Department of Architect
Environmental Architecture MSc. Regular
Program
Research Methodology
Lecture Note 05 (ARCH-7105)
CHAPTER 5
5. Processing and Analysis
of Data
Outline
5.0. Data processing (Editing,
Coding, Classification, Tabulation)
5.1. Data Analysis
5.0. Data processing
Difference between Data and Information
Any raw facts or figures is known as data.
When the data is processed by doing statistical analysis
and some conclusion can be drawn from it, it is known as
information.
Processing and analysing data:- at this stage of the
research the collected data are summarized to answer the
research questions (objectives).
Processing of Data
Technically speaking,
processing implies :
Questionnaire
checking
Editing,
Coding
Classification
Tabulation of
collected data from
the field
Processing (Cont’d)
Questionnaire checking-involves a check of all
questionnaires for completeness and interviewing
quality.
Editing- the process of examining, checking &
correcting the collected raw data to detect errors and
omissions.
Processing (Cont’d)
Coding:- involves assigning numbers or other symbols to answers so
that the responses can be grouped into limited number of classes or
categories.
The code includes an indication of the column and data record it will
occupy.
Eg. Sex of respondents may be coded as 1 for males and 2 for
females.
Processing (Cont’d)
Classification:- a process of arranging data in groups or classes on
the basis of common characteristics & nature of phenomenon.
This include:
a) Classification according to attributes: here data is
analyzed on the basis of common characteristics which
can either be: descriptive such as literacy, sex, religion
etc. or: numerical such as weight, height, income etc.
b) Classification according to class/intervals:- is done
with data relating to income, age, weight, tariff,
production, occupancy etc.
E.g. Income Range Frequency %
Eth. Birr1001-2000 10 50
Eth. Birr 2001-3000 8 40
Processing (Cont’d)
Tabulation
It is the process of summarizing raw data and displaying
the same in compact form for further analysis in the form of
columns and rows.
Tabulation may also be classified as simple and complex
tabulation.
Simple tabulation generally results in one-way tables
which supply answers to questions about one characteristic
of data only.
Complex tabulation usually results on two-way tables
(which give information about two inter-related
characteristics of data), three –way tables or still higher
order tables, also known as manifold tables.
Processing (Cont’d)
Sorting and counting
Processing (Cont’d)
Simple or one-way tabulation
Example Table 1: Study of number of children in a family
Processing (Cont’d)
Cross Tabulation:
Table 2: Use of Health Drink
5.1. Data Analysis
What is Data analysis?
The way information and results are interpreted and
assessed.
The process of assigning meaning to figures, stories,
observations, etc that have been gathered and
recorded.
Data analysis technique include
Qualitative or
Quantitative data analysis.
5.1.1 Qualitative Data Analysis
It involves extensive narrative data in order to gain
insights into phenomena.
Describes information that is typically non-numerical.
Qualitative research do not produce discrete
numerical data.
Data analysis includes the coding of the data and
production of verbal synthesis (inductive process).
5.1.2. Quantitative Data Analysis
It involves working with numerical variables — including
statistics, percentages, calculations, measurements, and
other data — as the nature of quantitative data is numerical.
Data analysis is mainly statistical (deductive process).
Data can be analyzed either manually or with the help of a
computer.
Manual Data Analysis: Used for simple calculation.
calculating frequencies and for simple cross tabulations.
Data Analysis Using a Computer: The most common
software are SPSS and other so many softer wares used for
analyzing and generating data.
Types of quantitative data analysais technique
Quantitative data analysis may, therefore, be
categorized as
i. Descriptive analysis and
ii. Inferential analysis
Thank you!!!
