RESEARCH REVIEWER

✩ Prepared by Jesse and Kaezyre ☆

PAPER FORMAT
Paper size: 8.5’ x 11’ (Short / Letter) Spacing: Double
Margins:
Top, Bottom, Right: 1 inches or 2.54 cm Left: 1.5 inches or 3.81 cm

IMRAD FORMAT
Introduction, Methodology, Results, and Discussion (IMRAD)
➔ Refers to a scientific paper composed of 4 main sections
➔ Mostly used in journals and academic bodies
➔ Research papers’ “core” which gives a flow-like logic to the scientific
process

INTRODUCTION - Why did you do this research?

METHODS - How did you do it? (How the other researchers can duplicate
your study)
RESULTS - What did you find out? (reporting of the data - REPORT lang hindi
mo pa ina-analyze okay!!! – table form)
DISCUSSION - What does it mean? (Suggestion and recommendation to
future researchers)
ABSTRACT - Summarize the entire study

PARTS OF THE PAPER

Introduction
➔ Background of the Study (BOS)
➔ Statement of the Problem (SOP)
➔ Significance of the Study
➔ Scope and Delimitation
➔ Definition of Terms
➔ Review of Related Literature (RRL)

Methods
➔ Materials and Equipment
➔ Procedure
● Data Gathering
● Analysis Flowchart
REMEMBER 💡 : The Abstract goes before the introduction !
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (RRL)
Literature Review
➔ A collection of scholarly sources focused on a specific topic
➔ Provides an overview of current knowledge that allow identification of
relevant theories and methods
➔ Survey of scholarly resources
➔ Points out gaps in research

Gaps in Knowledge

🧄
➔ What is known? & What is unknown?
EXAMPLE: Garlic
Known: Antiviral properties of garlic
Unknown: against COVID-19

RRL: Functions
➔ Provides justification of the study
➔ Identify gaps, problems, and needs of the study
➔ Provides rationale (or story) of the study as well as the reasons of
conducting the study
➔ Serves as a basis that will be used to support findings of the study

Purpose of Literature Review

➔ Demonstrate familiarity with the topic
➔ Develop theoretical framework and methodology
➔ Position your work with other researchers

FOUR approaches in writing your RRL 4️⃣ ❗

- Chronological
- Methodological
- Thematic
- Theoretical

Chronological
➔ Traces the development of the topic over time
➔ Oldest to most recent
 Methodological
➔ Compare the results and conclusions that emerge
from different approaches
➔ Analyzes the different takes that various
approaches already did on the topic

Thematic
➔ Organized around a key or central theme

Theoretical
➔ Discusses the different theoretical perspectives that support/against
your study
➔ Argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach

HOW TO WRITE A LITERATURE REVIEW?

➔ Search
➔ Evaluate
➔ Identify
➔ Outline
➔ Write

1) SEARCH 🔍
➔ Search for relevant literature
➔ Any academic sources like books or journals
➔ Steps
● Step One: List all the keywords
● Step Two: Search in scholarly database
○ Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, JSTOR, EBSCO
& more!

➔ Boolean Operators - it helps refine search parameters

EXAMPLE: robotics and agriculture

Boolean Operator What You Will Search Results You Will Receive

AND Robotics AND agriculture Both robotics and agriculture will appear
in studies
 OR Robotics OR agriculture Either robotics or agriculture will appear
in studies

NOT Robotics NOT agriculture Studies with robotics connected to

agriculture will not appear

“” (Quotation Marks) “Robotics” Specific words

() (Parenthesis) Robotics in the Agriculture will be prioritized

Philippines (agriculture)

* (Asterisk) Robotics* Similar words to robotics will appear

such as robot, machine, automation, AI,
hi-tech, etc.

2) EVALUATE 🤔
😫
➔ Evaluate and select sources
➔ “Can I really read everything about my topic?”
➔ Make sure your sources are credible
➔ Read major theories in your field of research
➔ Take notes of the literature and incorporate it later in your RRL (this
helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process)
➔ Things to check in your sources: Abstract, References, and Cite
Score
● Why read the abstract?
○ Checks if the study is related to your study
○ Identifies if the study is successful or not

😉👌🏻
● Why check the references?
○ Checks if the study is legit!
○ Searches what was researched
● Why is the cite score important?
○ Checks the study’s credibility

3) IDENTIFY 🧐
➔ Identify themes, debates, and gaps
➔ Understands the connections and relationships between the sources

THREADS AND PATTERNS

➔ Do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
THEMES
➔ What questions or concepts recur across the literature?

DEBATES, CONFLICTS, AND CONTRADICTIONS

➔ Where do sources disagree?

PIVOTAL PUBLICATIONS
➔ Are there any influential theories or studies that changed the theory of
your study?

GAPS
➔ What is missing from the literature?
➔ Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?

4) OUTLINE
➔ Outline your RRL
➔ Depends on what you found and what you want to emphasize

5) WRITE 📝
➔ Write your RRL
➔ Introduction
● Should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature
review
● Example: Many recent studies have focused on the problem of x.
➔ Body
● Summarizes and synthesizes the sources
● Gives an overview of the main points of each source and
combines them into a coherent whole
● Analyze and interpret; don’t just paraphrase, add your own.
● Discusses the significance of findings to the literature as a whole.
● Critically evaluate - mention the strengths and weaknesses of
your sources.
● Write in well-structured paragraphs - use transition words and
topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons, and contrast.
➔ Conclusion
● Show how your research addresses the gaps and contributes
new knowledge.
INTRODUCTION
- Sets the tone and provides an overview of your work.
Introductory paragraph: How to Write?
● Hook: Question, Statistics, Analogy/Parabole, Quote
● Background Information: Short lesson, Basic knowledge
● Thesis Statement: The research argument (Your augment must be
proven, otherwise it’s just a mere opinion)

PARTS OF INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the Study (BOS): Why is there a need for the study
- Appealing & Effective
- Contains relevant information that readers need to know before going
through the entire paper

Introductory Paragraph vs BOS

Introductory Paragraph: Preliminary BOS: Importance of the study in
data and have broader perspective detail & have more specific and
detailed understanding

How to write
● Start Strong: Define the topic, identify the audience
● Key Components: Explain all theories, concepts, terms, and ideas that
may feel unfamiliar to the target audience
● Historical Data: Add relevant data from historical events
● Increase engagement: Build a story around a central theme

2. Statement of the Problem (SOP): What are the research question and
problems to be answered
● Research question must be SMART
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Time-bound

- Research question is in - Research objectives is in

interrogative form declarative form
How to write
● Contextualize the problem
a. Where and when does the problem arise?
b. Whom does the problem affect
c. What attempts have been made to solve the problem?
● Show why it matters
a. What will happen if the problem is not solved?
b. Who will feel the consequences?
c. Does the problem have wider relevance? Are similar issues found
in other contexts?
● Set your aims and objective
a. “The main problem of this study is to…”
b. “The aim of this study is to determine…”
c. “This study aims to explore / investigate”

3. Hypotheses: Essential in telling the researcher what to do and how to

go about solving a research problem
- Null (H0): States that there is NO connection between the variables.
- Alternative (Ha or H1): States that THERE IS a connection.

4. Framework
Theoretical: Foundational review of existing theories that serves as a
roadmap for developing the arguments you will use in your own work
Conceptual: Illustrates the expected relationship between the
variables.
- Constructed before collecting datas
- A map that points how the variables come together
- Contains box and arrows

Writing the Conceptual Framework

1. List important variables of the study
2. Think about how they are related
3. Create a visual diagram or model
a. IV-DV (Independent - Dependent Variable) - not recommended
in experimental research
Mediating Variable: Links IV and DV together
Moderating Variable: Not affected by IV. Alters the effect of IV to DV
Control Variable: Held constant and unchanged

b. IPO (Input, Process, Output)

Input: Variables in the study

Process: Steps
Output: Expected outcome of the study (may not be the real outcome,
rather the EXPECTED one)
Feedback:
c. Concept Map
4. Explain the diagram in narrative form

5. Significance of the Study: To whom the study is beneficiary

- Specific group of people who will benefit from the study.
- Can be written:
a. Deductively: General to Specific (national > regional > provincial >
local > researchers > target beneficiaries)
b. Inductively: Specific to General (target beneficiaries > researchers>
local > provincial > regional > national)

6. Scope and Delimitation: Serves as the boundary

Scope: Details of what your study will explore (target population, extent,
duration, location) (“The study will focus on…”, “This study aims to…”)
 Delimitation: Aspects that you will exclude from your study. Narrows
your study to make it more manageable. (“The study will not cover the…”)

Limitation vs Delimitation

Limitation: Weakness or Delimitation: Choices that a

short-comings of the study based researcher INTENTIONALLY
on factors that are BEYOND THE made.
RESEARCHER’S CONTROL - Found in Introduction
- Found in Discussion

7. Definition of Terms: important terms in the study with operational

definitions
Conceptual - Dictionary meaning of the word
Operational - Functional meaning or how it is used in the study.

- Ensures that readers will understand the terms you’ll use in the study.
- Definitions should be short, clear, and unambiguous
- Spell out uncommon acronyms & contractions
- Includes: Variables, Words in the title, Technical terms
Note: Not all the words in the title are included in DOT especially if the
meaning is not changed in the study !

Research Topic: Academic Performance of Mirrorballs in SRSTHS

Example: Mirrorball
Conceptual: A ball covered with mirrored facets that is usually
suspended from a ceiling (as in a nightclub) and that rotates to cast reflected
light on surrounding surfaces (Merriam-Webster. n.d.).
Operational: Mirrorballs - Teenagers in SRSTH having a hard time .

Example: SRSTHS
Conceptual: A science high school in Santa Rosa
Operational: Santa Rosa Science and Technology High School
(SRSTHS) - The place where the students will be observed.

Note: Notice how we did not include academic performance since the
definition is not changed in the study.
RESEARCH METHODS
- Specific procedures !

TWO STEPS IN RESEARCH METHOD

1. COLLECTING

Data Collection: What type of data would you need to answer your research
question ?
● Qualitative and Quantitative Data
● Primary and Secondary Data
● Descriptive and Experimental Data

Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Qualitative Quantitative

Expressed in words Quantifiable in terms of number

Subjective approach Objective approach

Explore an under-researched problem We are testing the hypotheses

and generate ideas for further research

Inductive Method (Specific – General) Deductive Method (General – Specific)

Data ➝ Patterns in Data ➝ Hypotheses Broad Theory ➝ Hypothesis ➝ Test

 ● Mixed Methods
○ Combined qualitative and quantitative approach
○ Gain a more complete picture of the problem you’re studying
○ Strengthen conclusion credibility

Primary and Secondary Data

Primary Secondary

The researcher themselves is the one Synthesize existing knowledge

gathering information.

Pros: Reliability, Needed answer is Pros: Accessibility, Time, Location

achieved
Cons: Data generated may be
Cons: Expenses and Time outdated or not exactly the one you
are looking for

Descriptive and Experimental Data

Descriptive Experimental

Collect data about your study subject Systematically intervene in a process

without intervening and measure the outcome

Research validity depends on Research validity depends on

sampling method experimental design

Pros: Allows you to describe your Pros: Control on variables and Causality
research subject without influencing
it. Cons: You might influence your research
subject in unexpected ways.
Cons: No control over confounding - Requires expertise
variables. (Variables that affects
both the IV and DV)
2. ANALYZING

Data Analyzation - Interpretation of the data gathered.

Observe ➝ Understand ➝ Comprehend ➝ Interpret

● Qualitatively - (i.e. meaning of survey responses)

● Quantitatively - (i.e. frequency of survey responses)

Qualitatively Analysis Method

● Consider what approach to take for categorizing and interpreting
data
● Used to understand words, ideas, and experiences
● Comb through the data in detail
● To interpret the meaning of the data
● Extract the parts most relevant to the research question

Thematic and Discourse Analysis

Thematic Discourse

Finding patterns in the data Pays attention to social context and

structure

Label recurring topics and concepts, Analyze what is said and how it is said
then group them into themes

Quantitative Analysis Methods

● Describe which calculations and statistical tests to use for analysis
● Uses numbers and statistics to understand:
- Frequencies, averages, and correlations = descriptive
studies
- Cause-and-effect relationships = experimental studies
● Statistical analysis
- Descriptive
- Mean, median, mode, standard deviation, variance
- Summarize your sample data
- Make estimates about the population
- Test hypotheses
Regression & Correlation and Comparison
Regression & Correlation Comparison

Test for associations between two or Look for differences in the outcome of
more variables groups

Data Collection Method

- Can be one or several in the same study
- What data collection method fits your study?
- Any category: Surveys, Questionnaires, Observations, Interviews,
Experiments

Specific examples in different fields:

● Media and Communication
○ Sample of texts to be analyzed
○ Speeches, articles, posts
● Psychology
○ Technologies that measure (attention/reaction time, etc.)
○ Neuroimaging, Eye-tracking, Personality Tests
● Education
○ Tests (pre-test/post-test), Performance tasks, Rubrics
● Physical Science
○ Scientific instruments that measure weight or blood pressure

🫡🫶
Good luck so
much guys

Reviewer made by jesse and kae ! 🧸🎀