AIRPORT PARTS
AMTE 426- 1B(GROUP 1)
Leader: Escote,louis philippe p.
Groupmates:
Sanchez John Carlo
Alejandre Julius
Ignacio, Joshua B.
Lopez ,reginald DJ.
Carandang, Benedict J.
Fong, Gabriel Angelo M.
Villafuerte, Francis Mariano N.
Cabagay, Christian Lloyd A.
Veloso, Renz Zedrich V.
Table of contents
Pavement Classification
Runway types
01 Numbers 04
Runway Dimension
Runway Configuration
02 Computation 05
Runway Distance
Runway Markings
03 Computation 06
01
Runway Types
Visual Runway
- Visual runway means a runway intended solely for the
operation of aircraft using visual approach procedures, with
no straight-in instrument approach procedure and no
instrument designation indicated on an FAA-approved
airport layout plan, a military service approved military
airport layout plan, or by any planning
Non Precision Runways
- Non-precision instrument runway means a runway having an
existing or planned instrument approach procedure using air
navigation facilities with only horizontal guidance or area type
navigation equipment for which a straight-in non-precision
instrument approach procedure has been approved.
Precision Runways
Precision instrument runway means a runway
that is designed to provide an approach path
for exact alignment and descent of an aircraft
on final approach using vertical and horizontal
navigational aid equipment
02
Runway
Configuration
Runway Configuration is the layout or design of a runway or
runways, where operations on the particular runway or runways
being used at a given time are mutually dependent. A large airport
can have two or more runway configurations operating
simultaneously.
20
Single Runway
- These runways consist of one long runway and are used for both takeoffs and
landings. Single runways can handle up to 100 inbound and outbound flights/hour
and are often used in small regional airports.
20
Parallel Runway
In this configuration, more than one runway is present and the runways are situated
at the same angle.
20
Intersecting Runway
- This runway configuration consists of two or more runways that cross paths. They are
used in areas with strong winds and limited expansion space. The goal is to always be
able to operate one of the runways independent from the wind’s direction.
20
Open V-Runway
- Runways in different directions which do not intersect are referred to as
open-V runways. Like intersecting runways, open-V runways revert to a
single runway when winds are strong from one direction. When the winds
light, both runways may used simultaneously.
20
03
Runway Markings
These markings identify the locations on a taxiway where
aircraft MUST STOP when a clearance has not been issued to
proceed onto the runway. Generally, runway holding position
markings also identify the boundary of the runway safety area
(RSA) for aircraft exiting the runway.
Runway Centerline Marking:
● Runway centerline markings identify the center of the runway for
guidance on takeoff and landing
● Painted white in color
● One centerline marking is 120' in length and the gap between
markings is 80' giving 200' for a full set
Runway Aiming Point:
● Aiming point markers serve as a visual target for
landing aircraft
● Consists of two broad white stripes located on each
side of the runway, about 1,000' from the landing
threshold
Runway Touchdown Zone Markings:
● Thin white stripes identifying the touchdown zone for landing operations
and are spaced in 500' (150m) increments.
● Three, two and then one thin striped symmetrical bars arranged in pairs on
each side of runway centerline
● For runways having touchdown zone markings on both ends, those pairs of
markings which extend to within 900' (270m) of the midpoint between the
thresholds are eliminated
Runway Side Stripe Marking
● Runway Side Stripe Markings
● White lines identifying the edges of the runway provide visual
contrast between runway and the abutting terrain or shoulders
Runway Shoulder Markings
● Yellow lines may supplement runway side stripes to
identify pavement areas adjacent to the runway sides
that are not intended for use by aircraft
Runway Threshold Markings
● Runway threshold markings identify the beginning of the runway that is available for
landing and come in two configurations:
● They either consist of eight longitudinal stripes of uniform dimensions disposed
symmetrically about the runway centerline, or the number of stripes is related to
the runway width [Figure 10]
● When the stripes that correspond to the width of the runway:
● 4 stripes = 60' wide
● 6 stripes = 75' wide
● 8 stripes = 100' wide
● 12 stripes = 150' wide
● 16 stripes = 200' wide
● In some instances the landing threshold may be relocated or displaced
Displaced Threshold:
● A displaced threshold is a threshold located at a point on the runway other than the designated beginning
of the runway
● Displacement of a threshold usually exists because of obstructions
● Displacement of a threshold therefore reduces the length of runway available for landings
● The portion of runway behind a displaced threshold is available for taxi, takeoff, and landing rollout
however, it may not be used for runway touchdown
● Exists usually because of obstructions
● On runways with a displaced threshold, the beginning of the landing zone is marked by a 10' solid white
line
● White arrows are located along the centerline in the area between the beginning of the runway and
displaced threshold
● Demarcation bar separates the displaced threshold area from a blast pad, stop way, or taxiway that
precedes the runway
Runway Threshold Bar:
● Delineates the beginning of the runway that is available for landing
when the threshold has been displayed or relocated
● A 10' (3M) wide bar extends across the width of the runway
Blast-pad/Stop-way:
● Referred to as an overrun and may be used as such
● Cannot be used for normal operation
● Allows propeller or jet blasts to safely dissipate
04
Pavement
Classification
Numbers
Pavement Classification Number (PCN) is a number that expresses the load-carrying
capacity of a pavement for unrestricted operations. PCN is an International Civil Aviation
Organisation (ICAO) standard used in combination with the Aircraft Classification Number
(ACN) to indicate the strength of a runway, taxiway or apron
is a method developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization used to classify
the pavement bearing strength of the apron pavement, runway, and the taxiway.
This document, available on the official FAA website, provides detailed instructions
necessary for calculating these values. Namely, the ACN values are calculated to
determine the PCN through the COMFAA program.
The main goal of the Aircraft Classification Number and Pavement Classification
Number method is protecting the runway, apron, and taxiway from excessive wear and
tear. Finally, these methods, if applied correctly, prolong the usable life of these airport
segments. In this way, they also improve the safety of all stakeholders involved in the
air traffic processes, especially ground activities.
05
Runway
Dimension
Computation
Runway Width
The width of a runway depends on two factors as given below.
Wheel load from the aircraft
The machinery of an aircraft should not go outside the runway width
ICAO recommends runway width based on the type of airport. It recommends a 45m width of
runway for the type-A airport.
06
Runway
Distance
Computation
Airport Runway Length Calculation
An airport consists of several components out of which runways form
the most important part of any airport design. The design of an airport
runway involves finding the length of the runway. The length of an airport
runway depends on a number of factors. Also, different corrections need to
be applied before arriving at the final runway length for a proposed site. In
this blog, we have covered the basic runway length calculation. Corrections
required will be covered in our next blog.
Factors Affecting Runway Length
There are two important factors that affect the runway length.
1. Aircraft characteristics - some aircraft can take off and land within
shorter runway lengths while other aircraft may require longer runways.
Therefore, runway length must be designed for critical aircraft, i.e., one
requiring a longer length of the runway for landing or takeoff.
2. The maximum of the three below-mentioned cases also affects the
runway length.
● Normal landing
● Normal take-off
● Emergency landing
Normal Landing Case
According to this case, critical aircraft's stopping distance must be exactly equal to 60% of
runway length (or landing distance), for safety reasons. Therefore, runway length by
considering this condition will be,
Runway length = Stopping distance / 0.6
Normal Take-off Case
According to this case, take off length i.e., the sum of runway length and clearway length must be greater
than 115% of runway length. Note that, the clear length is a portion of take-off length that is greater in
width and is provided for safety purposes in case of failures.
Take-off length (= runway length + clearway length) > 115 % of runway length
Emergency Landing / Engine Failure Case
If in case an aircraft's engine fails, an extra distance is required for stopping the aircraft. This extra
distance is provided within the clearway length for completely stopping the aircraft.
