BOARD OF EDUCATION
METHODIST CHURCH OF PANAMA
PAN-AMERICAN INSTITUTE
2023
SCIENCE DEPARMENT
CHEMISTRY 12TH GRADE. T. PATRICIA BEQUER
LAB#2. MAKING SOLUTIONS.
Lab Group Members: __________________________ Class _______
__________________________ Lab Station:
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Introduction:
Chemists routinely make up and use solutions. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances. In a solution, the solute is dissolved in another substance called the solvent. For example, if you
add a teaspoon of sugar to a cup of coffee, sugar is the solute and coffee is the solvent. Molarity and molality
are used to describe the amount of solute in a solution or amount of solute.
Molarity, abbreviated mol/L or M, specifies the number of moles of solute per liter of solution (not per liter of
solvent). Molarity is the most commonly used way to specify concentration. The advantage of using molarity
to specify concentration is that it makes it very easy to work with mole relationships. The disadvantages are
that it is much more difficult to measure volumes accurately than it is to measure masses accurately, which
makes it difficult to prepare solutions of exact molarities, and that the molarity of a solution changes with
temperature because the mass of solute remains the same while the volume of the solution changes with
temperature.
Molality, abbreviated mol/kg or m, specifies the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent (not per
kilogram of solution). The primary advantage of using molality to specify concentration is that, unlike its
volume, the mass of the solvent does not change with changes of temperature or pressure, so molality
remains constant under changing environment conditions. Molality is used primarily in tasks that involve the
colligative properties of solutions.
Objectives: Prepare solid-liquid solution with a specific molarity
Prepare a solid-liquid solution with a specific molality
Prepare a liquid-liquid solution with a specific molarity.
Materials:
Analytic Balance 100 mL Volumetric Flask with stopper
100 mL Graduated cylinder 100 mL beaker
Funnel Pipette
Wash Bottle Watch glass
Stirring rod Spatula
Distillated Water Copper II sulfate pentahydrate
Potassium hexacyanoferrate IIII Hydrochloric acid (37%)
Pre-lab questions:
1. What is the difference between molarity and molality?
2. What express a % v/v concentration?
3. How many grams of sodium chloride are needed to prepare 100 ml of 0.5M solution?
4. How many grams of glucose are needed to prepare a 200 L of syrup that has a molality of 2m?
BOARD OF EDUCATION
METHODIST CHURCH OF PANAMA
PAN-AMERICAN INSTITUTE
2023
SCIENCE DEPARMENT
Caution: Concentrated hydrochloric acid is corrosive and emits toxic and irritating fumes. Wear splash goggles,
gloves, and protective clothing at all times, and work in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood.
Procedure:
Part A: Prepare a 1.0M solution of Copper II sulfate pentahydrate
1. Calculate the amount of Copper II sulfate pentahydrate needed to prepare 100 mL of 1.0 M solution,
assume 99 % of purity. Show your calculations to the teacher for its approval.
2. Place a watch glass on the balance and tare the balance to read 0.00 g.
3. Transfer copper II sulfate pentahydrate crystals to the watch glass until the balance reads as close as
possible to the calculated amount. Read the mass to 0.01g and record it. (It´s not important to have
exactly the calculated amount on the watch glass, but it is important to know the mass as exactly as
possible.)
4. Use the graduated cylinder to measure about 85 mL of distilled water, and transfer it to the beaker.
5. Transfer the copper sulfate pentahydrate from the watch glass to the beaker, making sure that all of the
crystals are added to the beaker.
6. Stir gently until all of the copper sulfate has dissolved. This may take a few minutes, because this solution
is nearly saturated.
7. Place the funnel in the mouth of the volumetric flask, and carefully pour the copper sulfate solution into
the volumetric flask.
8. Use the wash bottle to rinse the inside of the beaker with 2 or 3 mL of water, and add the rinse water to
the volumetric flask, rinsing the funnel as you do so. (Be careful not to use too much rinse water; the
volumetric flask already contains about 85 mL of solution, and we can’t go over 100 mL)
9. Repeat the rinse with another 2 or 3 mL of water. This procedure is called a quantitative transfer, and the
goal is to make sure that all of the copper sulfate has been transferred to the volumetric flask.
10. Remove the funnel from the mouth of the volumetric flask, and use the dropper to add water dropwise
until the level of solution in the flask reaches the reference line.
11. Insert the stopper in the volumetric flask and invert the flask several times to mix the solution thoroughly.
12. Show the volumetric flask to the teacher for approval.
13. Using the exact mass you recorded in step 3, calculate the molarity to the correct number of significant
figures and record that molarity on the table.
14. Rinse the beaker, funnel, and volumetric flask and stopper with tap water and then with distilled water,
and set them aside to dry.
Part B: Prepare a 0.5 m solution of Potassium hexacyanoferrate III.
1. Calculate the amount of Potassium hexacyanoferrate III needed to prepare a 0.5 m solution in 100 grams
of water. Assume 99% of purity for the solid. Show your calculations to the teacher for its approval.
2. Place a watch glass on the balance and tare the balance to read 0.00 g
3. Transfer potassium hexacyanoferrate III crystals to the watch glass until the balance reads as closely as
possible to the calculated amount. Read the mass to 0.01 g and record it. (It’s not important to have
exactly the calculated amount on the watch glass, but it is important to know the mass as exactly as
possible.)
4. Transfer the potassium hexacyanoferrate III to the beaker, place the beaker on the balance pan, and tare
the balance to read 0.00 g.
5. Use the wash bottle to transfer distilled water to the beaker until the balance reads close to 100.00 g. Use
the dropper to add distilled water dropwise until the balance reads as closely as possible to 100.00 g.
When you have 100.00 g of water in the beaker, or as close to that as you can get, read the mass to 0.01 g
and record it.
6. Remove the beaker from the balance
7. Stir the beaker gently until all of the potassium hexacyanoferrate III has dissolved.
8. Show the solution to your teacher for approval
9. Using the exact masses you recorded in steps 3 and 5, calculate the molality to the correct number of
significant figures and record that molality on the table.
10. Rinse the beaker, funnel, and volumetric flask and stopper with tap water and then with distilled water,
and set them aside to dry.
Part C. Prepare a 0.1M solution of Hydrochloric acid.
1. Ask your teacher for the %v/v concentration used in this lab
2. Calculate the millimeters of Hydrochloric acid needed to prepare 100 mL of a 0.1 M solution.
BOARD OF EDUCATION
METHODIST CHURCH OF PANAMA
PAN-AMERICAN INSTITUTE
2023
SCIENCE DEPARMENT
3. Using a pipette measure the calculated amount of Hydrochloric acid. Note the volume of the concentrated
HCl as accurately as possible and record it on the table.
4. Fill the 100 mL volumetric flask about two-thirds full with distilled water.
5. Place the funnel in the mouth of the volumetric flask, and carefully pour the concentrated acid into the
volumetric flask. Always add acid to water. Because most concentrated acids are denser than water,
they will mix more readily when dropped into water. Water added on top of concentrated acid may sit
on top of the acid, resulting in an interface that can generate a lot of heat and actually cause the water
to boil.
6. Use the wash bottle to rinse the inside of the graduated cylinder with several mL of water, and add the
rinse water to the volumetric flask, rinsing the funnel as you do so.
7. Repeat the rinse with another several mL of water to make sure that the transfer is quantitative.
8. Use the water bottle to rinse the funnel again, and bring the solution level in the volumetric flask up to
within 1 cm of the reference line.
9. Remove the funnel from the mouth of the volumetric flask, and use the dropper to add water dropwise
until the level of solution in the flask reaches the reference line.
10. Insert the stopper in the volumetric flask and invert the flask several times to mix the solution thoroughly.
11. Show the solution to your teacher for approval.
12. Using the amount of Hydrochloric acid measure on stepm3, calculate the molarity to the correct number
of significant figures and record that molarity on the table.
13. Rinse the beaker, funnel, and volumetric flask and stopper with tap water and then with distilled water,
and set them aside to dry.
