Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics) Longitudinal Strains in Beams a Problem §.4-1 Determine the maximum normal strain €,,. produced in a steel wire of diameter d = 1/16 in. when itis bent around a cylindrical drum of radius R = 24 in, (se figure). er Solution §.4-1 Steel wire R= din. From Bq. (5-4): R+d22R+d Substitute numerical values: Cylinder V6 in, = OL 300x108 2Q4in) + 16 in. Problem §.4-2 A copper wire having diameter d = 3 mm is bent into dodanie ‘circle and held with the ends jut touching (see Figur). Ifthe maximum \ permissible strain in the Copper is €gqx ~ 0.0024, what i the shortest |b = tenath Tength of wie that an be use? ) ar, Solution §.4-2 Copper wi epper wire d= 3mm, 285286 CHAPTERS Stresses in Beams (Basle Topics) Problem 5.4-3 4.5 in. outside diameter polyethylene pipe designed to ‘carry chemical wastes is placed in a trench and bent around a quarter «circular 90° bend (sce figure). The bent section of the pipe is 46 ft long, Determine the maximum compressive strain éj, in the pipe. Solution 5.43 Polyethylene pipe Angle equals 90° of a2 radians, P= p= tadius of curvature 4 nim Eig 1 = 46 = $52 in “a5 d= 45in ator 2or_ nr fue aL 4 402 Problem 5.4-4 A cantilever beam AB is loaded by a couple My at its tree end (see figure). The length of the beam is L = 1.5 mand the longitudinal normal strain atthe top surface is 0.001. The distance from the top surface of the beam to the neutral surface is 75 mm. Calculate the radius of curvature p, the curvature x, and the vertical deflection 6 atthe end of the beam. ‘Assume thatthe deflection curve is nearly fat. ‘Then the distance BC is the same as the length L. of the beam. Sm 75m aresin 0.02 = 0.02 rad (1 = cos 8) = (75 my(1 — c0s (0.02 rad)) Som 2 sin = 0.02 L Nore: = 100, which contims thatthe deflection ‘curve is nearly flatSECTIONS.4 Longitudinal Strains in Beams 287 Problem 5.4-5 A thin stip of steel of length £ = 20 in, and thickness Mo 1 = 0.2 in. is bent by couples Mg (see Figure). The deflection 6 at the ‘midpoint of the stip (measured from a Tine joining its end points) is found to be 0.25 in, Determine the longitudinal normal strain € atthe top surface of the strip. Solution 5.4-5 ‘Thin strip of steet ‘The deflection curve is very flat (note that L/S = 80) and therefore @/is a very small angle. 2 sing = 22 ? For small angles, #= sin @ = 2? (isin radians) P = p= poosa = pl ~ cos 6) ~cos *)) 2» L L Substitute numerical values (p = inches): 10 5 = p(1 — cos! 0.25 (1 cos) 20in, 1 = 0.2in, 0.25 in, Solve numerically: p = 200.0 in, NokMaL. strain O41 in, 100 10° ee pp 200in, (Shortening at the top surface) Problem §.4-6 A bar of rectangular cross section is loaded and supported as shown in the figure, The distance between supports is L = 1.2. mand the height of the bar is f= 100 mm. The deflection 8 a the midpoint is measured as 3.6 mm, ‘What is the maximum normal strain € atthe top and bottom of the bar?288 CHAPTERS Stresses in Beams (Basle Toles) Solution 5.4-6 Bar of rectangular cross section v y L= 12m b= 10mm = 36mm Suse mami aes (p= meter Not tha the defection curve erly at (Lip = 333) and savory smal angle sing 2 Solve numerically: p = 50.00 m ° Nona ste 0 = (eatians) ° L rom 10% 8 =p(1~cost)=(1-om£) ° (Elongation on top: shortening on bottom) Normal Stresses in Beams Problem 6.4 Ain sp of hard copper (E = 16400 ks having length £ = 80 jn, and thickness = 3/3 ent no ace and held with the ends just rouching (see figure), (@) Calculate the maximum bending stress o,. in the strip. (b) Does the stress increase or decrease if the thickness of the strip is inereased? Solution 5.5-1 Copper strip bent into a circle E= 16400ksi = 80in, 1 Substitute numerical values: gg = FLSA ksi (3/92 in.) L 80, r= 2p Pa (b) CHANGE IN STRESS (a) Maxim BENDING ksi L the thickness rs increased, the SESS p44 increases.Problem 5.5-2 Asteel wire ( is bent around a pulley of radius Ry (a) What is the maximum stress inthe wire? 200 GPa) of diameter d 100 mm (see figure). 0mm (b) Does the stress increase or decrease if the radius of the pulley is increased? SECTION 5:5 Normal Stresses in Beams 289 Solution §.5-2 Steel wire bent around a pulley (@) MAXIMUM STRESS IN THE WIRE p 200GPa d= 1.0mm R= 400mm —- From Bq. (5-7): _2y _ (200GPa) (0.5 mm) = 250 MPa 400.5 mam =n $dom +05mm= 405mm —_ (uc WES Ifthe radius is increased, the ste38 Oy, 0.5 mm decreases, Problem §.5-3 A thin, high-strength steel rule (E = 30 X 10° psi) having thickness ¢ = 0.15 in. and length L = -M, into a circular are subtending a central angle in. is bent by couples 45° (see figure), (a) What is the maximum bending stress a... inthe rule? (b) Does the stress increase or decrease if the central angle is increased? Solution 5.5-3 Thin steel rule bent into an are 30 X 10° psi 0.15 in, 40 (a) MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS bese p=! a= nats (2) _ Ele La ~ L Substitute numerical values: 30 X 10° psi) (sk 3 (0.78540 rad) 240 in) = 44,200 psi = 44.2 ksi (b) CuaNce IN stREss 48°= 078540 ‘Mf the angle ai increased, the SUESS yy5290 CHAPTERS Stresses in Beams (Basle Topics) Problem §.5-4 A simply supported wood beam AB with span length 4 L= 35 mearrics a uniform load of intensity q = 6.4 kN'm (see figure). Calculate the maximum bending stress 07,4, due to the load q if the \paiasianienienteniantan! 5 bam has a rectangular oss section with width b = 140 mm and height “A x roam, — Solution 5.5-4 Simple beam with uniform load 64 kN/m Substitute numerical values: 240 mm 3(64 KN/m) (3.5 m)? be OEMS BY 729MPa 4(140 mm) (240 mm 6 Problem §.5-5 Each girder of the lift bridge (sce figure) is 180 ft long and simply supported atthe ends. The design load for each girder isa uniform load of intensity 1.6 kit. The girders are fabricated by welding three steel plates so as to form an [L-shaped eross section (see figure) having section modulus 33600 in ‘What is the maximum bending stess dng in a girder due to the uniform load’? Solution 5.-5 Bridge girder rau L= 180M g= Low 3600 in.? we 4 a gg = = 6 k/1)(180 £9712 ins) Tos (3600 in) 7SECTIONSS Normal Stresses inBeams 291 Problem §.5-6 A frcight-car axle AB is loaded approximately as shown. inthe figure, with the forces P representing the car loads (transmitted to P P the axle through the axle boxes) and the forces & representing the rail 4 loads (transmitted to the axle through the wheels). The diameter of the et anle is d = 80 mim, the distance between centers of the rails is L, and T the distance between the forces P and K is b = 200 mu. ® ® Calculate the maximum bending sess dy in the axle if P = 47 KN. ob p+ Solution 5.5-6 Freight-car axle Diameter d = 80: mm MAXIMUM ENDING STRESS Distance b = 200 mm Mw. Load P= 47 kN Coa = a Mya = PbS Substitute numerical values: 32(47 KN)(200 mm) ‘(80 mm) =187MPa Problem §.5-7 A scesaw weighing 3 Ilvtof length is occupied by two children, each weighing 90 Ib (sce figure). The center of gravity of each child is 8 ft from the fulerum. The board is 19 ft long, 8 in. wide, and 15 in. thick ‘What is the maximum bending stress in the board? Solution 5.5-7 Seesaw Sin, h= 1Sin Bibl P= 90lb d=80n L=958 ' =-+ 120 Ib-ft + 135.4 Ib-ft =a Woe 5 aa Me stoops mS 300”292 CHAPTERS Stresses in Beams (Basle Toles) Problem §.5-8 During construction of a highway bridge, the ‘main girders are cantilevered outward from one pier toward the next (see figure). Each girder has a cantilever length of 46 m and an I-shaped cross section with dimensions as shown in the figure. The load on cach girder (during construction) is assumed tobe 11.0 kNim, which includes the weight of the girder. Determine the maximum bending stress in a girder duc to this load. Solution 5.5-8 Bridge girder ae 46m q= N.OkNim 00mm 50mm |. 25m a 600 mm cr) 2 = 0.6912 mé (0.5830 m* = 0.1082 m* Problem §.5-9 The horizontal beam ABC of an oil-well pump has the cross section shown in the figure. Ifthe vertical pumping force acting at end Cis 8.8 k, and ifthe distance from th of action ofthat force to point B is 14 f, what is the maximum, bending stress in the beam duc to the pumping force?SECTIONS:S Normal Stresses inBeams 293 Solution 5.5-9 Beam in an oil-well pump Ss h =} 100in eo pad bt ———a] R12 L 1 in.)(20.0in.)* — 4 (7.375 in.)(18.25 in.)* 72 (8-0 in.)(2000 in)? — 75 (7.375 in.)(18.25 in.y = 5.3333 ins ~ 3,735.7 int = 1,597.7 int L= 4h P= 88k (1.4784 X 10° Ib-in.)(10.0 in.) b= 80in f= 200in, 1597.7 ins f,= 0875 in, 1, = 0.625 in = 9250 psi = 9.25 ksi hy = 21, = 1825 in b, = b= 1, = 7.375 in, Problem 5.5-10 A railroad tie (or sleeper) is subjected to two rail P P los, each of magnitude P= 17S KN, ating shown inthe pure, 4 — Lad “The reaction ofthe ballast assumed to be uniformly distributed over the length ofthe ti, which has cross-sectional dimensions = 300 mm and = 250 mm, Calculate the maximum bending stress 6,4. in the tie due to 4 the fonds P, assuming te distance Z~ 1500 th and the overhang length a= 500 mm, Solution 5.6-10 Railroad tie (or sleeper) Data P= 175KN = 300mm f= 250mm Substitute numerical values: 500 mm. 21,875 N+ m 125 108m! 1G STRESS uM 21,875N-m A Jn = 70MPa o oa Sse a “a 3 325% 107m (Tension on top; compression on bottom)294 CHAPTERS Stresses in Beams (Basle Toplcs) Problem 5.5-11 A fiberglass pipe is lifted by a sling, as shown in the figure. The outer diameter of the pipe is 6.0 in, its thickness is 0.25 i and its weight density is 0.093 Ib/in.’ The length of the pipe is L = 36 ft and the distance between lifting points is s = 11 fh Determine the maximum bending stress in the pipe duc to its own weight. Solution 5.5-11 Pipe lifted by a sling (L— s\2 = 150in. BENDING-MOMENT DIAGRAM. dy ‘dy I= Gah a = 18.699 int 4g = yA = (0083 bin V4.5160 in2) = 0.23935 thin MAXIMUM ENDING STRESS Maa Om = 7 Ioin.)(3.0in ag = 22TIINIG OI arg ge 18,699 in (Tension on top)SECTIONS:5 Normal Stresses inBeams 295 Problem 5.5-12 A small dam of height h = 2.0 m is constructed of| vertical wood beams AB of thickness f= 120 mm, as shown in the figure. Consider the beams to be simply supported at the (op and bottom. Determine the maximum berking Sess in the beams, assuming thatthe weight density of water is-y = 9.81 KNim Solution 6.5-12 Vertical wood beam aT MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT “ A a % A ts & .——_4 aol , n-® cal yy A M= Ra Gob qu h= 20m “6 ok {= 120mm at ad ey yk Y= 981 KN (water) 2L 5 tule x= 1/ V3 int the equation for Mz Let b = width of beam perpendicular tothe plane of the figure aL) te L ) ol? Let gy = maximum intensity of distributed load 6 \val 6L\3V3/" 9V3 ale / Forth vertical wood beam: £ = Ms = Go yh S= 9v3 Maximum bending stress Mam _ 2a? ___2yi? mS 33H 3V3E SuBsTTe: NUMERICAL VALLES Cy = 210 MPa Nore: For b = 1.0 m, we obtain gy = 19,620 Nin, 0.0024 m*, M, »,034.5 Nm, and Onay = MaaylS = "2.10 MPa296 CHAPTERS Stresses in Beams (Basle Toles) Problem §.5-13 Determine the maximum tensile stress 6, (due to pure byw bending by positive bending moments M) for beams having cross sections ‘ as follows (Se figure (a) a semicircle of diameter d, and (b) an isosceles Ce a7 trapezoid with bes b, = b and b, = 46/3, and altitude h. io Solution 5.5-13 Maximum tensile stress (a) SeMiciRcLe (b) TRAPEZOID t+ ja] 7 From Appendix D, Case 10: n= 9m? — 64) _ (90? — 64)d* ° eT tishe From Appendix D, Case 8: c a TUE + Abby + BBY e 36(b, + by) - T3bk? 756 2b +b) _ 10h Hb +b:) 21 Problem §.5-14 Determine the maximum bending SueS8 4, (due to pure bending by a moment Mf) for a beam having a cross section inthe form of a circular core see figure). The circle has diameter d and the angle 6 = 60°. (Hint: Use the formulas given in Appendix D, Cases 9 and 15.)Solution 5.5-14 Circular core From Appendix D, Cases 9 and 15: mA (qth, me) a=rsing b cos B (Z- p—sin cos 8 +2 sin Beos'B) (G+ (Lash ona) --£G-1- hes) +E ap snap) SECTIONS:S Normal Stresses inBeams 297 [MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS me PB For = 60° = a3 rad: sin 4B) _ stem M © (82V3+9)d? Problem §.5-18 A simple beam AB of span length L = 24 1 is subjected to two whee! loads acting at distance d = $ f apart (see figure), Each wheel transmits a load P= 3.0 k, and the ‘carriage may occupy any position on the beam, Determine the maximum bending stress a. due to the wheel loads if the beam is an T-beam having section modulus $= 16.2 in Solution 6.6-18 Wheel loads on a beam PoP Sit = in, 3k 16.2 in sot — Substitute x into the equation for M: ro a L= 2M = 288i Mae = z(-3) MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS MnP (p dg ton $= ars (t MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT Substitute numerical values: P P P 3k Rab x) + (Lax dy = Ob d= 2) ge og in, — 300)? L L L m= 3(2a8 in.)(16.2 in) O88 30%) P : > M= Ryx= 7 Lx ~ ds — 20°) Ak aM _P _ fe Oka) =0 x298 CHAPTERS. Stresses in Beams (Basle Toplcs) Problem 5.5-16 Determine the maximum tensile ' stress ¢, and maximum compressive stress «7, due 10 the load P acting on the simple beam AB (sce figure). Data are as follows: P = SAKN, L = 3.0m, 2 m, 6 = 75 mm, ¢ = 25 mm, h = 100 mm, 75 mm. a and hy Solution 5.5-16 Simple beam of T-seetion P=S4kN L=30m MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT b= 75mm ¢= 25mm Mgag = Ry(l— d) = Ry(d) = 3888 N =m. d=12m b= 100mm f= 75mm MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS PROPERTIES OF THE CROSS SECTION Myaces _ (9888 N= 10)(00875 m) A= 3750:mm? wk 3.3203 x 10° mm# 25mm c= 375mm 43.9MPa 1¢= 33203 10° mm* MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS REACTIONS OF THE BEAM 1.6) _ (3888 Nm) (0.0625 m) y= 2N6KN Ry = 324eN ke 3.3203 x 10° mm* 732MPa Problem §.5-17 A cantilever beam AB, loaded by a uniform load and 200 Ib a concentrated load (see figure), is constructed of a channel section, 20168 (Note: The uniform load represents the weight of the beam.) _| » esi c 2.133 in,SECTIONS:5 Normal Stresses inBeams 299 Solution 5.5-17 Cantilever beam (channel section) 200 tb 133 in. 281 int 6, = 0.606 in fxs hy Tonos + 640 st = 680i 8 19,680 Ib-in. roe son MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS Mey _ (19,680 thin) (0.606 aT 281 in Pr O06 in = 4240 psi — 5 | MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS ‘Mes _ (19,680 Ib-in,)(2.133 in.) 1 281 = 14.940 psi Problem §.5-18 A cantilever beam AB of triangular eross section has length £ = 0.8 m, with b = 80 mm, and height = 120 mm (see figure) A by “The beam is made of brass weighing 85 kN/m’. (a) Determine the maximum tensile stress ¢, and maximum ‘compressive stress de to the beam’s own weight. — (b) If the width b is doubled, what happens tothe stresses? (€) Ifthe height fis doubled, what happens tothe stresses? Solution 5.5-18 Triangular beam Ee L=08m p= s0mm f= 120mm Compressive sues 7, = 20, ye Savin Substitute numerical values: ¢, = 1.36MPa = (a) Maxon sess = 27MPa oh vi b Is Dot ar4m7() A (wus soos Nochange in stresses <= bn (©) Hesorrr A is pounen Stresses are reduced by half. — 36 Tensile stress:300 CHAPTERS Stresses in Beams (Basle Topics) Problem §.5-19 A beam ABC with an overhang from B to € supports a 160 byt uniform load of 160 Ib/t throughout its length (sce figure). The beam is ‘channel section with dimensions as shown in the figure. The moment of inertia about the z axis (the neutral axis) equals 5.14 in Calculate the maximum tensile stress o, and maximum compressive stress 0, due to the uniform load. Solution 5.5-19 Beam with an overhang 4g = 160 wnt 0.674. . __ fave 0.674, foe 2.496 in AT CROSS SECTION OF MAXIMUM POSITIVE BENDING MOMENT Myes _ (13,500 Ib-in.)(2.496 aT, 5.14 ins Myc, _ (13,500 thin, )(0.674 in.) 1 in AT CROSS SECTION OF MAXIMUM NEGATIVE BENDING MOMENT Me, 3,150 psi - 1,650 psi Sd MAXIMUM STRESSES S60 psi a, 1,650 psi Problem 5.5-20 A frame ABC travels horizontally with an acceleration 4, (sce figure). Obtain a formula for the maximum stress Gp,¢ in the vertical arm AB, which has length L, thickness f, and mass density p.SECTIONS.S Normal Stresses inBeamss 301 Solution 5.5-20 Accelerating frame = length of vertical arm "TYPICAL UNITS FOR USE 1 = thickness of vertical arm 18TH PRECEDING EQUATION p= mass density 4y = acceleration ST UNETS: p = kg/m’ = N+ m4 L2t b = width of arm perpendicular to the plane of the figure p= meters (m) Let q = inertia force per unit distance along vertical arm ‘VeRTICAL ARM ‘meters (m) Nim? (paseals) USCS UNM: p = slug/t® = tb.s2/n L=it q=fs? 1=8 = lbvit (Divide by 144 10 obtain psi) Problem 5.5-21 A beam of T-section is supported and P2050 loaded as shown in the figure. ‘The cross section has width b =2.1/2 in, height h = 3 in., and thickness ¢ = 12 in Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the beam. q= 80 bit Solution §.5-21 Beam of T-section 9,000 Ib AT CROSS SECTION OF MAXIMUM POSITIVE 1, = 40 = 48. [ENDING MOMENT P=625Ib g <4 k-1—_PROFERTIS OF HE-CROSS SECTION ar cogs gc TION OF MARIMUMY NEGARIVE [et basa Ha 30m rosie ge aut q A= De OF = 2500. i oo Fe) = 20% c,= 10%n = 11san pst a=" = 5.760 pi be 2B To Fy In = 2.0833 in MAXIMUM STRESSES reacrons a= MS%pi 9, = 8640p 18755 Ib (upward) 8375 Ib (upward)302 CHAPTER'S Stresses in Beams (Basie Topics) Problem §.5-22 A cantilever beam AB with a rectangular cross section has a longitudinal hole drilled throughout its length (sce figure). The beam supports a load P = 600 N. The cross section is 25 mm wide and 50 mm high, and the hole has @ diameter of 10mm. Find the bending stresses atthe top of the beam, at the top of the hole, and atthe bottom of the beam. 25 mm Solution 5.5-22 Rectangular beam with a hole : MoM OF NENA ABOUT HE NEUTRAL ANS | nes) : All dimensions in mili eters. Rectangle: 1+ Ad? = {525150} + (259150) 25 ~ 24.1629" Maxis! BENDING MoMENT M = PL = (600 N)(04 m) = 240N- m PROPERTIES OF THE CROSS SECTION ‘Ay = atea of rectangle = 49087 + 13,972 = 14,460 mm = (25 mm)(S0 mm) = 1250 mm? Cross-section: 1 = 261,300 ~ 14,460 = 246,800 mm* Ay = area of hole STRESS AP THE TOP OF THE BEAM Mey _ (240.N + m)(25.838 mm) r t 246,800 mm* A= area of eros section cow en A, = 1171.5 mm? (tension) Using tne 8-8 as reference axis: SMRESS AT THE TOP OFTHE HOLE SAy,=A\25 mm) — A,G7S mm = 28305 mm, o: 75 mm = 18.338 min Aye 3,305 mm? p= DAD _ 28.305 mt 9 169 mm pgx Q4ONmII8338 MM) yg apy ge 4 T1718 mm 2 sma " Distances tothe entoid (tension) STRESS AP THE HOTTOM OF THE REAM 25.838 mm Me, __ (240N+m)(24.162 mm) 87 346,800 mm -235 MPa — (compression)Problem 6.6-23 A small dam of height = steel beams at A and B. Construct a graph showing the maximum bending stress 0, the wood beams versus the depth d of the water above the lower support at B. Plot the stress 7. (Psi) as the ordinate and the depth (ft) as the abscissa, (Nove: The weight density of water equals 624 Win) Solution §.5-23 Vertical wood beam ina dam byt on 25in. y= 624 Ibn ‘| Let b = width of beam lg. (Perpendicular to the figure) Let gy = intensity of a ‘yor load at depth a = yd ANALYSIS OF BEAM aod? (, dod fa ag (244) 6 Lo 3LN 3h) fis constructed of vertical wood beams AB, as shown in the figure, The woo! beams, which have thickness 1 = 2.5 in., are simply supported by horizontal SECTIONS:S Normal Stresses inBeams 303 in MAXIMUM ENDING STRESS Section modulus: = : oe ‘SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES: d= depth of water (ft) (Max. 6m) oft = 624 Ib f= 25 in. a an My me (25¥ ON 18, = 0.1849d°(54— 9d +dV2d) 2) Cre (O81) 0 9 59 m1 M7 573 830