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a : (36
hacker b= Conlonahion (Ted: pp: 0-126 | S
Combustion = & redox reachion presess
heb ween ot ai anch on “oxichiser®
pebrl 4 air
coal Far
Fel + Ox yee
Cammrow examples: wook + ae)
©
ey Fe process )
Unconrron examples: Chlorine + fluorine >) where is the
Hosynesiim + Carbon ohoxicle 0%
aluminium + weter
To once. combustion, we. ae lenony qrenti hes
ae reackantks + poreducts ~> chemical cans!
Most Common, Cree combsinodions ok cr
d Ly ie. “hyd rsons*
Combustion & Cc with O, i A aan
c+ o> CO,
For | leinal ofc: Whee + B2ley 5 hylan Mon =
sles | heey 4 2-6 Tle, —> BOT \eoy
2.67 is Sheichiometric? Ge cer) oxysen he
fuel rabio. ; E
Wherak elsont combustion of Cc Bes air.
CSOs eS oiG NSS ies a 7 6NE
Na fs inert and /. does nob participle tpn sup
Los: 12 ley + 3z key + 8.76X LE ley
ae lee F26Tleey $ PTT I I lee b Bee + 26. 32 ley
Mair _ F4+26.32 ~ 34.32 ee
M evel \
Combawsbian of Wychrocartsons_
~ Methane (CRY
ch, + ZO 4 2( ate) = Co,* 2U0 +2(3.76M%)
2 Nb key it bl ec 4 2lo. Sel
—! les; + Gly 4 UB16 leo
- Mair Gti 3-16 ley oS,
Meir 2 HSN 217 GS
Mal 1 ten Feel
~ Octane (Cathe) *Representitive of cetrol
Cole + 20,42 (sr6%h) = 802.4940 +2 stn.)
> 1G les, + Geo key 4 131 Eleey |
> [heey + BBM coy 4 11. Stelecy
_ Mair 3.514 N.S Jen, er
Mer Soltiet 2s (5-05 “4
at Kens Foe\
“or [Moir Maic 4 a
(Fe aa 7 ( Trask ~? *ridlnr to Hai
otherwise —> mixture re-Guek leon
QRS Combustion Is Reiprecatney ani nes 63
: Fucl/ate minhaps’
D Spore Lapthon fee eae
iE. Firincy Pressure an ve]
Speke >| Ieee <—F
Play att
Toc Bee
Exbons
om echaust Jeon | Cait
oe gy Or Cranleshatt enqle,
o 0
nee
aa aed Bee
Wicker comaression calios yreld higher Shermer
efRei encyy (ro ageint). In sx ENGINES, one View} ehion on
COMPrESSi oN rekio is the “lenocleines” efFech. In Wel
COMeCEssion Enaines, wnlrend mixkuce is Comptes:
ang dlehenachten, tou ame Front colvonciney Fran spark
Plus. Resul ling, Shecli waves boxnce arounch fa
cylinder cractiney unconkpolleck camaustian (which can
be hearclas a Vensel cincy sonnel) anol yearly Mmeressinc
heat trans fer bs cyliacher walls -> melting, of expel
evertnally cesults.
The OW Sone, nhamser ak petrol = meadule of pels
resistence bo lenoeleincy.
aP
Ag lenocleiney
eS P49
Seen tre, Fynihion
Here, mixture is epi fered bey the aie which Lecames
very hot daring compression. Tis cperoacls requireS
Aigh campression ratios (>/4:7). Reackion Hedy SI)
If is insportont for ws kK he edule b ole termine how
mach heat can Le yieleleel by givers reachion, Qree
Te dle this, ne must have Enowledce of the “heat of
formation associotet with each of te reectants
anol proclucks, hp . This /s the amount of heat
reqviredk to form a reactonk op product thatis
not in dlervental fora. leq. 10, C2.,0%). Mote thet
he for dlements (eg: 4,0 Or) Is zero! Valuss for
hp are abstey nel expoerimentedle ancl, provicledl rN
Fables. The feachion heot, Qa, 15 obetermi recA
on the kasis of the mass anol hp values eassoclaked
with, the actonts ancl producls: a
Note: valne o
Breoe = Zhe = zoahs ' ieee
Lg. For ty oPcoal , Find Hehe tel Gado
synthesis oes renction of coal with steam
anck ar:
Bc + HO +O, +376N. > Beco + Ha + S716 Ne
For Vee
of cool Ueg + ablea+ O84 + 2.42 2.38ke4 +0255 ky F2I2Ky
Reactonks Fa aduck: 5 Rene = 2 mihp mks ©
Prod Rene.
co AN CO Wo Ne
zk 22x23 +0+0 |-[ot 04 0.5X1Z 4254 07
2 7280-6717
= 2562 «Sd
~~
Ralancing, Energy in Combustion Processes
i J
For skeoduy cambistion with no worle transter
oo Satcher
Bin ro RRAR
(sensisie, hast —to $Srec$ 15 ae ek
a ee
Qrek (asech for Hrermeockynomnic praess)
satti na Mp Sn enercy laaleance actass the contrel value
Qn = Ain t Qreae 7 Qo
=D me (T 25) + See Z MGT C25")
Remrc Foch
The 25°C ahove provides ws with a surten ble caster
to wse fo calculote feactant and, poduct sensible
heof. Try ts the reasfont fomperatore (rot necessan,
fe same fr all reactants!) and That ts He J
tem poreture of the preclicts Cfremkecl as He eee)
Yet is the heed extracted From the, comben stone
tins value can lbe Zeno, iN wWhrek case the
combustor is sorol to he olvahebe, Ercole previous exanrcle, determine ey
the temperature ot the proclucts if the
feachonts enter an acdiobed. combustor at
28°C, Ue. Qel zo)
Qrot 2S CRC TABS) + Qrene ~ Mm Cp(Tad 250)
Reac Frok
ile at fe] + [2562] - {lass 1.05 + 0.9551G.2+292x |.9)
x (Tout - 259) |
O= 2562 ~ §.3(Tork-25¢)
eee : % When Qret =O, Tent (3 referred
» Tout = HEA" to as the eablelatie Aone timretahare
When. deal tne ak o given, hasl the coe
heath, Reece, CaN he cheberminech as.
Qrene = Fre Uhl
where Meal 1S the mass a fel conbusteoh each
Vinel ts the spect Fre heeh cb combustion assoc
with the. Fuel, which can be clebanedh fram halles
Two valine of Yerel ore normally provideck: the higher
heabiney Value (HEV) and the Toner heattne
value CHV), The HAV represents the eat prov'deck
by the fuel for He ase where te walter vepour
tw the Coplsechian praclicts hos complebe |
Concderseck, whereas the LIV ys the heet provickel
in the case where no canckensatpor has ocoutel,
Thus, the LHV is ol ways lower than the HHY, Sincs In wot Cases, We den wart tLe @
combustion producks bo be cooled below the
dew point femyrereture, Tae, (te prevent the
Bretton of corrosive acids), fhe LAV rs
generar| voedk ln colculabons
Bere hZ the specific. heat ot combsnshion, Viel,
For a Maqurol pentane where water condenses
i\ the exhoust steonn, ano bh) geszous
nenene, the combustion prolucts of which
contain ons) woter IN Vapouwt form.
BH p,0) = HMigsd akan = 46771 ie hel
b Vena = CH Veaseous nerere = FHYTY Ic ey Rel :
Example. 3
Final the Bol aiissihe Flee fem rerortuce
O.€. Qref =O) when gaseous hy af 25°C barns
sterchiometncalle, with qaseus C2 of 25°C.
Ne liquid water to) preset! in the exhaust stron.
CH, + 20, —> Ca + 2H,O
For | eard
Fralrare: I6leq + Glyky > He |
Oces S wm celTac 28) + Grae — EF ov Gp (Tad -280)
Reo Feo
= P\Gat Abe! = [EX Soot = Foo 22s IV
Ls LAV Por aaseas chy,
> 92 (os (S00 224 [— [(44x 0.94154 26x1.8723) Tag 25]
Xe Solving, Pom Toki Tot = TERT &
This 1s dearly very hob! Th shold be ndeok
that ce velues are hemperahure-cherendent, ancl
that before dekermining: Tout, we reel Tout te
Finck Heel! ce pete Thus therali an mvet
be employgch be Pack ar aceupeate sol crear
sinc, Coon ~femcperotate Cp Vel wes yields oO
aseful sterbion copreximnah any however.
Baloncing Eneray Rates IN Combun tien Frocesses
Apelor tle SFEE fe te ete contro!
vaune consiolered jerevionsla, We CAN, obtain :
Grek = S AG(Tn~250 + Qnee - Ce Tout -2.5°%C)
Keox, Fol
where Ces Reel Venresl
OF Drone = S wrshe -7 Abe
Frod Keox,
In thes case, Qret is the rafe mee which heat 1's
extracted| from the conlanstor, anol Grime 15 the
rate at which beet 1's iptclokecl hy He te
react ran
Excenpyele: by. le
7 An industri! var fer~ heute ea Ihals
of Propane at (SC with wr af 25b to hed
water From &°C fe €0%. Th the weaker heaters tackle femyoetec v& fs preasureddl to he (by
1§°C, determine the flow rote, of the weter
that i's keno beted Br storch Feet esther
Tele Ce not iTF KITES.
Reaction:
CzHe +t 5O, + 1S. EN, SCO, + FH + ISSN.
> [kgs + REUkgIs + 12 leals B keg lst I. blues + {2 keyfs
Ereca) rote, healence +
Qreb =F ACC 75) + Orme” S| MR Col Tou 25%)
Reac,
Nso. Groh if Mio Ce nes ATh,s
At orc , no liqpaick waler will bee present in the
exhour: strewn, anck iP propane 1S assumeck FASLOUS:
© Qrese = LH aes pia 46255 KY/ en Rel
m> eps [1x1 6114 (15-25) 0 +] [1x 46355]
~ [(2x 0.848 H1ehx 2722 412XI a4le\ (1&0 -25) |
742632 kw
i. 7 Sect Pony 5D DT ee]
- 42522 2138.9 ke/-
Ani19( §2-55] ~ © Comlaushon Gas Pew Point (65)
Genorelly, it is desirent that combanshion ceses are
nok cocdkal te Leena the dew point Femperciture, Ts.
F the woker Veponr Prob the strennn peas :
Liquid woter is corrosive, anok wher sul|far chionide
(s0.) is present in he combustion products,
sulfuric acich fs Formert, whick rs sions Fart
more Cotrosivt-
Te determine the dew monk fom perature, the mae
fraction & Teor Veysowl must F) at be avoluoderd :
Nu
nie oat
This enalles tre vapor presstre be be Gund.
Key = where 1 No. moles A pocdlcts
wnix, od”
Py cM: Prnnx, ont
Tap iz then Fowles the temperature axssctiotech
with, Paaeb = Pe
Exomele bn
etn e the dew point femyserotuse + te
exhoust shreann associa tak with the prevlaxS
example, if ibis known thet the stream has
a static press are of 123 bar,
oN 4
Dey eS = O/SS
Nina, out 3444 128 (6)
Py sey: Pani pout
v
= OISS X19 2 01622 bem = Py set
> From sabrrateh steam telsle , Tap? S4.8C
View interpolation. ;
This GAsvear clenarl conics tha} as ine the
LHV value ta the prevlous example was the comed
c hove.
The Condeustion of Carl ool Netital Gas
These faels cereral| dont hove fixeah chemice|
Compositions. Rather their composition Is speci.
to the geog rophie locations ot wArch they are
extracted Conn! ancl nodurel ces are compescol
OF pehominantly carson arch methane, respectiely
fA ool en dee number of comlanstyble ancl
flon econ husteble comysopents.
Te simp ti the cap har stan enely SIS of these
Rrels, they are typrcally clefinect by ca Composition
areal, Sisu For example, rortirrenl IOS fron. a
portionlac well may have the following, composition:
754A CH, , 134002, TK Cx He, 3h, + 2KGHp
Sack on analysis enables the acti yicdoal reactyons
associate! with the combustion of the rafure|
gas to he calenlotedt. Wate thet in tals exeampl, If Is assumed thaf the COz¢ Ne conyoonents ©)
dlo net eet curd) Oe there fre oli'sregorcleck,
Exonapk 4.6
exowpot . .
Beterpaine the stoichpovetnie air-feel mass
ratio Foe the Following moss analy sis f
coal. Sore, ISZH, ILS g 4x Ash.
All conponents here. except the ash will combust,
Consider the reactions associated with ¢ Hats
incktvicwally :
C Reaction:
C4 O2 + 3.76N, —> CQ + B.76N,
(2ke + 32 hey tos. 3 keg ~>
Fern | Ine of coal, there [Ss OS kee alt c, which
reqwires 2% (B2+/05.3)= PAB bey Keir
Hz Reaction’
WU, + 202 4/88, Ho + 1.85 I,
Dke + 16 lea + 52.6 by >
Fea | eq ot cool, thera is O15 lex of 1 eee
Fes muires 22 (16 452.6) 2 BIS keg oF aie,
& Reachron:
S+ C2 + 3.76N, + So, t 2.T6M
S2ki + 32k t/OS. 3 ky —>
For I lex A coal, flere Is 9.01 key pe Dy whick iG
reqplres oe (32+105.3) = 2.2 ky of oi, (EH)
Mae - 91545151004 a
™
saa
coo\ !
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