environment, the control of community - It comes from the old French word

COMMUNITY AND PUBLIC infections, the education of the individual “communite” which is derived from the
HEALTH: FOUNDATIONS in principles of personal hygiene, the Latin “communitas” (cum. “with/together”
organization of medical and nursing + munus, “gift”), a broad term for
service for the early diagnosis and fellowship or organized society.
FOUNDATIONS preventive treatment of disease, and the
development of the social machinery - A group of people sharing common
COURSE OUTLINE: which will ensure to every individual in geographic boundaries and/or common
the community a standard of living values and interests.
1. History of Community Health
adequate for the maintenance of health
2. The Community, Its Organization, and Its
Health (Charles-Edward Amory Winslow, - The group which functions within a
2.1 The Health Field Concept 1920). particular sociocultural context (no two
2.2 A Model of Community Health communities are alike) and varying
2.3 Concept of Community - The health status of a defined group of physical environment and the people’s
2.4 Quality of Health people and the governmental actions way of behaving and coping differ from
3. Human Ecology, Demography, and and conditions to promote, protect, and one group to another.
Epidemiology
3.1 Human Ecology preserve their health.
3.2 Demography
- It is concerned with threats to the What’s your role as part of
3.3 Epidemiology
3.4 Agriculture, Technology, and Health overall health of a community based in
population health analysis.
community?
3.5 Life Span Versus Life Expectancy
3.6 Community Applications 3.7 Measuring
- to become productive member.
Progress It is typically divided into:
4. Human Behavior and Community Health epidemiology, biostatistics and health
Education
services; environmental, social,
5 core elements (MacQueen et.
4.1 Science and Application 4.2 Health
Behavior and Lifestyle behavioral, and occupational health al., 2001)
4.3 Community Health Education and other subfields.

OBJECTIVES: 1. Locus – sense of place, locale or

MAJOR CONCEPTS:
1. Defined traditional and holistic definitions of geographical boundaries. Ex.
- Health promotion and disease
health. neighborhood, village, city or country.
2. Described common approaches in prevention.
measuring health. - People’s participation towards self-
3. Discussed an ideal healthy community. reliance: active and full involvement with 2. Sharing – shared perspectives and
4. Discussed human ecology, demography and people in the decision-making process: common interests.
epidemiology.
5. Explained the key concepts and features of
community environmental factors. 3. Joint action – source of community
 assessment, cohesion and identity; leading naturally
6. Enumerated the underlying factors that exist
in the present time.  planning, to the creation of community
7. Applied the concepts in human ecology,  implementations,
demography in the assigned community.  monitoring, and 4. Social ties – interpersonal
8. Assessed the health needs of the  evaluation. relationships that formed the foundation
community.
9. Discussed human behavior and community of the community. Ex. family,
health education concepts. 10. Described Deals with the ff (Winslow) roommates, household, lovers, friends,
health behavior and lifestyle of the community. neighbors, coworkers, role models,
11. Conceptualized an ideal behavior for health -Surveillance of emergence of diseases. support groups.
and healthy lifestyle.
-ID of diseases among community
members. 5. Diversity – larger societal view of
HEALTH -Investigating factors that contribute to community and made reference to
the existence of diseases. differences in interpersonal interaction.
-Educating the community regarding
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ways that will prevent them from CHARACTERISTICS
DEFINITION (1995) acquiring the diseases Membership —a sense of identity and
-Creation of strategies that will ensure belonging.
- A state of complete physical, mental, sustained well-being among the
and social well-being and not merely the community. Common symbol systems—similar
absence of disease or infirmity. - Provision of health services to address language, rituals, and ceremonies.
community members who are already
Ottawa Charter for Health having the disease or recuperating from Shared values and norms.
Promotion (1986) complications of the disease.
Mutual influence—community
-Provision of health services to address
members have influence and are
- resource of everyday life, not the community members who are already
influenced by each other.
objective of daily living having the disease or recuperating from
- a positive concept emphasizing social complications of the disease.
Shared needs and commitment to
and personal resources as well as - Institutionalize lessons learned
meeting them
physical capacities through policies and structures that will
prevent occurrence of similar or other
Shared emotional connection—
diseases, and
PUBLIC HEALTH - Monitoring the health status of the
members share common history,
- Ecological in perspective (external), experiences, and mutual support.
community and providing means that will
multi-sectoral in scope and collaborative ensure them of sustaining their health
in strategy. and well-being. CLASSIFICATIONS:
*Rural communities
- It aims to improve the health of - A.K.A. open lands, often agricultural in
community through organized CHARACTERISTICS:
nature which is more spacious and less
community effort. 🠶 It deals with preventive rather than
densely populated.
curative aspects of health. 🠶 It deals
- The science and art or preventing with population level rather than
* Urban communities
disease, prolonging life and promoting individual level health issues.
- often known as city or cities which are
health through the organized community nonagricultural in nature, are densely
efforts for the sanitation of the COMMUNITY: populated, and marked by industrial
products and technology; Central -Community members have access to industrial development and the
Business Districts are found here. varied experiences, interactions and economy.
communication. - For example, people living in the
-The health services are accessible and lowland areas (geographic factors) are
appropriate. more exposed to malaria than people
CLASSIFICATIONS - The historical and cultural heritage is living in the highlands. If the economic
* Suburban or urban or the capitals promoted and celebrated. environment gets worse than more
- usually, the administrative capital of a people will have to live in poverty — and
province characterized by a unique mix -There is a diverse and innovative this is very bad for their health.
of agriculture and industry. economy. 3. Lifestyle
-There is a sustainable use of available -Made up of the habits and usual
resources for all.
Community Development: practices of human beings which affect
- “A healthy community is a place where their health and over which they more or
- Community roles – national
people provide leadership in assessing less have control.
development and sustainable progress.
their own resources and needs, where -For example, people who are not
- Important strategy in nation- public health and social infrastructure sleeping under insecticide treated bed
building and policies support health, and where nets are at more risk of acquiring
essential public health services,
malaria.
United Nations
- a process where community members including quality health care, are
come together to take collective action available.”
and generate solutions to common
problems. PUBLIC HEALTH vs. 4. Health Care Organization
COMMUNITY HEALTH -Consists of the arrangement
- Can be compared to a system (simple - Public health includes community and resources that are used in
or complex/ open or closed) composed health.
of many units 🠶 goal is to accomplish - Public health is concerned with the
the provision of healthcare —
specific function or goal. health of the communities as whole, often referred to as the
especially the preventive ones. healthcare system.
- System can be dissected to -Community health is concerned with the
subsystems 🠶 which affect each other 🠶 - For example, if someone is
health of the local communities
results to an outcome therefore a (preventive, medical and clinical care). sick from malaria and there are
prerequisite in community development. - Community health is the delivery no health facilities nearby to
system for public health. treat the patient, the patient is
COMMUNITY HEALTH -Public health is placed on a larger scale
- A part of paramedical and medical since issues are global, while community more likely to develop a severe
intervention or approach which is health is on a smaller scale. complication and may even die.
concerned with the health of the whole - Example of outcome measures: Public
population. health outcome: Estimation of
Organizations That Help
- A discipline that concerns with the environmental health risks; Community
study and betterment of the health health; Measuring bronchial asthma Shape Community Help
characteristics of biological cases among a group of families at one
communities. district International Health Agencies
- The health status of a defined group of
people and the actions and conditions, The Health Field Concept
both private and public (governmental), (1) World Health Organization
Health Field (WHO)
to promote, protect, and preserve their
health. - Its headquarters is located in Geneva,
- A term used to include all the factors
Switzerland. -Largest international health
that affect health in addition to the
Its aims are: organization.
healthcare system.
- Health Promotion -The primary objective as stated in the
- Developed and now called the Health
- Prevention of Disease constitution is the attainment by all
Field Concept, which is divided into four
- Management of factors affecting health people of the highest possible level of
elements:
health.
1. Human Biology
* Deals with supply side
2. Environment
- availability and accessibility of health Six core functions:
3. Lifestyle
1. Articulating consistent, ethical and
services and health service providers . 4. Health Care Organization
evidence-based policy and advocacy
positions.
1. Human Biology 2. Managing information by assessing
*Deals with demand side - Includes all those aspects of health, trends and comparing performance;
- health seeking behavior (social both physical and mental, which are setting the agenda for, and stimulating
acceptability and appeal of available developed within the human body as a research and development.
services and social structures). consequence of the basic biology of 3. Catalyzing change through technical
human beings and the organic make-up and policy support, in ways that
CHARACTERISTICS OF A of an individual. stimulate cooperation and action and
HEALTHY COMMUNITY help to build sustainable national and
-For example, age is one of the inter-country capacity.
- The physical environment is clean and biological determinants of health — 4. Negotiating and sustaining national
safe. because older people are more at risk of and global partnerships
- The environment meets everyone’s developing noncommunicable diseases 5. Setting, validating, monitoring and
basic needs. such as cancer. pursuing the proper implementation of
- The environment promotes social norms and standards
harmony and actively involves everyone. 2. Environment 6. Stimulating the development and
-There is an understanding of the local - Includes all those matters related to testing of new technologies, tools and
health and environment issues. health which are external to the human guidelines for disease control, risk
-The community participates in body and over which the individual has reduction, health care management, and
identifying local solutions to local little or no control. service delivery.
problems. -Some examples of matters included in
(1) Department of Health (DOH)
this element include geography, climate,
- Holds the over-all technical authority -line health workers in terms of
on health as it is a national health policy- 2. Secondary Level supervision, training, supplies, and
maker and regulatory institution. - These are the smaller, non- services.
departmentalized hospitals including - Medical practitioners, nurses and
3 Major Roles: emergency and regional hospitals. midwives.
1. Leadership in health - Services offered to patients with
2. Enabler and capacity builder symptomatic stages of disease, which 3. First Line Hospital Personnel
3. Administrator of specific services require moderately specialized - provide backup health services for
knowledge and technical resources for cases that require hospitalization
adequate treatment. - establish close contact with
(1) Department of Health intermediate level health workers or
- Holds the over-all technical authority 3. Tertiary Level village health workers.
on health as it is a national health policy- - are the highly technological and - Physicians with specialty, nurses,
maker and regulatory institution. sophisticated services offered by dentist, pharmacists, other health
medical centers and large hospitals. professionals.
3 Major Roles: These are the specialized national
1. Leadership in health hospitals Referral System/ Process
2. Enabler and capacity builder - Services rendered at this level are for - A patient is transferred from one level
3. Administrator of specific services clients afflicted with diseases which or point of care to another.
seriously threaten their health and which
(1) Department of Health require highly technical and specialized
(DOH) Attached Agencies knowledge, facilities and personnel to Two-way Referral System
treat effectively. - An organized two-way relationship
- Philippine Health Insurance
Corporation. between a health care provider or
- Philippine National AIDS Council. Local Health Facilities (Six physician in a health care facility at one
- Philippine Institute of Traditional Facility Levels level of the health care system and
Alternative Health Care. another health care provider or physician
- Population Commission in a health care facility at the same or
1. Barangay Health Unit
-Dangerous Drugs Board higher level of the health care system.
- Managed by barangay and municipal
- National Nutrition Council Food and
governments.
Drugs Administration
- Primary level of care

2. Rural Health Unit

Three Levels of Primary - Managed by municipal government.
Health Care - Primary level of care.

1. Primary care 3. City Health Offices

- activities or services provided by a - Managed by city governments.
healthcare professional acting as first - Primary level of care
point of contact or consultation for all
patients - rural health units, clinics, 4. Municipal or district hospitals
barangay health stations - services are - Managed by the Provincial
maternal child (immunizations, family government
planning, antenatal and perinatal care). - Secondary level of care

2. Secondary care 5. Provincial Hospitals

- provided by medical specialists and other - Managed by Provincial government
medical professionals to whom a primary - Tertiary level of care
care professional has referred to. - usually,
hospital based. - more specialized type of 6. Regional Hospital and Medical
service. Center
- Managed by the DOH
- Tertiary level of care
3. Tertiary care - more specialize form -
more complex cases - more advanced
services - fewer patients - ex. Cancer Three Levels of Primary
management or neurosurgeries. Health Care Workers

Levels of Health Care 1. Barangay Health Workers

Facilities - First contacts of the community and
initial links of health care.
1. Primary Level - Provide simple curative and preventive
- Includes the rural health units, their health care measures promoting healthy
sub-centers, chest clinics, malaria environment.
eradication units, and schistosomiasis - Participate in activities geared towards
control units operated by the DOH. the improvement of the socio
- Puericulture centers operated by -economic level of the community like
League of Puericulture Centers; food production program.
- Tuberculosis clinics and hospitals of - Community health worker, volunteers
the Philippine Tuberculosis Society or traditional birth attendants.
- Private clinics, clinics operated by the
Philippine Medical Association 2. Intermediate Level Health
- Clinics operated by large industrial Workers
firms for their employees - Represent the first source of
- Community hospitals and health professional health care
centers operated by the Philippine - Attends to health problems beyond the
Medicare Care Commission and other competence of village workers
health facilities operated by voluntary - Provide support to front
religious and civic groups.