Mechanical Vibrations (10 ME 74)

Chapter 4: Forced vibrations

• When a periodic external force acts on the vibrating
system, it is called forced vibrations.
• The frequency of vibration of such a system is equal to
the frequency of the external excitation force.
Ex: Rotating or reciprocating unbalance in machine tools,
Ringing of electric bell, etc.

• If the frequency of the impressed force becomes equal

to the natural frequency of the system, it is said to be
under resonance.
 Forced vibration of single degree of freedom system

.. .
mx cx kx
k C
m
F Sin wt
m
x
Free Body diagrams
F Sinwt

Forced Vibration

Consider a spring-mass-damper system having viscous

damping excited by a sinusoidal force Fsinwt where;
Fo = Amplitude of force &
w = Circular frequency of the external force.
 Forced vibrations with damping
When the mass is displaced from its equilibrium position by a distance ‘ x’
& released, after a time ' t ', for equilibrium,
Inertia force + Damper force + Spring force = External force
 mx  cx  kx  F sin wt
This is a second order linear differential equation with constant coefficients.
The general solution of the above equation is of the form x  xc  x p where;
 xc is the complementary solution of the equation mx  cx  kx  0
which is transient & vanishes with time. Hence it can be ignored.
 x p is the particular solution of the form x p  A sin(wt   )
where 'A ' is the amplitude of steady state vibration & ' ' is the phase of
displacement w.r.t harmonic force.
 Forced vibrations with damping
The equilibrium equation is mx + cx + kx = Fsinωt (i)
Neglecting the transient response, x  A sin(wt   )
 
 Velocity x  w A cos(wt   )  w A sin  wt     and
 2
Acceleration x  w 2 A sin(wt   )  w 2 A sin wt     
Substituting in (i ), the equilibrium equation becomes,
 
mw 2 A sin wt      + cw A sin  wt     + kA sin(wt   ) = F sin wt
 2
The above forces may be represented by vectors drawn in order such that
they form a closed polygon. Damping force is perpendicular to spring force
& the inertia force is perpendicular to damping force.
Vector representation of forces

From the triangle oab in the fig,


A
F  (kA  mw 2
A ) m(wcw A) 2
2

b cw
F  
 Velocity x  w A cos(wt   )  w A sin  wt     and
 kA  2
wt-w
wt x  aw 2 A sin(
Acceleration t   )  w 2 A sin wt     

Substituting in (Reference
i), the equilibrium
axis equation becomes,
 
mw A sin wt      + cw A sin  wt     + kA sin(wt   ) = Fo sin wt
2

 2
The above forces may be represented by vectors drawn in order such that
they form a closed polygon. Damping force is perpendicular to spring force
& the inertia force is perpendicular to damping force.
Vector representation From the triangle oab in the fig,
of forces F 2  (kA  mw 2 A) 2  (cw A) 2
 A2 (k  mw 2 ) 2  (cw ) 2 
F
 A
A
mw (k  mw 2 ) 2  (cw ) 2
b cw
F Taking k outside the sq root,
 kA F
A k
wt a wt-
   k
2
 1  mw  cw
2 2

k
Reference axis
Also k  mwn2 , c  2 mwn
F
A k
2
  w    2w  2
2

1   w     w 
  n   n
 Steady state amplitude & phase angle
 of forced vibrations :
A
mw
F
b cw

A
F k
 kA


wt a wt- 1  r    2 r 
2 2 2

where  w   r , the frequency ratio

Reference axis
 wn 

 2ζr 
From the fig , phase angle between force & displacement is  = tan  2 
-1

 1 - r 

(i) At resonance, w = wn  r  1  A 
F  
k ,  = tan -1  900
2

(ii) When ζ  0 , (undamped), A 

F k ,  = tan -1 0  00
 (1  r 2 )
 Magnification (Amplification) factor MF
F
We know that amplitude A  k
2
  w    2w  2
2

1   w     wn 
  n   

Put  w   r , the frequency ratio &

 wn 
 
F  A , the static deflection under load F,
k st

Ast A 1
A  =
    A
   
2 2 2
  
2 2 2
1 r 2 r st 1 - r + 2ζr
 A 
The dimensionless ratio   is called the Magnification factor (MF)
 Ast 
& it is a function of frequency ratio & damping factor.
Plot of MF vs. r for different values of 
 Important observations of MF vs. Frequency ratio

• Any amount of damping ( >0) reduces the magnification factor (MF) for all
values of forcing frequency.
• The amplitude of vibration is infinite at resonant frequency & zero damping
factor.
• The peak amplitude for any amount of damping occurs slightly before r=1
• For  >1/√2, the graphs of MF decreases with increasing values of r.
 Frequency corresponding to peak amplitude
It is observed that the peak amplitude for any amount of damping occurs
slightly before r  1 or resonant frequency.
Ast
A . Max value of A occurs when the denominator
1  r    2 r 
2 2 2

1  r 2 2   2 r 2  is minimum.  d 1  r 2 2   2 r 2   0

  dr  
i.e.  2(1- r 2 )  2r  4 2  2r   0
w
 (1  r 2 )  2 2  0 Or r  (1- 2 2 ) But r 
wn
 Frequency of external excitation corresponding to peak amplitude
ω p = (1 - 2ζ 2 )
 Important observations of  vs. Frequency ratio


A
mw
b cw
F
 kA
wt a wt-

Reference axis

1) For ζ >0 and 0<r<1 the phase angle is given by 00<<900, implying that the
response lags excitation.
2) For ζ >0 and r>1, the phase angle is given by 900<< 1800, implying that the
response leads excitation.
3) For ζ >0 and r=1, the phase angle is =900 implying that the phase difference
between the excitation and response is 900.
4) For ζ >0 and large values of r, the phase angle  approaches 1800 implying that
the response and excitation are out of phase.
 Numerical problem 1

A machine part of mass 2.5 Kg vibrates in a viscous

medium. A harmonic exciting force of 30 N acts on the
part and causes resonant amplitude of 14 mm with a
period of 0.22sec. Determine the damping coefficient.

If the frequency of the exciting force is changed

to 4Hz, determine the increase in the amplitude of
forced vibration upon removal of the damper.
Data : m  2.5 kg , F  30 N , Ares  14 mm, T  0.22 sec
2 2
Solution : w    28.56 rad / sec
T 0.22
w 
(i) At resonance : w  wn  r     1
 wn 
 Stiffness of spring k  mwn2  2.5  28.56 2  2039 N / m
F F
Amplitude A  k If r  1, A  Ares  k
(1  r 2 ) 2  (2 r ) 2 2

Given Ares  14 mm  0.014 m, 0.014 

 30
2039     0.526
2
Damping coefficient c = 2 mwn
i.e. c  2  0.526  2.5  28.56  75.11 N - sec / m
(ii) When f = 4 Hz : w  2 f  2  4  25.13 rad / sec
w   25.13 
wn  28.56 rad / sec  frequency ratio r      0.88
 wn   28.56 
Amplitude of vibration with damper is ;

A
F
k =
30 2039  0.0154 m
(1  r )  (2 r )
2 2 2
(1  0.88 )  (2  0.526  0.88)
2 2 2

Amplitude of vibration when damper is removed (  0) is;

A' 
F
k =
 30
2039   0.0652 m
(1  r 2 ) (1  0.882 )
 Increase in amplitude upon removal of damper
( A ' A)  (0.0652  0.0154)  0.05 m = 50 mm
 Numerical Problem 2

A body having a mass of 15 kg is suspended from a spring

which deflects 12mm due to the weight of the mass.
Determine the frequency of free vibrations. What viscous
damping force is needed to make the motion aperiodic at a
speed of 1 mm/sec.
If when, damped to this extent, a disturbing force
having a maximum value of 100 N and vibrating at 6 Hz is
made to act on the body. Determine the amplitude of
ultimate motion.
Data : m  15 kg ,   12 mm  0.012m, x  1 mm / sec,
F  100 N , f  6 Hz
Solution :
(i) Frequency of free vibrations :
g 9.81
wn    28.6 rad / sec
 0.012
To make the motion aperiodic,   1 i.e. at least,   1 or c  cc
 Damping coefficient cc = 2mwn  2  15  28.6  858N / m / sec
= 0.858N / mm / sec i.e. a force of 0.858 N is required at a rate
of 1 mm / sec to make the motion aperiodic.
(ii) Amplitude of forced vibrations :
w  2 f  2  6  37.7 rad / sec
w   37.7 
Ratio of frequencies r      1.318
 wn   28.6 
Stiffness of the spring k  mwn2  15  28.62  12269.4N / m
Damping ratio  =1
(iii) Amplitude of vibration with damper :

A
F
k =
10012269.4  0.022 m
(1  r )  (2 r )
2 2 2
(1  1.318 )  (2 11.318)
2 2 2
 Numerical Problem 3

A mass of 10 kg is suspended from one end of a helical

spring, the other end is fixed. The stiffness of spring is 10
N/mm. The viscous damping causes the amplitude to
decrease to 1/10th of initial value in four complete
oscillations. If a periodic force of 150 cos 50t N is applied at
the mass, determine the amplitude and phase angle of the
resulting motion. What is its value at resonance?.
Data : m  10 kg , F  150 N , w  50 rad / sec,
k  10 N / mm  10000 N / m, x5  0.1x1 , n  4
Solution :
k  10000 
Natural frequency wn        31.62 rad / sec
m  10 
1  x1  1  x1  1
Log decrement  = ln    ln    ln(10)  0.5756
n  xn 1  4  0.1x1  4
 0.5756
Damping factor  =   0.0912
4 2   2 4 2  0.57562
w   50 
Frequency ratio r      1.58
 wn   31.62 
 F
(i) Amplitude of motion : Amplitude A  k
(1  r 2 ) 2  (2 r ) 2
150
A 10000  9.82  103 m  9.82 mm
(1  1.582 ) 2  (2  0.0912 1.58) 2
(ii) Phase angle between force & displacement :
 2 r  -1  2  0.0912  1.58 
 = tan 
-1
2 
 tan    10.9 0

   
2
1- r 1-1.58
-ve sign indicates that the force lags the displacement.
(iii) Amplitude at resonance : w = wn  r  1

A
 F  150
k  10000   0.0822 m = 82.2 mm
2 2  0.0912
 Rotating Unbalance
• Unbalance in rotating machines is a common source of
vibration excitation.
• We consider here a spring (k) & mass (M) constrained to
move in the vertical direction and excited by a rotating
machine that is unbalanced, as shown in Fig.
 Rotating Unbalance
• The unbalance is represented by an eccentric mass m
with eccentricity e that is rotating with angular velocity
w.
• By letting x be the displacement of the non rotating
mass (M - m) from the static equilibrium position, the
displacement of m is (x+esinwt)
 Rotating Unbalance

The equation of motion is then :

d 2x d2 dx
(M  m) 2  m 2 ( x  e sin wt )  c  kx  0
dt dt dt
(M  m) x  mx  mw 2e sin wt  cx  kx  0
 Mx + cx + kx = (mω2 e)sinωt.
Comparing with the eqn of forced vibration Mx  cx  kx  F sin wt ,
the force due to rotating unbalance is F = mω2 e
Note : m is in kg , w in rad / sec & e in meters
 Reciprocating Unbalance
In this case, the harmonic unbalance force is;
 e 
 mw e sin wt  sin 2wt 
m 2

 l 
l where m  mass of piston,
stroke length
e wt e  crank radius 
2
l  length of connecting rod ,
w  angular velocity of crank .
M x

e
As e  l ,   may be neglected,
l
harmonic force is (mw 2e) sin wt  F = (mω2 e)
k/2 c k/2

which is same as rotating unbalance.

Note : m is in kg , w in rad / sec & e in meters
 Numerical Problem 1
(Reciprocating unbalance)
A single cylinder vertical diesel engine has a mass of 400 kg and
is mounted on a steel chassis frame. The static deflection owing
to weight of the chassis is 2.4 mm. The reciprocating masses of
the engine amount to 18 kg and the stroke of the engine is 160
mm. A dashpot with a damping coefficient of 2 N/mm is also
used to dampen the vibrations. In the steady-state of
vibrations, determine;
(i) Amplitude of vibration at 500 rpm of driving shaft
(ii) The speed of the driving shaft at resonance
Data : M  400 kg , m  18 kg , N  500 rpm,   2.4 =2.4 10 3m
Stroke of piston =160 mm  crank radius e  80 mm  0.08 m
c  2 N / mm / sec  2000 N / m / sec
Solution :
g  9.81 
Natural frequency wn      3 
 63.93 rad / sec
  2.4  10 
Stiffness of chassis k  M wn2  400  63.932  1.635 × 10 6 N / m
2 N 2  500
Forcing frequency w    52.36 rad / sec
60 60
 w   52.36 
Frequency ratio r        0.82
 wn   63.93 
c c 2000
Damping factor  =    0.0391
cc 2 M wn 2  400  63.93
Unbalanced force F = mw 2e  18  (52.36) 2  0.08  3948 N
(i) Amplitude of motion at 500 rpm :
F
Amplitude A  k
(1  r 2 ) 2  (2 r ) 2
3948
A 1.635 106  8.1 104 m  0.81 mm
(1  0.822 ) 2  (2  0.0391 0.82) 2

(ii) Speed of driving shaft at resonance :

At resonance, w  wn  63.93 rad / sec
60  63.93
 N res   6025 rpm
2
 Forced Vibration due to Support Motion
• In many cases, the excitation of the system is through the support
motion. Ex: locomotives or vehicles, the wheels act as base or
support for the system.
• The wheels move vertically up & down on the road surface during
the motion of the vehicle & the chassis moves relative to the
wheels.
• The amplitude of motion of the chassis w.r.t road surface is
known as absolute amplitude & that w.r.t wheels is known as
relative amplitude.
• Vibration measuring instruments are also designed on the
support motion approach.
 Absolute Motion (Motion transmissibility)
mx k ( x  y ) c( x  y )

Absolute motion of a mass is its motion w.r.t fixed reference.Let

the absolute motion of mass be x = A sinωt & the support motion
be y = B sinωt. Hence the net elongation of the spring is ( x - y ).
The equation of motion can be written as;
mx  k ( x  y )  c( x  y )  0
 mx  cx  kx  ky  cy (i )
Substituting y  B sin wt & y  w B cos wt in Eqn (i),
mx  cx  kx  B  k sin wt  cw cos wt 
Multiply & divide RHS by k 2  (cw ) 2 , we get
 k cw 
mx  cx  kx  B k  (cw ) 
2 2
sin wt  cos wt 
 k 2  (cw ) 2 k 2  (cw ) 2 

From the fig,

cw k
 sin   & cos  
k 2  (cw ) 2 k 2  (cw ) 2

Substituting in the above equation, we get

mx  cx  kx  B k 2  (cw ) 2  cos  sin wt  sin  cos wt 
mx + cx + kx = B k 2 + (cω)2 sin(ωt + α)
Comparing mx  cx  kx  B k 2  (cw ) 2 sin(wt   ) with
standard equation of forced vibration mx  cx  kx  F sin wt ,

 cw 
2

we see that; F  B k 2  (cw ) 2  Bk 1      


2
 Bk 1 2 r
 k 
Also we know that the the steady state amplitude of forced vibration
 Bk 1   2 r 2 
F  
   
k B 1   2 r 
2

A k    
(1  r 2 ) 2   2 r  (1  r 2 ) 2   2 r  (1  r 2 ) 2   2 r 
2 2 2

1 +  2ζr 
2
Amplitude of body A
 Motion transmissibility =  =
Amplitude of support B (1 - r ) +  2ζr 
2 2 2

 2 r 
Phase angle between A & B = (  -  ) = tan  2 
 tan 1
2 r
1

 1 r 
 Relative Motion
mx k ( x  y ) c( x  y )

Relative motion of a mass is its motion w.r.t support. Let the absolute
motion of mass be x = A sinωt & the support motion be y = B sinωt.
Hence the relative motion is z  ( x - y )  x  ( z  y )
The equation of motion can be written as; mx  k ( x  y )  c( x  y )  0
 m( z  y )  cz  kz  0 Or mz + cz + kz = -my (i)
Substituting y  B sin wt & y  w 2 B sin wt in Eqn (i),
mz  cz  kz  mw 2 B sin wt Comparing mz  cz  kz  mw 2 B sin wt with
standard equation of forced vibration mz  cz  kz  F sin wt ,
 k  2  k w 
we see that; F  mw B   2  w B  Bkr  wn 
2 2 2
and r  
 wn   m wn 
Also we know that the the steady state amplitude of forced vibration
F  Bkr 2 
   
k  k  Br 2
Z  
(1  r 2 ) 2   2 r  (1  r 2 ) 2   2 r  (1  r 2 ) 2   2 r 
2 2 2

Relative Amplitude of body Z r2

  =
Amplitude of support B (1 - r ) +  2ζr 
2 2 2

 2 r 
Phase angle between Z & B =  = tan  2 
1

 1  r 
 Vibration Isolation & Force Transmissibility
• Vibrations are produced in machines having unbalanced masses
& these are transmitted to the foundation upon which machines
are installed.
• To diminish these undesirable transmission of forces, machines
are usually mounted on vibration isolating material such as
rubber, felt cork, metallic springs. etc. which provide stiffness &
damping.
• Transmissibility (denoted by TR or e) is the ratio of the force
transmitted to the foundation to the force applied.
• It is a measure of effectiveness of the vibration isolating material.
 Expression for Transmissibility Ratio (TR or e )

F
FT
cw


kA

Reference axis

As the transmitted force ( FT ) is the vector sum of the spring force (kA)
& the damper force (cw A) which are perpendicular to each other,

 cw 
2

FT  (kA) 2  (cw A) 2  A k 2  (cw ) 2  Ak 1      


2
 Ak 1 2 r
 k 
 Expression for Transmissibility Ratio (TR or e )
F
 
Also we know that amplitude of forced vibration is A  k
(1  r )   2 r 
2 2 2

 F 
    F 1   
2 r
2

 FT    k  k 1   2 r  
2

 (1  r 2 ) 2   2 r 2
 (1  r )   2 r 
2 2 2
 
 
Impressed Force
Force transmissibility ratio TR (or e ) =
Transmitted force
1 +  2ζr 
2
FT
e  =
F (1 - r 2 )2 +  2ζr 
2

 2 r 
Phase angle between F & FT = (  -  ) = tan 1  2 
 tan 1
2 r
 1 r 
Note : The expressions for motion & force transmissibility are same.
Transmissibility vs. frequency ratio for different values of damping ratio
Transmissibility vs. frequency ratio for different values of damping ratio
(i ) When r  2, e  1. i.e. the transmitted force

is always more than the impressed force.

(ii ) When r  2, e  1. i.e. the transmitted force

is always less than the impressed force.

(iii ) When r  2, e  1. i.e. the transmitted force

is always equal to the impressed force.

(iv) When r  1, the transmitted force is maximum

which can be reduced by damping.

(v) When r  2, increase in damping increases e .

Hence isolation is effective only when r  2.

 Numerical Problem 1
(Based on support excitation)
The support of a spring mass system is vibrating with an
amplitude of 5 mm and a frequency of 1150 cycles per
minute. If the mass is 0.9 kg and the spring has a stiffness
of 1960 N/m, determine the amplitude of vibration of the
mass.
What amplitude will result if a damping factor of 0.2 is
included in the system?
Data : m  0.9 kg , B  5 mm , f  1150 cpm, k  1960 N / m
Solution :
k  1960 
Natural frequency wn        46.67 rad / sec
m  0.9 
 1150 
Excitation frequency w  2 f  2    120.43 rad / sec
 60 
w   120.43 
Frequency ratio r      2.58
 wn   46.67 
1   2 r 
2
A
(i) Without damping : (   0) We know that 
B (1- r 2 ) 2   2 r 
2

A 1 1
When   0,  , As r  1, A  2
B  (1  r )
2
(r  1)
A 1
   Amplitude of main mass A  0.884 mm
5 (2.58  1)
2
(ii) When damping ratio (  )  0.2 :
1   2  0.2  2.58 
2
A
When   0.2, 
B (1- 2.58 )   2  0.2  2.58 
2 2 2

A 1  1.0322
  0.25
B 5.6562  1.0322
A
 0.25  A  1.25 mm
5
 Amplitude of main mass A  1.25 mm
 Numerical Problem 2
(Based on support excitation)
Determine the critical speed when an automobile trailer is travelling
over a road with sinusoidal profile of wavelength 15 meters and an
amplitude of 75 mm. The springs of the automobile are compressed
0.125 m under its own weight. Also determine the amplitude of
vibration at 50 kmph.
x
m

k
y

V Kmph

15 m
Data :   0.125 m, B  75 mm , v  50 kmph, Wave length   15 m
Solution :
(i) Critical speed of trailer :
g  9.81 
Natural frequency wn        8.86 rad / sec
  0.125 
 2 
For critical speed, w  wn  8.86  f n     1.41 Hz
 wn 
We know that Linear velocity = frequency × wave length
i.e. v = f n  λ = 1.41  15 = 21.15 m / sec
 3600 
To convert m / sec into kmph, multiply by  
 1000 
 3600 
 Critical Velocity of the automobile = 21.15     76.14 kmph
 1000 
(ii) Amplitude of vibration at 50 kmph :
 1000 
Velocity in m / sec v  50     13.89 m / sec
 3600 
We know that v = f  λ  13.89 = f  15  f = 0.926 Hz
 w  2 f  5.82 rad / sec. Also wn  46.67 rad / sec
 w   5.82 
Frequency ratio r        0.657
 wn   8.86 
A 1 A 1
When   0,  , As r  1, 
B  (1  r )2
B (1  r 2 )
A 1
   Amplitude of trailer A  132 mm
75 (1  0.657 )
2
 Numerical Problem 3
(Based on support excitation)
A trailer has 1000 Kg mass when fully loaded and 250 Kg
when empty. The suspension has a stiffness of 350 kN/m.
The damping factor is 0.5. The speed of the trailer is 100
Km/hr. The road varies sinusoidally with a wave length of 5
m. Determine the amplitude ratio of the trailer:
1. When fully loaded.
2. When empty.
Data :
m  1000 kg ( full load ) & m  250kg ( Empty ), v  100 kmph,   0.5
Wavelength of road suface   5 m, k  300 KN / m  300 103 N / m
Solution :
 1000 
Velocity of the vehicle v = 100 kmph = 100     27.78 m / sec
 3600 
We know that Linear velocity (v) = frequency (f) × wave length (  )
i.e. 27.78 = f  5  f = 5.556 Hz
 w  2 f  2  5.556  34.91 rad / sec
(i) Amplitude ratio when vehicle is fully loaded : (m = 1000 kg)

k  350 103 

Natural frequency wn        18.71 rad / sec
m  1000 
w   34.91 
Ratio of frequencies r      1.87
 wn   18.71 
1   2 r  1   2  0.5 1.87 
2 2
A
   0.68
B (1- r 2 ) 2   2 r  (1-1.87 2 ) 2   2  0.5 1.87 
2 2

(ii) Amplitude ratio when vehicle is empty : (m = 250 kg)

k  350 103 

Natural frequency wn        37.42 rad / sec
m  250 
w   34.91 
Ratio of frequencies r      0.933
 wn   37.42 
1   2 r  1   2  0.5  0.933
2 2
A
   1.452
B (1- r )   2 r  (1- 0.933 )   2  0.5  0.933 
2 2 2 2 2 2
 Numerical Problem 3
(Both absolute motion & relative motion included)
A TV set of 25 kg mass must be isolated from a machine
vibrating with an amplitude 0f 0.1 mm at 1000 rpm. The TV
set is mounted on five isolators each having 30 KN/m and a
damping constant of 400 N-sec/m. Determine;
(i) Amplitude of vibration of TV set.
(ii) Dynamic load on each isolator due to vibration.
Data : m  25 kg , N  1000 rpm , B ( Support amplitude)  0.1 mm
N  1000 rpm, ceq  (400  5)  2000 N  sec/ m
keq  (5  30)  150 KN / m  150 103 N / m
Solution :
 keq   150 103 
Natural frequency wn       77.46 rad / sec
 m   25 
 2 N   2 1000 
Excitation frequency , w      104.72 rad / sec
 60   60 
w   104.72 
Ratio of frequencie, r      1.352
 wn   77.46 
c   c   2000 
Damping ratio of        0.5164
 cc   2mwn   2  25  77.46 
 1   2 r 
2
A
(i) Amplitude of vibration of T V set : 
B (1- r 2 ) 2   2 r 
2

1   2  0.5164 1.352 
2
A
When   0.5164, 
B (1-1.3522 ) 2   2  0.5164 1.352 
2

A 1.7175
   1.058  Amplitude of main mass A  0.106 m m
0.1 1.623
(ii) Dynamic load on isolators : W .K .T Relative amplitude ratio
Z r2 1.3522
 
B (1- r 2 ) 2   2 r  (1-1.352 2 ) 2   2  0.5164 1.352 
2 2

Z
 1.126  Z  1.126  0.1  0.1126 mm  0.1126  10 3 mm
B
Dynamic load on each isolator FD = Z k 2  (cw ) 2
FD = 0.1126 10 3 (30000) 2  (400 104.72) 2  5.8N
 Numerical Problem 1
Force Transmissibility problems
A reciprocating machine of mass 75 Kg is mounted on springs of
stiffness 11.76x105 N/m and a damper of damping factor 0.2.
The slider of mass 2 Kg within the machine has a reciprocating
motion with a stroke of 0.08 m. The speed is 3000 rpm.
Assuming the motion of the piston to be harmonic.
1. Amplitude of vibration of the machine.
2. Transmissibility ratio.
3. Force transmitted to the foundation.
4. Is vibration isolation achieved? If so how?
Data : M  75 kg , m  2 kg , N  3000 rpm,   0.2, k  11.76 105 N / m
Stroke of piston  0.08 m  crank radius e  0.04 m
Solution :

 k   11.76 105 
Natural frequency wn        125.22 rad / sec
M   75 
2 N 2  3000
Forcing frequency w    314.16 rad / sec
60 60
 w   314.16 
Frequency ratio r        2.51
 wn   125.22 
Unbalanced force F = mw 2e  2  (314.16) 2  0.04  7896 N
 F
(i) Amplitude of vibration : A  k
(1- r 2 ) 2   2 r 
2

 7896 
 5 
6.714 103
 11.76  10 
A   1.245  103 m
(1- 2.51 )   2  0.2  2.51
2 2 2
28.09  1.008
 Amplitude of vibration of machine A  1.245 m m
(ii) Transmissibility ratio :
1   2 r  1   2  0.2  2.51
2 2

TR  
(1- r 2 ) 2   2 r  (1- 2.512 ) 2   2  0.2  2.51
2 2

1.417
 TR (or e )   0.2627
5.394
(iii) Force transmitted to the foundation :
Force transmitted FT FT
As TR    0.2627 
Force impressed F 7896
 Force transmitted to the foundation FT  2074.3 N

(iv) Check for vibration isolation :

As the force transmitted is less than force impressed &
r  2.51  2, vibration isolation is achieved .
 Numerical Problem 2
Force Transmissibility problems
A refrigerator of mass 35 Kg operating at 480 rpm is
supported on 3 springs. If only 10% of the shaking force is
to be transmitted to the foundation what should be the
value of spring rate K?

Data : TR  10%  0.1, m  35 kg , N  480 rpm, No of springs  3

  0 ( As no damper present )
2 N 2  480
Solution : Forcing frequency w    50.267 rad / sec
60 60
1 1
We know that when   0, TR   0.1 
 (1  r )
2
 (1  r 2 )
  1 
i.e.  (1  r )= 
2
 =10
 0.1 
Taking +ve sign, r 2  9  r  9 (Not possible)
Taking +ve sign, r 2  11  r  11= 3.32
w   50.267 
But frequency ratio r     3.32     wn  15.16 rad / sec
 wn   wn 
Combined stiffness of springs keq  mwn2  35  (15.16) 2  8040 N / m
 keq   8040 
As there are three springs, k    
 3   3 
 Stiffness of each spring is 2680 N / m
 Numerical Problem 3 (Force Transmissibility problems)
A machine supported symmetrically on four springs has a mass of 80
Kgs. The mass of the reciprocating mass is 2.2 Kgs which move
through a vertical stroke of 100 mm with SHM. Neglecting damping,
determine the combined stiffness of the springs so that the force
transmitted to the foundation is 1/20th of the impressed force. the
machine crank shaft rotates at 800 rpm.
If, under actual working conditions, the damping reduces the
amplitudes of successive vibrations by 30%, find
(a) The force transmitted to the foundation at 800 rpm
(b) The force transmitted to the foundation at resonance.
(c) The amplitude of vibrations at resonance.
Data : M  80 kg , m  2.2 kg , N  800 rpm,   2.4 =2.4 10 3m
Stroke of piston =100 mm  crank radius e  50 mm  0.05 m
 1   xn   1 
TR     0.05, xn 1  (1  0.3) xn      1.43
 20   xn 1   0.7 
Solution :
2 N 2  800
Forcing frequency w    83.78 rad / sec
60 60
 xn 
Logarithimic decrement  =ln    ln 1.43  0.358
 xn 1 
 0.358
Damping factor  =   0.057
4   2 2
4  0.358
2 2

Unbalanced force F = mw 2e  2.2  (83.78) 2  0.05  772 N

(i) Neglecting damping : (  = 0)
1 1
We know that when   0, TR   0.05 
 (1  r )
2
(1  r 2 )
 1 
i.e.  (1  r 2 )=   =20
 0.05 
Taking +ve sign, r 2  19  r  19 (Not possible)
Taking  ve sign, r 2  21  r  21= 4.58
w   83.78 
But frequency ratio r     4.58     wn  18.28 rad / sec
 wn   wn 
Combined stiffness of springs k eq  M wn2  80  (18.28) 2  26740 N / m
(ii) Force transmitted at 800 rpm with damping (  = 0.057) :
1   2 r  1   2  0.057  4.58 
2 2

TR  
(1- r 2 ) 2   2 r  (1- 4.582 ) 2   2  0.057  4.58 
2 2

FT
 TR (or e )  0.0564 =
F
 Force transmitted to foundation at 800 rpm
FT  0.0564  F  0.0564  772  43.55 N
(iii) Force transmitted at resonance with damping (  = 0.057) :
resonance, w  wn  r  1,

1   2  1   2  0.057 
2 2

 TR    8.83
2 2  0.057
Also, at resonance, Fres  mwn2e  2.2  (18.28) 2  0.05  36.76 N
i.e. Force transmitted t FT  8.83  Fres  8.83  36.76  325 N
(iv) Amplitude of vibration at resonance : (r  1)
F  Fres   36.76 
   
A k  Ares   k    26740   0.012 m
(1- r )   2 r 
2 2 2 2 2  0.057