A natural essential oil that separates
PHARMACOLOGY as a Solid on cooling or long standing
ELEOPTENE
VOLATILE OIL Liquid part of a volatile oil
FAMILY
Aka Essential oil or Ethreal oil
Odoriferous plant principle FAMILY SECRETORY
Insect repellent & attractant STRUCTURES
Composed of terpenoids compound
having Isoprene unit (5C) as building Lamiaceae Glandular
blocks. (Labiatae) hairs
Can be distillation Piperaceae Modified
Don’t saponify
Don’t leave a Greasy spot on paper Parenchyma
Don’t have glycerol as Backbone cells
Don’t become rancid Apiaceae ‘Vittae’ or oil
(Umbilliferae) tubes
Rutaceae/ Schizogenous/
STANDARD STORAGE CONDITIONS:
Pinaceae Lysigenous
stored in dark, cool place preferably in
ducts
a full amber glass container
STEAROPTENE
METHODS OF ISOLATING
VOLATILE OILS
VOLATILE OIL FIXED OIL
1. DISTILLATION PROCESS:
Essential oil Natural Non-volatile oil
WATER; VEHICLE
Can evaporate Do not evaporate
Requires fresh sample
Extracted easily by Requires some specific
Resistant to High tempt
distillation process technique for extraction.
No permanent stain left Some type of spot For dried sample not subject to injury
after evaporation (permanent stain) left after by boiling ([Link] OIL)
evaporation WATER & STEAM
Unable to saponify Easily to saponified
NO active boiling sample
Cleoptenes and Ester of higher fatty acids &
Can be done on fresh or dried
stearoptenes are termed glycerine are called as fixed
as volatile oils oil sample ([Link] OIL)
High refractive index Low refractive index
Optically active Optically inactive
Leaves, roots, petals and Seeds
Barks.
These are Optically active These are Optically inactive
NO VEHICLE
Aka: DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION
Without access to air
DISADVANTAGE: formation of smoke-
like/ burn like odor ( empyreumatic
color)
CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS:
TERPENES
Organic compound
5 carbon atoms
Most dominant constituents of essential
oil
Both hydeocarbons and oxygenated
comounds such as Alcohol, Aldehyde,
Ketones, Acids,Esters, Oxides, Lactones,
acetals and Phenols are responsible for
the characteristics odours and flavours.
2. EXPRESSION IN SOME OILS ONE OR FEW
COMPONENTS PREDOMINATE:
ECUELLE:
A mechanical device with spikes designed Oils of wintergreen
to punctured the oil glands located in the
outer portion of the peel. Contains 98% of methyl salicylate
ENFLUERAGE Orange oil
Used for extraction of delicate perfumes. 90% of d-limnene
Layer of fats is spread over a glass plate Bois de rose
and flower petal are placed over fatty
pomade layer which absorbs volatile oil. 90% of linalool
Cassia
3. EXTRACTION
Used in perfume industry and as an 95% of cinnamaldehyde
expensive method
Volatile oils are extracted directly by one
of the organic solvents BIOCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Example is Oil of rose
1. TERPENE DERIVATIVES
4. ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS Formed via the acetate mevalonic acid
EX: Glycosidic volatile oils pathway
Sinalbin / sinigrin ( MYROSIN) 2. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Formed via the shikimic acid-
phenylpropanoid route.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USES OF VOLATILE OILS
HYDROCARBON VOLATILE
OILS
PLANTS : CITRONELLA OIL
Volatile oil Limonene, P-cymene, Pinene
Insect repellent ( commonly found in plants)
Insect attractant Sabin & myrcene
HUMANS:
Flavouring agent TERPENE HYDROCARBONS
Used in perfume industries and in Occurs in most of the volatile oils
cosmetics obtained from natural resources.
Used as therapeutic agent
Starting material for synthesis of other 1. UNSATURATED ACYCLIC HYDROCARBONS
compounds.
CLASSIFICATION OF VOLATILE OLIS
GROUPS DRUGS
Hydrocarbons Turpentine oil
Alcohols Peppermint oil, Pudina,
Sandalwool
Aldehydes Cymbopogon sp.,
Lemongrass oil,
Cinnamon,Cassia, and
Saffron 2. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
EX: Paracy-mene
Occurs in a number of essential
oils
Ketones Camphor, Caraway and
dill, Jatamansi, and Lemon,nutmeg,coriander,cinnam
Fennel on,sage and thyme
3. ACYCLIC HYDROCARBONS
Phenols Clove, ajowan, Tulsi Termed as monoterpenes or
‘True terpenes’
Phenolic esters Nutmeg, Calamus
Empirical formula : C10H16
Oxides Eucalyptus,Cardamom, Classified into 2 categories:
and Chenopodium oil Monocyclic terpenes and Bicyclic
monoterpenes
Esters Velerian,Rosemary
oil,Garlic, Gaultheria oil
HYDROCARBON
VOLATILE OILS
1. TURPENTINE OIL
AKA: Spirit of Turpentine
CONTAINS: alpha and beta- Pinene
SOURCE: Pine tree/ Longleaf pine
( Pinus palustris)
BICYCLIC
FORMS/ PREPARATION:
MONOTERPENES:
Essentially possess 2 cyclic rings 1. Rectrified Turpentine oil: Distillation
which are condensed together
with an aqueous solution of NaOH.
2. Terpin Hydrate or Terpineol: formed
The second ring system contains by the reaction of RTO w/ HN03 in the
2,3, or 4 carbon atoms
presence of alcohol.
The rings may be having 3,4,5 or
6 membered rings. USE: both preparation are used as
Expectorant
CHEMICAL ENTITIES DERIVED
FROM:
ALCOHOL VOLATILE
Para-menthane : by direct fusion of 2
carbon atoms and the formation of a
simple bridge.
OIL
Methylated cyclohexanes : by having a Classified as:
bridge with either CH2-or C (CH3)2-
moieties ACYCLIC ALCOHOLS (ex: Geranitol,
Nerol, Linalool, Citronellol.)
BICYCLIC MONOTERPENES are classified into 5
MONOCYCLIC ALCOHOLS (ex:
categories:
Menthol, terpineol)
1. Thujane DICYCLIC ALCOHOL
2. Pinane SESQUITERPENE includes zingiberol,
3. Carane
santalol,artimisin.
4. Camphane
5. Fenchane
Alcohol volatile oil containing 6. JUNIPER OIL
drugs are: SN: Juniperus communis
CONST: Borneol (Dicyclic alcohol)
USES: OTC as diuretic (Odrinyl)
1. PEPPERMINT OIL
Peppermint SN: Mentha piperita 7. PINE OIL
Japanese Peppermint SN : Mentha arvensis SN: Pinus sylvestris
USES: menthol CONST: a- terpineol
Synthetic menthol (Racemic mixture) USES: Anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, and wound
Natural menthol (Levi) healing
Steam distillation
2. CARDAMOM OIL Stumps,needles, twigs and cones from
a variety species of pine
SN: Elettaria cardamomum
CHIEF CONS: Cineole ALDEHYDE VOLATILE
USES: flavouring agent, anti-bacterial, anti
cancer properties
OILS
Divided into Acyclic, Cyclic, Aromatic
Acyclic aldehyde: Citral,3:1 mixture of
3. CORIANDER OIL geranial to neral, citronellol
Cyclic aldehyde: Safranal,
SN: Coriandrum sativum
Phellanderal, Photocitral A and
CONS: Linalool Myrtenal
Aromatic aldehyde: Cinnamaldehyde,
USES: Carminative
Vanillin
Important Drugs: Bitter orange peel,
Sweet orange peel, cinnamon, Bitter
4. ROSE OIL
almond oil.
SN: Rosa gallica
CN: Otto of rose
1. CINNAMON OIL
CONST: Geraniol, Nerol, Citronellol
SAIGON : Cinnamomum loureiroi
CEYLON: Cinnamomum zeylanicum (true
5. ORANGE FLOWER OIL cinnamon) / Cinnamomum verum
CN: Neroli oil CASSIA: Cinnamomum cassia
SN: bitter orange ( Citrus aurantium)
CONST: Linalool
KETONE VOLATILE OIL
2. LEMON OIL
MONOCYCLIC TERPENE KETONES:
Lemon SN: Citrus limon
Menthone, carvone,
CONST: Citral combination of Neral & Geranial Piperitone,Puligone,
(responsible for the odor) Diosphenol
COMMON PROB: Terebinthenate odor DICYCLIC KETONES:
( attribute to the terpene content)
Camphor, Phenchone,
HIGH QUAL: Terpeneless oil (95% terpenes Thujone
removed)
ACYCLIC KETONES:
Artemisia ketone and
3. ORANGE OIL ( SWEET ORANGE) tagetone
SN: Citrus sinensis
1. CAMPHOR
CONST: Decanal
CN: True camphor, Common camphor, Gum
CHIEF CONS: Limonene ( HC) camphor, Formosa Camphor, 2- Bornanone, 2-
Camphanone, Japan Camphor
SN: Cinnamomum camphora
4. CITRONELLA OIL
CONS: Crude camphor oil
CN: Tanglad/ Lemon grass
Extracted by steam from the
SN: Cymbopogon nardus
cheap wood, root stumps,
CONST: Citronellal (mosquito repellent action) branches
Synthesize by turpentine
NOTE!!! Oils from the leaves also
known as ho leaf oil
Neem tree: Azadiracta indica
4 GRADES/FRACTION : WHITE,BROWN,
YELLOW AND BLUE
5. HAMAMELIS OIL
CN: Witch hazel
WHITE: used for aromatic and medicinal
SN: Hamamelis virginiana purposes
CONST: 2- hexen-1-al BROWN & YELLOW: high Safrole content,
Yellow be having 10-20% & Brown 80%
USES: Otc or Hemorroids
BLUE: Considered to be toxic
TYPES OF CAMPHOR OIL BASED ON METHOD
OF EXTRACTION:
4. BUCHU
NATURAL CAMPHOR: Dried leaf of Barosma betulina ( short
or round bucco)
Steam distillation of camphor tree
B. crenulata ( oval buchu)
wood
B. serratifolia (long buchu)
Dextrotatory
SYNO: Bucco, Bucku, Folia buchu
SYNTHETIC CAMPHOR:
SN: Barosma betulina/ Agathosma betulina
Optically inactive
Made from pinene FN: Rutaceae
Converted into camphene
CONS: Diosphenol
Treatment with acetic acid &
nitrobenzene it becomes camphor, USE: OTC for menstrual period
turpentine oils is used.
PRODUCES A RACEMIC MIXTURE A 1.1 RATIO
5. WORMWOOD OIL
OF (-) AND (+) CAMPHOR
SN: Artemisia absinthium
CONS: (+) Thujone
2. SPEARMINT
USE: Counterirritant
SN: Mentha spicata
BENEFITS:
CONST: (-) Carvone
Incense of fragrance
Minty and sweetish
Reduce anxiety
Medium strength odor
Natural sleep seductive
Help to improve indigestion
3. CARAWAY
For fatigue and nausea
SN: Carum carvi Stimulate menstrual discharges
CONS: (+) Carvone Help to open obstructive
menstruation
d- carvone- mentholated, spicy aroma Fight cough and respiratory illness
Anti-oxidant
BENEFITS:
Anti- aging
Immunity enhancer
Ideal diuretic
Improved blood flow 6. CEDAR LEAF OIL
Fight hypertension
SN: Thuja occidentalis
For fatigue and mood lifter
Anti-histamine- cough and cold relief CONS: (+) Thujone, (-) Fenchone
Relieve constipation
USE: Vicks vaporub
Antispasmodic – aid muscle or joint
pain
4. CREOSOTE
PHENOL VOLATILE OIL
CN: Beechwood creosote
Contains phenolic substances in their
SN: Fagus grandifolia
structures
CONS: mixture of phenols ( guaiacol,creosol,
2 kinds of phenols
p-cresol)
Present naturally
Produce as a result of destructive
distillation of certain plant product 5. JUNIPER TAR
CN: Cade oil
1. THYME OIL SN: Juniper oxycedrus
SN: Thymus vulgaris USE: OTC for eczema / polytar
CONS: Thymol Distilled from branches and wood
Contains etheric oil, triterpene and
USE: Anti-fungal
phenol
Oil is obtained by the steam
distillation from the fresh flowering
aerial parts of thymus vulgaris 6. PINE TAR
SN: Pinus pinaster
2. CLOVE OIL SOURCE: Maritime par & Cluster pine
SN: Eugenia caryophyllus CONS: Phenol & Cresol
FN: Myrtaceae USE: Anti- eczema and psmasis
CONS: Eugenol Special odor obtain from destructive
distillation of pine wood or stump
Analgesic
Extracted from the plant leaves ,stem
and buds
Water distillation PHENOLIC ETHER
USE: Common ingredient for dental
preparation
1. NUTMEG OIL
CN: Butter of nutmeg
3. MYRCIA OIL
SN: Myristica fragans
CN: Bay oil
CONS: Myristicin, Safrole
SN: Pimenta racemosa
USE: Flavoring agent, Carminative
FN: Myrtaceae
Stem distillation of dried kernels
CONS: Eugenol
CONS: trans- anrthole 2. LAVENDER OIL
2. Anise / Aniseed SN: Lavandula angostifolia
SN: Pimpinella anisum CONS: Linalyl acetate ( from linalool)
3. Fennel
SN: Foeniculum vulgare 3. PINE TREE NEEDLE OIL
4. Chinese star anise CN: Bog pine,creeping pine, dwarf mountain
pine, mugo pine, mountain pine, scrub
SN: Illicium verum
mountain pine, Swiss mountain pine
SN: Pinus mugo
OXIDATIVE VOLATILE CONS: Bornyl acetate ( from borneol)
Colorless or yellowish bitter
OIL Essential oil obtained from needle of
pinus migo
1. EUCALYPTUS
SN: Eucalyptus globulus
4. MUSTARD OIL
CONS: Eucalyptol ( cineole, cajuptol, cajuput)
CN: White mustard
USE: Counterirritant
SN: Sinapis alba
CONS: allyl & acrinyl isothiocyanate
Essential oil resulting from grinding
the seeds
ESTER VOLATILE OIL
Mixing them with water
Extracting the resulting volatile oil by
Contains ester in their structures distillation.
1. GAULTHERIA OIL
CN: Wintergreen, teaberry, Chuckerbern
SN: Gaultheria procumbens
CONS: Methyl salicylate
NAME OF OIL:
Wintergreen oil
Betula oil
Sweet birch oil
