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Earthquake Hazards and Risk Mitigation

1. Earthquakes can cause both primary and secondary effects. Secondary effects include landslides, tsunamis, liquefaction, and fires. 2. Common methods to reduce earthquake risks are developing seismic hazard maps, constructing earthquake-resistant structures, and effective earthquake monitoring. 3. Fires are a major secondary hazard of earthquakes as shaking can break gas and electrical lines and overturn stoves, while water pipes may rupture preventing firefighting.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
97 views3 pages

Earthquake Hazards and Risk Mitigation

1. Earthquakes can cause both primary and secondary effects. Secondary effects include landslides, tsunamis, liquefaction, and fires. 2. Common methods to reduce earthquake risks are developing seismic hazard maps, constructing earthquake-resistant structures, and effective earthquake monitoring. 3. Fires are a major secondary hazard of earthquakes as shaking can break gas and electrical lines and overturn stoves, while water pipes may rupture preventing firefighting.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Earthquake Hazards and Risk 4.

Fires
Reduction Methods Earthquakes cause fires. Even moderate
ground shaking can break gas and
Earthquake Hazards refer to earthquake electrical lines, sever fuel lines, and
agents which have the potential to cause overturn stoves. To further complicate
harm to a vulnerable targets which can things, water pipes rupture, so it would be
either be humans, animals or even your impossible to extinguish the fire.
environment.
Most commonly used methods of reducing
The effects of an earthquake can be earthquake risks are as follows:
classified as primary or secondary.
1. Effective recording and
⚫ Primary effects are permanent features
an earthquake can bring out. Examples interpretation of ground motion
include fault scarps, surface ruptures,
and offsets of natural or human- This can be done by effective
constructed objects. instrumentation in order to determine the
⚫ Secondary effects happen when location, strength and frequency of
ground movement results to other earthquakes. This assists in providing
types of destruction. Examples include alerts and warnings especially to high-risk
landslides, tsunami, liquefaction and fire. or vulnerable areas for preparation and
emergency response.
Below are the four earthquake hazards
which are considered as secondary 2. Constructing seismic hazard
effects of an earthquake: maps

1. Landslides A seismic hazard map shows the potential


Seismic vibration is a common triggering hazards in a given area. In many regions in
mechanism for landslides. Landslides can our country, seismic expectancy maps or
have particularly devastating effects like hazard maps are now available for planning
floods, blocking of rivers, death, and purposes. It serves as basis for disaster
damage to land and natural resources. management information like locations for
Landslides can be prevented by reinforcing evacuation and evacuation routes. The
slope material, modifying the pathway for anticipated intensity of ground shaking is
surface and underwater and by putting represented by a number called the peak
piles and retaining walls. acceleration or the peak velocity.

2. Tsunami 3. Developing resistant structures


A tsunami is a huge sea wave triggered by a
violent displacement of the ocean floor. Resistant structures are able to withstand
Underwater earthquakes, volcanic collapse by redistributing forces caused
eruptions or landslides can cause tsunami. by seismic waves through shear walls.
As it approaches a shallow coastline, its Developing engineered structural designs
speed decreased, but the height of the that are able to resist the forces
tsunami increases drastically, bringing so generated by seismic waves can be
much damage to nearby communities. achieved either by following building codes
Tsunamis can also overwhelm sewage based on hazard maps or by appropriate
systems, destroy structures and kill people. methods of analysis.

The Philippines is prone to natural calamities.


3. Liquefaction For this reason, pushing for programs that
Earthquake motion can turn loosely build calamity-proof housing projects must
packed, water-saturated soil to liquid— be given importance. Steel, capable of
"liquefaction.” Liquefied soil becomes less withstanding enormous force without
compact and ultimately lose the ability to getting damaged, is usually used as frame in
support roads, buried pipes, and, of making such houses for it provides great
course, houses. It is caused by vibration or deal of security. Other essential
saturation with water which causes the soil characteristics of steel are easy to maintain
to decrease in density. This poses and can withstand the test of time and
danger for it lead to unstable structures has high strength to weight ratio.
of buildings due to ground subsidence. Moreover, it is proven to be eco-friendly.
Talumpati ✓ Talumpating binabasa
✓ Talumpating Isinaulo
➢ Ito ay isang pormal na pagpapahayag ✓ Talumpating Ekstemporanyo
na binibigkas sa harap ng mga
tagapanood at /o tagapakinig 2. Biglaang talumpati
Constantino at Zafra (2018)
➢ Talumpati na isinulat o binigkas din ng
➢ maaari ding ituring na talumpati ang parehong araw at agad-agad.
mga pormal at akademikong gawain
gaya ng panayam o lektura, ✓ Impromptu Speech
presentasyon ng papel, keynote
address o susing salita, talumpati sa Ang proseso ng pagsulat ng
mga seremonya, talumpati na talumpati
nagbibigay-inspirasyon, at iba pa.
Constantino at Zafra (2018) 1. Paghahanda
Layunin ng talumpati 1. Layunin ng Okasyon
2. Layunin ng Tagapagtalumpati
✓ Ipabatid ang pagsang-ayon, pagtugon, 3. Manonood
o pagbibigay ng impormasyon sa mga 4. Lunan ng talumpati
tagapakinig
2. Pananaliksik
Uri ng talumpati ayon sa layunin
1. Pagbuo ng Plano
Talumpating nagbibigay 2. Pagtitipon ng Materyal
impormasyon 3. Pagsulat ng Balangkas ng Talumpati

➢ Nagpapaliwanag, nag-uulat, 3. Pagsulat


naglalarawan, nagbibigay kahulugan,
nagpapakita ng kaganapan, at A. Aktuwal na pagsulat ng talumpati
nagbibigay liwanag sa isang paksa.
➢ Ito ay ang panimulang pagsulat ng
Talumpating nanghihikayat talumpati batay sa nabuong
balangkas.
➢ May layuning mapaigting, mabago,
maimpluwensyahan o mapa- Gabay sa pagsulat
totohanan ang mga saloobin,
paniwala o emosyon ng tagapakinig. 1. Isulat ang talumpati sa tono o wika na
pabigkas.
Talumpating nagtataguyod ng
pagbubuklod-buklod ng lipunan 2. Isulat ang talumpati sa pinakapayak
na estilo.
➢ Naglalayong maiangat ang damdamin
ng pagbubuklod-buklod, 3. Gumamit ng varayti ng estratehiya sa
pagkakapatiran, at pagkakaisa. pagpapahayag.

Uri ng talumpati ayon sa kahandaan 4. Gumamit ng mga naaayong salitang


pantransisyon.
1. May paghahanda
5. Iwasan ang pagsulat ng simula at
➢ Tumutukoy sa mga talumpati na wakas sa paraang pilit o puwersado.
isinulat at kinabisa ng isang
tagapagsalita sa partikular na
panahon o oras.
B. Pagrerebisa ng talumpati
3. Manonood
➢ Isinasagawa rito ang paulit-ulit na
pagbasa sa burador ng talumpati, ➢ Tinitingnan dito kung ano ang pinag-
pag-ayon sa estilong isinaalang-alang aralan, kalagayang pang-ekonomiko,
sa nilikhang talumpati, at pag-ayon sa kasarian, edad, relihiyon, at iba pa.
haba ng panahon na gugugulin sa
pagtatalumpati. ➢ Sinusuri rin dito kung ano ang
pakinabang na matatamo ng mga
1. Paulit-ulit na pagbasa sa burador manonood sa talumpati.
ng talumpati
4. Lunan ng pagtatalumpatian
➢ Mainam na basahin sa paraang
malakas ang burador upang marinig ➢ Saklaw nito ang mga detalye tulad ng
ito personal ng nagsulat ng talumpati nasa loob o labas ba, sa entablado o
at matukoy ang kakulangan o sa lupa ba, at malamig o mainit ba
kamalian sa talumpati. ang temperatura ng pagdarausan ng
pagtatalumpati.
2. Pag-ayon sa estilo ng nakasulat
na talumpati sa paraang pabigkas. Bisa sa damdamin, Bisa sa kaisipan,
At bisang panlipunan
➢ Mainam na sa mga pinal na bahagi ng
pangungusap ilalahad ang 1. Bisa sa damdamin
mahahalagang salita na gustong
bigyang-diin. ➢ Sinasaklaw ng bisa sa damdamin ang
mga damdamin na nakapaloob sa
3. Pag-ayon sa haba ng panahon na isang teksto at mga damdamin na
gugugulin sa pagtatalumpati maaaring maramdaman ng isang
mambabasa o tagapakinig ng teksto
➢ Mainam na isaisip kung ang haba ng gaya ng talumpati.
panahon na inilaan para sa talumpati
ay natutugunan ng haba o ikli ng 2. Bisa sa kaisipan
binuong talumpati.
➢ Sinasaklaw ng bisa sa kaisipan ang
Salik na maaaring batayan ng mga kaisipan na nakapaloob sa isang
pagsusuri ng talumpati teksto na pinakatumatak at nagkaroon
ng impact sa isip ng isang
1. Layunin ng okasyon mambabasa o tagapakinig ng teksto
gaya ng talumpati.
➢ Sa salik na ito, maaari mong suriin
ang tema o paksa ng okasyon na 3. Bisang panlipunan
nasulat at naibahagi ang talumpati.
➢ Sinasaklaw ng bisang panlipunan ang
➢ Pagbibigay ng impormasyon sa mga mga posibilidad na maaaring
usaping may kaugnayan sa mangyari sa lipunan sakaling
komunidad mababasa o mapakikinggan ng
mayorya ng mga tao ang isang teksto
➢ Pagbibigay-inspirasyon gaya ng talumpati.

➢ Magbahagi ng karanasan ng
mananalumpati

2. Layunin ng tagapagtalumpati

➢ Pokus ang layunin o dahilan kung


bakit nagtalumpati ang isang
mananalumpati.

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