Numerical investigation of CO 2 emission and thermal stability of a convective and

radiative stockpile of reactive material in a cylindrical pipe of variable thermal

conductivity
Ramoshweu Solomon Lebelo

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1621, 60 (2014); doi: 10.1063/1.4898446

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 Numerical Investigation of CO2 Emission and Thermal
Stability of a Convective and Radiative Stockpile of Reactive
Material in a Cylindrical Pipe of Variable Thermal
Conductivity

Ramoshweu Solomon Lebelo

Department of Mathematics, Vaal University of Technology, Private Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, 1911, South Africa.

Corresponding author: sollyl@[Link]

Abstract. In this paper the CO2 emission and thermal stability in a long cylindrical pipe of combustible reactive material
with variable thermal conductivity are investigated. It is assumed that the cylindrical pipe loses heat by both convection
and radiation at the surface. The nonlinear differential equations governing the problem are tackled numerically using
Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method coupled with shooting technique method. The effects of various thermophysical
parameters on the temperature and carbon dioxide fields, together with critical conditions for thermal ignition are
illustrated and discussed quantitatively.

INTRODUCTION
CO2 emission coupled with internal heating generation occurs in processes of spontaneous ignition in stock piles
of industrial waste fuel, coal, hays and wool wastes [1]. Heat generated from such combustible materials due to
exothermic chemical reactions has a wide range of applications in processes such as heavy oil recovery, incineration
of waste material, storage of cellulose material, combustion of solids, pyrolysis of biomass and coal, and also in
design of internal combustion engines and automobile exhaust systems [2].
An investigation of CO2 emission is of importance because about 80% of CO2 emitted contributing to the
Greenhouse effect may be due to exothermic chemical reactions in stockpiles of reactive combustible materials [3].
The study of thermal stability is also of interest since the heat generated due to exothermic chemical reaction may
exceed the heat loss to the surrounding environment, and this may lead to thermal instability and explosion [4, 5, 6,
7].
It is necessary to numerically investigate how the emission of CO2 and heat generation in such stock piles of
combustible materials can be controlled. To do so, a mathematical model has been designed to cater for both thermal
stability and CO2 emission control systems [8]. It is necessary to model this phenomenon mathematically in order to
achieve reliable design of thermal systems that are of importance in issues related to safety and hazard assessment
[9, 10].
The mathematical model is also important to design CO2 emission control systems. Some Knowledge of
phenomena that help to control CO2 emission is of importance in preservation of O2 that is essential for life. The
complicated chemistry involved in combustion of reactive material in a stockpile is tackled by considering one-step
decomposition kinetics [11, 12, 13]. The combustion reaction due to exothermic chemical reaction in a stockpile of
combustible reactive material is very complicated and includes many radicals, especially when large hydorcarbons
are involved [14]. The complicated processes of these exothermic reactions result with nonlinear interactions of
short lived reacting species. These interactions ultimately bring about reactants, products and temperature gradients

3rd International Conference on Fundamental and Applied Sciences (ICFAS 2014)

AIP Conf. Proc. 1621, 60-68 (2014); doi: 10.1063/1.4898446
© 2014 AIP Publishing LLC 978-0-7354-1258-3/$30.00

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 that are steep in nature [15]. A detailed review of models involving chemical kinetics for reactions of hydrocarbons
with oxygen is provided by Simmie [16].
Following [17, 18] the governing nonlinear differential equations describing these complicated systems are
solved using numerical schemes, and in this paper the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg (RKF45) coupled with shooting
technique were applied. Makinde [1, 2, 18], did intense studies on thermal ignition and stability in stockpile of
reactive materials in a long cylindrical pipe. In this paper, CO2 emission and thermal stability in a convective and
radiating stockpile of reactive material in a long cylindrical pipe of variable thermal conductivity are considered.
Results are given graphically and discussed in section 4.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL

A long cylindrical pipe of combustible reactive material with variable thermal conductivity݇, and surface
emissivityߝ is considered. It is assumed that the reactive cylinder is undergoing an nth order oxidation chemical
reaction and that it is subjected to convection and radiation. A one-step finite rate irreversible chemical kinetics
mechanism between the material and the oxygen of the air is assumed and it is expressed by the following complete
combustion formula:
݆ ݆
‫ܥ‬௜ ௝ ൅ ൬݅ ൅ ൰ ଶ ՜ ݅ଶ ൅ ൬ ൰ ଶ  ൅ Š‡ƒ–
Ͷ ʹ

The heat loss due to radiation at the cylindrical pipe surface to the surrounding environment is represented by
Stefan-Boltzmann’s law equation as ‫ ݍ‬ൌ ߝߪሺܶ ସ െ ܶஶସ ሻ. Convective heat loss at the surface of the cylinder follows
௛
Newton’s law of cooling and it is generally indicated by the following expression: െ ሾܶ െ ܶஶ ሿǤ The figure below
௞
illustrates the geometry of the problem.

Figure 1. Geometry of the problem

Following [1, 2, 9, 12, 19] the governing nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the heat and mass transfer
phenomena in the presence of convection, radiation, O2 depletion and CO2 emission are respectively expressed as
follows:
௞ ௗ ௗ் ௄் ௠ ିா
ቀ‫ݎ‬ҧ ቁ ൅ ܳ࡭ ቀ ቁ ‫ ܥ‬௡ ݁‫ ݌ݔ‬ቀ ቁ െ ߝߪሺܶ ସ െ ܶஶସ ሻ ൌ Ͳ (1)
௥ҧ ௗ௥ҧ ௗ௥ҧ ௩௟ ோ்
஽ ௗ ௗ஼ ௄் ௠ ିா
ቀ‫ݎ‬ҧ ቁ െ ܳ࡭ ቀ ቁ ‫ ݌ݔ݁ ܥ‬ቀ ቁ ൌ Ͳǡ ௡
(2)
௥ҧ ௗ௥ҧ ௗ௥ҧ ௩௟ ோ்
ఊ ௗ ௗ௉ ௄் ௠ ିா
ቀ‫ݎ‬ҧ ቁ ൅ ܳ࡭ ቀ ቁ ‫ ܥ‬௡ ݁‫ ݌ݔ‬ቀ ቁ ൌ Ͳǡ (3)
௥ҧ ௗ௥ҧ ௗ௥ҧ ௩௟ ோ்

with symmetric boundary conditions at the center and at the surface of the reactive solid cylinder respectively as:

ௗ் ௗ஼ ௗ௉
 ൌ ൌ ൌ Ͳǡ ሺ‫ݎ‬ҧ ൌ Ͳሻ (4)
ௗ௥ҧ ௗ௥ҧ ௗ௥ҧ
ௗ் ௛భ ௗ௉ ௛మ
ൌെ ሺܶ െ ܶஶ ሻǡ ൌെ ሺܲ െ ܲஶ ሻǡ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ‫ܥ‬௪ ǡ ሺ‫ݎ‬ҧ ൌ ܽሻ (5)
ௗ௥ҧ ௞ ௗ௥ҧ ఊ

In this case ܶ is the cylinder’s absolute temperature and ‫ ܥ‬is the O2 concentration. The term ܲ is the CO2
emission concentration while ܶஶ is the ambient temperature and ‫ܥ‬௪ is the O2 concentration at the cylinder surface.
The CO2 concentration at the cylinder surface is denoted by ܲஶ , ݇ is the variable thermal conductivity of the
reacting cylinder, and according to Makinde [2], Lacey and Wake [19] the thermal conductivity of the reactive
material is temperature dependent and it is expressed as

݇ ൌ ɒ‡ୠሺ்ି்ಮሻ ֜ ɒ ൌ ݇‡ିୠሺ்ି்ಮሻ ǡ (6)

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 where ɒ is the material thermal conductivity at the ambient temperature ܶஶ and b is the thermal conductivity
variation parameter. ߝ is the emissivity (Ͳ ൏ ߝ ൏ ͳ), ߪ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.6703ൈ ͳͲି଼ ܹȀ݉ଶ ‫ ܭ‬ସ)
while ‫ ܦ‬is the diffusivity of O2 in the cylinder and ߛ is the diffusivity of CO2 at the cylinder surface. The term ܳ is
the heat of reaction, ࡭ is the rate constant, ‫ ܧ‬is the activation energy, ܴ is the universal gas constant and ݈ is the
Planck number. We have that ‫ ݒ‬is the vibration frequency, ‫ ܭ‬is the Boltzmann constant and‫ݎ‬ҧ is the radial distance.
Again,݄ଵ is the heat transfer coefficient at the surface of the cylinder, ݄ଶ is the CO2 transfer coefficient at the
surface of the cylinder, while ݊ is the order of exothermic chemical reaction, and ݉ is the numerical exponent that
ଵ
can take three different values, namely, െʹǡ Ͳǡ ‘” . The ݉ ൌ െʹ represents the sensitized kinetics, the Arrhenius
ଶ
ଵ
kinetics is expressed by ݉ ൌ Ͳ and the Bimolecular kinetics is indicated by ݉ ൌ as according [1, 2, 9, 12].
ଶ
Equations (4) and (5) describe boundary conditions of the system. The following dimensionless parameters were
introduced to equations (1) – (5),

ாሺ்ି்ಮ ሻ ஼ ௉ ௔௛భ ௔௛మ

ߠൌ మ ǡ Ȱൌ ǡȲ ൌۗ ǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ǡ ‹ଶ ൌ 
ோ்ಮ ஼ೢ ௉ೢ த ఊ
௩௟ ௠ ୠఛோ் మ
ಮ ா ۖ మ
௞ோ்ಮ మ
௞ோ்ಮ
ߚൌቀ మ ቁ ݁‫ ݌ݔ‬ቀ ቁ ǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ǡ
௄் ಮ ொா మ ஺௔మ ோ்ಮ ொா஽஼ೢ ொாఊ௉ೢ ۖ
௄்ಮ ௠ ொ஺ா௔మ ሺ஼ೢ ሻ೙ ா (7)
ߣ ൌ ቀ ቁ మ ݁‫ ݌ݔ‬ቀെ ቁǡ ۘ
௩௟ ఛோ்ಮ ோ்ಮ
 ۖ
௥ҧ ோ்ಮ మ
ఌఙா௔మ ்ಮ
‫ ݎ‬ൌ ǡߤ ൌ ǡ ܴܽ ൌ ǡ ۖ
௔ ா ఛோ
 ۙ

and the dimensionless form of the equations are as follows:

ଵ ௗ ௗఏ ௗఏ ଶ ஘
 ቀ‫ݎ‬ ቁ ൅ ߣ ൤ߚ ቀ ቁ ൅ ሺͳ ൅ ߤߠሻ௠ Ȱ௡ ‡š’ ቀ ቁ ߠ݁ ିఒఉఏ ൨ െ ܴܽሾሺߤߠ ൅ ͳሻସ െ ͳሿ ൌ Ͳǡ (8)
௥ ௗ௥ ௗ௥ ௗ௥ ଵାఓఏ

ଵ ௗ ௗ஍ ஘
ቀ‫ݎ‬ ቁ െ ߣȾଵ ሺͳ ൅ ߤߠሻ௠ Ȱ௡ ‡š’ ቀ ቁ ൌ Ͳǡ (9)
௥ ௗ௥ ௗ௥ ଵାఓఏ

ଵ ௗ ௗஏ ஘
ቀ‫ݎ‬ ቁ ൅ ߣȾଶ ሺͳ ൅ ߤߠሻ௠ Ȱ௡ ‡š’ ቀ ቁ ൌ Ͳǡ (10)
௥ ௗ௥ ௗ௥ ଵାఓఏ

ௗఏ ௗ஍ ௗஏ
 ൌ ൌ ൌ Ͳǡ (11)
ௗ௥ ௗ௥ ௗ௥

ௗఏ ௗஏ
 ൌ െ‹ଵ ߠ݁ ିఒఉఏ ǡ ൌ െ‹ଶ ȲǡȰ ൌ ͳǤ (12)
ௗ௥ ௗ௥

The symbol ߣ is the Frank-Kamenetskii parameter, ߤ is the activation energy parameter. O2 consumption rate
parameter is represented by Ⱦଵ withȾଶ being the CO2 emission rate parameter. Bi1 is the thermal Biot number, Bi2
is the CO2 Biot number and Ra is the radiation parameter. ߚ is the parameter that represents the ratio of
temperature-dependent thermal conductivity to production of heat and ‫ ݎ‬is the dimensionless radial distance. The
dimensionless heat transfer rate, Nusselt number, and the dimensionless mass transfer rates for both O2 and CO2,
Sherwood numbers, at the cylinder surface, are respectively expressed as follows:

ௗఏ ௗ஍ ௗஏ
ܰ‫ ݑ‬ൌ െ ሺͳሻǡ ݄ܵଵ ൌ ሺͳሻǡ ݄ܵଶ ൌ െ ሺͳሻ. (13)
ௗ௬ ௗ௬ ௗ௬

Equations (8)-(10) and the boundary conditions (11)-(12) were solved numerically using the RKF45 method
coupled with shooting technique [20, 21]. The Nusselt and the Sherwood numbers in equations (13) were also
worked out and their numerical values are provided in table 1. Their graphical solutions are also provided.

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 NUMERICAL SOLUTION ALGORITHM
Following Legodi & Makinde [13] equations (8)-(12) were solved using RKF45 method coupled with shooting
technique. The algorithm gives results to expected accuracy. The following procedure is used, where
Ʌ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ Ʌᇱ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡ Ȱ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ǡ Ȱᇱ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ସ ǡ Ȳ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ହ ǡ Ȳ ᇱ ൌ ‫ ଺ݔ‬Ǥ Equations (8)-(10) are transformed into first order
differential equations as follows:

‫ݔ‬Ԣଵ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ଶ
ଵ ௫భ
‫ ݔ‬ᇱ ଶ ൌ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ߣ ቂߚሺ‫ݔ‬ଶ ሻଶ ൅ ሺͳ ൅ ߤ‫ݔ‬ଵ ሻ௠ ሺ‫ݔ‬ଷ ሻ௡ ‡š’ ቀ ቁ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ݁ ିఒఉ௫భ ቃ ൅ ܴܽሾሺߤ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅ ͳሻସ െ ͳሿ
௥ ଵାఓ௫భ
‫ݔ‬Ԣଷ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ସ
ଵ ௫భ
‫ݔ‬Ԣସ ൌ െ ‫ݔ‬ସ ൅ ߣȾଵ ሺͳ ൅ ߤ‫ݔ‬ଵ ሻ௠ ሺ‫ݔ‬ଷ ሻ௡ ‡š’ ቀ ቁ
௥ ଵାఓ௫భ
‫ݔ‬Ԣହ ൌ ‫଺ݔ‬
ଵ ௫భ
‫ݔ‬Ԣ଺ ൌ െ ‫ݔ‬ହ െ ߣȾଶ ሺͳ ൅ ߤ‫ݔ‬ଵ ሻ௠ ሺ‫ݔ‬ଷ ሻ௡ ‡š’ ቀ ቁǤ (14)
௥ ଵାఓ௫భ

Initial conditions are expressed as follows:

‫ݔ‬Ԣଵ ሺͲሻ ൌ ‫ݔ‬Ԣଷ ሺͲሻ ൌ ‫ݔ‬Ԣହ ሺͲሻ ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ݔ‬Ԣଵ ሺͳሻ ൌ െ‹ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ݁ ିఒఉ௫భ ǡ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ሺͳሻ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ݔ‬Ԣହ ሺͳሻ ൌ െ‹ଶ ‫ݔ‬ହ Ǥ (15)

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Computational results obtained for the modeled nonlinear differential equations in the above sections are
presented graphically, and discussed quantitatively for various values of thermophysical parameters embedded in the
system. The discussion is as follows:

Effects of Thermophysical Parameter Variation on Cylinder Temperature Profiles

Figures 2 – 9 are considered and observed for different parameters on temperature profiles. The figure 2 shows
that an increase in the value of ߣ, the rate of reaction, increases the temperature profiles. The same scenario is
observed from figure 4 where the increase in the numerical exponent m also favors temperature increase, with the
temperature profile highest during bimolecular reactions. A different scenario is realized from figures 3, 5 – 9. The
increase in parameters n, Ra, ߤ, Ⱦଵ ,‹ଵ and ߚ result with dropping of temperature profiles. These parameters lower
the exothermic chemical reaction in a reactive cylinder and as a result less heat productions are experienced when
the parameters are considered.

Figure 2. Temperature profile: Figure 3. Temperature profile: Figure 4. Temperature profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ

݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ݉ ൌ ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ
ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ
ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ

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 Figure 5. Temperature profile: Figure 6. Temperature profile: Figure 7. Temperature profile:
݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ ͲǤͷǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ
ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ
ͳ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ ͳ

Figure 8. Temperature profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ

Figure 9. Temperature profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ
ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ
ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ
ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ
ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ

Effects of Thermophysical Parameter Variation on Cylinder O2 Profiles

Figures 10 – 16 illustrate different parameters effects on O2 profiles. It can be seen from figures 10, 12 and 15
that the following parameters, ߣ, ݉ and Ⱦଵ , lower O2 profiles as their numerical values increase. These parameters
reduce the O2 concentration in the reactive cylinder by accelerating the exothermic reaction that uses more O2. From
figures 11, 13, 14 and 16 it is found that parameters n, Ra, ߤ and ‹ଵ favor the conservation of oxygen concentration
in a reactive cylinder. An increase in each of the parameters mentioned show a slight increase on the O2 profiles. In
other words, these parameters slow down the exothermic chemical reaction and in turn less O2 is consumed.

Figure 10. O2 profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ Figure 11. O2 profile: ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ݉ ൌ Figure 12. O2 profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ߣ ൌ
ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ
ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ

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 Figure 13. O2 profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ Figure 14. O2 profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ Figure 15. O2 profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ
ͲǤͷǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ߣ ൌ
ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ

Figure 16. O2 profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ

ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ
ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ

Effects of Thermophysical Parameter Variation on Cylinder CO2 Profiles

In this case effects of various parameters on CO2 emission are considered. The effects are observed from figures
17 – 25. As in the case of temperature profiles, the parameters ߣ and m increase the CO2 profiles as their numerical
values are increased. The results are shown by figures 17 and 19. The same scenario is observed from figure 23
where an increase in Ⱦଶ shows a corresponding increase on the CO2 profiles. From figures 18, 20, 21, 22, 24 and 25
it can be seen that an increase on the parameters n, Ra, ߤ, Ⱦଵ , ‹ଵ and ‹ଶ reduce the CO2 profiles. The last
parameter shows a huge decline in the CO2 emission profiles. The reduction of CO2 emission is good for
environmental purpose. It is important to note that in all processes analyzed, the parameter Ⱦଵ reduces the profiles as
it increases.

Figure 17. CO2 profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ Figure 18. CO2 profile: ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ݉ ൌ Figure 19. CO2 profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ߣ ൌ
ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ
ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ

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 Figure 20. CO2 profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ Figure 21. CO2 profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ Figure 22. CO2 profile: ݊ ൌ
ͲǤͷǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ
ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳͳ ͲǤͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ
ͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ

Figure 23. CO2 profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ Figure 24. CO2 profile: ݊ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ Figure 25. CO2 profile: ݊ ൌ
ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͳǡ ݉ ൌ ͲǤͷǡ ܴܽ ൌ ͳǡ ߤ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦ ൌ
ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ߣ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଶ ൌ ͳ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଵ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ Ⱦଶ ൌ ͲǤͳǡ ߣ ൌ
ͲǤͳǡ ‹ଵ ൌ ͳ

Effects of Parameter Variation on Thermal Criticality Values or Blowups

In this case ߣǡ Frank-Kamenetskii parameter which is also known as the variation rate of reaction, is studied
against the dimensionless heat transfer rate at the slab surface, Nusselt number Nu, for various values of some
parameters as shown by the figures plotted. The results obtained for the Nusselt number are relatively the same for
Sherwood numbers. Numerical results are indicated in table 1, where β 1 = β2 = 0.1.
The numerical values for the Nusselt number, Nu, for each parameter indicated versus the reaction rate or Frank-
Kamenetskii parameter ߣ are illustrated graphically as indicated by figures 26 – 31. From figures 26 – 30 it is seen
that the thermal stability is attained as the parameters Ra, n, P, ‹ଵ and ߚ are increased. Thermal stability is indicated
by the longest graph with the highest value of ߣǤ A different scenario is observed from figure 31 where Nu decreases
with increasing m and that thermal stability is attained by keeping low values of m.

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 Table 1: Effects of various thermophysical parameters on thermal criticality values

Ra n P ‹ଵ ‹ଶ ߚ m Nu λc

1 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 0.5 1.014018 0.8691

2 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 0.5 1.150323 1.1390
3 1 0.1 1 1 0.1 0.5 1.721961 1.4955
1 3 0.1 1 1 0.1 0.5 1.206699 0.9662
1 5 0.1 1 1 0.1 0.5 1.543460 1.0975
1 1 0.2 1 1 0.1 0.5 1.287620 2.7440
1 1 0.3 1 1 0.1 0.5 0.897041 3.7230
1 1 0.1 2 1 0.1 0.5 1.771565 1.3651
1 1 0.1 3 1 0.1 0.5 2.595443 1.7716
1 1 0.1 1 2 0.1 0.5 1.014018 0.8691
1 1 0.1 1 3 0.1 0.5 1.014018 0.8691
1 1 0.1 1 1 0.2 0.5 1.025001 0.9260
1 1 0.1 1 1 0.3 0.5 1.044529 1.0226
1 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.01 -2 0.482522 0.4322
1 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.001 0 0.151373 0.2868
1 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.001 0.5 0.138992 0.2673

Figure 26. Effect of increasing Ra on Figure 27. Effect of increasing n on Figure 28. Effect of increasing ߤ
cylinder thermal criticality values cylinder thermal criticality values on cylinder thermal criticality
values

Figure 29. Effect of increasing ‹ଵ on Figure 30. Effect of increasing Ⱦ on Figure 31. Effect of increasing ݉ on
cylinder thermal criticality values cylinder thermal criticality values cylinder thermal criticality values

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 CONCLUSION
This paper considered the analysis of thermal stability and CO2 emission that involves O2 depletion in a
convective and radiating long cylindrical pipe of reactive combustible material with variable thermal conductivity
constant. It was observed from the results that processes which increase both the temperature and CO2 emission
profiles increase the depletion of oxygen in a stockpile of reactive material. The parameters which favor the slowing
down of CO2 emission in exothermic chemical reactions of combustible material were found to be n, Ra, ߤ, Ⱦଵ , ‹ଵ
and ‹ଶ . It was also observed that increasing numerical values of these parameters also helps to attain thermal
stability of exothermic chemical reactions. The nonlinear ordinary differential equations governing the problem
were obtained and solved numerically using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method coupled with shooting technique. This
technique is embedded in Maple software which was used to compute results. Results were presented graphically
and discussed accordingly.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank Vaal University of Technology for financial support and the ICFAS2014
publication committee.

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