host.
Broadcast address is used if a packet has to be delivered to all the hosts within a network or

subnetwork. Anycast address is used if a packet has to be delivered to exactly one of the
hosts
in a network or subnetwork.
Thus, the correct option is (b).
___________________________________________________________________________
_
QUESTION 7:
How many bits are used to represent IPv4 and IPv6 addresses respectively?
a. 4, 24
b. 24, 32
c. 32, 64
d. 32, 128
e. 255, 255
Correct Answer: d
Detail Solution: IPv4 address is represented with 32 bits, and that for IPv6 requires 128 bits.
Thus, correct option is (d).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 8:
When an entire IPv6 packet is included as payload inside an IPv4 packet, it is called
_________.

a. Encapsulation
b. Tunneling
c. Decapsulation
d. None of these
Correct Answer: b
Detail Answer: When entire IPv6 packets are encapsulated within IPv4 packets, it is called
tunneling. The IPv6 packet gets transmitted as data over an IPv4 network.
Thus the correct option is (b).
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 9:
The size of base header in IPv6 datagram packet is ______ bytes.

Correct Answer: 40
Detail Answer: The base header size of IPv6 datagram packet is 40 bytes, which consists of
128+128 bit source and destination addresses, 8 bit hop limit, 8 bit for next header, 16 bit
payload length, 4 bit version, 8 bit priority, and 20 bit flow label.
___________________________________________________________________________
___
QUESTION 10:
Consider the following routing table in a router. On which interface will an IP packet with
destination address 144.25.112.40 be forwarded?
Destination Subnet Mask Interface
144.25.0.0 255.255.0.0 Eth0
144.25.96.0 255.255.96.0 Eth1
144.25.64.0 255.255.192.0 Eth2
144.25.112.0 255.255.240.0 Eth3
Default 0.0.0.0 Def

a. Eth0
b. Eth1
c. Eth2
d. Eth3
e. Def
Correct Answer: d
Detail Solution:
Row 1: 144.25.112.40 AND 255.255.0.0 = 144.25.0.0  Matches with destination address
Row 2: 144.25.112.40 AND 255.255.96.0 = 144.25.96.0  No Match
Row 3: 144.25.112.40 AND 255.255.192.0 = 144.25.64.0  No Match
Row 4: 144.25.112.40 AND 255.255.240.0 = 144.25.112.0  Matches with destination
address
Row 4 provides longest match, thus the packet will be forwarded to interface Eth3.