International Journal of Electronic and Electrical Engineering.
ISSN 0974-2174 Volume 10, Number 1 (2017), pp. 31-38
© International Research Publication House
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Determination of Hot Spot Temperature using IEEE
Thermal Model
Prof. S. N. Jani, Prof. P. N. Kapil, Mr. Apurva Panchal
Electrical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India.
Abstract
Failure of transformer in grid is one of the major concerns. In India the failure
of distribution transformer is around 25% per annum, which is higher
compared to developed nations. It is necessary to keep transformer in service
for uninterrupted power supply. For uninterrupted operation of the
Transformer it is necessary for effective Monitoring of the transformers
health. The major factor that affects the transformers health is the thermal
loading. The most important parameter in determining the transformer loading
capability is winding Hot spot temperature. This paper presents two different
Thermal models to determine the winding hot spot temperature. Simulation of
the thermal models done in MATLAB. It compares the simulation results of
both the thermal models. Both the thermal model uses Load current, different
Temperatures, and Ambient temperature as an inputs and calculate the hot spot
Temperature. The winding hot spot temperature can be used to find insulation
ageing.
Keywords: Hot spot Temperature, Thermal models, Transformers
I. INTRODUCTION
The Hot spot temperature is the essential parameter for deciding the health and loading
capability of transformer. Operating time of transformer is mainly depends upon
conditions of insulation of the transformer winding. The main cause of failure in
distribution transformer is prolonged overloading and loss of life due to thermal
32 Prof. S. N. Jani, Prof. P. N. Kapil, Mr. Apurva Panchal
degradation of insulation. So, it is necessary to know about hot spot temperature at
each movement of the transformer performance at different loading condition and
different ambient temperature.
II. THERMAL MODEL I
In this model the top fluid temperature, load current, rated hot spot temperature rise
and other constant parameters are as input to calculate the winding hot spot
temperature.
Fig.1 Block Diagram
The hot spot temperature is given by,
PEC−R
I2 pu [K θ +
Kθ ] 1 dθH 1
[∆θH−R ]m = τH + [θH + θTO ]m
1 + PEC−R dt
Where,
Ipu = Load current in pu
K θ = Resistance correction due to temperature change
PEC−R = Rated pu eddy current losses at hot spot location
∆θH−R = Hot spot temperature rise over top oil, °C
τH = Hot spot time constant, min
θH = Hot spot temperature, °C
θTO = Top oil temperature, °C
m = Winding hot spot exponent
Determination of Hot Spot Temperature using IEEE Thermal model 33
A. Simulation model
Fig. 2 Simulation diagram of thermal model-I
B. Results: Inputs
Fig. 3 Waveforms of load current & top oil temparature
34 Prof. S. N. Jani, Prof. P. N. Kapil, Mr. Apurva Panchal
C. Results: Output
Fig. 4 Hot spot temparature waveform
III. THERMAL MODEL II
The hot spot temperature and oil temperature are obtained from equations for the
conservation of energy during a small instant of time Δt.
For temperature acquire from the calculation at the prior time t1 are used to calculate
the temperatures at the next instant of time t1+Δt or t2. The time is incremented again
by Δt and the last calculated temperatures are used to calculate the temperature for the
next time step.
The hot spot temperature made up of the following components
θH = θA + θBO + θWO−BO + θH−WO
Where,
θH = The hot spot temperature, °C
θA = Ambient temperature, °C
θBO = Bottom oil temperature, °C
θWO−BO = Temperature rise of oil at winding hot spot location over bottom oil, °C
θH−WO = Winding hot spot temperature rise over oil next to the hot spot location,°C
The simplified block diagram to determine the hot spot temperature is shown below,
Determination of Hot Spot Temperature using IEEE Thermal model 35
Fig. 5 Block Diagram of theraml model to estimate hot spot temperature
In order to determine the hot spot temperature this model make use of three equations
namely.
a) Winding duct oil equation
b) Average winding equation
c) Winding hot spot equation
A. Winding duct oil temperature
Winding duct oil temperature rise over bottom fluid is given by,
QLOST,W x
ΔθDO/BO = [ ] (θTDO,R − θBO,R )
(PW + PE )
Where,
ΔθDO/BO = Winding duct oil temperature rise over bottom fluid, °C
QLOST,W = Heat lost by windings, W-min
θTDO,R = Winding duct oil temperature at rated load, °C
θBO,R = Bottom oil temperature at rated load, °C
x = Exponent for duct oil rise over bottom oil
PW = Winding I2R losses, W
PE = Eddy current losses, W
B. Average winding temperature
The average winding temperature is given by,
36 Prof. S. N. Jani, Prof. P. N. Kapil, Mr. Apurva Panchal
QGEN,W − QLOST,W + MW CPW θW,1
θW,2 =
MW CPW
Where,
θW,2 = Average winding temperature at next instant of time, °C
θW,1 = Average winding temperature at prior time, °C
QGEN,W = Heat generated by the windings, W-min
QLOST,W = Heat lost by the windings, W-min
MW CPW = Winding mass time specific heat, W-min/°C
C. Winding hot spot temperature
The winding hot spot temperature is given by,
QGEN,HS − QLOST,HS + MW CPW θH,1
θH,2 =
MW CPW
Where,
θH,2 = Hot spot temperature at next instant of time, °C
θH,1 = Hot spot temperature at prior time, °C
QGEN,HS = Heat generated at hot spot temperature, W-min
QLOST,HS = Heat lost for hot spot calculation, W-min
MW CPW = Winding mass time specific heat, W-min/°C
D. Simulation Model
Fig. 6 Block Diagram of thermal model-II
Determination of Hot Spot Temperature using IEEE Thermal model 37
E. Results: Inputs
Fig. 7 Waveforms of load current & top oil temparature
Fig.7 Abmient temparature waveform
38 Prof. S. N. Jani, Prof. P. N. Kapil, Mr. Apurva Panchal
F. Results: Output
Fig. 8 Hot spot temparature waveform
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper presents simplified models to determine the hot spot temperature of
the transformer winding. Simulations of thermal model I and II are made using
MTLAB software. The results of the simulations clearly states that the hot spot
temperature of the transformer winding obtained using both thermal models are
found to be almost similar.
REFERENCES
[1] “IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral Oil Immersed Transformers” (IEEE Std
C57.91-1995)
[2] “IEEE Guide for Determining of Maximum Winding Temperature Rise in
Liquid-Filled Transformer” (IEEE Std 1538-2000)
[3] “IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation System for
Liquid Immersed Distributiont and Power Transformer” (IEEE Std C57.100-
2011)
[4] “Transformer Winding Hot Spot Temperature Modeling and Simulation”
A.Elmoudi
[5] “Diagnostic and Prognostic Models for Generator Step-up Transformer” Vivek
Agrwal, Nancy J. Lybeck and Binh T. Pham
[6] “Loading Guide for Oil Immersed Power Transformers” (IEC 60076-7:2005)
