Chapter 26
Japanese occupation and the Second republic
Japanese occupation lasted 3 years from (1942-45)
japan installed a puppet republic (second philippine republic)
january 3, 1942 the day after the bloodless occupation of manila
Lieut. Gen. Masaharu Homma
- commander in chief of the japanese Imperial forces in the
philippines.
- the administration was headed by director general.
japanese administration issued severe restrictions:
curfew and blackouts were maintained in manila; martial law was
declared; all firearms and ammunitions and other war materials were
confiscated; any hostile acts against japanese army was punishable
with death; japanese military proclaimed that for one japanese killed,
ten prominent filipinos were to pay their lives; the use of radio
transmitters were banned;
all industries, factories, banks, schools, churches, printing presses,
theaters were supervised by the military authorities.
the use of filipino flag and singing the philippine national anthem and
american songs were prohibited. The circulation of american dollars
was banned. Japanese war notes were circulated to replace the
philippine currency.
january 8,1942
- the japanese high command ordered mayor Jose B. Vargas to
organize the administrative constitution as soon as possible.
Jose B. Vargas
- mayor of the city of greater manila.
january 23,1942
-vargas response to the japanese high command that they are ready
to obey the japanese army for " the maintenance of peace and order
and the promotion of the well being of our people."
on the same day
the philippine executive commission was established by the japanese
high command.
it was composed of:
mr. vargas -chairman
and six filipino department secretaries:
1. benigno s. aquino
-commissioner of the interior
2. antonio de las alas
-commissioner of finance
3. jose p. laurel
-commissioner of justice
4. rafael alunan
-commissioner of agriculture and commerce
5. claro m. recto
-commissioner of education, health, and public welfare; and
6. quintin paredes
-commissioner of public works and communications
jose yulo
-former speaker of national assembly,was named chief justice of the
supreme court.
it was composed of 32 signers of the "letter of response."
the japanese high authorities change the local government
(provincial,municipal,and city)
three provinces were abolished
1. batanes
2. marinduque
3. romblon
chairman vargas promulgated executive order no. 76, on august
6,1942 upon orders of the japanese high command.
which created the city of greater manila, composed of manila
proper,quezon city, and the sorrounding towns of caloocan, san juan,
mandaluyong, makati, pasay and parañaque.
the chief officials of greter manila were the;
city mayor, city assistant mayor,city treasurer,city assessor,city fiscal,
city health officer, city architect engineer and the city fire brigade
commander.
under japanese auspices of hodoo-bu (propaganda section) japanese
army, attractive posters and handbills were circated in towns and
cities,containing catchy slogans- "asia for asiatics"; "philippines for
pilipinos"; "asia is one".
japanese simbunsya(later named Philippine publications controlled all
the new papers.
radio station KZRH (Later called PIAM) was in hapanese hands.
books, pamphlets, and periodicals glorifying japanese history and
culture, bushido, and military achievements swamped the reading
marts of the philippines.
some motion pictures were made in the philippines and produced by
japanese utilizing the services of filipino actors and actresses.
two of this pictures were;
the dawn of freedom
- origunally named "dawn with the stars and stripes"
tatlong maria
- three marys
both released by eiga haikusha.
japanes language (nippongo) and japanese culture were taught and
disseminated.
every year there was a so called"nippongo week"
neighborhood associations(samahang mag kakapit bahay)
-patterned after japan's tanari-gumi (neighborhood societies),the
neighborhood associations were formed to promote the sibly of
neighborliness among the families and to serve as channels of
distribution of prime commodities.
but it also serve as a spy network.
kapinsanan ng paglilingkod sa bagong pilipinas or society for service
to the new philippines ( KALIBAPI)
-creted by chairman vargas upon instructions by the japanese military
administration
-launched at the luneta, manila on december 30.
on May 1,1944
-president laurel reorganized the KALIBAPI into the "PEOPLE'S PARTY"
its the only political party during japanese occupation.
-affiliated with it were varioud auxilliary bodies, such as;
"JUNIOR KALIBAPI"
"WOMEN'S AUXILIARY SERVICE INSTITUTE"
KALIBAPI had 811 provincial, municipal and city chapters throughout
the philippines.
total memebers of 1,500,000 ADULT KALIBAPI
80,000 JUNIOR KALIBAPI
january 21, 1942 - premier general hideki tojo declared that
philippines would be granted the honor of independence.
two days after his speech japanese high command or
The Real Collaborators
-A despicable phenomenon during the japanese occupation of the philippines
was the existence of the regenade filipino who collaborated with the japanese
invaders.
The collaborators representing a very small minority of the population are;
The Ganaps
-Served as informers and spies for the japanese military authorities .
-They squeled on the guerillas and their supporters, who were this arrested,
tortured and later imprisoned or executed.
The Palaks
-So called Bamboo Army
•their duties were;
* to help the japanese apprehend the guerillas and their supporters
* to render guard duties for the japanese army
* to report to the japanese military authorities the presence of guerillas
in the town.
The U.N (United Nipon)
-They were given military training by japanese officers in combat tactics and
armed with japanese riffles and wore army uniforms.
-They fought with japanes troops against the guerrillas
The Pampars
-A notorious band of filipino collaborators named 'Pambansang Pag-asa ng mga
anak ni rizal' (National hope of the sons of Rizal).
>The Commander was a filipino renegade named Colonel Cristino Pendon, A
pure Pilila.
* They performed sentry duties for the japanese army and served as
auxilliary cambat troops.
The Makapilis
-The worst collaborators were the notorious Makapilis,who were members of
the fanatical pro-japanese organization called Makabayan: katipunan ng mga
pilipino (Patriotic Society of the filipinos).
-The heads are the three leading filipino japanophiles ,they are General Artemio
Ricarte, Benigno Ramos, and Pio Duran.
The Republic in Crisis
-In August 1944, the situation of the japanese-made philippine republic became
critical.
-Its existence depended on the might of japanese arms.
-MacArthur was winning his battles in the jungle islands of the southwest pacific
and was leapfrogging his way towas the philippines.
-September 21, 1944, President Laurel promulgated proclamation No.29
proclaiming martial law in the philippines.
-September 22, President laurel was pressured by frantic japanese military
authorities was compelled to issue proclamation No.30 declaring war on united
states.
>The landing of general MacArthur and his liberation forces in leyte on October
20, 1944 presaged the inevitable downfall of the japanese-sponsoref philippine
republic ----the second philippin republic in the history.
The Commonwealth in Exile
The government of the commenwealth-in-exile was functioning in
washington D.C. with Quezon as president and Osmeña as vice-president.
*Existed from May 13, 1942 to October 3, 1944.
*On June 14, 1942, it become a member of the wartime organization of Allied
countries called the 'United Nation'.
*On June 29, 1944, the U.S Congress, upon president roosevelt's
recommendations, enacted two joint resolutions, namely, Joint resolution
No.93 and Joint resolution No.94.
*November 15, 1943, is the President Quezon's term expire, on this date, Vice-
president Osmeña would have become the president of the philippines.
* The U.S Congress promulgate joint No.95, which president ssigned on
November 12, 1943, 3 days before the expiration of the President Quezon's
term.
*Quezon continued as president until his death at Sanarac lake sanitarium in
the morning of August 1, 1944.
*At 2:40 pm, august 1,1944, Osmeña became the president of the philippines.
The Restoration of the Commonwealth
-From August to October 1944, the tide of war decidedly turned in favor of the
united states, as american planes began to bomb targets in the philippines.
-On October 20, 1944, the main attack force of 174,000 american troops, ferried
by an armada of 700 warship, landed at Leyte.
-General MacArthur waded ashore at Red Beach, near Palo, Leyte accompanied
by President Osmeña, General Carlos P. Romulo and General Benigno Valdez.
-On October 23, the commonwealth Government was declared restored with
tacloban as the temporary capital.
Japan's Collapsed in Leyte
-the japanese suicide pilots known as kamikazee crashed their planes on the
american transport and warship at leyte gulf.
The japanese fleet sallied out in three columns toward leyte gulf.
*first column, japan's central fleet , coming from singapore, steamed past
palawan and through San bernardino strait (Samar).
*second column, the southern force, coming from borneo, approached surigao
strait, on its way to leyte gulf.
*third column, the northern force coming from formosa, rushed southward and
entered surigao strait.
These were interceped by the american task force under by:
^Rear-admiral J.B Oldendorf
^Admiral William F. Halsey
^Rear-admiral Thomas L.Frague
These three engagements, fought on october 23-26, 1944 ,were collectively
called the "Second battle of the philippines sea" or the "Battle for leyte gulf"
General Tomoyuki Yamashita
-successor to General kuroda as Commande-in-chief of the japanese forces in
the philippines , boasted that he would wipe out the americans.
Last days of the japanese occupation
December 21 1944, president laurel and his cabinet moved to baguio.
December 15, another american landing was affected at mindoro, thereby
bringing Mcarthure closer to manila.
January 19 1945, General McArthur stuck at luzon ,landing in full force at
lingayen.
February 23 1945, the bloody battle of manila ended.
General MacArthur continued his attack against the japanese.
All these places were liberated by the american;
Palawan invaded on march 1
Panay on march 18
Romblon and Zamboanga on march 29
Masbate on april 2
Bohol on april 11
Cotabato on april 19
Davao on may 4
The End of war
May 6 1945 ,the war in Europe came to close because of Germanyvs surrender
to the allied powers.
August 6 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped on hiroshima and it wiped
out 60% of the city.
August 9, the second atomic baomb in nagasaki, 40% of the city vanished.
Sep 2, the war with japan ended.
The first congress of the philippines;
*Senator Manuel A. Roxas
-former brigadier-general in the USAFFE was chosen president of the
senate.
*Senator Elpidio Quirino
-as president pro-tempore
*Representative Jose C. Zulueta
-became speaker of the house of representative
*Representative Prospero Sanidad
-as speaker pro-tempora
Two major political parties;
The liberal party
-Manual A. Roxas and Elpidio Quirino as standard-bearers for the president
and vice-president.
The Nacionalista Party
-Sergio Osmeña and Senator Eulogio Rodriguez as official candidates for
president and vice-president.
The election of April 23 1946 resulted in the triump of the liberal party.
