GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 REVIEWER

THIRD QUARTERLY EXAMINATION

TYPES OF EXAM

TEST I. IDENTIFICATION (10 POINTS)

TEST II. MULTIPLE CHOICE (20 POINTS)

TEST III. IDENTIFICATION (10 POINTS)

TEST IV. MATCHING TYPE (10 POINTS)

TEST V. TRUE OR FALSE (10 POINTS)

GENETIC ENGINEERING AND ITS APPLICATION

GENETIC ENGINEERING- It is a molecular technique to modify traits.
GENETIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES (STEPS)
1. Cutting or Cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes.
2. Selection of an appropriate vector or vehicle which would propagate the recombinant DNA.
3. Ligation of the gene of interest with the vector
4. .Transfer of the recombinant plasmid into a host cell.
5. Selection process to screen which cells actually contain the gene of interest
APPLICATION OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
AGRICULTURE PHARMACEUTICALS
- Golden Rice - Production of Human Insulin
- Glyphosate-resistant Soybean - Humulin by Eli Lilly
- FLAVR SAVR Tomatoes GENETIC TESTING
- Bioreactor Cows - Detection of genetic diseases
- GM Salmon - Uses DNA probes and PCR
BIOREMEDIATION - Detection of Huntington’s Disease
- Use of microbes to degrade environmental GENE THERAPY
contaminants - Introduction of normal genes into viruses
- Improvement of microbe bioremediation capacity. - Treatment of genetic disorders in humans.
- Treatment on hemophilia.

EARTH’S GEOLOGIC TIMESCALE

I. IDENTIFICATION: Identify what is described by the following statements.

1. This theory states that organisms can come from nonliving sources.
2. This theory suggests that building blocks of life came from another planet.
3. This theory suggests that life started in a primordial soup of organic molecules.
4. He supported the Theory of Spontaneous generation.
5. Considered as the most recent of the major subdivisions of animal history within Earth’s geologic
timescale.
6. At the start of this era, the world continent Pannotia was broken into pieces leading to the
formation of Pangea that makes the Earth’s continent connected once again.
7. The predated era prior to the emergence of life during the Cambrian period.
8. This era is really famous for the presence of the dinosaurs.
II. Matching Type: Match column A to column B.
9. It is marked by the diversification of mammals. A. Hadean
10. Golden Age of the Dinosaurs. B. Archean
11. Flowering plants first appeared. C. Cambrian
12. It is marked by the evolution of humans. D. Ordovician
13. The explosion of life occurred. E. Silurian
14. It is also known as the Age of Fishes F. Devonian
15. First seed plants and first reptiles appeared G. Carboniferous
 16. It is marked by the first appearance of land of plants H. Permian
17. It is marked by the extinction of 90% of Earth’s species. I. Triassic
18. Dominant animals were marine invertebrates such as corals. J. Jurassic
19. Earth’s interior was still hot and active and this causes a K. Cretaceous
series of volcanic eruptions. L Tertiary
20. Earth’s surface was in form of liquid rock and boiling sulfur M. Quaternary
that built an ocean of hot material.

III. Identify the following events.

A. Write whether TRIASSIC, JURASSIC and CRETACEOUS.
21. The continent were still connected as one.
22. A tectonic shift took place several rifts formed and filled with water.
23. Dinosaurs continued as the dominant species and evolved to be gigantic.
24. The environment evolve to the point that flowering plants began to appear for the first time.

B. Write whether PALEOGENE, NEOGENE and QUARTERNARY.

26. Evolution of human genera.
27. Extinction of non-avian dinosaur.
28. Glaciation periods culminating to ice age.
29. The climate continue to grow cooler and drier.

IV.
Identify the statement whether true or false. Write ALPHA if true and OMEGA if false.
32. Paraceratherium considered as the closed human ancestors.
33. Paleogene is also known as “Anthropogene Period”
34. Pleistocene megafauna considered as highly diverse during Pleistocene epoch.
MECHANISM THAT PRODUCE CHANGE FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION

I. IDENTIFICATION: Identify the following.

1. It decrease the fitness of organisms.
2. It increase the fitness of organisms.
3. These are physical expression of a trait.
4. These are pairs of genes responsible for a particular trait.
5. A field of science that deals with genetic variation in the populations of organisms in the ecosystem.
6. It is a process of selecting plants or animal individuals for breeding. This principle was developed from our
understanding of heritable traits.
7. It refers to the group of all individuals belonging to a species that live in a particular area and interbreed
with one another to form an offspring.
8. It refers to the collection of evolutionary, behavioral, and physiological mechanisms that drive speciation of
an organism.
9. It produces offspring from a single organism. It does not require the presence of sex cells.
10. It refers to the process of emergence of new species from its ancestral population.
11. It happens when hybrids fail to produce functional gametes.
12. It refers to the process where individual organisms having favorable traits have greater survival fitness and
reproductive success than those that do not have the trait.
II. Identify the following whether true or false. Write MECHANISM if true and GENERATION if false.
1. Overproduction is where the individuals of a population have many characteristics that differ.
2. Variation is where every species tends to produce more individuals that can survive to maturity.
3. Adaptation is where the traits of those individuals that survive and reproduce will become more common in
a population.
4. Artificial selection served as the primary principle behind selective breeding used for producing new
varieties of plants and animals.
5. Through selective breeding, there is an increase in chances of achieving desirable traits that could lead to
higher production in any plant or animal derived products.
 III. Identify what is being described in the following statements, choose inside the box.
A. Temporal E. Reproduction I. Peripatric
B. Behavioral F. Isolation J. Allopatric
C. Ecological G. Gradualism K. Sympatric
D. Mechanical H. Punctuated L Parapatric
Equilibrium

1. It is a geographically isolated populations.

2. It is a continuously distributed population.
3. Occurs when species occupy different habitats.
4. It is within the range of the ancestral population.
5. Occurs when two species have different courtship behavior.
6. Occurs when two species mate at different times of the year.
7. Occurs when physical differences prevent copulation/pollination.
8. It is a small population isolated at the edge of a larger population.
9. It states that changes that happen to species are usually small and accumulate through time.
10. It describes that species’ traits are relatively stable in optimum environmental conditions.
DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION, FOSSIL FORMATION AND CLASSIFICATION

- Common Descent said that all species have common ancestry.

- Darwin joined the second voyage of HMS Beagle and traveled the world as part of its crew.
- Carbonization- This happens when organisms leave behind the residual carbon while other elements are
shed off.
- Replacement- This process involves the minerals in organisms’ bodies being replaced by other minerals.
- Relative dating- This methods involve estimating sequences of events.
- Absolute dating- This methods give a numerical estimate of the age of rock layers and fossils.

Prepared by: Sir Rogel D. Legaspi, LPT