ORIGIN OF FINGERPRINTS J.C.

Mayer Khan Bahadur Azizul and Rai PEOPLE VS JENNINGS (DEC 21 1911) –
Hem Chanda Bose – two Hindu pioneering case in the US wherein the first
CHINESE – first to use fingerprints - first to state that the fingerprints are police officers who helped him conviction based on fingerprint was
never duplicated in two persons with his system of classification recognized by the judicial authorities (14
 Referred fingerprints as “Hua Chi” - “Although the arrangement of the skin points)
 Used fingerprints as a ritualistic ridges is never duplicated in two JUAN VUCETICH
symbol in the early parts of their persons, nevertheless, the similarities 1901 – New York civil commission adapts
history are closer among individuals.” - Spanish counterpart of Henry fingerprint for personal identification
 Called arches and whorls as “LO” - Developed his own system of
(snails) JOHNNES E. PURKINJE classification that was adopted in 1903 – Will and West Case
 And loops as “KI” (sieve or winnowing Argentina and was used by most
basket) - Father of Dactyloscopy Spanish-speaking countries 1904 – world’s fair in St. Louis represents
 Believed that loops presage good - Identified 9 types of fingerprint in Scotland Yard trade several US police
lucks patterns, however it has not yet officer regarding dactyloscopy
associated with identification
ANCIENT CHINE – documented fingerprint FINGERPRINT IN AMERICA 1906 – US began to use fingerprints
uses 3000 years ago where thumbprints HERMAN WELCKER
were found on clays GILBERT THOMPSON – a geologist in 1924 – identification of FBI was
- Took prints of his own palms for forty- Mexico who adopted the first individual use established
NOVA SCOTIA – Indian picture writing of a one (41) years to prove that of fingerprint on August 8, 1882 as a
hand with crudely marked ridges was protection to prevent tampering the pay 1948 – AFIS was established
fingerprints do not change
found in a cliff order
WILLIAM J. HERSCHEL
ANCIENT BABYLON – fingerprint ISAIAH WEST TABOR – photographer in
FINGERPRINT IN PHILIPPINES
impressions was used on clays in - Utilized fingerprints as a substitute for San Francisco who advocated the use of
recording business transactions as means signature to avoid impersonation the system for the registration of Chinese MR JONES – firs to teach fingerprint in the
of identification among natives Philippine Constabulary year 1990
- Gave way for the first actual try out in SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS – an
PERSIA – fingerprints are found on papers establishing individuality using Englishman who introduced Dactyloscopy BUREAU OF PRISONS – record shows
fingerprint in the United States through the books, that in 1918, CARPETA already used
EGYPT – small portion of palm prints “Life in the Mississippi” and “Pupp n Head fingerprints
found on in-handed mud DR HENRY FAULDS Wilson”
LT ASA and N. DARBY – established a
- Wrote a manual on dactylography FRANCIS GALTON – published the first modern and complete fingerprint files for
- Wrote an English Journal, “Nature of comprehensive book on fingerprint use in the Philippine Commonwealth
PIONEERS IN THE SCIENCE OF solving crimes entitled “Fingerprints”
Dealing with Latent Prints Found at
FINGERPRINT
the Scene of the Crime” GENEROSO REYES – first Filipino
DR HENRY P. DE FOREST – first to utilize fingerprint technician employed by the Phil
MARCELO MALPHIGI municipal civil use of fingerprint for criminal
FRANCIS GALTON Constabulary
registration of December 1902
- Grandfather of Fingerprints
- Father of Fingerprint Patterns ISABELA BERNALES – first Filipina
- Originated the term loops and spiral CAPT JAMES L PARKE – advocated the
- First scientist of friction skin fingerprint technician
- One layer of the skin was named after first state and penal use of fingerprint
identification who established the first
him, the Malphigian Layer adopted in Singsing Prison CAPT THOMAN DUGAN – first to
Civil Bureau of Personal Identification
in London, England administer and examined fingerprint on
NEHEMIAH GREW MARK K. HOLAND – first American
- Discovered the three families of 1927
instructress in dactyloscopy
- Described ridges and pores of the fingerprint patterns (arch, loop, whorl)
AUGUSTIN PATRICIO – topped the
hands and feet (Philosophical FBI – US congress established
EDWARD R. HENRY examination given by Capt. Dugan
Transaction) presented in Royal identification at the FBI in 1924
Society of London, England PEOPLE OF THE PHIL VS MEDINA – first
- Father of Fingerprint
INSTUTUTE OF APPLIED SCIENCE – conviction based on fingerprint and leading
GOVARD BIBLOO - Developed his own system of first private school to install laboratories for
classification while working in judicial decision in the Philippine
instruction purpose on dactyloscopy Jurisprudence (10 points of identity)
- Works on sweat pores and ridges Scotland Yard which was all accepted
by all English-speaking country
  AGRIPINO RUIS – examined ANTHROPOMETHRY – first scientific POINTS THAT CAN BE DETERMINED IN
and testified in court pertaining method of identification which was THE EXAMINATION OF BONES
to FP established by Alphonse Bertillion MALE VS. FEMALE FEMUR
1. Are the bones human?
PLARIDEL EDUCATION INSTITUTION – APHONSE BERTILLION – Father of 2. How many individuals are present? - Male femur is thicker and joins the
known as PCCR, first government Personal Identification 3. Height, sex, race, age pelvis at a straighter angle than the
recognized school to teach science 4. Length of interment or time of death female femur
fingerprint and other police sciences BERTILLION SYSTEM (Anthropometry) - 5. Presence or absence of ante or post - Oblique slant of femur more
system of identification based on the mortem bone pronounced in female
measurements of various bony structure of 6. Congenital deformities and acquired
the human body injuries on the hard tissues causing DETERMINING RACE FROM
OTHER METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION permanent deformities SKELETONS
Basis of Bertillion’s method of
IDENTIFICATION OF LIVING PERSON identification: DETERMINING SEX FROM SKELETONS
CAUCASIAN NEGROID MONGOLOI
D
Characteristics that may easily be 1. Human skeleton does not change Eye Rounded, Rectangular Rounded,
- Adult skeleton provides the most orbits somewhat somewhat
changed: after 20 years consistently reliable means of square circular
2. It is impossible for two human beings diagnosing sex Nasal prominent Very small Somewhat
 Growth of beard and mustache to have bones alike - Bones of females are lighter than spine prominent
 Clothing 3. Measurements is easily taken with the Nasal 0.48 0.53 0.48 50
 Frequent place of visit males index 0.53
aid of simple measurement - Attachment for muscles and tendons
 Grade or profession Progna straight prognathic variable
 Body ornamentation are less prominent in females, making thism
WEST CASE – incident that called the PROGNATHISM – protrusion of the lower
it smoother than females
reliability of Bertillion measurement into jaw
Characteristics that may not easily be - Best bones in distinguishing sex:
question and ended up its decline.
changed: pelvis and skull
DETERMINING AGE FROM SKELETONS
ANTHROPOLOGY
 Mental memory DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND
FEMALE SKULL 1. Another way to estimate the age of a
 Speech - Legal process of identifying the sub-adult is to look at the degree of
 Gait or manner of walking manner of death
MALE FEMALE epiphyseal closure
 Mannerism
Larger Smaller
 Hands and feet FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY
Larger brow ridges with Less pronounce brow EPIPHYSEAL CLOSURE – thin layer of
 Complexion sloping ridges
- Process of excavation of remains of the cartilage that is found between
 Face Less rounded forehead More vertical forehead
whereby investigating and epiphyseal and metaphyseal
 Eyes Slightly blunter ridge of Sharper ridge of eye orbit
 Body built identification of the same to solve eye orbit
legal case Greater definition of Smoother bone surfaces EPIPHYSIS – the cap at the end of a long
 Left or right handedness
- The application of physical
muscle bone which remains separated to the
 Degree of nutrition Medium to large mastoid Small to medium mastoid
anthropology and osteology to the bones shaft (diaphysis) while the bone
process process
Identification applicable to living and non- legal process grows
Square chin with vertical Pointed chin with obtuse
living person: angle jaw angle jaw  DIAPHYSIS – main part of long bone
- Purpose: to help in identification of
 METAPHYSIS – trumpeter end of
the missing person
 Occupational mark long bone
 Race PATHOLOGY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MALE AND 2. The epiphyses of different bones fuse
 Stature FEMALE PELVIS at known age, thus an age estimate
 Teeth - The examination of bod for can be determined
 Tattoo, scar, tribal, birth marks identification of such body relative to MALE FEMALE 3. All epiphyses have fused in the
Smaller, narrower, Bigger and wider, lighter adulthood
 Moles, deformities its cause of death and different injury heavier and thicker and thinner,
 Injuries with permanent marks inflicted to the body denser
 Sexual organs V arch, less than 90 Wider arch greater than BONE BASICS: THE HUMAN SKELETON
 Blood grouping DISASTER VICTIM IDENTIFICATION degrees 90 degree
 Typing (DVI) – system of identification utilized in Pelvic brim is smaller and Pelvic brim is large and - Adults: 206 bones – 15% of weight
 Hand writing and signature cases where plenty number of victims died heart shaped oval - Babies: 300 bones
Ischial tuberosity is Shorter, farther part and
and merged with each other
longer, close together more medially projecting
AXIAL SKELETON – protective layer: skull
and more laterally
projecting vertebral column, sternum, ribs
 is hardly possible for a witness to see - The enamel of the teeth is the hardest 2. Removable – complete or partial
APPENDICULAR SKELETON – shoulder assailant substance of the human body denture
girdle, arms, bones, pelvis and leg bones, - The greater the post-mortem
hands and feet bones THE FLASH OF LIGHTNING – produces destruction is, the more important ROOT CANAL TREATMENT – endodontic
sufficient light from the identification of dental identification becomes treatment
- # Of muscles: 639 individual provided that the person’s eye is - Recent ante-mortem dental records
focused towards the individual he wishes will be more reliable in comparative OTHER ASPECTS OF IDENTIFICATION
- Bones in skull: 22
to identify and exclusionary mode of WHICH MAY BE RELATED TO HUMAN
- Bones ins chest: 25
identification DENTITION
- Hand & fingers: 6 ARTIFICIAL LIGHT – identification is
- Ribs: 12 relative to the kind and intensity of light 1. Personal, occupational and
Child’s dentition – up until second molar
cultural traits
DETERMINATION OF SEX 2. Sex – presence of Barr bodies
Adult’s dentition – up until third molar
from palatal scrapings
Tests to determine sex: TEETH PD NO 1575 – requires dental practitioners
to keep records of their patients ASPECTS OF IDENTIFIFCATION
1. Social test – differences in the social FOLLOWING POINTS TO BE REQUIRIN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE:
role of sexes (no longer used) CONSIDERED IN THE STUDY OF TEETH DENTAL RECORDS – being used for
2. Genital test FOR IENTIFICATION PROCESS: 1. Fingerprinting
comparison in dental identification to
3. Gonadal test 2. Dental identification
produce identification
 Gonads or sex glands – 1. Whether it is temporary or permanent 3. Handwriting
glands that produce the 2. Number of teeth present DESCRIPTION OF LOCATION FOR 4. Identification of skeleton
gametes (sex cells0 and 3. Number of teeth lost, including DENTAL IDENTIFICATION 5. Determination of sex
sex hormones of organism evidence of time lost 6. Determination of age
 Testes for males, ovary for 4. Nature of teeth: straight, reverse, TEETH POSITION: 7. Identification of blood and blood
females crooked stains
4. Chromosomal test – presence of Barr 5. Condition of present teeth: carious, 1. Anterior – from cuspid (canine) 8. Identification of hairs and fibers
bodies colored, cavities to cuspid including central and
 Barr bodies – inactivated 6. Presence of supernumerary teeth lateral incisors SEROLOGY – study of blood and its
X-chromosome; indicative 7. Odontoid gum 2. Posterior – all bicuspids composition
condensed X-chromosome 8. Extraction of dental fitting, permanent (premolars) and molar teeth
found in female cells bridge work, etc. TATTOO MARKS
SURFACES:
Odontology – can be used only with dental TATTOO MARKS – may imply previous
record. The most convenient way of 1. Occlusal – in contact with the commitment to prison or membership in
LIGHT AS A FACTOR IN identifying a person by means of teeth is opposing teeth when jaws are gang
IDENTIFICATION the use of dental diagram or chart closed
2. Mesial – direct contact with the METHODS OF TATTOO REMOVAL:
CLEAREST TO MOONLIGHT – person DETERMINING AGE adjacent tooth towards midline
cannot recognize under 3. Distal – direct contact with 1. Excision – injection of a local
- 12 permanent teeth – 9 years old adjacent tooth away midline anesthetic to numb the area after
- the clearest moonlight at a distance - 20 permanent teeth – 11 years old 4. Buccal – surface facing the lip of which tattoo is removed
greater than 16-17 yards - 28 permanent teeth and no deciduous cheek 2. Dermabrasion – small portion of
- By starlight any further than 10-13 teeth – 13 years old 5. Lingual – surface facing the tattoo is freeze and sanded with
yards - 1-4 wisdom – between 17-21 years tongue rotary abrasive instrument causing
- Calcification begins at 3rd molars – 8- the skin to peel
BROAD DAYLIGHT – person can hardly MAMELONS – rounded humps on the 3. Laser – one of the best methods of
10 years old
recognize another person edge of the teeth tattoo removal
- Root ends of the 3rd molars are
complete calcified – 25 years old 4. Salabrasion – old procedure using
- At a distance further than 100 yards if RESTORATION local anesthetic
- Develops cementum – after 30 years
the person never seen before
- Almost stranger – 25 yards DENTAL IDENTIFICATION – Importance 1. Amalgam (silver alloy filling) SCARS
of human dentition in identification:
FLASH OF FIREARM – two inches high PROSTHESIS SCARS – composed of fibrous tissues
can be reed within the aid of the flash of a - An adult has 32 teeth and each tooth which take the place of the original tissue
caliber 22 firearm at a distance of two fee it 1. Fixed – dental bridge, crown which have been injured or destroyed
has 5 surfaces
Appearance or characteristics of scars: determine the genuineness of  Greek: cheir – a hand; skopien – to
fingerprint from imaginative one examine
1. Surgical operation – regular form and  Utilized by William Heschel
location with stich marks
 Form of identification by PODOSCOPY – study of the prints of the
the presence of regular FINGERPRINT AND FRICTION SKIN soles of the feet
form and location of stitch
marks DACTYLOSCOPY – the study of fingers  Greek: podo – foot; skopien – to
2. Burns and scalds – scars are large, examine
 derived from Latin words: “dactyl” –
irregular shape and may be keloid
finger and “skopien” – to study or RIDGEOLOGY – study of the uniqueness
3. Gunshot wounds – disc like with
examine of the friction ridge skin and its use to
depressed center. May be adherent to
 the practical application of fingerprints personal identification
the underlying tissues
 field of study that makes identification
4. Tuberculous sinus – irregular in
of fingerprint by making collation or EDGEOSCOOPY – study of the
shape, furrowed with edges hardened
comparison, and classification of FP morphological characteristics of friction
uneven
ridges
5. Gumma – depressed scar following
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF IDENTIFICATION
loss of tissue DACTYLOGRAPHY – study of fingers. The  Study of development of finger(print)
6. Venesection – located at the bend of THE LAW OF MULTIPLICITY OF scientific study of fingerprints as a means  Contour or shape of the edges of
elbow, dorsum of feet, or at the EVIDENCE of identification friction ridges
temporal region
7. Lupus – bluish-white scar - States that the greater the number of DACTYLOLOMANCY – study of CHEILOSCOPY – study of lip prints
8. Wet cupping – short parallel scars on similarities or dissimilarities, the fingerprints for purposes of interpreting
the lower part of back and loin greater the probability for the one’s personality
conclusion to be correct
TRIBAL MARKS – common practice of DERMATOGLYPHICS – the study of skin WHY FINGERPRINT?
some tribes in Africa is to place some PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINT pattern. Derived from Greek words,
marks on the exposed parts of the body “derma” – skin and “glype” – carve - Fingerprint evidence is the most
IDENTIFICATION (dogmatic principle)
positive investigative means for
SEXUAL ORGANS – circumcision may PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY IGNOFALANGOMETRICA – devised by identifying people
help in identification. Juan Vucetich based on the Galton system - Fingerprints form on a person before
- States that there are no two-person which literally means finger track birth and remain unchanged until the
BLOOD EXAMINATION – ABO grouping having the same fingerprints measurements body decomposes after death
and MN typing  fingerprint differs from person
and digit to digit  was later on renamed: WHAT IS FINGERPRINT?
EXTRINSIC FACTORS IN DACTYLOSCOPIA – the study of
IDENTIFICATION: PRINCIPLE OF PERMANENCY fingerprint tracks or measurement FINGERPRINT – a pattern of friction
details that are comprised of ridges and
1. Identification of ornamental - states that once the ridges are fully DACTYLOSCOPIA – means fingerprint valleys
wearing apparel developed their general arrangement description (Rodriguez, 2004)
2. Personal belongings remains the same throughout a RIDGES – consists of series of islands
3. Clothing person’s life each containing a small opening or pores
4. Dust  no changes of ridges throughout
5. Identification by close friends OTHER FIELD RELATED TO FURROWS (VALLEYS) – canal like
one’s life, except for normal
6. Criminal records DACTYLOSCOPY structure found in fingers
growth and permanent scarring
7. Photograph
POROSCOPY – study of the sweat pores FINGERPRINTS
PRINCIPLE OF INFALLABILITY
 Greek: poros -a pair; skopien – to - an impression designed by the ridges
- states that fingerprint is a reliable
examine on the inside of the last joint of the
positive means of identification
 Edmond Locard – father of Poroscopy finger or thumb on any smooth
 involves certainty that it is not
surface through the media of an ink,
capable of committing mistakes
CHIROSCOPY – study of the prints if the sweat, or any reagents capable of
 fingerprint cannot be forged
palms of the hand producing visibility
successfully to deceive the eyes
- friction ridge record of an individual
of an expert who knows to
 separated by furrows. Each ridges SWEAT PORES – small opening found - Can be found all over the body but
bears a row of sweat pores. anywhere across the ridge surface but higher density on the friction ridge
USES AND IMPORTANCE OF - When perspiration flows out of these usually found in the center. Sometimes surfaces
FINGERPRINT: pores, it courses over the ridges down called “islands” - Only sweat gland in the palm and
into furrows wherein, whenever finger soles of feet
 Valuable in identification of criminals thumb touches a smooth surface, a o Can be a good basis in - Activity of these glands are controlled
whose fingerprint were found at the perspiration impression of the ridges determining if a fingerprint record by the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
crime scene is left on the surfaces was taken from deceased or SYSTEM
 Helps in the identification of individual - These impressions are called latent or surviving object - Responds to thermal, emotional and
who lost their memory, reported chance impression medical stimuli
missing, unknown deceased person, SWEAT DUCT – long host-like structure - Cannot be controlled by the individual
victims of tragedy, DVI, wanted and PAPILLARY – also termed as that’s serves as a passageway for the - Secretions: mostly water, amino
fugitive persons. epidermal ridges sweat acids, proteins, lipids
 Provide criminal history of unknown
offenders and establishes their true FRICTION SKIN - is an epidermal hairless SWEAT GLANDS – glands found in the
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
identity skin found on the ventral or lower surface dermis layer of the skin which is
Significant in identification work:
 Exchanging criminal information with of the hands and feet covered with minute responsible for the production od sweat
amino acids, proteins, fatty acids or
the identification bureaus of other ridges and furrows and without pigment or lipids
countries interest coloring matters
AMINO ACID – Autonomic Nervous
FRICTION SKIN AND ITS COMPONENTS  Strips of skin on the inside of the first System causes to secrete large
joints of our fingers and thumbs by FUNDAMENTAL LAYER OF THE SKIN amount of amino acid under STRESS
PHALANGE – the skeletal finger covered which fingerprints are made FATTY ACIDS – also known as,
with friction skin and made up of three EPIDERMIS – outer layer covering of the LIPIDS; contains waxes and
bones which is: skin, waterproof, protective layer squalene’s and will stay longer
1. Basal or Proximal Phalange – COMPONENTS OF FRICTION SKIN on the surface if protected from
o Two main layers:
located at the base of the finger air. Not made from proteins
1) Stratum Corneum – outer layer
nearest to the pal RIDGE SURFACE
2) Stratum Mucosum – beneath the APOCRINE GLAND
2. Middle phalange – next and covering layer
1. RIDGES – tiny elevation or hill-
above the basal bone - Secretions from coarse hair of armpits
like structures found on the
3. Terminal phalange – particular DERMIS – Inner layer of the skin and pubic area
epidermis layer of the skin
bone covered with friction skin containing blood vessels, various glands - Gland which is found on pubic,
containing sweat pores
having all the direct types of and nerves. Where dermal papillae is mammary and anal areas
o Appears black lines with
fingerprint patterns; tip of finger found - Secretes thicker fluid, milky in
tiny white dots called pores
in an inked impression appearance and dried in plastic like
CREASE – line or linear depression o Mainly made up of fibrous
o Main function: solid, which fluoresced and had odor
proteins and other molecules - Isolated from this secretion are
 Grooves at the joints of the 1) To grip or create o KERATONICYTE – cell of
phalanges, at the junction of the digits friction proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol
epidermis that produces keratin
and across the palmar and plantar 2) To heighten the sense and is formed in the basal SEBACEOUS GLANDS
surfaces that accommodate flexion of touch epidermal layer above dermis
- In the dermis layer of the skin
HYPOTHENAR AREA – friction ridge skin 2. FURROWS – canal-like - Can be found throughout the body
on the palm, below the interdigital area on impression or a depression - Associated with body hair, on scalp,
the ulnar side of palm found between the ridges which COMPOSITION OF SWEAT SECRETION face, etc.
may be compared with the low - Its purpose is to prevent sweat
FULCRUM AREA – area between the Natural secretion glands in the dermis:
area in a tire thread evaporation and lubricate hair and
thumb and index finger on the palm
o Appears white lines in inked surrounding skin
1) Eccrine sweat glands
PAPILLARY SYSTEM impression - Secretes: LIPIDS, FATTY ACIDS,
2) Apocrine sweat glands
o Raised portion of the SEBUM
3) Sebaceous sweat glands
- The epidermal skin of the palmar epidermis on the palmar or
surface of the hands and plantar plantar skin, consisting one SEBACEOUS AND APROCRINE – are to
surface of the feet present indicates or more connected ridge contribute to latent print deposit
patterns formed by the ridges units ECCRINE GLAND
COMPOSITION OF LATENT PRINT PLASTIC PRINTS – a mold of the friction of the skin on the fingers, palms toes, and 4. POLYDACTYL (HYPERDACTYL) –
RESIDUE ridge structure. May be preserved with soles of the feet. condition which a person has more
silicon casting materials than regular number of fingers
- Water – 99% when deposited on o Does not contain coloring 5. ADERMATOGLYPHIA– lack of ridges
surface pigments or melanin 6. RIDGE HYPOPLASIA –
- Water – soluble o It is the one that regenerates the underdeveloped ridge
- Water – insoluble RIDGE FORMATION skin 7. SYNDACTYL – side fusion of some
- Foreign materials: motor oil or grease, fingers
other bodily secretions, oil from foods Ridges begin to form on a human fetus RIDGE DESTRUCTION 8. PENTADACTYL – normal,
during the 3rd to 4th months of the fetus’ life.
occurrence of five fingers in hand and
DETECTION OF WATER SOLUBLE (Fifth to sixth months before birth). Ridge Destruction of the friction skin can either be
feet
(ECCRINE SWEAT GALNDS) formation begins to form everywhere. temporary or permanent. Generally
9. ELECTRODACTYL – absence of all
temporary destruction occurs when
In the early stage of fingerprint fingers
 Powder and brush – for fresh prints only the epidermis layer of the friction
and non-porous surface (non- development, deltas come from Three skin has been damage, while permanent NAEGELI SYNDROME – rare autosomal
absorbent) Converging Ridge. damage can be injected to the friction skin dominant form of electrodermal dysplasia
 DFO or Ninhydrin – for porous due to damage to the dermis layer. characterized by reticular skin
The basis of the persistence (growth and
surface with amino acid pigmentation
development of fingerprint) is found in Manual works: Persons who used
 Cyanoacrylate – fuming for non-
morphology and physiology. chemicals like lime, cement, plasters;
porous JUXTAPOSE – setting specimens for
 Silver nitrate – porous with sodium electric shop workers and assembly comparison
Morphology – area comprised of the
chloride workers are usually prone to the
combination of ridge flow, characteristic
 Fluorescence exam – porous and temporary destruction of the tissues
and structure.
non-porous
Warts – fibrous growths in the skin and are
 Physical developer – exposed to The basis of uniqueness lies on
easily distinguished in impressions by the
water embryology – where we trace back the
appearance of a light spot.
 Fuming method – if the latent print uniqueness of fingerprint.
were found in duct tape o usually encircled by a black ring
A low ridge count starts to progress at the
 Ninhydrin – on white paper
point of top and bottom. PERSONALITIES WHO TRIED TO
 Dusting method – shiny glass Ulcers – in cases where ulcerous sores
attack the ridges, they are permanently DESTROY FINGERPRINTS
VOLAR PAD – the palm of the hand or
soles of the feet. destroyed; for ulcers work so deeply into
CATEGORIES OF FINGERPRINTS JOHN DILLINGER – US notorious public
the flesh as to destroy the sweat glands
enemy No 1 who tried to remove his
o Becomes prominent at the fingerprints with acid but failed
PATENT PRINTS – visible even before Burns – severe enough to leave a scar that
period of 8 weeks
processed with powder or chemicals will change the appearance of the skin and
o The size of the volar pad during ROBERTS JAMES PITTS – “The Man
totally destroy the ridges
o In most cases, fingerprints the primary ridge formation Without Fingerprints”.
appear to be semi-visible prints affects ridge count o destruction of the sweat glands
o Visible impression LOCARD AND WITKOWSJI OF LYONS –
from any cause will change the
PADDLE LIKE – the growth of hand performed rather painful experiments on
o Contaminant transfer skin surface
progresses at this form at an early stage themselves by burning their fingerprints
NEGATIVE PATENT PRINTS – removal of with boiling water, hot oil and hot metal,
MINUTIAE FORMATION – individual had shown that after healing of the
surface material by contact of the friction formation of ridges IRREGULARITIES IN FINGERS epidermis, the original patterns of
ridges like prints on dust.
fingerprint reappeared.
MINUTIAE – characteristics or features of 1. ECTODACTYLY – born with missing
LATENT PRINTS – prints that are not the friction ridges. Specific formation. fingers DONALD ROQUIERRE – cuts in the
readily visible to the naked eye but require
development to allow visualization 2. MACRODACTYL – condition where a middle of each finger, remove the resulting
BIOLOGICAL UNIQUENESS – no two
person’s finger is enlarged skin turned the circles upside down and
portions of any living organism are exactly
o Partially visible impression 3. MICRODACTYL replace them on different fingers
alike
o Development – needed to make (BRANCHYDACTYL) – condition
where a person’s finger is smaller NECTOR ORTIZ – mutilated his fingers
latent prints visible DERMAL PAPPILAE – are irregular blunt
than the usual size with a razor blade and burned his hand
pegs composed of delicate connective
tissues protruding and forming the ridges
THEODORE KLUTIS – tried to Mutilate his Three points to remember when o Abducted children HOW ARE FINGEPRINTS IDENTIFIED?
fingerprints by cutting his fingers in various damage on injury to a papillary skin o Casualties of war
places but there were still enough ridge causes a permanent scar o Victims of disasters a. By comparing and noting ridge
details left for the authorities to identify him characteristics on two prints to
(DVI)
1. A penetration of a depth of more determine whether or not they
GUS WINKLER – slashed and teared the than one-millimeter is necessary match
flesh of his fingers where the organs or process b. identification is established when
responsible for the growth of ridge a number of these
JOSE IZQUIERDO – undergo Mutilation elements are damaged or interrupted characteristics occupy the same
process, make “Z” shape cut on fingertip, in their activities relative position on the two prints
lifted and switching two triangular skin
patches and stitching them back 2. Due to the destruction of these HOW MANY POINTS OF
organ and deprivation of the power IDENTIFICATTION ARE SUFFICIENT TO
to produce new ridge elements, the ESTABLISH IDENTIFICATION?
process of fission is affected
CAN A FINGEPRINT BE FORGED? NO. a. No set standard number required
3. Because of the extensive damage, b. Left to each individual fingerprint
There is a considerable controversy examiner
regarding the possibility of forging the the skin is rendered incapable of
fusing c. Deciding factors:
fingerprint or making a simulated 1) Clarity of impressions
impression or a perfect replica of 2) Uniqueness formation
impression of fingers. 3) Fingerprint examiners and
IMPORTANCE OF FINGERPRINT
ability
- It is used for identifying suspects for
investigation purposes. POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION:
CAN A POLICE FORCE A PERSON TO
BE FINGERPRINTED? YES! - Used to provide identity for
unidentified dead person. 1. United states – no set number
- Used for the identification of missing 2. England – 16
LEGALA ARREST – Resistance and
person. 3. France – 17
Disobedience to Person in Authority
- Detecting a criminal identity through 4. Germany – 12
fingerprints collected at the scene and 5. Philippines – no set number
determining recidivism or habitual FINGERPRINT PATTERNS
PATTERNS IDENTIFIED IN THE GALTON
delinquency.
THE PATTERN – unique characteristic of SYSTEM – 9
- Used as a means of verification or
confirmation of public documents. the ridges and valleys that make up a print
PATTERNS IN GALTON-HENRY
REASONS WHY FINGERPRINT IS THE - Used as records in the police SYSTEM WITH FBI MODIFICATION – 8
FINGERPRINT PATTERNS
MOST INFALLIBLE MEANS OF departments and other law
IDENTIFICATION enforcement agency for the purpose - Other term:
of issuing clearance. 1) Galton details
1. Fingerprint are already formed about - Modern technology utilizes THE FINGERPRINT PATTERNS
2) Friction ridge
3 to 4 months of intra uterine life and fingerprints in the opening of volts or characteristics THE ARCH (5%) (-)
will remain unchanged thru out life doors leading to confidential matters.
until final decomposition Used as a means in checking or FINGERPRINTS a. Plain Arch (A) (60%) – pattern in
2. The pattern formation formed by the verifying entry of authorized
which the ridges flow from one side to
papillary ridge contains peculiar personnel on certain business - Is one of the first firms of life that a the other side with a slight raise at the
characteristics upon which a person establishments. human body takes on before birth and center
can always be identified by fingerprint one of the last to disappear after
examiners LAW ENFORCEMENT USE OF death
FINGERPRINT b. Tented Arch (T) (40%) – pattern
3. Almost every police and law - Recorded impressions of the friction having either an angle, uptrust, or an
enforcement agencies thru out the ridges located on the surface of the incomplete loop form
- Investigation of crimes
world accept, adopt and utilizes finger  Angle type – tented arch
(identification of suspects)
fingerprint system as a means of with a short vertical ridge
- To help identify: PURPOSE OF FINGERPRINT
absolute identification forming an angle of 90
o Amnesia victims IDENTIFICATION: to establish the identity
o Missing persons degrees or more.
or non-identity of two sets of fingerprints
  Uptrust – horizontal ridge Pattern Area – part of the fingerprint that 6) Point on a long ridge
that makes a sufficient rise c. Double Loop Whorl (D) – two lies within the area surrounded by the type  Most common delta – bifurcation
at the center. separate loop formations are lines.
 Incomplete loop – similar to seen with two distinct sets of RULES ON CHOOSING DELTA:
a loop with missing one or shoulders and two deltas  It is where the core, delta and
two elements other ridge characteristics used 1. A bifurcation may not be selected as
Interlocking loops – generally for classification can be found a delta if it does not open towards the
THE LOOP (65%) considered plain whorls core
Recurving or Looping Ridge – kind of ridge 2. A bifurcation should be the first
Elements of Loop: d. Accidental Whorl (X) – consist of formation that curves back in the direction ridge formation in front of the
a combination of two different from which it started. It looks like a hairpin. divergence of the type lines and it
1) A core must open toward the pattern area
types of patterns with the
2) A delta Sufficient Re-curve – re-curving ridge 3. When there is a choice between two
exception of plain arch, with two
3) A sufficient recurve complete in its shoulder and is free from or more possible deltas, the one
or more deltas or a pattern which
4) At least one ridge count any appendage nearest to the core should be
possess some requirements for
two or more different types of a selected
a. Radial Loop (RH: / - LH: \) (6%) – Shoulders of a loop – the points at which 4. When there is a choice between two
pattern. recurving ridge definitely turns inwards or
loop pattern in which the slanting or or more possible deltas one of which
looping ridge flows towards the thumb curves is a bifurcation, the bifurcation
finger should be selected
Appendage – short ridge found at the top
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS (GALTON 5. The delta may not be located on the
b. Ulnar loop (RH: \ - LH: /) (94%) – loop or at the summit of a re-curving ridge
DETAILS) middle of the ridge running between
pattern in which the slanting or the type lines towards the core, but at
Rod or Bar – short or long ridge found
looping ridge flows towards the little Bifurcation – single ridge that divides itself the end of the ridge
inside the innermost re-curving ridge of a
finger in two or more branches. It is sometimes 6. When a pattern shows a series of
loop pattern
called a fork, making it impression bifurcation opening towards the core
Lazy Loop – generally, a loop over a Obstruction Ridge – short ridge found at the point of divergences of the type
plain arch Converging Ridges – characterized by a lines, the bifurcation nearest the
inside the innermost re-curving ridge that
closed angular end and serves as a point core is chosen as the delta
spoiled the inner flow towards the center of
Loop – classified as a loop over a of convergence. The meeting of two ridges 7. In case of a ridge near the center of
the pattern
plain arch that were previously running side by side the type lines despite several
Incipient – very thin ridge bifurcating ridge opening towards the
Diverging Ridges – two ridges that are
core, the delta is located at the point
flowing side by side and suddenly Common Occasional Rare of the first bifurcation just in front of
separating or spreading apart Ending Enclosure Trifurcation the divergence of the type lines
THE WHORL (30%) Bifurcation T Junction Crossing
Enclosure or Lake or Eyelet – ridge that
Dot Short ridge row of dots
Basic elements of whorl: divides into two branches and meets to CORE AND DELTA
form the original ridge CORE (Inner terminus)
1. Two or more deltas FINGERPRINT TERMINUS (FOCAL
2. At least one complete circuiting Ending Ridge – end point of a ridge, or a POINTS) - In a loop, patterns are formed in a
ridge ridge with an abrupt ending
variety of ways but are always found
DELTA (Outer Terminus) on or within the innermost looping or
a. Plain Whorl (W) – at least one Islands or Dots – ridge that resembles a
dot, fragment or a period. re-curving ridge
circuiting ridge is touched or - point on the first ridge formation
crossed by the imaginary line located directly at or in front of and RULES GOVERNING THE SELECTION
Type lines – basic boundaries of fingerprint
traversing between the two nearest the center of the divergence OF CORE:
patterns.
deltas. Two loops joined over a of the type lines
plain arch.  They are the two innermost 1. When there is no bar or rod inside the
ridges that are running parallel or  Six delta formation: innermost sufficient recurve, the core
b. Central Pocket Loop Whorl (C) – nearly parallel with each other 1) Bifurcating ridge is placed on the shoulder of the re-
No circuiting ridge within the which diverge at a certain point 2) Dot curving ridge farther from the delta
pattern area is touched or cross tending to surround the pattern 3) Ending ridge 2. When an innermost re-curving ridge
by an imaginary line drawn area. 4) Short ridge contains a rod or an ending ridge
between the two deltas. 5) Converging ridge rising as high as the shoulders of the
 loop, the core is placed on the RULES: above the right delta and there are three Fingerprint Ink – specially manufactured
summit of the rod (3) or more intervening ridges ink for purposes of taking fingerprints. A
3. When the innermost recurving ridge 1. Look for the left delta and trace the printer’s ink is sometimes used as a
contains an uneven number of rods delta towards the front of the right Outer Whorl (O) – is a whorl pattern substitute
rising as high as the shoulder line or delta. whereby a tracing ridge runs or gores
even higher the core is placed upon 2. When the ridge being traced abruptly below or outside the right delta and there PORELON PAD – contains a built-in ink
the end of the center ridge whether ends, drop to the next ridge just right are three (3) or more intervening ridges supply
it touches the innermost re-curved below the original tracing ridge and
or not continue the tracing until it reached Meeting Whorl (M) – Is a Whorl pattern Magnifying Glass – instrument used for
4. When the innermost re-curve contains the opposite side (right delta). having two (2) or less intervening ridge/s examination of developed prints
an even number of ridges which are 3. When the left delta is a dot, same regardless of whether the tracing ridge
thing should be done as in No. 1 flows below or above the right delta Linen Tester – has an opening that is one-
rising as high or higher than its
Procedure. inch square, with fixed focus, and which
shoulder line of the two central ridges,
4. When the ridge being traced is a can be folded and carried in the pocket
the CORE is placed upon the end of
bifurcation always follow the lower when necessary
the SECOND ridge which is
FARTHER from the DELTA branch until tracing is completed.
Bausch & Lamb Magnifier – (also known
5. Determine whether the tracing ridge
as Horse Shoe Magnifier) a magnifying
RIDGE COUNTING AND TRACING flows inside (above) or below
glass with a built-in stand and an
(outside) the right delta.
RIDGE COUNTING – process of counting adjustable lens to suit the visual sight of
the ridges that touch or cross an imaginary WHORL TRACINGS: the examiner
line drawn between the delta and core of a
1. Trace from left delta, to a point Fingerprint Powders – powder used in
loop
opposite the right delta. developing latent prints found in the scene
RULES: 2. Trace from the farthest left delta to a of crime; they are normally found in two:
point opposite the farthest right delta the black and the white or gray, which is
1) Locate the exact points of the core when there are three or more deltas applied depending upon the contrasting
and delta present. background
2) Count all ridges which touch or cross 3. Drop down at ending ridges. Follow
an imaginary line drawn between the Fingerprint Brushes – instrument used for
the lower fork of a bifurcation.
core and the delta. powdering latent prints. There are three
4. Stop at the point opposite the right
variations of brushes used: the fiberglass,
delta and count ridges between that
RIDGE SUBJECT: magnetic and feather type
point and the delta.
5. If there are three or more ridges Fingerprint lifting tapes –tapes used for
- A ridge island or a dot gives one ridge
inside the right delta, the tracing is an lifting of developed latent prints which is
count
- I - INNER. quite harder than an ordinary tapes. It has
- A short ridge is given one ridge count
6. If there are three or more ridges three varieties: the frosted, rubber
- A long ridge is given one ridge count
outside the right delta, the tracing is
- An abrupt ending ridges is given one
an - O - OUTER. Latent Prints Transfer Cards –card used in
ridge count
7. If there are one or two ridges either preserving lifted latent prints which is either
- A bifurcating ridge is given two-ridge
inside or outside the right delta, or if TECHNIQUE IN TAKING FINGERPRINTS white or black in background.
count when it was cross in the
the tracing stops on the right delta AND ITS EQUIPMENT
opening or at the center of the
itself, the tracing is an - M - Fingerprint Cards – piece of card used for
bifurcation.
MEETING. Ink Roller – instrument used for spreading recording the ten fingerprints for
- Ridge enclosure is counted as two
8. It is not necessary to count more than the ink into the slab comparison. The usual size is 8”x8”
ridges.
three ridges.
- Cross crossing or meeting of two Ink Slab – piece of metal or a plane glass Flash light – device used for searching and
9. Do not count delta or tracing ridge.
ridges is counted as two. with as much as 1⁄4 thick and 6 or more focusing on developed latent prints
The tracing ridge is the ridge where
the tracing stopped opposite the right inches long where the fingerprint ink is
distributed for fingerprinting Roller or Tape Measure – roll tape used in
delta.
measuring a crime scene sketch
RIDGE TRACING – process counting the
RIDGE TRACING RULES: Card Holder – gadget used for clipping the
ridges intervening between the tracing Pair of forceps – instrument used for
fingerprint card to avoid movement of the
ridge (flows from the left delta to the right picking up objects or taking evidence which
Inner Whorl (I) – is a whorl pattern whereby card during printing
delta) and the right delta. should not be touched
a tracing ridge runs or goes inside or
Graph Paper – used for sketching - Rolled from nail to nail  Missing at Birth – MAB PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION
purposes such as latent print’s location,  Preliminary to classification of
indicating measurements and exact PROBLEMS IN RECORDING INKED prints:
location of objects FINGERPRINT
PLAIN IMPRESSION  CHECK whether the rolled
Evidence Identification tapes or Tag – Temporary Deformities – occupational fingerprint impressions
used to identify objects or physical - an impression made simultaneously problems such as acid workers, plasters, were affixed in their proper
evidence that serves as a reference impression cement mixers, assembly workers in place in the fingerprint chart
- located at the bottom of the card and electrical appliance plant. using the plain impression
Scissors – simple instrument for cutting taken simultaneously
as the guide
latent print tapes and for other purposes - referred as “plain”, “flat”, or “slapped” Permanent Deformities – one permanent
impressions disability is in the case of an amputated
 BLOCKING THE
Rubber Gloves – protect the technician’s - used to verify the sequence and finger. In such cases, proper notation of
FINGERPRINT- is the
fingers from leaving his own prints on the accuracy of the rolled impressions the exact blocks where the amputated
process of writing below
object or on the scene fingers are to be recorded should be made.
PURPOSE OF PLAIN IMPRESSION each pattern the
Post-Mortem Fingerprint Equipment – set Deformities – in this situation, one frequent corresponding symbols of
of equipment consisting of hypodermis - To serve as a guide in checking the problem is that a case of a person with the fingerprints in the space
syringe, spoon, tissue builder solvent, and rolled impression, whether or not the extra fingers. In which case, the extra provided for each pattern
tissue cleaner, among others. It is used for rolled impression was properly placed fingers should be recorded at the back of
taking the prints of dead persons on their respective boxes. the card with the necessary notation CLASSIFICATION FORMULA:
- To check on the ridge characteristics  Primary Division – Always
Carrying Case – a box-like structure or an of the plain impression, if the rolled represented by a numerical
attaché used for carrying necessary impression is somewhat faint, or value assigned to whorl patterns
equipment at the scene of the crime indistinct due to the bad condition of CLASSIFICATION OF FINGERPRINT depending on what finger they
the friction skin either temporary or appear.
Inkless Inking Device – a porelon pad, permanently deteriorated or in case of CLASSIFICATION FOMULA  Arch and Loop are non-
sensitized fingerprint card purpose that is a doubtful or questionable prints. numerical patterns.
used in order not to stain the fingers.  Primary – represented by numerical
 A, T, / \ = Zero (0)
SCIENTIFIC WAY OF TAKING value assigned to whorl
 Whorl patterns
Postmortem kit – consists of a spoon, FINGERPRINTS  Secondary – combination of capital
(WCDX)
finger straightener, and a spatula and small letters (rat).
1. Prepare the Set-up for printing  Sub-secondary – ridge counting and
2. Clean the inking slab thoroughly ridge tracing of whorl and loop on the Finger Value
before spreading the ink index, middle and ring fingers.
 Major – derived from both thumb Rthumb –
3. Place a small amount of fingerprint 1&2 16
 Final – derived from both little fingers. Rindex
ink on each side of the slab and in the
Placed on extreme right. Rmiddle –
center, and then start spreading the 3&4 8
Rring
ink using the roller back and forth until  Key – ridge count of the first loop
Rlittle –
the ink is evenly distributed except little finger placed on the 5&6 4
Lthumb
extreme left.
Lindex –
Thumb – rolled towards the subject 7&8 2
Lmiddle
Fingers – away from the subject’s Sequence:
Lring -
body 9 & 10 1
Key Major Primary Sec SubSec Final Llittle
TWO TYPES OF PRINTS FOUND IN A
P= 1/1 +
FINGERPRINT CARD
ACCEPTABLE NOTATIONS IN
ROLLED IMPRESSION FINGERPRINT BLOCKS PRIMARY DIVISION
SECONDARY DIVISION
- impression made or placed in the Electronic codes – XX (amputated) or UP - sum of all the numerical value
fingerprint card taken individually by (unable to print) - obtained by writing (copying) the
assigned to whorl appearing in the
rolling the ten fingers of the subject Capital letter symbols (taken from the
fingerprint card expressed as
180 degrees from tip to the second Paper Fingerprint Mutations: INDEX FINGERS) and the small
numerator and denominator plus (=)
joints letters (from the thumb, middle, ring
 Amputated – XX the pre-established fraction of 1/1
- Taken individually, impressions and little fingers).
 Tip – AMP to complete the primary division.
located at the top of the card
SUB-SECONDARY DIVISION - The results of the ridge counting of a  CHANCE PRINTS – prints left on PHYSICAL METHODS
loop or Whorl will be exhibited at the surface accidentally or unconsciously
- derived by ridge counting of loop and extreme right corner of the POWDERS – adhere to both water and
ridge Tracing of whorl found at the classification line.  SMUDGED PRINTS – prints made by fatty deposits
index, middle ring fingers only - TAKE NOTE that the whorl will be sliding motion of the finger
ridge counted and it is not to be ridge  Regular – carbon, black, flake
LOOP PATTERNS: traced  FRAGMENTARY PRINTS – partial metal
 Index – 1-9: (I), 10 or more: (O)  If central or plain whorl print impression  Magnetic – light, dark,
 Middle – 1-10: (I), 11 or more: appeared on the little fluorescent
(O) fingers, we will treat them  Fluorescent – powder with
 Ring – 1-13: (I), 14 or more: (O) as ULNAR LOOP TYPES OF LATENT PRINTS fluorescent dye stain
 Double loop whorl – ridge  Biochromatic – reflective
WHORL PATTERNS: count on top loop 1. Visible prints - are those prints which aluminum powder and black
 Accidental – least ridge are readily visible to the naked eye. It powder
 Ridge Tracing of Whorl
count can either be: Molded prints or Prints
 Inner Whorl (I) – tracing above or Visualization with powders
made by contamination with colored
inside the right delta KEY DIVISION  Light powders – reflected light
substance.
 Outer Whorl (O) – tracing ridge  Dark powders – absorbed light
2. Invisible prints - prints that are
below or outside the right delta - Derived by getting the ridge count of  Fluorescent powders –
generally made by sweat or
 Meeting Whorl (M) –two or less the first (l) loop except the little luminescence
perspiration that requires developing
intervening ridge/s\ fingers.  Biochromatic powders – mix of
for visibility.
- In the absence of the loop, the first reflective aluminum powder and
MAJOR DIVISION whorl will be ridge counted for the black powder for visualization in
purpose. both light and dark surfaces
- This is similar in process as the sub
DEVELOPMENT METHODS
secondary division though it applies to REFERENCE CLASSIFICATION
the thumbs only 1. Physical FORMULA – is an additional formula serve
CLASSIFICATION OF AMPUTATED 2. Chemical as a reference in case of doubtful prints.
 Whorl Patterns – ridge tracing = FINGER 3. Optical
I, O, M.  Placed the bottom of the
 Loop Patterns – ridge Counting - In the case of a missing one or more SURFACE TYPES classification formula.
= S, M, L. fingers on the same hand, the pattern
 Arch Patterns – Dash (-) of the corresponding digit of the other 1. Porous – Absorbent: paper, Factors Affecting Stability or Prints at
hand will be taken. cardboard, wood the Crime Scene
TABLE A TABLE B - When one or more fingers of both 2. Non-porous – repel moisture,
1-11 S 1-17 S hands are missing, the said same polished: glass, metal, plastics, a. Subject Factor
12-16 M 18-22 M fingers will be arbitrarily be interpreted lacquered or painted wood, rubber
17 or L 23 or L as Plain Whorl with meeting as 3. Semi-porous – glossy cardboard, b. Nature of the surface
more more tracing. finished wood, glossy magazine
c. Climatic Condition
- When all fingers of both hands are covers
missing, they are all to be considered 4. Textured – pebbled plastic surfaces of
 Table A used for both if the ridge
as Meeting Plain Whorl appliances
count doesn’t exceed 17
- When all fingers are amputated or Methods of Developing Prints
 Table B for left if it exceeded 17 CONSIDERATIONS PRIOR TO
missing at birth, treat all as a meeting
counts RECOVERING LATENT PRINT 1.Dusting Method – considered as the
plain whorl pattern
simplest and traditional methods used in
 Safety of the personnel at the scene developing prints at the scene of the
 Hazards from chemicals and light
sources for lab technicians and crime. (Use of Powder and Brush)
FINAL DIVISION instructors
 Surface type to be processed 2.Rolling Method – basically used in
- This is the division in the classification  Surfaced exposed to water or not? developing prints in paper done by simply
formula that is derived from the two  Availability of equipment rolling the paper with powder spreading
 LATENT PRINTS – prints found at the
(2) little fingers. scene of the crime  Exposure of the surface to extreme
heat in its surface.
3.Fuming Methods – done by using
chemical fumes such as Iodine and
Ammonium Fumes.

4.Silver Nitrate Method – done by spraying

5.Ninhydrin Method – is considered as one

6.Laser Method - is a modern method of

POST MORTEM FINGERPRINTS – are