Assignment 1

Q.1. Who is the founding father of Artificial Intelligence?

(a) Warren McCulloch
(b) Walter Pitts
(c) Lotfi A. Zadeh
(d) John McCarthy
(e) None of the above
Solution: (d)
Q.2. When was the Allen’s Universal Turing Machine proposed?
(a) 1970-71
(b) 1987-88
(c) 1936-37
(d) 2000-01
Solution: (c)
Q.3. Which of the following systems should use fuzzy logic?
(a) System with imprecise (approximate) information
(b) System with granular (linguistic) information
(c) System without any ambiguous information
(d) Systems operating on bivalent logic
(e) All of the above
Solution: (a) and (b)
Q.4. In which year, fuzzy logic was proposed by Prof. Lotfi A. Zadeh?
(a) 1970
(b) 1965
(c) 1980
(d) 1990
(e) None of the above
Solution: (b)
Q.5. Which of the following statements are true?
(a) For multivalent logic, it becomes difficult to make a precise statement with crisp binary values only.
(b) Fuzzy logic is a sub-set of classical logic.
(c) In multivalent logic, truth is a matter of degree.
(d) All of the above
Solution: (a) and (c)
Q.6. Which of the following is a fuzzy set?
1. 𝐵 = {𝑥|0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋}
2. 𝐵 = {(𝑥1 , 0.1), (𝑥2 , 0.4), (𝑥3 , 0.7), (𝑥4 , 1.0)}
3. 𝐵 = {𝑆𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑦, 𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑡, 𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑇𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠}

(a) 2 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 2 and 3
(d) None of them is a fuzzy set.
Solution: (b)
Q.7. Which of the following statements are true?
(a) Fuzzy logic theory operates on the degree of randomness.
(b) Probability theory operates on the degree of belongingness.
(c) Fuzzy logic theory and probability theory operate in the range of [0, 1].
(d) All of the above
Solution: (c)
Q.8. For the given fuzzy set 𝐵, which element does not belong to 𝐵?
𝐵 = {(𝑥1 , −0.25), (𝑥2 , 0.4), (𝑥3 , 0.7), (𝑥4 , 0.95)}
(a) 𝑥2
(b) 𝑥1
(c) 𝑥3
(d) 𝑥4
Solution: (b)
Q.9. Which of the following is a criterion for the selection of a fuzzy membership function for a fuzzy system?
(a) Number of input and output variables.
(b) Characteristics of the output variables only.
(c) Characteristics of the targeted application.
(d) All of the above.
Solution: (c)
Q.10. For a triangular membership function specified by parameters [w, x, y], which is the parameter with the full
membership value?
(a) x and y
(b) w and y
(c) w and x
(d) y only
(e) x only
(f) w only
(g) w, x, and y
Solution: (e)
 Assignment 2
Q.1. For a left right membership function specified by LR(x;p,q,r), which of the following statements are true?
(a) At p, the membership value is 1.
(b) At p, the membership value is 0.
(c) The width of left region varies with q.
(d) The width of right region varies with r.
(e) None of the Above.
Solution: (a), (c), and (d)
Q.2. Which membership function was used in Sendai Subway Train Control System to define the Good Stopping
Accuracy?
(a) Left right membership function
(b) Pi-shaped membership function
(c) Open left membership function
(d) Open right membership function
(e) Triangular membership function
(f) S- shaped membership function
Solution: (b)
Q.3. For the nomenclatures Support, Core, and Crossover points used for a fuzzy set A, which of the following statements
are true?
(a) Core of A is the subset of the Support of A
(b) Crossover points of A are the subset of the Support of A
(c) Crossover points of A are the subset of the Core of A
(d) Support of A is the subset of the fuzzy set A
(e) All of the above
Solution: (a), (b), and (d)
Q. 4. For a fuzzy set A defined with the universe of discourse X=[1,10], which of the following is a sub normal fuzzy set?
(a) A={(0,0), (5,1), (10,0)}
(b) A={𝜙}
(c) A={(2,0.3),(5,0.6),(9,0.98)}
(d) None of the above
Solution: (b) and (c)
Q.5. The height of a normal fuzzy set is the maximum value of the membership function i.e., 1. For a sub normal fuzzy
set A with the universe of discourse X=[1,10] defined as A={(2,0.3),(5,0.6),(9,0.98)}, what will be the crossover(A)?
(a) 0.3
(b) 0.6
(c) 0.5
(d) 1
(e) 0
(f) None of the above
Solution: (f)
The crossover points are the points where the membership value of a fuzzy set is 0.5. Here, crossover(A)={𝜙} is an empty
set.
Q. 6. Which of the following statements are true for a fuzzy set A?
(a) If A is a continuous fuzzy set, the cardinality of A will be infinite.
(b) If A is a continuous fuzzy set, the cardinality of A will be finite.
(c) If A is a continuous fuzzy set, the cardinality of A will the empty set.
(d) All of the above
Solution: (a)
Q. 7. For a fuzzy set A with the universe of discourse X=[1,10] defined as A={(2,0.3),(5,0.6),(9,0.98),(10,1)}, What will be
the 𝛼-cut set of A of 𝛼=0.3?
(a) {5,9,10}
(b) {2,5,9,10}
(c) {10}
(d) None of the above
Solution: (b)
Q. 8. For a fuzzy set A with the universe of discourse X=[1,10] defined as A={(2,0.3),(5,0.6),(9,0.98),(10,1)}, What will be
the strong 𝛼-cut set of A of 𝛼=0.3?
(a) {5}
(b) {5,9}
(c) {5,9,10}
(d) None of the above
Solution: (c)
Q. 9. For a fuzzy set A with the universe of discourse X=[1,10] defined as A={(2,0.3),(5,0.6),(9,0.98),(10,1)}, What will be
the intersection set of 𝛼-cut set of A and strong 𝛼-cut set of A of 𝛼=0.3?
(a) {2,5,9,10}
(b) {2}
(c) {10}
(d) {5,9}
(e) {5,9,10}
(f) None of the above
Solution: (e)
Q. 10. Which of the following statements are true for fuzzy set A?
(a) The strong 𝛼-cut set of a fuzzy set A is the containment of the fuzzy set A.
(b) The strong 𝛼-cut set of a fuzzy set A is the containment of 𝛼-cut set of the fuzzy set A.
(c) The 𝛼-cut set of a fuzzy set A is the containment of strong 𝛼-cut set of the fuzzy set A.
(d) All of the above
Solution: (a) and (b)
 Assignment 3

Q.1. If A and B are two fuzzy sets with the universe of discourse X={1,2,3,4}, which of the following is true
for the absorption property for union of fuzzy sets?
a) (𝐴∪𝐵)∪(𝐴∩𝐵) = 𝐴∪𝐵
b) (𝐴∪𝐵)∪(𝐴∩𝐵) > 𝐴∪𝐵
c) (𝐴∪𝐵)∪(𝐴∩𝐵) < 𝐴∪𝐵
d) (𝐵∪𝐴)∪(𝐵∩𝐴) = 𝐵∪𝐴
e) (𝐴∪𝐵)∪(𝐴∩𝐵) - 𝐴∪𝐵 > 0
Solution: (a) and (d)

Q.2. Which of the following is true for the distributivity property of fuzzy sets A, B, C, and D?
a) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐶 ∩ 𝐷) = (𝐶 ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)) ∪ (𝐷 ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵))
b) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐶 ∩ 𝐷) = (𝐶 ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)) ∩ (𝐷 ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵))
c) (𝐶 ∪ 𝐴) ∩ (𝐶 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐷 ∪ 𝐴) ∩ (𝐷 ∪ 𝐵) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐶 ∩ 𝐷)
d) All of the above
Solution: (b) and (c)

Q.3. If a statement for fuzzy sets A and B is defined by 𝐴∪(𝐴∩𝐵) = 𝐴, which of the following properties
are satisfied?
a) Law of contradiction
b) Law of excluded middle
c) Idempotency
d) Involution
e) None of the above
Solution: (e)
Explanation: The property is absorption law for fuzzy sets A and B i.e., 𝐴∩𝐵 = 𝐵∩𝐴

Q.4. Which of the following is true for the law of contradiction of crisp set A?
a) 𝐴∪𝐴̅ = 𝐴
b) 𝐴∪𝐴̅ = 𝜙
c) 𝐴∩𝐴̅ = 𝜙
d) None of the above
Solution: (c)
Q.5. Which of the following is true for the law of excluded middle for fuzzy sets A and B with universe of
discourse X?
a) 𝐴∪𝐴̅ ≠ X
b) 𝐴∪𝐵̅ ≠ X
c) B∪𝐴̅ ≠ X
d) B∪𝐵̅ ≠ X
Solution: (a) and (d)

Q.6. Which of the following is true for the involution property for crisp sets?
a) A=B

b) 𝐴̅ = A

c) 𝐵̅ = A

d) 𝐵̅ = B
Solution: (b) and (d)

Q.7. Which of the following properties do not hold for the fuzzy sets?
a) Law of Contradiction
b) Law of Excluded Middle
c) Absorption of Complement
d) None of the above
Solution: (a), (b), and (c)

Q.8. Which of the following statements are true for the union of two classical sets A and B defined over
the universe of discourse X?
a) The union of two classical sets A and B represents all elements in the universe of discourse.
b) The union of two classical sets A and B represents all elements in the set A.
c) The union of two classical sets A and B represents all elements in the set B.
d) The union of two classical sets A and B represents all elements which do not belong to the universe
of discourse.
Solution: (a), (b), and (c)

Q.9. Which of the following statements are true for the intersection of two classical sets A and B defined
over the universe of discourse X?
a) The intersection of two classical sets A and B represents all elements in the universe of discourse.
b) The intersection of two classical sets A and B represents all elements in the universe of discourse
which do not belong to sets A and B.
c) The intersection of two classical sets A and B represents all elements in the set B except set A.
d) The intersection of two classical sets A and B represents all elements in the set A except set B.
e) The intersection of two classical sets A and B represents all elements which simultaneously belong to
both sets A and B.
Solution: (e)

Q.10. Let 𝐴 be the fuzzy set given as A = 0.4/1 + 1.0/2 + 0.9/3 + 0.8/4 with the universe of discourse
𝑋={1,2,3,4}. What will be the fuzzy set created after intersection of 𝐴 with compliment of itself?
a) 0.4/1 + 0.1/3 + 0.2/4
b) 0.6/1 + 0.0/2 + 0.1/3 + 0.2/4
c) 0.4/1 + 1.0/2 + 0.9/3 + 0.8/4
d) 0.4/1 + 0.0/2 + 0.1/3 + 0.2/4
e) None of the above
Solution: (a) and (d)
A = 0.4/1 + 1.0/2 + 0.9/3 + 0.8/4
Complement of A = 0.6/1 + 0.0/2 + 0.1/3 + 0.2/4
the fuzzy set created after intersection of 𝐴 with compliment of itself will be:
min(0.4,0.6)/1 + min(1.0,0.0)/2 + min(0.9,0.1)/3 + min(0.8,0.2)/4
0.4/1 + 0.0/2 + 0.1/3 + 0.2/4 (Or) 0.4/1 + 0.1/3 + 0.2/4
 Assignment 4

Q.1. Using DeMorgan's Law, which of the following statements are true for crisp sets X and Y?
(a) �������
𝑋𝑋 ∪ 𝑌𝑌 = 𝑋𝑋� ∩ 𝑌𝑌�
(b) �������
𝑋𝑋 ∪ 𝑌𝑌 = 𝑋𝑋� ∪ 𝑌𝑌�
(c) �������
𝑋𝑋 ∩ 𝑌𝑌 = 𝑋𝑋� ∩ 𝑌𝑌�
(d) �������
𝑋𝑋 ∩ 𝑌𝑌 = 𝑋𝑋� ∪ 𝑌𝑌�
Solution: (a) and (d)

Q.2. Using DeMorgan’s Law, which of the following statements are correct for fuzzy sets R and S?

(a) �������
𝑅𝑅� ∪ 𝑆𝑆̅ = 𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑆𝑆

(b) �������
𝑅𝑅� ∪ 𝑆𝑆̅ = 𝑅𝑅 ∩ 𝑆𝑆

(c) �������
𝑅𝑅� ∩ 𝑆𝑆̅ = 𝑅𝑅 ∩ 𝑆𝑆

(d) �������
𝑅𝑅� ∪ 𝑆𝑆̅ = 𝜙𝜙
Solution: (b)

Q.3. Using DeMorgan’s Law, which of the following statements are correct for fuzzy sets R, S, and T?

(a) ������������
𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑆𝑆 ∪ 𝑇𝑇� = 𝑅𝑅� ∪ 𝑆𝑆̅ ∪ 𝑇𝑇

(b) ������������
𝑅𝑅 ∩ 𝑆𝑆 ∩ 𝑇𝑇� = 𝑅𝑅� ∩ 𝑆𝑆̅ ∩ 𝑇𝑇

(c) ������������
𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑆𝑆 ∪ 𝑇𝑇� = 𝑅𝑅� ∩ 𝑆𝑆̅ ∩ 𝑇𝑇

(d) ������������
𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑆𝑆 ∪ 𝑇𝑇� = 𝑅𝑅� ∩ 𝑆𝑆̅ ∩ 𝑇𝑇�
Solution: (c)

Using DeMorgan’s Law: ������������ ���������������

𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑆𝑆 ∪ 𝑇𝑇� = (𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑆𝑆 ∩ 𝑇𝑇� = 𝑅𝑅� ∩ 𝑆𝑆̅ ∩ 𝑇𝑇
∪ 𝑆𝑆) ∪ 𝑇𝑇� = �������

Q.4. Using DeMorgan’s Law, which of the following statements are correct for fuzzy sets R, S, and T?
(a) �������
𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑆𝑆 ∩ 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑅𝑅� ∩ 𝑆𝑆̅ ∪ 𝑇𝑇
(b) �������
𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑆𝑆 ∩ 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑅𝑅� ∪ 𝑆𝑆̅ ∩ 𝑇𝑇
(c) �������
𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑆𝑆 ∩ 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑅𝑅� ∩ 𝑆𝑆̅
(d) �������
𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑆𝑆 ∩ 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑅𝑅� ∩ 𝑆𝑆̅ ∩ 𝑇𝑇
Solution: (d)
Using DeMorgan’s Law: ������� �������
𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑆𝑆 ∩ 𝑇𝑇 = (𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑆𝑆) ∩ 𝑇𝑇 = (𝑅𝑅� ∩ 𝑆𝑆̅) ∩ 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑅𝑅� ∩ 𝑆𝑆̅ ∩ 𝑇𝑇
Q.5. Which of the following is the formula for finding the membership value 𝜇𝜇𝑑𝑑(𝑅𝑅,𝑆𝑆) (𝛿𝛿) for the distance
between two fuzzy sets R and S with generic variables 𝑟𝑟 and 𝑠𝑠 for the fuzzy sets R and S, respectively?

(a) max �max�𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅 (𝑟𝑟), 𝜇𝜇𝑆𝑆 (𝑠𝑠)��

𝛿𝛿=𝑑𝑑(𝑟𝑟,𝑠𝑠)

(b) max �min�𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅 (𝑟𝑟), 𝜇𝜇𝑆𝑆 (𝑠𝑠)��

𝛿𝛿=𝑑𝑑(𝑟𝑟,𝑠𝑠)

(c) min �min�𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅 (𝑟𝑟), 𝜇𝜇𝑆𝑆 (𝑠𝑠)��

𝛿𝛿=𝑑𝑑(𝑟𝑟,𝑠𝑠)

(d) min �max�𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅 (𝑟𝑟), 𝜇𝜇𝑆𝑆 (𝑠𝑠)��

𝛿𝛿=𝑑𝑑(𝑟𝑟,𝑠𝑠)

Solution: (b)

Q.6. Let R and S are two fuzzy sets given as below:

R = { (10,0.7), (30,1.0) }
S = { (13,0.9), (15,0.5) }
What will be the maximum membership value of the distance set between R and S?
(a) 0.9
(b) 1.0
(c) 0.7
(d) 0.5
Solution: (a)
The fuzzy distance set between R and S will be:
0.7/3 + 0.5/5 + 0.5/15 + 0.9/17

Q.7. For the fuzzy sets R and S defined in Q.6., how many values of 𝛿𝛿 will occur for the distance set
between R and S?
(a) 3
(b) 17
(c) 20
(d) 4
Solution: (d)
The values of 𝛿𝛿 will be {3,5,15,17}

Q.8. For the fuzzy sets R and S defined in Q.6., what will be the membership value at 𝛿𝛿 = 10 for the
distance set between R and S?
(a) 0.9
(b) 0.5
(c) 0.0
(d) 1.0
Solution: (c)

Q.9. For the fuzzy sets R and S defined in Q.6., what will be the membership value at 𝛿𝛿 = 15 for the
distance set between R and S?
(a) 0.1
(b) 0.5
(c) 0.9
(d) 0.7
Solution: (b)

Q.10. For the fuzzy sets R and S defined in Q.6., what will be the membership value at 𝛿𝛿 = 3 for the distance
set between R and S?
(a) 0.1
(b) 0.5
(c) 0.9
(d) 0.7
Solution: (d)
 Assignment 5
Q.1. Let A and B are two fuzzy numbers defined over the universe of discourse X, what is the formulation
for finding the membership function values of fuzzy number C=A-B?

(𝑎𝑎) � max [𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ) ∧ 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 )]⁄𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 − 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 ; ∀𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 , 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 , 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 ∈ 𝑋𝑋

𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ,𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵
𝑋𝑋

(𝑏𝑏) � min [𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ) ∧ 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 )]⁄𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 − 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 ; ∀𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 , 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 , 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 ∈ 𝑋𝑋

𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 ,𝑥𝑥
𝑋𝑋

(𝑐𝑐) � min [𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ) ∨ 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 )]⁄𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 − 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 ; ∀𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 , 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 , 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 ∈ 𝑋𝑋

𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 ,𝑥𝑥
𝑋𝑋

(𝑑𝑑) � max [𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ) ∨ 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 )]⁄𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 − 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 ; ∀𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 , 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 , 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 ∈ 𝑋𝑋

𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 ,𝑥𝑥
𝑋𝑋

Solution: (a)

Q.2. Let A and B are two fuzzy numbers defined over the universe of discourse X, what is the formulation
for finding the membership function values of fuzzy number C=A*B?

(𝑎𝑎) � max [𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ) ∨ 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 )]⁄𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ∗ 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 ; ∀𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 , 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 , 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 ∈ 𝑋𝑋

𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ,𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵
𝑋𝑋

(𝑏𝑏) � min [𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ) ∧ 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 )]⁄𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ∗ 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 ; ∀𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 , 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 , 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 ∈ 𝑋𝑋

𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 ,𝑥𝑥
𝑋𝑋

(𝑐𝑐) � max [𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ) ∧ 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 )]⁄𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ∗ 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 ; ∀𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 , 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 , 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 ∈ 𝑋𝑋

𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ,𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵
𝑋𝑋

(𝑑𝑑) � min [𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ) ∨ 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 )]⁄𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑥𝑥 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 ∗ 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 ; ∀𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴 , 𝑥𝑥 𝐵𝐵 , 𝑥𝑥 𝑐𝑐 ∈ 𝑋𝑋

𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵𝑥𝑥 ,𝑥𝑥
𝑋𝑋

Solution: (c)

Q.3. Let 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are two fuzzy numbers with the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋 ∈ [−10,10] as given below.
𝐴𝐴 = 0.1/1 + 0.2/2 + 1.0/3
𝐵𝐵 = 0.3/5 + 1.0/10
What will be the membership function value for highest generic variable value obtained for 𝐶𝐶=A+B?
(a) 0.2
(b) 0.4
(c) 1.0
(d) 0.3
Solution: (d)
C = A+B = min(0.1,0.3)/(1+5) + min(0.1,1.0)/(1+10) + min(0.2,0.3)/(2+5) + min(0.2,1.0)/(2+10) +
min(1.0,0.3)/(3+5) + min(1.0,1.0)/(3+10)
C = A+B = 0.1/6 + 0.1/11 + 0.2/7 + 0.2/12 + 0.3/8 + 1.0/13
After rearranging: C = 0.1/6 + 0.2/7 + 0.3/8 + 0.1/11 + 0.2/12 + 1.0/13
Eliminating the terms out of the universe of discourse: C = 0.1/6 + 0.2/7 + 0.3/8

Q.4. For the fuzzy numbers A and B defined in Q.3. with the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋 ∈ [−15,15], What will
be the membership function value for highest generic variable value obtained for 𝐶𝐶=A+B?
(a) 0.6
(b) 1.0
(c) 0.3
(d) 0.9
Solution: (b)
C = A+B = min(0.1,0.3)/(1+5) + min(0.1,1.0)/(1+10) + min(0.2,0.3)/(2+5) + min(0.2,1.0)/(2+10) +
min(1.0,0.3)/(3+5) + min(1.0,1.0)/(3+10)
C = A+B = 0.1/6 + 0.1/11 + 0.2/7 + 0.2/12 + 0.3/8 + 1.0/13
After rearranging: C = 0.1/6 + 0.2/7 + 0.3/8 + 0.1/11 + 0.2/12 + 1.0/13

Q.5. For the fuzzy numbers A and B defined in Q.3. with the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋 ∈ [0,15], What will be
the membership function value for lowest generic variable value obtained for 𝐶𝐶=A+B?
(a) 0.6
(b) 1.0
(c) 0.1
(d) 0.9
Solution: (c)
C = A+B = min(0.1,0.3)/(1+5) + min(0.1,1.0)/(1+10) + min(0.2,0.3)/(2+5) + min(0.2,1.0)/(2+10) +
min(1.0,0.3)/(3+5) + min(1.0,1.0)/(3+10)
C = A+B = 0.1/6 + 0.1/11 + 0.2/7 + 0.2/12 + 0.3/8 + 1.0/13
After rearranging: C = 0.1/6 + 0.2/7 + 0.3/8 + 0.1/11 + 0.2/12 + 1.0/13

Q.6. For a fuzzy set 𝐴𝐴 given as below, what will be the membership function value at generic variable
value 𝑥𝑥=3 of its complement after applying Sugeno’s class of complement with 𝜆𝜆=4?
𝐴𝐴 = 0.1/2 + 0.5/3 + 1.0/5
(a) 0.167
(b) 0.667
(c) 0.777
(d) 0.766
Solution: (a)
The formulation to find Sugeno’s class of complement is
1 − 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥)
𝑐𝑐𝜆𝜆 (𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥)) =
1 + 𝜆𝜆 × 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥)
At generic variable 𝑥𝑥=3, 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) is 0.5. The Sugeno’s class of complement with 𝜆𝜆=4 will be:
1 − 0.5 0.5 0.5
𝑐𝑐4 (0.5) = = = = 0.166666666 ≅ 0.167
1 + 4 × 0.5 1 + 2 3

Q.7. For the fuzzy set A defined in Q.6., what will be the membership function value at generic variable
value 𝑥𝑥=2 of its complement after applying Sugeno’s class of complement with 𝜆𝜆=0?
(a) 0.2
(b) 0.9
(c) 0.5
(d) 1.0
Solution: (b)
At generic variable 𝑥𝑥=2, 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) is 0.1. The Sugeno’s class of complement with 𝜆𝜆=0 will be:
1 − 0.1 0.9 0.9
𝑐𝑐0 (0.1) = = = = 0.9
1 + 0 × 0.1 1 + 0 1

Q.8. For the fuzzy set A defined in Q.6., what will be the membership function value at generic variable
value 𝑥𝑥=2 of its complement after applying Sugeno’s class of complement with 𝜆𝜆=2?
(a) 0.57
(b) 0.70
(c) 0.75
(d) 0.50
Solution: (c)
At generic variable 𝑥𝑥=2, 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) is 0.1. The Sugeno’s class of complement with 𝜆𝜆=2 will be:
1 − 0.1 0.9 0.9
𝑐𝑐2 (0.1) = = = = 0.75
1 + 2 × 0.1 1 + 0.2 1.2

Q.9. For a fuzzy set 𝐴𝐴 given as below, what will be the membership function value at generic variable
value 𝑥𝑥=3 of its complement after applying Yager’s class of complement with 𝑤𝑤=1?
𝐴𝐴 = 0.1/2 + 0.5/3 + 1.0/5
(a) 0.5
(b) 0.1
(c) 1.0
(d) 0.9
Solution: (a)
The formulation to find Yager’s class of complement is

𝑐𝑐𝑤𝑤 (𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥)) = (1 − 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥)𝑤𝑤 )1/𝑤𝑤

At generic variable 𝑥𝑥=3, 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) is 0.5. The Yager’s class of complement with 𝑤𝑤=1 will be:
𝑐𝑐1 (0.5) = (1 − (0.5)1 )1/1 = 1 − 0.5 = 0.5

Q.10. For the fuzzy set A defined in Q.9., what will be the membership function value at generic variable
value 𝑥𝑥=5 of its complement after applying Yager’s class of complement with 𝑤𝑤=1?
(a) 0.2
(b) 0.9
(c) 1.0
(d) 0.0
Solution: (d)
At generic variable 𝑥𝑥=5, 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) is 1.0. The Yager’s class of complement with 𝑤𝑤=1 will be:
𝑐𝑐1 (1.0) = (1 − (1.0)1 )1/1 = 1 − 1.0 = 0.0
 Assignment 6

Q.1. Let 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are two fuzzy sets given as below.

𝐴𝐴 = 0.8/1 + 0.4/2

𝐵𝐵 = 0.5/1 + 0.2/2

What will be the intersection of fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 for the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋={1,2} using Dombi’s class of 𝑇𝑇-norm for 𝜆𝜆 = 1?

(a) 0.78/1 + 0.90/2

(b) 0.44/1 + 0.15/2

(c) 0.15/1 + 0.44/2

(d) 0.15/1 + 0.50/2

Solution: (b)

The Dombi’s class of T-norm is defined as:

1
𝑇𝑇𝜆𝜆 �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)� = 1/𝜆𝜆
𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝜆𝜆 ∈ (0, ∞)
𝜆𝜆 𝜆𝜆
1 1
1 + �� − 1� + � − 1� �
𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)

For 𝑥𝑥 = 1, 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) = 0.8 and 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥) = 0.5; Dombi’s class of 𝑇𝑇-norm for 𝜆𝜆 = 1 will be:
1 1
𝑇𝑇1 (0.8,0.5) = = = 0.44
1 1
1 1 1/1 1 + [0.25 + 1]
1 + �� − 1� + � − 1� �
0.8 0.5
For 𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) = 0.4 and 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥) = 0.2; Dombi’s class of 𝑇𝑇-norm for 𝜆𝜆 = 1 will be:
1 1
𝑇𝑇1 (0.4,0.2) = = = 0.15
1 1
1 1 1/1 1 + [1.5 + 4]
1 + �� − 1� + � − 1� �
0.4 0.2

Q.2. Let 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are two fuzzy sets given as below.

𝐴𝐴 = 0.8/1 + 0.4/2

𝐵𝐵 = 0.5/1 + 0.2/2

What will be the intersection of fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 for the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋={1,2} using Dubois-Prade’s class of 𝑇𝑇-norm for
𝛼𝛼 = 0.1?

(a) 0.20/1 + 0.20/2

(b) 0.50/1 + 0.50/2

(c) 0.50/1 + 0.20/2

(d) 0.20/1 + 0.50/2

Solution: (c)

The Dubois-Prade’s class of 𝑇𝑇-norm is defined as:

𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) × 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)
𝑇𝑇𝛼𝛼 �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)� = 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝛼𝛼 ∈ [0,1]
max(𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥), 𝛼𝛼)
For 𝑥𝑥 = 1, 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) = 0.8 and 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥) = 0.5; Dubois-Prade’s class of 𝑇𝑇-norm for 𝛼𝛼 = 0.1 will be:
0.8 × 0.5 0.40
𝑇𝑇0.1 (0.8,0.5) = = = 0.50
max(0.8,0.5,0.1) 0.80
For 𝑥𝑥 = 1, 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) = 0.4 and 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥) = 0.2; Dubois-Prade’s class of 𝑇𝑇-norm for 𝛼𝛼 = 0.1 will be:
 0.4 × 0.2 0.08
𝑇𝑇0.1 (0.4,0.2) = = = 0.20
max(0.4,0.2,0.1) 0.4

Q.3. Let 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are two fuzzy sets defined over the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋, what will be the formulation for T-norm bounded
product operator?

(a) 0 ∨ (𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥) − 1)

(b) 0 ∧ (𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥) − 1)

(c) 0 ∨ (𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥) + 1)

(d) 0 ∧ (𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥) + 1)

Solution: (a)

Q.4. Let 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are two fuzzy sets given as below.

𝐴𝐴 = 0.8/1 + 0.4/2

𝐵𝐵 = 0.5/1 + 0.2/2

What will be the intersection of fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 for the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋={1,2} using 𝑇𝑇-norm minimum operator?

(a) 0.5/1 + 0.4/2

(b) 0.5/1 + 0.2/2

(c) 0.8/1 + 0.2/2

(d) 0.8/1 + 0.4/2

Solution: (b)

Using 𝑇𝑇-norm minimum operator, the intersection of fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 will be:

𝑇𝑇min �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)� = min�𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)� = 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) ∧ 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)

For 𝑥𝑥 = 1; 𝑇𝑇min (0.8,0.5) = min(0.8,0.5) = 0.5

For 𝑥𝑥 = 2; 𝑇𝑇min (0.4,0.2) = min(0.4,0.2) = 0.2

𝑇𝑇min �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)� = 0.5/1 + 0.2/2

Q.5. Let 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are two fuzzy sets defined over the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋, what will be the formulation for S-norm bounded
sum operator?

(a) 1 ∨ �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)�

(b) 1 ∧ �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) − 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)�

(c) 1 ∧ �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)�

(d) 1 ∨ �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) − 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)�

Solution: (c)

Q.6. Let 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are two fuzzy sets given as below.

𝐴𝐴 = 0.8/1 + 0.4/2

𝐵𝐵 = 0.5/1 + 0.2/2

What will be the union of fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 for the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋={1,2} using S-norm maximum operator?
(a) 0.5/1 + 0.4/2

(b) 0.5/1 + 0.2/2

(c) 0.8/1 + 0.2/2

(d) 0.8/1 + 0.4/2

Solution: (d)

Using S-norm maximum operator, the union of fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 will be:

𝑆𝑆max �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)� = max�𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)� = 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) ∨ 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)

For 𝑥𝑥 = 1; 𝑆𝑆max (0.8,0.5) = max(0.8,0.5) = 0.8

For 𝑥𝑥 = 2; 𝑆𝑆max (0.4,0.2) = max(0.4,0.2) = 0.4

𝑆𝑆max �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)� = 0.8/1 + 0.4/2

Q.7. Let 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are two fuzzy sets given as below.

𝐴𝐴 = 0.8/1 + 0.4/2

𝐵𝐵 = 0.5/1 + 0.2/2

What will be the intersection of fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 for the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋={1,2} using T-norm algebraic product operator?

(a) 0.40/1 + 0.08/2

(b) 0.90/1 + 0.08/2

(c) 0.90/1 + 0.52/2

(d) 0.40/1 + 0.52/2

Solution: (a)

Using 𝑇𝑇-norm algebraic product operator, the intersection of fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 will be:

𝑇𝑇ap �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)� = 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) × 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)

For 𝑥𝑥 = 1; 𝑇𝑇ap (0.8,0.5) = 0.8 × 0.5 = 0.40

For 𝑥𝑥 = 2; 𝑇𝑇ap (0.4,0.2) = 0.4 × 0.2 = 0.08

𝑇𝑇ap �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)� = 0.40/1 + 0.08/2

Q.8. Let 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are two fuzzy sets given as below.

𝐴𝐴 = 0.8/1 + 0.4/2

𝐵𝐵 = 0.5/1 + 0.2/2

What will be the union of fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 for the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋={1,2} using S-norm algebraic sum operator?

(a) 0.40/1 + 0.08/2

(b) 0.90/1 + 0.08/2

(c) 0.90/1 + 0.52/2

(d) 0.40/1 + 0.52/2

Solution: (c)

Using S-norm algebraic sum operator, the union of fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 will be:

𝑆𝑆as �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)� = 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) + 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥) − �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) × 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)�
For 𝑥𝑥 = 1; 𝑆𝑆as (0.8,0.5) = 0.8 + 0.5 − (0.8 × 0.5) = 0.90

For 𝑥𝑥 = 2; 𝑆𝑆as (0.4,0.2) = 0.4 + 0.2 − (0.4 × 0.2) = 0.52

𝑆𝑆as �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)� = 0.90/1 + 0.52/2

Q.9. For crisp sets A={1,2,3} and B={6,7,8}, which of the following statements are true?

(a) The cartesian product 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 will be non-empty set.

(b) The cartesian product 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 will be an empty set.

(c) The cartesian product 𝐵𝐵 × 𝐴𝐴 will be non-empty set.

(d) The cartesian product 𝐵𝐵 × 𝐴𝐴 will be an empty set.

Solution: (a) and (c)

The cartesian product 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 will be:

𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 = {(1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (2,6), (2,7), (2,8), (3,6), (3,7), (3,8)} => non-empty set

The cartesian product 𝐵𝐵 × 𝐴𝐴 will be:

𝐵𝐵 × 𝐴𝐴 = {(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (7,1), (7,2), (7,3), (8,1), (8,2), (8,3)} => non-empty set

Q.10. For crisp sets A={1,2,3} and B={6,7,8}, which of the following statements are true?

(a) The cartesian product 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 will give the non-empty relation for “first element is less than second element”.

(b) The cartesian product 𝐵𝐵 × 𝐴𝐴 will give the non-empty relation for “first element is greater than second element”.

(c) The cartesian product 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 will give the non-empty relation for “first element is greater than second element”.

(b) The cartesian product 𝐵𝐵 × 𝐴𝐴 will give the non-empty relation for “first element is less than second element”.

Solution: (a) and (b)

The cartesian product 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 will be:

𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 = {(1,6), (1,7), (1,8), (2,6), (2,7), (2,8), (3,6), (3,7), (3,8)} => first element is less than second element

The cartesian product 𝐵𝐵 × 𝐴𝐴 will be:

𝐵𝐵 × 𝐴𝐴 = {(6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (7,1), (7,2), (7,3), (8,1), (8,2), (8,3)} => first element is greater than second element
 Assignment 7

Q.1. Let us consider two fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 with the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋 and 𝑌𝑌, respectively defined as:
𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) = 0.1/𝑥𝑥1 + 0.7/𝑥𝑥2
𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦) = 0.5/𝑦𝑦1 + 0.3/𝑦𝑦2
If 𝑅𝑅 is a fuzzy relation between fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵, what will be the membership value for the generic variable 𝑥𝑥1 for the projection
of fuzzy relation 𝑅𝑅 on 𝐴𝐴?

(a) 0.3

(b) 0.1

(c) 0.5

(d) 0.7

Solution: (b)

The fuzzy relation between fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 is:

𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2
𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥1 min(0.1,0.5) min(0.1,0.3) = 𝑥𝑥1 0.1 0.1
𝑥𝑥2 � � 𝑥𝑥 � �
min(0.7,0.5) min(0.7,0.3) 2 0.5 0.3

The Projection of fuzzy relation 𝑅𝑅 on 𝐴𝐴 will be: 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) = max(0.1,0.1)/𝑥𝑥1 + max(0.5,0.3)/𝑥𝑥2 = 0.1/𝑥𝑥1 + 0.5/𝑥𝑥2

Q.2. For the fuzzy sets defined in Q.1., what will be the membership value for the generic variable 𝑥𝑥2 for the projection of
fuzzy relation 𝑅𝑅 on 𝐴𝐴?

(a) 0.3

(b) 0.1

(c) 0.5

(d) 0.7

Solution: (c)

The Projection of fuzzy relation 𝑅𝑅 on 𝐴𝐴 will be: 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) = max(0.1,0.1)/𝑥𝑥1 + max(0.5,0.3)/𝑥𝑥2 = 0.1/𝑥𝑥1 + 0.5/𝑥𝑥2

Q.3. For the fuzzy sets defined in Q.1., what will be the membership value for the generic variable 𝑦𝑦1 for the projection of fuzzy
relation 𝑅𝑅 on 𝐵𝐵?

(a) 0.3

(b) 0.1

(c) 0.5

(d) 0.7

Solution: (c)

The Projection of fuzzy relation 𝑅𝑅 on 𝐵𝐵 will be: 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 (𝑦𝑦) = max(0.1,0.5)/𝑦𝑦1 + max(0.1,0.3)/𝑦𝑦2 = 0.5/𝑦𝑦1 + 0.3/𝑦𝑦2

Q.4. For the fuzzy sets defined in Q.1., what will be the membership value for the generic variable 𝑦𝑦2 for the projection of fuzzy
relation 𝑅𝑅 on 𝐵𝐵?

(a) 0.3

(b) 0.1
(c) 0.5

(d) 0.7

Solution: (a)

The Projection of fuzzy relation 𝑅𝑅 on 𝐵𝐵 will be: 𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 (𝑦𝑦) = max(0.1,0.5)/𝑦𝑦1 + max(0.1,0.3)/𝑦𝑦2 = 0.5/𝑦𝑦1 + 0.3/𝑦𝑦2

Q.5. Which of the following is the formulation to find the membership value for the cylindrical extension in the space 𝑋𝑋 × 𝑌𝑌
of the one-dimensional fuzzy set A defined with the universe of discourse X?

(a) 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴′ (𝑥𝑥) ∀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) ∈ 𝑋𝑋 × 𝑌𝑌

(b) 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑦𝑦) ∀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) ∈ 𝑋𝑋 × 𝑌𝑌

(c) 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) ∀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) ∈ 𝑋𝑋 × 𝑌𝑌

(d) 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴′ (𝑦𝑦) ∀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) ∈ 𝑋𝑋 × 𝑌𝑌

Solution: (c)

Q.6. Which of the following properties do not hold for fuzzy relations?

(a) Law of Contradiction

(b) Law of Excluded Middle

(c) Absorption property

(d) Idempotency property

Solution: (a) and (b)

Q.7. Which of the following of the law of excluded middle for fuzzy relations?

(a) 𝑅𝑅 ∩ 𝑅𝑅� = 𝐸𝐸

(b) 𝑅𝑅 ∩ 𝑅𝑅� ≠ 𝐸𝐸

(c) 𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑅𝑅� = 𝐸𝐸

(d) 𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑅𝑅� ≠ 𝐸𝐸

Solution: (d)

Q.8. Which of the following of the law of contradiction for fuzzy relations?

(a) 𝑅𝑅 ∩ 𝑅𝑅� = 𝑂𝑂

(b) 𝑅𝑅 ∩ 𝑅𝑅� ≠ 𝑂𝑂

(c) 𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑅𝑅� = 𝑂𝑂

(d) 𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑅𝑅� ≠ 𝑂𝑂

Solution: (b)

Q.9. Let us consider a fuzzy set A with the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋 = [−10,10] given as below:

𝐴𝐴(𝑥𝑥) = 0.1/1 + 0.5/2

Find a fuzzy set B with the universe of discourse 𝑌𝑌 = [−10,10] using the “Extension Principle” for mapping function defined as
below:

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2
(a) 𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦) = 0.1/1 + 0.5/4

(b) 𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦) = 0.5/1 + 0.1/4

(c) 𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦) = 0.5/2 + 0.1/5

(d) 𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦) = 0.1/2 + 0.5/5

Solution: (a)

For 𝑥𝑥 = 1; 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 = (1)2 = 1 => 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (1) = 0.1

For 𝑥𝑥 = 2; 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 = (2)2 = 4 => 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (4) = 0.5

𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦) = 0.1/1 + 0.5/4

Q.10. For the fuzzy set A defined in Q.9., Find a fuzzy set B with using the “Extension Principle” for mapping function defined
as below:

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 1
(a) 𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦) = 0.1/1 + 0.5/4

(b) 𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦) = 0.5/1 + 0.1/4

(c) 𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦) = 0.5/2 + 0.1/5

(d) 𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦) = 0.1/2 + 0.5/5

Solution: (d)

For 𝑥𝑥 = 1; 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 1 = (1)2 + 1 = 2 => 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (2) = 0.1

For 𝑥𝑥 = 2; 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 1 = (2)2 + 1 = 5 => 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (5) = 0.5

𝐵𝐵(𝑦𝑦) = 0.1/2 + 0.5/5

 Assignment 8

Q.1. Let us consider two fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 with the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋 and 𝑌𝑌, respectively defined as
𝐴𝐴 = 0.1⁄𝑥𝑥1 + 0.3⁄𝑥𝑥2 + 0.7⁄𝑥𝑥3
𝐵𝐵 = 0.1⁄𝑦𝑦1 + 0.5⁄𝑦𝑦2 + 0.9⁄𝑦𝑦3
For fuzzy relation matrix 𝑅𝑅 between 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵, what will be the diagonal values of 𝑅𝑅?

(a) 0.1, 0.3, 0.3

(b) 0.1, 0.3, 0.7
(c) 0.9, 0.7, 0.7
(d) 0.9, 0.7, 0.3

Solution: (b)

The relation between given fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 is defined by,

𝑅𝑅 = 𝐴𝐴 × 𝐵𝐵 = ��(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦), 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴×𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)� | ∀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) ∈ 𝑋𝑋 × 𝑌𝑌�
where,
𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴×𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = min(𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥), 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑦𝑦))
Hence, the membership values of 𝑅𝑅 will be,
𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦3
𝑥𝑥1 0.1 0.1 0.1
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑥𝑥
2 �0.1 0.3 0.3�
𝑥𝑥3 0.1 0.5 0.7
The diagonal values are: 0.1, 0.3, 0.7

Q.2. For fuzzy relation matrix 𝑅𝑅 between 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 fuzzy sets defined in Q.1., what will be the diagonal values of
𝑅𝑅� ?

(a) 0.1, 0.3, 0.3

(b) 0.1, 0.3, 0.7
(c) 0.9, 0.7, 0.7
(d) 0.9, 0.7, 0.3

Solution: (d)

The membership values of 𝑅𝑅� will be computed as,

𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅� (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 1 − 𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) ∀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) ∈ 𝑋𝑋 × 𝑌𝑌
𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦3 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦3
𝑥𝑥1 0.1 0.1 0.1 𝑥𝑥1 0.9 0.9 0.9
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑥𝑥 ⇒ 𝑅𝑅� = 𝑥𝑥
2 �0.1 0.3 0.3� 2 �0.9 0.7 0.7�
𝑥𝑥3 0.1 0.5 0.7 𝑥𝑥3 0.9 0.5 0.3

The diagonal values are: 0.9, 0.7, 0.3

Q.3. For fuzzy relation matrix 𝑅𝑅 between 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 fuzzy sets defined in Q.1., what will be the diagonal values of
𝑅𝑅 ∩ 𝑅𝑅� ?

(a) 0.1, 0.3, 0.3

(b) 0.1, 0.3, 0.7
(c) 0.9, 0.7, 0.7
(d) 0.9, 0.7, 0.3

Solution: (a)
The membership values of 𝑅𝑅 ∩ 𝑅𝑅� will be computed as,
𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅∩𝑅𝑅� (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = min�𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦), 𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅� (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)� ∀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) ∈ 𝑋𝑋 × 𝑌𝑌
From the solutions of Q.1. and Q.2.,
𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦3 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦3
𝑥𝑥1 0.1 0.1 0.1 𝑥𝑥1 0.9 0.9 0.9
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑅𝑅� = 𝑥𝑥
2 �0.1 0.3 0.3� 2 �0.9 0.7 0.7�
𝑥𝑥3 0.1 0.5 0.7 𝑥𝑥3 0.9 0.5 0.3
𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦3
𝑥𝑥1 0.1 0.1 0.1
𝑅𝑅 ∩ 𝑅𝑅� = 𝑥𝑥
2 �0.1 0.3 0.3�
𝑥𝑥3 0.1 0.5 0.3
The diagonal values are: 0.1, 0.3, 0.3

Q.4. For fuzzy relation matrix 𝑅𝑅 between 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 fuzzy sets defined in Q.1., what will be the diagonal values of
𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑅𝑅� ?

(a) 0.1, 0.3, 0.3

(b) 0.1, 0.3, 0.7
(c) 0.9, 0.7, 0.7
(d) 0.9, 0.7, 0.3

Solution: (c)

The membership values of 𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑅𝑅� will be computed as,

𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅∪𝑅𝑅� (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = max�𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦), 𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅� (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)� ∀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) ∈ 𝑋𝑋 × 𝑌𝑌
From the solutions of Q.1. and Q.2.,
𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦3 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦3
𝑥𝑥1 0.1 0.1 0.1 𝑥𝑥1 0.9 0.9 0.9
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑅𝑅� = 𝑥𝑥
2 �0.1 0.3 0.3� 2 �0.9 0.7 0.7�
𝑥𝑥3 0.1 0.5 0.7 𝑥𝑥3 0.9 0.5 0.3
𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦3
𝑥𝑥1 0.9 0.9 0.9
𝑅𝑅 ∪ 𝑅𝑅� = 𝑥𝑥
2 �0.9 0.7 0.7�
𝑥𝑥3 0.9 0.5 0.7
The diagonal values are: 0.9, 0.7, 0.7

Q.5. Let us consider fuzzy sets 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶 with the universe of discourse 𝑌𝑌 and 𝑍𝑍, respectively defined as
𝐵𝐵 = 0.1⁄𝑦𝑦1 + 0.5⁄𝑦𝑦2 + 0.9⁄𝑦𝑦3
𝐶𝐶 = 0.1⁄𝑧𝑧1 + 0.3⁄𝑧𝑧2 + 0.8⁄𝑧𝑧3
What will be the diagonal values of fuzzy relation matrix 𝑆𝑆 between 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶?

(a) 0.1, 0.3, 0.8

(b) 0.1, 0.3, 0.7
(c) 0.9, 0.7, 0.7
(d) 0.9, 0.7, 0.3

Solution: (a)

The membership values of 𝑆𝑆 will be:

𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧3
𝑦𝑦1 0.1 0.1 0.1
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑦𝑦
2 �0.1 0.3 0.5�
𝑦𝑦3 0.1 0.3 0.8
The diagonal values are: 0.1, 0.3, 0.8
Q.6. Let us consider fuzzy sets 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶 with the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋, 𝑌𝑌 and 𝑍𝑍, respectively defined as
𝐴𝐴 = 0.1⁄𝑥𝑥1 + 0.3⁄𝑥𝑥2 + 0.7⁄𝑥𝑥3
𝐵𝐵 = 0.1⁄𝑦𝑦1 + 0.5⁄𝑦𝑦2 + 0.9⁄𝑦𝑦3
𝐶𝐶 = 0.1⁄𝑧𝑧1 + 0.3⁄𝑧𝑧2 + 0.8⁄𝑧𝑧3
Let two fuzzy relations 𝑅𝑅(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝑆𝑆(𝑦𝑦, 𝑧𝑧) are defined on the space 𝑋𝑋 × 𝑌𝑌 and 𝑌𝑌 × 𝑍𝑍, respectively, what will be
the diagonal values of max-min composition matrix of fuzzy relations 𝑅𝑅 and 𝑆𝑆?

(a) 0.1, 0.3, 0.8

(b) 0.1, 0.3, 0.7
(c) 0.9, 0.7, 0.7
(d) 0.9, 0.7, 0.3

Solution: (b)

The membership values of 𝑅𝑅 and 𝑆𝑆 will be:

𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑦𝑦3 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧3
𝑥𝑥1 0.1 0.1 0.1 𝑦𝑦1 0.1 0.1 0.1
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑦𝑦
2 �0.1 0.3 0.3� 2 �0.1 0.3 0.5�
𝑥𝑥3 0.1 0.5 0.7 𝑦𝑦3 0.1 0.3 0.8
The max-min composition of fuzzy relations 𝑅𝑅 and 𝑆𝑆 will be:
𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧3
𝑥𝑥1 0.1 0.1 0.1
𝑅𝑅 ∘ 𝑆𝑆 = 𝑥𝑥
2 �0.1 0.3 0.3�
𝑥𝑥3 0.1 0.3 0.7
The diagonal values are: 0.1, 0.3, 0.7

Q.7. Which of the following is the associativity property for the composition of fuzzy relations R, S, and T?

(a) (𝑅𝑅 ∘ 𝑆𝑆) ∘ 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑅𝑅 ∘ (𝑆𝑆 ∘ 𝑇𝑇)

(b) (𝑅𝑅 ∘ 𝑆𝑆) ∘ 𝑇𝑇 = (𝑅𝑅 ∘ 𝑆𝑆) ∘ (𝑅𝑅 ∘ 𝑇𝑇)
(c) (𝑅𝑅 ∘ 𝑆𝑆) ∘ 𝑇𝑇 ≠ 𝑅𝑅 ∘ (𝑆𝑆 ∘ 𝑇𝑇)
(d) None of the above

Solution: (a)

Q.8. If R is fuzzy relation defined in the space 𝑋𝑋 × 𝑋𝑋, which of the following properties should be satisfied for R
being a fuzzy tolerance relation?

(a) Reflexivity
(b) Symmetry
(c) Reflexivity and Symmetry
(d) None of the above

Solution: (c)

Q.9. If R is fuzzy relation defined in the space 𝑋𝑋 × 𝑋𝑋, which of the following properties should be satisfied for R
being a fuzzy equivalence relation?

(a) Reflexivity
(b) Symmetry
(c) Transitivity
(d) Reflexivity, Symmetry, and Transitivity

Solution: (d)
Q.10. The composition of fuzzy relations holds which of the following properties?

(a) Monotonicity
(b) Associativity
(c) Distributivity over intersection
(d) Weak Associativity over intersection

Solution: (a) and (b)

 Assignment 9

Q.1. If a linguistic variable “Tall” is defined for the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋 = {1,2,3,4,5,6} as:
Tall = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
What will be “Very Tall”?
(a) 0.0016/1 + 0.0256/2 + 0.1296/3 + 0.4096/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.0625/6
(b) 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
(c) 0.04/1 + 0.16/2 + 0.36/3 + 0.64/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.25/6
(d) None of the above
Solution: (c)
Tall = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
“Very Tall” will be calculated using,
� 𝜇𝜇Very Tall (𝑥𝑥)⁄𝑥𝑥 = � [𝜇𝜇Tall (𝑥𝑥)]2⁄𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋 𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋

� 𝜇𝜇Very Tall (𝑥𝑥)⁄𝑥𝑥 = (0.2)2⁄1 + (0.4)2⁄2 + (0.6)2⁄3 + (0.8)2⁄4 + (1.0)2⁄5 + (0.5)2⁄6

𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋

� 𝜇𝜇Very Tall (𝑥𝑥)⁄𝑥𝑥 = 0.04⁄1 + 0.16⁄2 + 0.36⁄3 + 0.64⁄4 + 1.0⁄5 + 0.25⁄6

𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋

Q.2. For the linguistic variable “Tall” defined in Q.1., what will be “Very Very Tall”?
(a) 0.0016/1 + 0.0256/2 + 0.1296/3 + 0.4096/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.0625/6
(b) 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
(c) 0.04/1 + 0.16/2 + 0.36/3 + 0.64/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.25/6
(d) None of the above
Solution: (a)
Tall = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
“Very Tall” will be calculated using,
� 𝜇𝜇Very Tall (𝑥𝑥)⁄𝑥𝑥 = � [𝜇𝜇Tall (𝑥𝑥)]2⁄𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋 𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋

� 𝜇𝜇Very Tall (𝑥𝑥)⁄𝑥𝑥 = (0.2)2⁄ 1+ (0.4)2⁄

2 + (0.6)2⁄3 + (0.8)2⁄4 + (1.0)2⁄5 + (0.5)2⁄6
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋

� 𝜇𝜇Very Tall (𝑥𝑥)⁄𝑥𝑥 = 0.04⁄1 + 0.16⁄2 + 0.36⁄3 + 0.64⁄4 + 1.0⁄5 + 0.25⁄6

𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋
“Very Very Tall” will be calculated using,
2
� 𝜇𝜇Very Very Tall (𝑥𝑥)⁄𝑥𝑥 = � �𝜇𝜇Very Tall (𝑥𝑥)� ⁄𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋 𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋

� 𝜇𝜇Very Very Tall (𝑥𝑥)⁄𝑥𝑥 = (0.04)2 ⁄1 + (0.16)2 ⁄2 + (0.36)2 ⁄3 + (0.64)2 ⁄4 + (1.0)2⁄5 + (0.25)2 ⁄6
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋

� 𝜇𝜇Very Very Tall (𝑥𝑥)⁄𝑥𝑥 = 0.0016/1 + 0.0256/2 + 0.1296/3 + 0.4096/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.0625/6
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋

Q.3. If a fuzzy set 𝐴𝐴 with the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋={1,2,3,4,5,6} is defined as,
𝐴𝐴 = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
What will be NOT(𝐴𝐴)?
(a) 0.2/1 + 0.0/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.0/4 + 0.7/5 + 0.0/6
(b) 0.5/1 + 0.4/2 + 1.0/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
(c) 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
(d) 0.8/1 + 0.6/2 + 0.4/3 + 0.2/4 + 0.0/5 + 0.5/6
Solution: (d)
𝐴𝐴 = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
The NOT(𝐴𝐴) is calculated using,
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝐴𝐴) = ¬𝐴𝐴 = � �1 − 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥)�⁄𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝐴𝐴) = (1 − 0.2)/1 + (1 − 0.4)/2 + (1 − 0.6)/3 + (1 − 0.8)/4 + (1 − 1.0)/5 + (1 − 0.5)/6
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝐴𝐴) = 0.8/1 + 0.6/2 + 0.4/3 + 0.2/4 + 0.0/5 + 0.5/6

Q.4. If a fuzzy set 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 with the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋={1,2,3,4,5,6} is defined as,
𝐴𝐴 = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
𝐵𝐵 = 0.5/1 + 1.0/3 + 0.7/5
What will be 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵?
(a) 0.2/1 + 0.0/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.0/4 + 0.7/5 + 0.0/6
(b) 0.5/1 + 0.4/2 + 1.0/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
(c) 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
(d) 0.8/1 + 0.6/2 + 0.4/3 + 0.2/4 + 0.0/5 + 0.5/6
Solution: (a)
𝐴𝐴 = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
𝐵𝐵 = 0.5/1 + 0.0/2 + 1.0/3 + 0.0/4 + 0.7/5 + 0.0/6
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 will be calculated using,
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴 ∩ 𝐵𝐵 = � �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) ∧ 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)�⁄𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 = (0.2 ∧ 0.5)/1 + (0.4 ∧ 0.0)/2 + (0.6 ∧ 1.0)/3 + (0.8 ∧ 0.0)/4 + (1.0 ∧ 0.7)/5
+ (0.5 ∧ 0.0)/6
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 = 0.2/1 + 0.0/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.0/4 + 0.7/5 + 0.0/6

Q.5. If a fuzzy set 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 with the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋={1,2,3,4,5,6} is defined as,
𝐴𝐴 = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
𝐵𝐵 = 0.5/1 + 1.0/3 + 0.7/5
What will be 𝐴𝐴 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐵𝐵?
(a) 0.2/1 + 0.0/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.0/4 + 0.7/5 + 0.0/6
(b) 0.5/1 + 0.4/2 + 1.0/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
(c) 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
(d) 0.8/1 + 0.6/2 + 0.4/3 + 0.2/4 + 0.0/5 + 0.5/6
Solution: (b)
𝐴𝐴 = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6
𝐵𝐵 = 0.5/1 + 0.0/2 + 1.0/3 + 0.0/4 + 0.7/5 + 0.0/6
𝐴𝐴 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐵𝐵 will be calculated using,
𝐴𝐴 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐵𝐵 = 𝐴𝐴 ∪ 𝐵𝐵 = � �𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥) ∨ 𝜇𝜇𝐵𝐵 (𝑥𝑥)�⁄𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋
𝐴𝐴 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐵𝐵 = (0.2 ∨ 0.5)/1 + (0.4 ∨ 0.0)/2 + (0.6 ∨ 1.0)/3 + (0.8 ∨ 0.0)/4 + (1.0 ∨ 0.7)/5 + (0.5 ∨ 0.0)/6
𝐴𝐴 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐵𝐵 = 0.5/1 + 0.4/2 + 1.0/3 + 0.8/4 + 1.0/5 + 0.5/6

Q.6. Let A is a fuzzy set defined for the universe of discourse X = {1,2,3,4} as:
A = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 1.0/4
What will be “CON(A)”?
(a) 0.0016/1 + 0.0256/2 + 0.1296/3 + 1.0/4
(b) 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 1.0/4
(c) 0.04/1 + 0.16/2 + 0.36/3 + 1.0/4
(d) None of the above
Solution: (c)
𝐴𝐴 = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 1.0/4
“CON(A)” will be calculated using,
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴) = 𝐴𝐴(2) = � [𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥)]2⁄𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴) = (0.2)2⁄1 + (0.4)2⁄2 + (0.6)2⁄3 + (1.0)2⁄4
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴) = 0.04⁄1 + 0.16⁄2 + 0.36⁄3 + 1.0⁄4

Q.7. Let A is a fuzzy set defined for the universe of discourse X = {1,2,3,4} as:
A = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 1.0/4
What will be “CON(CON(A))”?
(a) 0.0016/1 + 0.0256/2 + 0.1296/3 + 1.0/4
(b) 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 1.0/4
(c) 0.04/1 + 0.16/2 + 0.36/3 + 1.0/4
(d) None of the above
Solution: (a)
𝐴𝐴 = 0.2/1 + 0.4/2 + 0.6/3 + 1.0/4
“CON(A)” will be calculated using,
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴) = 𝐴𝐴(2) = � [𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥)]2⁄𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴) = (0.2)2⁄1 + (0.4)2⁄2 + (0.6)2⁄3 + (1.0)2⁄4
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴) = 0.04⁄1 + 0.16⁄2 + 0.36⁄3 + 1.0⁄4
“CON(CON(A))” will be calculated using,
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶�𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴)� = � [[𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥)]2 ]2⁄𝑥𝑥 = (0.04)2 ⁄1 + (0.16)2 ⁄2 + (0.36)2 ⁄3 + (1.0)2⁄4
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶�𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝐴𝐴)� = 0.0016/1 + 0.0256/2 + 0.1296/3 + 1.0/4

Q.8. Let a linguistic term “Light” is defined for the universe of discourse X = {1,2} as:
Light = 0.1/1 + 1.0/2
What will be “Very Light”?
(a) 0.01/1 + 0.5/2
(b) 0.01/2 + 1.0/1
(c) 0.01/1 + 1.0/2
(d) None of the above
Solution: (c)
Light = 0.1/1 + 1.0/2
“Very Light” will be calculated using,
2
� 𝜇𝜇Very Light (𝑥𝑥)⁄𝑥𝑥 = � �𝜇𝜇Light (𝑥𝑥)� ⁄𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋 𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋

� 𝜇𝜇Very Light (𝑥𝑥)⁄𝑥𝑥 = (0.1)2 /1 + (1.0)2 /2 = 0.01/1 + 1.0/2

𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋

Q.9. If a fuzzy set 𝐴𝐴 with the universe of discourse 𝑋𝑋={1,2} is defined as,
𝐴𝐴 = 0.1/1 + 1.0/2
 What will be NOT(𝐴𝐴)?
(a) 0.90/1 + 0.1/2
(b) 0.90/1 + 0.0/2
(c) 0.01/1 + 1.0/2
(d) 0.90/1 + 1.0/2
Solution: (b)
The NOT(𝐴𝐴) is calculated using,
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝐴𝐴) = ¬𝐴𝐴 = � �1 − 𝜇𝜇𝐴𝐴 (𝑥𝑥)�⁄𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝐴𝐴) = (1 − 0.1)/1 + (1 − 1.0)/2
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁(𝐴𝐴) = 0.9/1 + 0.0/2

Q.10. Let a linguistic term “Light” is defined for the universe of discourse X = {1,2} as:
Light = 0.1/1 + 1.0/2
What will be “Very Very Light”?
(a) 0.0001/1 + 1.0/2
(b) 0.01/2 + 1.0/1
(c) 0.01/1 + 1.0/2
(d) 0.0001/2 + 1.0/1
Solution: (a)
“Very Very Light” will be calculated using,
4
� 𝜇𝜇Very Very Light (𝑥𝑥)⁄𝑥𝑥 = � �𝜇𝜇Light (𝑥𝑥)� ⁄𝑥𝑥 = (0.1)4 /1 + (1.0)4 /2 = 0.0001/1 + 1.0/2
𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋 𝑥𝑥∈𝑋𝑋
 Assignment 10

Q.1. Which of the following statements are correct?

(a) The contrast intensifier increases the membership value which are above 0.5.

(b) The contrast intensifier diminishes the membership value which are above 0.5.

(c) The contrast intensifier diminishes the membership value which are below 0.5.

(d) The contrast intensifier increases the membership value which are below 0.5.

Solution: (a) and (c)

Q.2. Which of the following statements are correct?

(a) The membership value of 0.5 remains the same due to contrast intensification.

(b) The membership value of 0.5 diminishes due to contrast intensification.

(c) The membership value of 0.5 increases due to contrast intensification.

(d) None of the above

Solution: (a)

Q.3. Let fuzzy set A is defined with the universe of discourse X = {1,2,3,4} given as below.
A = 0.1/1 + 0.5/2 + 1.0/3 + 0.7/4

Which of the following will be the fuzzy set obtained by 𝐼𝑁𝑇(𝐴)?

(a) 0.10/1 + 0.50/2 + 0.00/3 + 0.70/4

(b) 0.02/1 + 0.50/2 + 0.00/3 + 0.82/4

(c) 0.02/1 + 0.50/2 + 1.00/3 + 0.82/4

(d) 0.10/1 + 0.50/2 + 1.00/3 + 0.70/4

Solution: (c)
𝐴 = 0.1/1 + 0.5/2 + 1.0/3 + 0.7/4
For 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) = 0.1 ⇒ 0.0 ≤ 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) ≤ 0.5 :

2𝐴(2) = 2(0.1)(2) /1 = 2 × 0.01/1 = 0.02/1

For 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) = 0.5 ⇒ 0.0 ≤ 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) ≤ 0.5 :

2𝐴(2) = 2(0.5)(2) /2 = 2 × 0.25/2 = 0.50/2

For 𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) = 1.0 ⇒ 0.5 ≤ 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) ≤ 1.0 :

¬2(¬𝐴)(2) = ¬2(1 − 1.0)(2) /3 = (1 − 0.00)/3 = 1.00/3

For 𝑥 = 4 ⇒ 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) = 0.7 ⇒ 0.5 ≤ 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) ≤ 1.0 :

¬2(¬𝐴)(2) = ¬2(1 − 0.7)(2) /4 = ¬2(0.09)/4 = (1 − 0.18)/4 = 0.82/4

𝐼𝑁𝑇(𝐴) = 0.02/1 + 0.50/2 + 1.00/3 + 0.82/4

Q.4. Which of the following statements are true?

(a) Contrast intensification has the effect of increasing fuzziness of a linguistic value.

(b) Contrast intensification has the effect of reducing fuzziness of a linguistic value.

(c) Contrast intensification does not affect the fuzziness of a linguistic value.

(d) None of the above

Solution: (b)

Q.5. Let fuzzy set B is defined with the universe of discourse X = {1,2,3} given as below.
B = 0.5/1 + 1.0/2 + 0.2/3

Which of the following will be the fuzzy set obtained by 𝐼𝑁𝑇(𝐵)?

(a) 0.50/1 + 0.00/2 + 0.20/3

(b) 0.50/1 + 0.00/2 + 0.08/3

(c) 0.50/1 + 1.00/2 + 0.20/3

(d) 0.50/1 + 1.00/2 + 0.08/3

Solution: (d)

𝐵 = 0.5/1 + 1.0/2 + 0.2/3

For 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥) = 0.5 ⇒ 0.0 ≤ 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥) ≤ 0.5:

2𝐵(2) = 2(0.5)(2) /1 = 2 × 0.25/1 = 0.50/1

For 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥) = 1.0 ⇒ 0.5 ≤ 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥) ≤ 1.0 :

¬2(¬𝐵)(2) = ¬2(1 − 1.0)(2) /2 = (1 − 0.00)/2 = 1.00/2

For 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥) = 0.2 ⇒ 0.0 ≤ 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥) ≤ 0.5 :

2𝐵(2) = 2(0.2)(2) /3 = 2 × 0.04/3 = 0.08/3

𝐼𝑁𝑇(𝐵) = 0.50/1 + 1.00/2 + 0.08/3

Q.6. Which of the following statements are true?

(a) A term set is made up of using convex and normal fuzzy sets.

(b) A term set is made up of using non-convex and normal fuzzy sets.

(c) A term set is made up of using convex and subnormal fuzzy sets.

(d) A term set is made up of using non-convex and subnormal fuzzy sets.

Solution: (a)

Q.7. Let A and B are fuzzy sets defined for the universe of discourse X = {1,2,3} as below:
A = 0.1/1 + 1.0/2
B = 0.2/1 + 1.0/3

What will be the fuzzy set C such that fuzzy sets A, B, and C are orthogonal for the universe of discourse X?
(a) 0.7/1 + 0.0/2 + 1.0/3

(b) 0.7/1 + 1.0/2 + 0.0/3

(c) 0.7/1 + 0.0/2 + 0.0/3

(d) 0.7/1 + 1.0/2 + 1.0/3

Solution: (c)

After rewriting fuzzy sets A and B as,

𝐴 = 0.1/1 + 1.0/2 + 0.0/3

𝐵 = 0.2/1 + 0.0/2 + 1.0/3
The fuzzy set 𝐶, such that 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 are orthogonal for the given universe of discourse 𝑋, will be calculated using,

𝐶 = ∑ 𝜇𝐶 (𝑥)⁄𝑥 = ∑(1 − [𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) + 𝜇𝐵 (𝑥)])⁄𝑥

𝑋 𝑋

𝐶 = (1 − [0.1 + 0.2])⁄1 + (1 − [1.0 + 0.0])⁄2 + (1 − [0.0 + 1.0])⁄3

𝐶 = 0.7/1 + 0.0/2 + 0.0/3

Q.8. For a fuzzy If-Then rule defined using “IF x is A THEN y is B”, which of the following statements are true?

(a) “x is A” is called as consequence and “y is B” is called as antecedent.

(b) “x is A” is called as antecedent and “y is B” is called as consequence.

(c) “x is A” is called as premise and “y is B” is called as conclusion.

(d) “x is A” is called as conclusion and “y is B” is called as premise.

Solution: (b) and (c)

Q.9. Which of the following are the building blocks of a fuzzy inference system?

(a) Fuzzifier

(b) Defuzzifier

(c) Inference Engine

(d) Fuzzy Rules

(e) All of the above

Solution: (e)

Q.10. Let two fuzzy sets A and B are defined for the universe of discourse X = {1,2,3} and Y = {1,2,3}, respectively as
given below:
A = 0.2/1 + 0.5/2 + 1.0/3
B = 0.1/1 + 1.0/2 + 0.5/3

What will be diagonal values of the implication relation matrix for the fuzzy rule interpreted as “A coupled with B”
using T-norm minimum operator?

(a) 0.1, 0.1, 0.1

(b) 0.1, 0.5, 0.5

(c) 0.5, 0.5, 0.5

(d) None of the above

Solution: (b)

Given:

𝐴 = ∑ 𝜇𝐴 (𝑥)⁄𝑥 = 0.2/1 + 0.5/2 + 1.0/3

𝑋

𝐵 = ∑ 𝜇𝐵 (𝑦)⁄𝑦 = 0.1/1 + 1.0/2 + 0.5/3

𝑌

The formulation of fuzzy rule interpretation of “A coupled with B” using T-norm minimum operator will be,

𝑅min = 𝐴 → 𝐵 = 𝐴 × 𝐵 = ∑(𝜇𝐴 (𝑥) ∧ 𝜇𝐵 (𝑦))⁄(𝑥, 𝑦) ∀(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑋 × 𝑌

𝑋×𝑌
𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3
𝑥1 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3
min(0.2,0.1) min(0.2,1.0) min(0.2,0.5) 0.1 0.2 0.2
𝑅min = 𝑥2 min(0.5,0.1) min(0.5,1.0) min(0.5,0.5) = 𝑥2
𝑥3 [ ] 𝑥3 0.1 0.5 0.5]
[
min(1.0,0.1) min(1.0,1.0) min(1.0,0.5) 0.1 1.0 0.5

The diagonal values of implication relation matrix 𝑅min are 0.1, 0.5, and 0.5.
 Assignment 11

Q.1. Who developed Mamdani fuzzy model?

(a) Lotfi A. Zadeh

(b) E. H. Mamdani

(c) John McCarthy

(d) Warren McCulloch

(e) Walter Pitts

Solution: (b)

Q.2. Which of the following was the first application of Mamdani fuzzy model?

(a) Control a steam engine and boiler combination

(b) Control a vehicle engine

(c) Golf diagnostic system

(d) Condition based monitoring of machine

Solution: (a)

Q.3. Which of the following are the building blocks of a Mamdani fuzzy model?

(a) Rule evaluation

(b) Fuzzification of input variables

(c) Defuzzification

(d) Aggregation of outputs of fuzzy rules

(e) All of the above

Solution: (e)

Q.4. Let us consider a Mamdani fuzzy model as,

Rule: IF x is A THEN y is B
Fact (Input): x is A’
Conclusion: y is B’
Which of the following is the given Mamdani fuzzy model?

(a) Multiple rules with single antecedent

(b) Single rule with multiple antecedents

(c) Single rule with single antecedent

(d) Multiple rules with multiple antecedents

Solution: (c)
Q.5. Let us consider a Mamdani fuzzy model with single rule and multiple antecedents is defined as,

Rule: IF x is A and y is B THEN z is C

Fact (Input): x is A’ and y is B’

Conclusion: z is C’

If the points of intersection for fuzzy inputs A’ and B’ with A and B, respectively are represented by weights w1=0.70
and w2=0.50, what will be the value of weight obtained using max-min composition for the truncation of C to get the
output C’?

(a) 0.70

(b) 0.50

(c) 0.35

(d) None of the above

Solution: (b)

For max-min composition of Mamdani fuzzy model with single rule and multiple antecedents, the weight for the
truncation of C to get the output C’ is obtained as,

w = min(w1,w2) = min(0.70,0.50) = 0.50

Q.6. For the Mamdani fuzzy model and weights value defined in Q.5., what will be the value of weight obtained
using max-product composition for the truncation of C to get the output C’?

(a) 0.70

(b) 0.50

(c) 0.35

(d) None of the above

Solution: (c)

For max-product composition of Mamdani fuzzy model with single rule and multiple antecedents, the weight for the
truncation of C to get the output C’ is obtained as,

w = w1*w2 = 0.70*0.50 = 0.35

Q.7. Which of the followings are true for defuzzification strategy using mean of maximum?

(a) The defuzzified value z* is the average of the values of z for which the membership function has its
maximum value.

(b) The defuzzified value z* is the average of the values of z for which the membership function has its minimum
value.

(c) The defuzzified value z* is the maximum of the values of z.

(d) The defuzzified value z* is the minimum of the values of z.

Solution: (a)
Q.8. If the aggregated output of a Mamdani fuzzy model is a trapezoidal shaped output defined using parameters
[2,5,7,8] with maximum membership function value 1.0, what will be the defuzzified crisp output value using mean of
maximum?

(a) 6

(b) 7

(c) 5

(d) 2

(e) 8

Solution: (a)

Given aggregated output can be plotted as:

𝜇(𝑧)
1.0

2 5 7 8 𝑧

The defuzzified crisp output value using mean of maximum will be:

z* = (5+7)/2 = 12/2 = 6

Q.9. For the problem statement given in Q.8., what will be defuzzified crisp output value using smallest of
maximum?

(a) 6

(b) 7

(c) 5

(d) 2

(e) 8

Solution: (c)

Q.10. For the problem statement given in Q.8., what will be defuzzified crisp output value using largest of maximum?

(a) 6

(b) 7

(c) 5

(d) 2

(e) 8

Solution: (b)