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Unit 13: Introduction to the Communication Studies

Part 1
Assit. Prof. Małgorzata Nadziakiewicz

TRANSCRIPT

Basic concepts and models of communication. Transmission of massages. Communication

noises advantages and disadvantages of different communication models.
Hi there my name is Kuba and I’m going to take a quick survey about communication.
1. Hi there my name is Kuba. What’s your name. Wojtek. Okay tell me about few
communication problems you approach. What I witness is something about having
problems communicating with people because we have like different intelligence levels, or
just like speaking to different languages, or speaking a slang. It’s mainly problem to getting
to know what they actually mean. Something like that that will be all. It was great. Thank you.
2. Hello, My name is Kuba. My name is Gotlove. Communication is when to people exchange
information and come to compromise. What kind od problems with communication did you
witness. One of the key things with communication is mainly when somebody is talking and
the other is not paying attention. Not listening. Not listening and not responding. If I’m
talking to you I expect get same feedback, maybe nod of the head or some response yes.
Even eye contact. Eye contact is very important. Because when I’m talking to you aren’t
giving me eye contact I’ m not sure if you understand what I’m actually saying. If you actually.
Paying attention to the discussion, so communication is one of those key thing, that always
strength relationships, that always cause misunderstanding. One key thig that I want to add
that communication is very important to everybody, each if us is selling something, selling
the product, selling the idea and the only way to sell it is by communicating it out to other
person. Thank you.

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views
only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the
information contained therein. 1
3. My name is Kuba. What’s yours? My is Ifena. Ones again? Ifena Tell me Ifena what can
disturb a communication? Okey. A lot can disturb communication first of all when you don’t
understand the person. Maybe you listen but you don’t get the view the person is trying to
explain or confirm. That disturbs communication. Thank you that was great.
4. My name is Kuba what’s yours? My name is Lui. Lui did I pronaos it well? Ye. Can you tell
me what can disturb communication? I think that are so many different things that can
disturb communication. Maybe one of them is language like if two people having different
languages so is difficult for them to communicate. Even they have same language they
accents, may, may differ so it make difficulty. It may disturb communication, other thing like
misunderstanding, misconception of words different meaning of words, like one word so
many meaning.
I get it. In Polish we have actually one word. I mean is not one word but one sound. It is the
same the sound of the sea- next to beach and maybe. It’s morze. They are the same, they
have the same sound but different meaning. This type of situation can disturb
communication. That was great thank you.
5. I’ve already that your name is Alicia, My name is Kuba. My name is not exactly Alicia but
Alea. I’ sorry for this disturb in communication, I’m actually going to ask you about what can
disturb communication? Communication between two person can disturb the another third
person for example If two person is communicating the third person can come and just
disturb it and also I think communication can be disturb by the mood of these two person
for example if the mood of one person is very low and the person is sad it can disturb
communication a lot. Ye, also if one person is not listening to the another person it can
disturb because this person will not know the main topic what is going on and etcetera
Okay, that was great thank you very much.
6. My name is Kuba, what’s your name? Savage, can you give me the example of
communication barriers that you approach? A lot of times because I come from group that
studies in English a lot of times there is a barrier which I call language barrier sometimes is
difficult when the teacher wants to say something and you don’t know what he is trying to
say he says in Polish to Polish student what does it means and then he turns to us its hard to
recall in English and we don’t know what he says he cannot directly translate. Barrier one of
my colleges bad language at the same level for example if I would try to say something
English and it was not good or my language would be worst, I would like to say something
in wrong language and I cannot understand and someone cannot understand it’s really
annoying, I agree, I try to explain something. Especially in English studies. That was great,
thank you.

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views
only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the
information contained therein. 2
7. Hello, my name is Kuba. What is your name? My name is Henry. Henry ok, henry can you
tell me what is good decent communication for you. Of course, first of all we should
determine that conversation is not only human, human talk, is also communication via phone
and some other devices and one thing that I really appreciate in conversation is definitely
honesty and like openness also for different people, for different political views and some
different staff.
Also very important for me is to be involve in conversation, right if you are talking to
someone in my opinion is really bad if you are looking at your phone or like something is
always disturbing us. It is good in conversation if we are keeping 100 percent and we focused
on deeper what we are talking to. That the end of conversation. That was great thank you.

My name is Małgorzata Nadziakiewicz I’m Asistent Profesor in Department of Applied Social

Sciences. Today I’m going to introduce you to the communicaton studies is the academic
discipline that deals with processes of human communication.
The discipline research a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation to mass media
outlets such as radio and television broadcasting and social media communication.
Communication studies also examine how messages are interpreted through the political,
cultural, economic, semiotic, and social context. So, let’s start from definition of
communication.
COMMUNICATION comes from Latin word commūnicāre, which means to share.
In other words, is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to
another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.
I would like to give you short definition of basic terms
o Communication - the evoking of a shared or common meaning in another person
o Sender (Communicator)- the person originating the message
o Receiver - the person receiving a message
o Message - the thoughts and feelings that the sender is attempting to elicit in the
receiver
o Feedback Loop - the pathway that completes two-way communication
o Language - the words, their pronunciation, grammar, and the methods of combining
them used and understood by a group of people
o Data - uninterpreted and unanalyzed facts
o Information - data that have been interpreted, analyzed, and have meaning to some
receivers
o Richness - the ability of a medium or channel to elicit or evoke meaning in the receiver
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views
only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the
information contained therein. 3
So now is the time to get familiar with basic steps of communication. What are the basic steps
of communication?
o The first step is-the forming of communicative intent.
o Then -Message composition.
o Next -Message encoding and decoding.
o Transmission of the encoded message as a sequence of signals using a specific channel
or medium.
o Reception of signals.
o Reconstruction of the original message.
o Interpretation and making sense of the reconstructed message.

The channel of communication can be:

o visual
o auditory
o tactile (such as in Braille) and haptic
o olfactory
o kinesics
o electromagnetic, or biochemical

The next step is to give the example of communication. So let us start from Interpersonal
communication.
Interpersonal communication is an exchange of information between two or more people.
It is also an area of research that seeks to understand how humans use verbal and nonverbal
cues to accomplish a number of personal and relational goals.
Interpersonal communication research addresses at least six categories of inquiry:
1. How humans adjust and adapt verbal or nonverbal communication during face to face
communication
2. How messages are produced?
3. How uncertainty influences behavior and information-management strategies?
4. Deceptive communication.
5. Relational dialectics.
6. Social interactions that are mediated technology.

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views
only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the
information contained therein. 4
In simple words, the interpersonal communication is communication between two people.
For example, professor and student, mother and father. It is one of the basic means of
communication. The Interpersonal communication skills can be improved by practice,
knowledge, and feedback.
Knowledge influences message quality, accuracy, clarity. It includes age, gender, values,
beliefs, culture, experiences, needs. The Interpersonal Communication takes place when two
people are at same place and aware of each other’s presence.
It may be in the form of speech –verbal communication or non-verbal communication it may
be a gesture, an expression, the one is dressed how the person moves how uses the space,
and body language.
The essential factor is there should be a message and it should be sent by the sender and it
should be received by the receiver. Now is time to analyze the basic models of
communication
There are three basic models of communication:
1. Linear model of communication
2. Transactional model of communication
3. Interactional model of communication
Linear model of communication is considered as one-way process. The sender is the only
one who sends message and receiver doesn't give feedback or response. The message signal
is encoded and transmitted through channel in presence of noise. The sender is more
prominent in linear model of communication. The mother of all models of communication is
the Shannon–Weaver model of communication
In 1948 Claude Elwood Shannon published A Mathematical Theory of Communication article
in two parts in the July and October numbers of the Bell System Technical Journal, the book
co-authored with Warren Weaver.
Shannon and Weaver's original model contains five elements:
o information source
o transmitter
o channel
o receiver
o destination.

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views
only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the
information contained therein. 5
The information source is where the information is stored. In order to send the information,
the message is encoded into signals, so it can travel to its destination.
Then the message is encoded, it goes through the channel which the signals are adapted for
the transmission. The channel carries any noise or interference that might lead to the signal
receiving different information from the source. After the channel, the message arrives in the
receiver and decoded from the signal before finally arriving at its destination.
In 1960 new model was proposed by Berlo on the base of Shanon and Weawer model. It is
called Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) Model of Communication. The Berlo's
communication process is a simple application for person-to-person communication
It includes communication source, encoder, message, channel, decoder, and communication
receiver. But contains of more elements.it
In Berlo's Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of Communication:
o SENDER- communication skills, and attitude, knowledge, social system, cultural
system, MESSAGE- content, elements, treatment, structure, codes.
o CHANNEL- hearing, seeing, tasting, feeling.
o RECEIVER- communication skills, and attitude, knowledge, social system, cultural
system.

The next model is Transactional model of communication = two way communication.

In this model messages are exchanged between sender and receiver where each take turns
to send or receive messages.
The model is mostly used for interpersonal communication and is also called circular model
of communication. We can compare this model to playing tennis.
It was firstly introduced in 1970 by Dean Barnlund. Barlund's Transactional Model of
Communication is the basic interpersonal communication which articulates that sending and
receiving of messages happens simultaneously between people.
And the last model of communication is Interaction model of communication- two way
communication describes communication as a two-way process in which participants
alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending and receiving
feedback within physical and psychological contexts.
Let’s compare two way communication to the one way communication.
In Two-Way Communication - sender and receiver interact is good for problem solving,
explaining misunderstanding.

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views
only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the
information contained therein. 6
One-Way Communication - a person sends a message to another person and no questions,
no feedback, or interaction follow is good for giving orders, simple directions, memos fast
but often less accurate than two-way communication.
Now is time to talk about communication noises. In any communication model,
communication noises may occur. Noise is interference with the decoding of messages sent
over a channel by an encoder. Communication noise refers to influences on effective
communication that influence the interpretation of conversations.
Forms of communication noise include psychological noise, physical noise, physiological
noise, and semantic noise.
Psychological noise.
Certain attitudes can make communication difficult. For instance, great anger or sadness may
cause someone to lose focus on the present moment. Disorders such as autism may also
severely hamper effective communication
Physical noise
Environmental noise - noise that physically disrupts communication, such as standing next
to loud speakers at a party, or the noise from a construction site.
Semantic noise.
Different interpretations of the meanings of certain words in communication is a type of
disturbance in the transmission of a message that interferes with the interpretation of the
message due to ambiguity in words, sentences or symbols used in the transmission of the
message. For example the word crane= means construction machine or bird species,
The sentence “The dog is outside”.
For me nothing wrong I got York small dog, for somebody who is afraid of dogs means
trouble.
Now let’s commpare two ways of communicating - Defensive Communication vs. Non-
defensive communication.
Defensive Communication – communication that can be aggressive, attacking and angry, or
passive and withdrawing. This communication leads to injured feelings, communication
breakdowns, alienation, retaliatory behaviors, nonproductive efforts, problem solving
failures. Non-defensive communication Non defensive Communication is communication
that is assertive, direct, and powerful. It provides basis for defense when attacked restores
order, balance, and effectiveness. Speaker seen as centered, assertive, controlled,

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views
only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the
information contained therein. 7
informative, realistic, and honest. Speaker exhibits self-control and self – possession.
Listener feels accepted rather than rejected. Reflective listening is a communication strategy
involving two key steps seeking to understand a speaker's idea, then offering the idea back
to the speaker, to confirm the idea has been understood correctly.
Reflective listening emphasizes the personal elements of the communication process the
feelings communicated in the message responding to the communicator, not leading the
communicator the role or receiver or audience understanding people by reducing perceptual
distortions and interpersonal barriers.
It emphasizes receiver’s role. It helps the receiver and sender clearly and fully understand
the message sent. It can be useful in problem solving.
Now let’s discus how make communication effective?
There are seven C’S of communication, but before we start try to answer this question.
How often you communicate with people during your day? How clear is your
communication?
Seven C’s of communication will ensure you that you’re communicating in the most clear and
effective way. You write emails, participate in meetings, create reports, doing presentations,
debate with your colleagues. We can spend almost our entire day communicating.
This is why the seven Cs of communication provide a checklist for making sure that your
meeting, emails,, reports, and presentations are well constructed and clear so your audience
gets your message.
Fist is
1.Clear - be clear means that you should try to minimize the number of ideas in each
sentence.
2. Concise - when you’re concise in your communication, you stick to the point and keep it
brief.
3. Concrete - when your message is concrete, then your audience has a clear picture of what
you’re telling them. There are not to many details
4. Correct - when your communication is correct, It means proper grammar, the use of
words or terms And correct communication is also error-free communication.
5. Coherent - when your communication is coherent, it’s logical. All points are connected and
relevant to the main topic.

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views
only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the
information contained therein. 8
6. Complete - the message should be complete the audience has everything they need to be
informed.
7. Courteous - courteous communication is friendly, open, and honest. polite, respectful, or
considerate in manner.
Communication studies is very important academic discipline which deals with processes
of human communication it researches wide a range of topic, from face-to-face conversation,
written communication to mass media broadcasting and social media communication,
Communication studies also examine how messages are interpreted through the social and
political or economic context.
We communicate all the times, consciously and unconsciously body language, the way we
look, dress, speak, pronaos words send the signal to the receiver about us.
But communication noises make communication difficult. Listening and speaking
proactively is difficult task.
But we can learn how to do it properly.

This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views
only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the
information contained therein. 9