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Topic: Life and Importance of Holy Prophet (PBUH); Life in Madinah.

[Link]: 1st Year of Hijrah.
Q (a) Write an account of events from the first year of Prophet (PBUH) in
Madinah. [10]
Answer:
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was given the warmest Welcome by the people of Yathrib. Whole
city came out to see a glimpse of their beloved guest and girls kept singing this Song: “The full
moon rose over us - From the valley of Wadaa”. Everyone offered him to stay at their place but
he replied that his camel (Qaswa) has been instructed by Allah to point out a place to build a
mosque and a place to stay. It pointed out a piece of land by kneeling down, which was owned
by two orphan kids Sahal and Sohail. Prophet (PBUH) bought that piece of land for 10 Dinars
and dedicated it for the construction of Mosque. The 2nd stop of camel was in Bani-Najjaar in
front of Abu Ayub Ansari (RA) house. So, Prophet (PBUH) decided to stay there. Yathrib then
renamed “The City of Prophet” (Madinat-un-Nabi).
The Prophet (PBUH) laid down the foundation of this mosque during Rabi-ul-Awwal 1H. It’s
dimensions were about 35×30 meters. The foundation was laid with stones and the walls were
built of unbaked bricks. Columns were made of trunks of palm trees and the roof was covered
by branches of palm trees. It had three doors. Then there was a debate that how people should
be called for prayer, people gave different ideas but they all were inspired by other faiths so
Prophet (PBUH) did not approve them. At Night Umar Farooq R.A and Abdullah bin Zaid had a
dream in which they saw an angel calling Azaan, Prophet was informed and he liked and
approved it and appointed Bilal R.A as Moazzin.
Immigrants were isolated and their economic conditions were miserable. So Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) established a brotherhood between Muhajireen (The Immigrants) and
Ansaar (The Helpers) in order to merge immigrants with locals of Madinah. 45 Immigrants and
45 locals were gathered at Hazrat Anas (RA) home and they were declared brothers of each
other. Ansaar took it so literally and left no stone unturned to help their brothers.
Most of Madni population consisted of 2 tribes of polytheists named: Aus and Khazraj. They
both converted to Islam and became Ansaar. There were 3 tribes of jews who were important
stake holders of Madinah i.e. Banu Qenuqa, Banu Nazeer and Banu Quraiza. Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) established a treaty/charter with them which is called Charter/Treaty of
Madinah (Meesaq-e-Madinah). Some important points of treaty were as:

 It was based on co-existance.

 It ensured religious liberty.
 2

 It declared all Madinians equal stake holders of Madinah, in case of any attack they all
were to defend it as one Nation.
 Some clauses emphasize on the social and economic issues and set equal rules for all
communities.
 Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was designated as supreme authority and undisputed ruler
of Madinah.
 Any party who plots any conspiracy against other group or goes against any clause of
charter would be dealt with iron hands.
Topic: Life and Importance of Holy Prophet (PBUH): Life in Makkah
Sub Topic: 2nd Year of Hijra: Battle of Badr

Q (a) Write an account of Battle of Badr. [10]

Structure of Answer
Para 1: (Causes)
 Prophet (PBUH) established peace treaties with tribes nearby Madinah to end Quraysh influence.
 Quraysh would raid the grazing areas in outskirts of Madinah and carry off animals. Once a Muslim
patrol engaged them and a skirmish took place in which a member of Quraysh Amr bin Hadhrami
got killed. This incident is called ‘The incident of Nakhlah’.
 Quraysh’s survival depended upon the trade with Syria. Prophet (PBUH) blocked their route.
 Abu Sufyan bin Harb who by then had not embraced Islam, was leading a huge trade caravan and
was coming back from Syria. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) planned to intercept the caravan and left
Madinah with handful of people.

Para 2:
 Abu Sufyan bin Harb who by then had not embraced Islam, was leading a huge trade caravan and
was coming back from Syria. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) planned to intercept the caravan and left
Madinah with handful of people.
 Abu Sufyan took two measures, first he immediately asked Quraish for help and he also changed the
route of caravan and selected an abandoned route to dodge Muslim interception. Quraish
immediately started preparation and one thousand men led by Abu Jahl equipped with weapons,
horses and other war accessories left for Badar.
 Meanwhile, Abu Sufyan reached Makkah safely and sent a messenger to Abu Jahl asking him to
return back. But he refused and insisted to launch attack.
 The Battle of Badar fought on Tuesday, 13 March 624 CE (17 Ramadan 2 AH)
 Ref: “There has already been for you a Sign in the two armies that met (in combat): One was
fighting in the cause of Allah, the other resisting Allah” [3:13]
 There were signs of victory for Muslims even before the battle, as it rained and made the sandy
ground firm and smooth. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) spent whole night praying to Allah for the
victory.
 The very next day battle was started by the 3 challengers from Quraish who were noble
personalities of Quraish Utbah, Shaybah and Waleed stepped forward. Their challenge was
accepted by 3 Ansaars but they said we want to fight our parallels. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
then ordered Hazrat Hamza, Ali and Ubaida ibn-al-Harith. All three from Quraish got killed and
Ubaida got martyred from Muslim side.
 Later general war was started and Muslims fought bravely and Quraish army ran away from the
battle field within hours.
 Ref: “And already had Allah given you victory at [the battle of] Badr while you were few in
number…” [3:123]
Para 3:
 14 companions of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) got martyred and 70 pagans were killed.
 Abu Jahal was killed by 2 Muslim boys; Muaz and Muawwaz.
 Umayyah bin Khalf was killed by Bilal (RA).
 while 70 were captured as prisoners. Prisoners were treated nicely and humanely, they were
allowed to go back after payment of minor ransom those who were literate given an opportunity
to teach Muslim children and this teaching will be considered as their ransom.
 A large amount of spoils of war was captured which was equally distributed among companions
according to the instructions given by Allah in Surah Anfaal.
 Ref: They ask you, [O Muhammad], about the bounties [of war]. Say, "The [decision concerning]
bounties is for Allah and the Messenger." [08:01]
 Leadership of Quraysh transferred to Abu Sufyan.
 The defeat of Quraish was a huge humiliation for Quraish.
 Victory of Badr was a turning point for Islam and Muslim emerged as a decisive power in Arab
peninsula.
 This victory led to a series of war between Muslims and Quraish which was ended on conquest
of Makkah.
Topic: Life and Importance of Holy Prophet (PBUH): Life in Makkah
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Sub Topic: 3 Year of Hijrah: Battle of Uhud

Q (a) Give a detailed account of Battle of Uhud. [10]

Points to be covered in the answer (Divided into Paras)
 Battle of Uhad took place in 625, 3rd year of Hijra.
 Its major reasons were the revenge of Badr and to open the blockade of the trade route to Syria.
 Since the day, the Quraish faced defeat in Badr, they started a major preparation for another battle
in Makkah in which they invested a huge amount.
 Pagans of Makkah came to Madinah with three thousand well equipped men. They stayed into a
ground in front of the Uhad Mountain.
 The Prophet (PBUH) was in favor of defending and staying in the city but the young boys insisted on
going out and fight. The Prophet (saw) took one thousand men with him.
 On his way to Uhad, three hundred hypocrites led by Abdullah ibn Ubayy deserted the army. He left
with his 300 men. Muslims were only seven hundred in front of three thousand well equipped
Quraish.
 The Prophet (PBUH) placed 50 archers under the command of Abdullah bin Jubair to defend a pass
which was a dangerous position can be used to attack Muslims from the back.
 The battle began and Allah fulfilled His promise and the Muslims almost won the battle. Pagans
started running back to Makkah.
 When Muslims saw this defeat, they started looting spoils of war without asking the Prophet
(PBUH). When the archers saw this, they left the pass and joined the other Muslims and left the
pass unguarded.
 Khalid Bin Walid was a capable general of Quraish. He saw the opening without any protection. He
took his 200 cavalry men and attacked from behind. Muslims were not ready for this attack and it
caused panic everywhere.
 In this panic, Wahshi slave of Hinda got a chance and killed Hamza (RA), the uncle of the Prophet
(PBUH).
 The Prophet (PBUH) was also injured and lost his tooth. Mus’ab bin Umair (RA) got martyred he was
so much identical to Holy Prophet (PBUH). Someone spread a rumor that Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH) has been killed. That caused more mishap and depression among Muslim army resulting
huge casualties on Muslim side.
 This is strange that the Quraish had won but they decided to go back to Makkah and not attacking
Madinah.
 Abu Sufyan, the leader of the Quraish challenged the Muslims to have another fight next year in
Badr. The Prophet (PBUH) was injured and the Muslim army was demoralized, yet Muslim army
chased Makkans.
 Apparently, the Quraish won the battle but in reality, they could not achieve both of their targets.
Neither they killed the Prophet nor could they open the trade route. It meant that the next battle
was inevitable.
 From this battle, Muslims got the lesson that they must not disobey the Prophet (PBUH) and the
Muslim commander.
 The Muslims lost the battle due to their greed. The pagans did not capture Madinah and went back
to Makkah.
Topic: Life and Importance of Holy Prophet (PBUH): Life in Makkah
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Sub Topic: 5 Year of Hijrah

Q (a) Give an account of the battles of Khandaq (Trench). [10]

Structure of Answer
Para 1:
 After getting exiled from Madinah in 4th A.H, Banu Nazir’s leaders Salaam, Hayy bin Akhtab and
Kanaanah launched a provocative campaign and visited every corner of Arabian desert in order to
seek help against Muslims of Madinah. They visited Quraysh and shared their plan of crushing
Muslims. Quraysh immediately ensured their full support. Jews then approached Banu Saleem,
Banu Ghatfaan, Banu Marrah, Ashja, Banu Asad and other Bedouin tribes and were able to form an
immense army consisting 10000 to 12000 warriors equipped with best possible weapons and
supplies.
 Prophet (PBUH) when got to know about this invasion plan he called a council meeting to discuss
defense plan for Madinah. Among all other suggestions, Prophet (PBUH) liked Salman Farsi’s (RA)
suggestion of digging a trench. Eastern, western and southern sides of Madinah were naturally
protected from any major invasion as there were thick gardens. Only northern side was a plain
ground that could let Quraysh army enter the city.

Para 2:
 The main trench that was dug by Prophet (PBUH) along with 3000 companions was approximately
3.5-mile-long as it started from Harrah and stretched till Mount of Sala’. Despite severe shortage of
Food Prophet (PBUH) himself would participate in digging trench along with companions. Then
people from Quba and other neighborhoods of Madinah dug separate trenches for their own safety.
This whole process took 3 weeks and Madinah became safe from any invasion.
 As the immense army was a combination of different groups of different tribes, this battle is also
called Battle of Al-Ahzaab (The Groups). Sufyan bin Abd Shams, Uyayna, Harith, Masood and Talha
and Abu Sufyan were commanders of their respective contingents and Abu Sufyan was also
declared as Commander in chief of whole Army. This army reached Madinah on the last day of
Shawwal, 5 AH (626 AD).
 Ref: “[Remember] when they came at you from above you and from below you, and when eyes
shifted [in fear]…” [33:10]
 But they were so surprised and confused to see the trench as this was whole new thing they ever
encountered. On the other hand, 3000 Muslims were ready to defend Madinah. Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) would designate group of companions on different points of trench in order to
keep invaders from crossing it by chance.
 One day 5 warriors from Quraysh Ikramah, Naufal, Dharraar, Hubairah and Amr bin Abdood crossed
the trench and challenged the Muslims. Amr bin Abdood was the bravest of them all. Hazrat Ali (RA)
 killed him after a fierce encounter while he himself suffered a severe wound on his forehead. Naufal
fell in ditch and was also killed while other ran away.
 Banu Quraizah were approached by Quraysh to engage Muslims in internal war so they could get a
chance to cross the trench. Luckily their plan was foiled.
 Naeem bin Masood was member of Quraysh army he approached Prophet (PBUH) and embraced
Islam and took responsibility of creating misunderstanding between invaders and leaking their
plans.
 One night Quraysh were struck by a horrible sandstorm that destroyed their camps, spoiled their
kitchen system, scattered their livestock and above all destroyed their left-out morale.
 Ref: “O you who have believed, remember the favor of Allah upon you when armies came to
[attack] you and We sent upon them a wind and armies [of angels] you did not see….” [33:9]
 Finally Quraysh decided to retreat on 23 Zul-Qa’da 5 AH (626 AD). Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:
“Now we will attack them, they won’t” [Ghazwaat-un-Nabi]

Para 3:
 After Quraysh retreat when Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was about to take off his armor, Jibrael
came and said:
 “Angels are still in their armors”
 Prophet (PBUH) got the idea about what is Allah’s plan so he ordered to march on Banu Quraiza and
besieged their forts. After 15 days on 7th Zul-Hajj 5 AH they surrendered on a condition that Saad
bin Muadh (RA) will be their judge and according to decision taken by Saad (RA), Banu Quraizah
were punished.
 Muslims emerged as a decisive power that defended their city against all odds. Whole Arab was
observing this war and was expecting the end of Islam and Muslims but the way Muslims defended
and defeated Quraysh made them an emerging power of Arab and inspired a lot of neutral tribes.
 Topic: Life and Importance of Holy Prophet (PBUH): Life in Madinah.
Sub Topic: 6th Year of Hijra: Treaty of Hudaibiah.

Q (a) Write about the events surrounding the Treaty of Hudaibiah and the main terms in
it. [10]

Answer
 In 6 AH Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) had a dream about entering Masjid Al-Haraam and offering Umrah.
Allah discusses it:
 “Certainly has Allah showed to His Messenger the vision in truth? You will surely enter al-Masjid al-
Haram, if Allah wills….” [48:27]
 Fortunately, the month was Zul-Qa’dah. Arab used to consider it sacred month along with other 3 months.
No one would stop/harm anyone during these months and specially those going to visit house of Allah.
Companions started preparations enthusiastically as this was their first experience to visit house of Allah
along with Holy Prophet (PBUH).
 On 1st Zul-Qa’da, Monday Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) left for Makkah along with 1400 companions and
his wife Umm-e-Salma (RA). They had covered swords just for self-defense as they had no intention of
fighting. Prophet (PBUH) took 70 camels to sacrifice in the name of Allah. Abdullah bin Umm-e-Maktoom
(RA) was given the charge of Madinah. Prophet (PBUH) reached Zul-Hulaifah and ordered all pilgrims to
wear ihram and mark their sacrificial animals.
 Quraysh when got to know about arrival of Muslims, they decided to stop them from entering Makkah and
started preparing a major army. Khalid bin Waleed was given 200 cavalry to stop Muslims outside Makkah
until the main army reaches. When Prophet (PBUH) got to know about this hostile behavior of Quraysh He
said:
 “What happened to Quraysh, they are being war mongers” [Ibn-e-Hisham]
 As Prophet (PBUH) had no intention of bloodshed, he decided to change the route. A man from Banu
Aslam guided Muslims through a tough and abandoned rocky path that lead to Hudaibiah and then
Makkah. But Prophet’s (PBUH) camel Qaswa stopped at Hudaibiah. Muslims considered it a sign by Allah
and camped there.
 Quraysh sent 80 assassins to take Muslims by surprise. But they all got arrested by Muslims. Later they
were forgiven and allowed to go back by Prophet (PBUH). Allah (SWT) discusses it:
 “And it is He who withheld their hands from you and your hands from them within [the area of]
Makkah after He caused you to overcome them….” [48:24]
 Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) sent Uthman bin Affan as final negotiator of Muslims to ask permission for
Umrah. Quraysh tried to manipulate him and asked him to offer Umrah with Prophet (PBUH) and
companions. Uthman turned down their offer which angered Quraysh and they arrested Him. A rumor got
spread that Quraysh killed Uthman in response to which Prophet (PBUH) got furious as killing a negotiator
was not even allowed in period of ignorance. Prophet (PBUH) took pledge from all companions to fight
 Quraysh till their last breath in order to avenge Usman’s blood. He used his left hand to take pledge from
his side. This event is discussed in Holy Quran:
 “Certainly was Allah pleased with the believers when they pledged allegiance to you, [O Muhammad],
under the tree…” [48:18].
Later on Usman (RA) reached back to Muslim camp safe and sound.
 When Quraysh got to know about this pledge they got scared and agreed to sign a treaty. Sohail bin Amr
was sent by Quraish to decide and finalize the terms of treaty. While Ali (RA) was writing the terms, he
objected on some points as he asked to start it with “In your name, O Allah” instead of Full Tasmiah. He
also objected on “Muhammad, the Prophet of Allah” by saying that we don’t accept you as Prophet.
Prophet (PBUH) ordered it to edit it and write “Muhammad bin Abdullah”. The 4 main points of the treaty
are as follows:
 There will be no wars for 10 years.
 Muslims will go back this year. They will be allowed to perform Umrah next year.
 If a Muslim goes to Makkah will not be sent back to Madinah. But Muslims has to send back any Makkan
who seeks refuge in Madinah.
 All the individuals and tribes are free to ally themselves with Quraysh or Muslims. Same rules would apply
for them as well.
 Abu Jundal (RA) a Makkan Muslim managed to escape from Makkah and reached Muslims’ camp. Although
the treaty was not signed yet, Quraysh demanded return of Abu Jundal. Despite being very tough decision
Prophet (PBUH) ordered his return while he kept pleading. Prophet (PBUH) suggested him to have full faith
in Allah’s plan.
 Muslims were very angry and dissatisfied because of unjust terms of treaty and handing over Abu Jandal
(RA) to Quraysh. They were not ready to fulfil rituals of Umrah and go back. Especially Umar Farooq (RA)
was very angry and emotional at that moment. Quran declared it a clear victory:
 “Indeed, We have given you, a clear victory” [48:01]
 Hazrat Umm-e-Salma advised Prophet (PBUH) to perform rituals of sacrifice and head shave in middle of
Companions’ camps. The moment Prophet (PBUH) started doing it; every companion stood up and
followed his footsteps. Upon completing the rituals Muslims marched back towards Madinah and came
back next year to perform Umrah according to treaty.

Q (b) From this event, what can Muslims learn about the importance of keeping
their word? [4]
Construct your answer using these hints.
 Handed over Abu Jundal despite being able to give him refuge.
 Companions also tried to stop Him but He kept His words.
 A lot of people approached Madinah but Prophet (PBUH) never allowed any Makkah.
 Until that clause was cancelled.
 Q (b) Explain how was the Treaty of Hudaibiah a Clear victory for the Muslims. [04]

Construct your answer using these hints.

 Allah declared it a clear victory for Muslims. He said:
 “Indeed, We have given you, a clear victory” [48:01]
 Because it controlled Quraysh hostilities against Muslims.
 Allowed Prophet (PBUH) to preach Islam internationally.
 Boost in number of Muslims converts. (give example)
 Topic: Life and Importance of Holy Prophet (PBUH): Life in Madinah.
Sub Topic: 7th Year of Hijrah: Battle of Khyber.

Q (a) Write about the main events of the battles of Khyber. [10]
Answer
 All 3 Jewish tribes broke the Charter of Madinah and were expelled one by one from the city of Prophet
(PBUH). They settled in Khyber and continued their campaign against Islam. Their role in Battle of Trench,
manipulating Ghatfan and other tribes against Islam and their long term planning of invading Madinah
compelled Prophet (PBUH) to take action against them.
 Khyber was a heavily fortified territory approx. 95 miles north of Madinah and was famous for its
agriculture.
 After Treaty of Hudaibiah when Quraysh’s threat was neutralized for the time being, Prophet (PBUH)
prepared to invade Khyber in 628 AD/7 A.H in the month of Muharram. He along with 1400 companions
and 200 cavalry marched towards Khyber. His wife Umm-e-Salma (RA) was with him. Muslims took Jews
by surprise and they had no option left except to lock themselves up in their forts.
 There were 8 famous forts distributed into 2 clusters.
Cluster 1 contained Fort Na’im, Fort Sa’ab bin Muaz, Fort Zubair, Fort Ubai and Fort Nizar.
Cluster 2 contained Fort Al-Qamus, Fort Watih and Fort Sulalim.
Muslim army besieged Khyber and started attacking and infiltrating their defense lines one after another.
 Hazrat Ali (RA) was given the banner and special instructions by Holy Prophet (PBUH). He led the attack
and infiltrated the first line of defense Fort Na’im. Jewish commander Marhab was killed by Ali (RA) while
Zubair (RA) killed Marhab’s brother Yasir.
 Jews abandoned Na’im fort and ran towards other forts. Habab bin Munzir (RA) captured Fort Sa’ab, Abu
Dujana (RA) captured Fort Ubai. Fort Zubair was captured by cutting their water supply line and forcing
them out to face Muslims. The walls of Fort Nizar were cracked by using catapults. Fort Qamus again was
captured under the command of Hazrat Ali (RA) he smashed an immense door that required a group of
people to be moved. Soon Jews surrendered the remaining forts and Muslims conquered the Khyber.
 93 Jews were killed in Battle of Khyber while 15 Muslims got martyred.
 After the battle was over they plead to let them have Khyber. Prophet (PBUH) accepted on a condition
that half harvest of Khyber will be given to Madinah on yearly basis as Jizyah (tax). Muslims got huge
amount of spoils of wars.
 Prophet (PBUH) married Safiyah (RA) the daughter of Hayy bin Akhtab chief of Banu Nadhir.
 After the conquest of Khyber, a Jewish woman called Zainab bint Al-Harith offered the Prophet (PBUH) a
roasted sheep she had poisoned. He took a mouthful, but it was not to his liking so he spat it out. After
investigation, the woman confessed that she had stuffed the food with poison alleging that if the eater
were a king, she would then rid herself of him, but should he be a Prophet, then he would be bound to
learn about it. The Prophet (PBUH) ordered her execution after a companion named Bishr bin Bara’ died of
that poison.
 Q (b) What was the significance of Battle of Khyber? [04]

Answer
 First Offensive Battle unlike all previous battles were in self-defense.
 Getting rid of Jewish conspiracies.
 Spoils of War that changed Muslims financial conditions.
 Prophet’s (PBUH) trust got deeper after watching companions’ bravery and Companions’ morale was
uplifted after seeing His matchless leadership skills.
 Topic: Life and Importance of Holy Prophet (PBUH): Life in Madinah.
Sub Topic: 8th Year of Hijrah: Conquest of Makkah.

Q (a) Describe the events of the Conquest of Makkah. [10]

Structure of Answer
 A brief reference of Treaty of Hudaibiah.
 Banu Khuza’ah joined Muslims and Banu Bakr joined Quraysh.
 Pre-Islamic rivalry of above mentioned tribes.
 Banu Bakr’s attack on Banu Khuza’ah and Quraysh support to them.
 Banu Khuza’ah reaching Madinah and informing about the massacre of their people.
 Prophet’s (PBUH) 3 options for Quraysh.
 Quraysh’s arrogance.
 Abu Sufyan’s efforts to restore Treaty of Hudaibiah.
 NO from Prophet (PBUH).

 Muslim secret preparations.

 March towards Makkah on 10th Ramadan 8th A.H/630 AD.
 Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib joins Muslims at Marr-Az-Zahran.
 Abu Sufyan along with Hakeem bin Hazam and Budail bin Warqa visited Muslims’ camp to gather info but they were
detained by Muslim guards.
 Abu Sufyan was spell bound to see Muslims’ strength and said to Abbas (RA):
 “Your nephew has become too powerful to withstand”
 Prophet’s (PBUH) measures to avoid bloodshed.
 4 Columns of Army.
 Muslims enter Madinah on 17th Ramadan 8th A.H.
 Attack on Khalid bin Waleed’s column by Ikrimah bin Abu Jahal. (12 Quraysh killed while 2 Muslims got martyred)
 Prophet (PBUH) announced general pardon for Makkans by saying:
 “He who takes refuge in Abu Sufyan’s house is safe, whoever confines himself to his house, the inmates
therefore shall be in safety, and he who enters the sacred Mosque is also safe”
 Prophet (PBUH) set a matchless example of mercy and forgiveness. Except 9 worst criminals and murderers who
were executed, He forgave worst of His enemies. Ikrimah bin Abu Jahal who attacked Khalid’s column, Wahshi who
killed Hamza (RA) and Hindah who mutilated his body were pardoned. Habbar who was responsible of attacking
Zainab (RA) and Safwan bin Umayyah one of the worst enemies of Islam were also forgiven.

 First of all, Prophet (PBUH) took the kays of Holy Kaabah from Uthman bin Talha and cleansed Kaabah from 360
idols including the biggest one ‘Habal’ and images:
 “Truth has come, and falsehood has departed. Indeed, is falsehood, [by nature], ever bound to depart” [17:81]
 He dispatched some other contingents to vanish the idols from the vicinity of Makkah. Uzza, Suwa, Manat and Lat
which were considered the symbols of polytheism, were destroyed.
 Prophet (PBUH) addressed Quraysh and assured them of His merciful behavior and good treatment. Most of the
Quraysh pledged allegiance to Islam and Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). There was an interesting conversation
between Prophet and Quraysh. At first Prophet (PBUH) asked:
 “O people of Quraysh! What treatment do you expect from me?”
They replied:
 “O noble brother and son of noble brother! We expect nothing but goodness from you”
Prophet (PBUH) replied:
 “I speak to you in the same words as Yusuf (RA) spoke unto His brothers, No reproach on you this day [12:92] go
your way, for you are freed ones”
 Prophet (PBUH) took some necessary administrative measures, dispatched some platoons, established treaties with
surrounding tribes to ensure security of Makkah and headed back to Madinah after 19 days stay, leaving behind
Muaz bin Jabal (RA) to teach new converts about Islam.
Q (b) Why are the actions of the Prophet after the conquest important for Muslims
to learn from? [4]
Points to be covered
 Prophet (PBUH) did not show pride equal to grain of sand. Even when He entered Makkah as a conqueror He had
lowered his gaze so all the culprits could not feel guilty upon making eye contact with him.
 He demonstrated matchless forgiveness and compassion. He forgave Hind, Abu Sufyan, Wahshi who killed his
beloved uncle Hamza (RA), Habbar who attacked Zainab (RA), Safwan bin Umayyah etc. This teaches Muslims that
courage it to forgive your enemies.
 He cleansed Kaabah from idols and images as the first task after conquest. This indicates the importance of oneness
and staying away from shirk.
 He ordered to execute some criminals and murderers which reflect the importance of justice and policy of no
compromise over law and order.
 Topic: Life and Importance of Holy Prophet (PBUH): Life in Madinah.
Sub Topic: 8th Year of Hijrah: Battle of Hunain.

Q (a) Describe the events of the Conquest of Makkah. [10]

Structure of Answer
 Arabs in general waited for the final result of clash between Quraysh and Muslims. As soon as Muslims took over
Madinah, they accepted Islam in huge numbers.
 Hawazin and Thaqif were almost equal of Quraysh in influence and power.
 Muslims taking over Makkah ignited the fire of jealousy and they planned to attack Makkah.
 Malik bin Auf was their commander and a 100 year old war veteran Dareed bin Simmah was also with them as
guide.
 Malik ordered to bring women and children so no one thinks about fleeing from battle field.
 Muslims spy gets the news to Prophet (PBUH) and He prepares an army of 10 + 2 thousands.

 As this was the biggest ever force of Muslims in any battle, some Muslims uttered words of pride and ego:
 “We cannot be defeated today”
Prophet (PBUH) did not like this statement.
 Ref: “Allah has already given you victory in many regions and [even] on the day of Hunayn, when your great
number pleased you, but it did not avail you at all, and the earth was confining for you with its vastness; then
you turned back, fleeing.” [9:25]
 The battle plan of Hawazin and Thaqif.
 Muslim army goes through a narrow pass and gets thrashed by the enemy.
 Initial defeat.
 Prophet (PBUH) was only left protected by 7 companions.
 Prophet (PBUH) displays immense courage and dismounts from His ride.
 He would recite these verses:
 “Truly saying, I am the Prophet; I am the son of Abdul Muttalib”
 Reassembly and fresh attack.
 Ref: “Then Allah sent down His tranquility upon His Messenger and upon the believers and sent down soldier angels
whom you did not see and punished those who disbelieved. And that is the recompense of the disbelievers.” [9:26]

 A fraction of Hawazin and Thaqif gathered at Autas which was defeated by a Muslim platoon.
 Then they all retreated to Ta’if.
 Stockpile of spoils of war.
 Prophet (PBUH) laid siege. (for 10 – 12 days)
 Prophet (PBUH) decided to lift siege and ordered retreat to Makkah and prayed:
 “O Allah! Guide Thaqif and bring them to us as Muslims”
 He waited for 10 days before distribution of spoils and prisoners.
 As soon as He distributed, a delegate from Hawazin came and requested return of their wealth and prisoners.
 Appeal. Return.
 Sheema (RA).
 Q (b) Explain the significance of Battle of Hunain. [04]
Points to be covered
 The most important lesson Muslims learnt from the battle of Hunain was that Allah (SWT) does not like pride and
Ego. Muslims should always rely on Allah’s support instead of numbers and resources.
 Muslims confiscated a huge deal of spoils of war that included camels, goats, sheep, weapons, gold and silver. This
helped them improve their financial condition.
 Prisoners were given proper accommodation and food that reflects the Islamic standards of treating prisoners. Then
the delegation of Hawazin came and requested to free the prisoners, Prophet (PBUH) and all companions freed
them. This matchless behavior impressed Hawazin and their allies that most of them embraced Islam.
 This was the last battle of Muslims inside Arab during the life time of Holy Prophet (PBUH) which crushed all hostile
forces against Islam.
 Topic: Life and Importance of Holy Prophet (PBUH): Life in Madinah.
Sub Topic: 9th Year of Hijrah: Expedition of Tabuk.

Q (a) Write an account of main events of Tabuk Expedition. [10]

Structure of Answer
 Strained relationship between Muslims and Byzantine after Battle of Mau’tah.
 Defeat at Mau’tah dented Romans’ authority and paved way for a possible uprising in Arab areas that
were occupied and ruled by Byzantines. Heraclius, the Roman Emperor was waiting for a right time to
strike back on Muslims to gain his lost prestige.
 Famous Muslims historian Al-Tibrani writes that Byzantines received an anonymous letter from Arab
mentioning:
 “Muhammad has died and Arabs are dying of drought and hunger, there will never be a better chance
to attack Madinah and finish Islam.”
 Emperor Heraclius ordered to prepare an army and he got ready to launch a massive and disastrous attack
on Madinah. Ghassan who were the rulers of Syria appointed by Heraclius, managed to prepare an army
of 40 thousand warriors including soldiers of Jizaam and Lakhm.
 A Syrian tribe would visit Madinah to sell olive oil; they leaked the news of roman preparations to attack
Madinah. Prophet (PBUH) realized the need of hour and called Muslims for Jihad.

 Hot weather of September and drought.

 Hypocrites scaring Muslims not to take part in this expedition as Roman Army is so dangerous and their
farms would be destroyed in their absence.
 Generous donations were made by Muslims:
As Abu Bakr (RA) submitted his all belongings which were equal to 4 thousand dirham.
 The Prophet said, “O Abu Bakr! What did you leave to your family?” He said, “I left God and His
Messenger to them.”
Half belongings by Umar bin Khattab (RA), 200 Auqiah Silver by Abdul Rahman bin Auf (RA), 300 camels
with accessories and 1000 dinar by Uthman bin Affan (RA).
 Reaching Tabuk and getting to know that Roman army had already dispersed. Prophet (PBUH) came back
Madinah after 20 days stay and some establishing some strategic treaties and alliances.

 Tabuk was the last expedition attended by Holy Prophet (PBUH). It was one of the most important
expeditions of his life.
 The way Roman Army dispersed before the arrival of Muslim army it had a great impact on different tribes
of Arab. As they realized the strength of Muslims and entered into alliance with Muslims.
 Muslims gained serious political benefits from this expedition. Chief of Ailah named Yahnah and leaders of
Azruh and Jarba’ approached Holy Prophet (PBUH) and pledged their allegiance to Muslims and agreed to
give Jizyah. These alliances set grounds for Muslims to expand their power inside and outside of Arab.
 Upon coming back from Tabuk, in response to Hypocrites open aggression against Islam, Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) demolished the Masjid e Ziraar which was built by hypocrites and they used to gather
there for planning and plotting the conspiracies against Prophet (PBUH) and Muslims.
  “And those [hypocrites] who took for themselves a mosque for causing harm and disbelief and division
among the believers…” [09:107]
 Abdullah bin Ubayy the Chief of Hypocrites also died after some days of Tabuk.

Q (b) Explain the significance of Expedition of Tabuk. [04]

Points to be covered
 This was the last expedition of Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as He did not participate in any other
expedition after Tabuk.
 This was the first time that a super power and the biggest empire tried to engage Muslims directly. This
was a test of Muslims’ courage in which they proved themselves to be really good at it.
 Despite financial crisis, drought and propaganda campaign of Hypocrites, Muslims responded to call of
Prophet (PBUH) and helped Him succeed in one the biggest test of His life. This strengthened the
relationship between Prophet (PBUH) and His companions and left a legacy for upcoming generations of
Muslims.
 Despite being a disastrous and unchallengeable force, Byzantines could not face Muslims and dispersed
before arrival of Muslims army. This dented their influence and uplifted morale of Muslims and proved
them to be the next super power.
 Most importantly, aggressive march of Muslims and Roman dispersal made many leaders from different
border tribes/towns to pledge their support to Islam and be the supporter of Islamic empire. This
strengthened Islamic empire and set the grounds for their upcoming conquests.
 Topic: Life and Importance of Holy Prophet (PBUH): Life in Madinah.
Sub Topic: 10th – 11th Year of Hijrah (632 AD): Final Year of Prophet’s (PBUH) Life.

Q (a) Describe the events of the final year of Prophet’s (PBUH) life. [10]

Structure of Answer
th
 Hajj became mandatory in 9 A.H.
 “to Allah from the people is a pilgrimage to the House - for whoever is able to find thereto a way”
[3:97]
As Prophet (PBUH) was busy with one after other deputations, Abu Bakr (RA) was sent as Deputy of Hajj
along with 300 companions to perform the Pilgrimage (Hajj).
 After getting free from Delegates, Prophet (PBUH) felt like addressing His devotees for one final time.
 Preparation and arrival of people from every corner of Arab.
 He along with 9 Wives (RA) , His daughter Fatima (RA), other relatives and approximately 120 thousand
companions left Madinah on 25th Zul-Qa’dah 10th A.H/632 AD and reached Zul-Hulaifah. Stayed there for a
night and next day He bathed for Ihram, Ayesha (RA) applied perfume on His body and head and He put on
His clothing for Ihram. And everyone started reciting Talbiyah:
 ‘Here I am O Allah, (in response to your call), here I am. Here I am, you have no partner, here I am.
Verily all praise, grace and sovereignty belong to You. You have no partner.’
th
 9 Zul-Hajj after Performing all rituals of Hajj he delivered a great sermon at plain of Arafat which is called
The Last/Farewell Sermon of Holy Prophet (PBUH)

 He started with:
 “O people! Listen to what I say. I do not know whether I will ever meet you at this place after year”
 He emphasized on Rights of Women:
 “O; People you have rights over your wives and they have rights over you. Treat your wives with
kindness; verily you have taken them on the security of Allah and Made Them Lawful to you.”
 He also emphasized on Rights of Slaves:
 “And feed your slaves as you feed yourselves and clothe them as you clothe yourselves”
 He Negated Racial Prejudice:
 “An Arab has no superiority over a Non-Arab and nor a Non-Arab over Arab, neither the white over
black and nor the black over the white. You all are from Adam and Adam is created out of clay.”
 Importance of Peace was highlighted through these words:
 “Your blood, your property and your honor are as sacred as this day, this month and this city”
 He declared usury (interest) forbidden.
 He mentioned that He is leaving 2 things if Ummah holds fast to them, they won’t go astray. 1) Book of
Allah 2) Sunnah of Prophet (PBUH).
 He Emphasized on Pillars of Islam and instructed people to take care all of them laying special emphasis on
Prayer.
 Prophet (PBUH) asked from audience:
 “You will be asked about me, what are you going to say?”
They replied: “We will bear witness that You have conveyed the Message and fulfilled your mission”
Prophet repeated this thrice:
 “O Allah! Bear witness”
 Allah (SWT) declared the completion of Islam:
 “…This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved
for you Islam as religion…” [05:03]

 He led a funeral Prayer in Al-Baqi and while coming back to home, He had a headache and His
temperature rose high.
 After seeking permission from other wives He shifted to Ayesha’s (RA) apartment and kept leading
Muslims in Prayer despite being ill for almost 10-11 days.
 He asked Abu Bakr (RA) to lead prayers during his last days. He came to mosque supported by Ali (RA) and
Abbas (RA) was happy to see Muslims offering prayer behind Abu Bakr (RA). He addressed his companions
for the final time and said:
 “Allah has given his servant 2 choices, this world and Hereafter but his servant chose the latter”
[Bukhari]
 Holy Prophet (PBUH) Passed away on 12th Rabi-ul-Awwal 11th A.H/Monday 20th June, 632 AD.
 All companions got so much emotional and some of them including Umar (RA) couldn’t believe it. Abu
Bakr (RA) delivered a speech and controlled the situation. He said:
 “Whoever used to worship Muhammad (PBUH) let them know that he has passed away and whoever
worshiped the Lord of Muhammad (PBUH), He is Eternal.”