Appendix B: Physical Constants

and Physical Properties

CONTENTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES

TABLE B.1 Physical Properties of Compounds Typically Seen in Gas Processing.................. 6

TABLE B.2 Molar Ideal Gas Heat Capacities at Constant Pressure for Various Gases
[Btu/(lb-mol-°R)]������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12
TABLE B.3 Molar Ideal Gas Heat Capacities at Constant Pressure for Various Gases
[kJ/(kmol-K)]������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
TABLE B.4 Selected Physical Properties of Alkanolamines................................................... 14
TABLE B.5 Selected Properties of Glycols Used for Dehydration.......................................... 19
TABLE B.6 Selected Solubility for Compounds in Glycols at 25°C (g solute/100 mL of
glycol)................................................................................................................... 19
TABLE B.7 Vapor Pressure Equations for Glycols..................................................................20
TABLE B.8 Properties of Saturated Methane in Engineering Units........................................ 23
TABLE B.9 Properties of Saturated Methane in SI Units........................................................24
TABLE B.10 Properties of Saturated Ethane in Engineering Units..........................................25
TABLE B.11 Properties of Saturated Ethane in SI Units........................................................... 27
TABLE B.12 Properties of Saturated Ethylene in Engineering Units........................................ 29
TABLE B.13 Properties of Saturated Ethylene in SI Units........................................................ 31
TABLE B.14 Properties of Saturated Propane in Engineering Units........................................ 33
TABLE B.15 Properties of Saturated Propane in SI Units......................................................... 35
TABLE B.16 Properties of Saturated Nitrogen in Engineering Units........................................ 37
TABLE B.17 Properties of Saturated Nitrogen in SI Units........................................................ 38
TABLE B.18 Properties of Saturated Carbon Dioxide in Engineering Units............................ 39
TABLE B.19 Properties of Saturated Carbon Dioxide in SI Units............................................40
TABLE B.20 Properties of Saturated Steam in Engineering Units............................................ 41
TABLE B.21 Properties of Saturated Steam in SI Units............................................................ 43
FIGURE B.1 Densities of monoethanolamine (MEA)–water mixtures as a function of
composition and temperature............................................................................... 14
FIGURE B.2 Densities of diethanolamine (DEA)–water mixtures as a function of
composition and temperature............................................................................... 15

1
2 Appendix B

FIGURE B.3 Densities of methyl diethanolamine (MDEA)–water mixtures as a function

of composition and temperature�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15
FIGURE B.4 Heat capacities of monoethanolamine (MEA)–water mixtures as a
function of composition and temperature������������������������������������������������������������ 16
FIGURE B.5 Heat capacities of diethanolamine (DEA)–water mixtures as a function of
composition and temperature������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 16
FIGURE B.6 Heat capacities of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)–water mixtures as a
function of composition and temperature������������������������������������������������������������ 17
FIGURE B.7 Viscosities of monoethanolamine (MEA)–water mixtures as a function of
­composition and temperature������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 17
FIGURE B.8 Viscosities of diethanolamine (DEA)–water mixtures as a function of
composition and temperature������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 18
FIGURE B.9 Viscosities of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)–water mixtures as a
function of composition and temperature������������������������������������������������������������ 18
FIGURE B.10 Specific gravities of ethylene glycol–water mixtures as a function of
concentration and temperature����������������������������������������������������������������������������20
FIGURE B.11 Specific gravities of triethylene glycol–water mixtures as a function of
concentration and temperature����������������������������������������������������������������������������20
FIGURE B.12 Specific heats of ethylene glycol–water mixtures as a function of
concentration and temperature���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21
FIGURE B.13 Specific heats of triethylene glycol–water mixtures as a function of
concentration and temperature���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21
FIGURE B.14 Viscosities of ethylene glycol–water mixtures as a function of
concentration and temperature���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22
FIGURE B.15 Viscosities of triethylene glycol–water mixtures as a function of
concentration and temperature���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22
FIGURE B.16 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for methane in engineering units............................. 45
FIGURE B.17 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for methane in SI units............................................46
FIGURE B.18 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for ethane in engineering units................................ 47
FIGURE B.19 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for ethane in SI units................................................ 48
FIGURE B.20 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for ethylene in engineering units............................. 49
FIGURE B.21 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for ethylene in SI units............................................. 50
FIGURE B.22 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for propane in engineering units.............................. 51
FIGURE B.23 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for propane in SI units............................................. 52
FIGURE B.24 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for nitrogen in engineering units............................. 53
FIGURE B.25 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for nitrogen in SI units............................................. 54
FIGURE B.26 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for carbon dioxide in engineering units................... 55
Appendix B 3

FIGURE B.27 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for carbon dioxide in SI units.................................. 56

FIGURE B.28 Pseudocritical temperature and pressure as a function of gas specific
gravity. Applicable to natural gas mixtures that contain less than 5 mol%
N2, 2 mol% CO2, and 2 mol% H2S........................................................................ 57
FIGURE B.29 Compressibility factor chart as a function of pseudocritical
temperature and pressure. Chart applies to gases with a molar mass
of less than 40....................................................................................................... 58
FIGURE B.30 Water content of hydrocarbon gases as a function of temperature
and pressure (water lbm /MMscf can be converted to mg/Nm3 by
multiplying by 16.9)............................................................................................ 59
4 Appendix B

B.1  UNIT CONVERSION FACTORS

Listed below are some of the more commonly used conversion factors.

Mass
1 pound (lb) = 7,000 grains = 16.0 ounces (oz)
= 453.5924 grams (g)

Length
1 foot (ft) = 12.0 inches (in.)
= 30.480 centimeters (cm) = 0.30480 meters (m)

Temperature
°C = (°F − 32)/1.8
K = °C + 273.15
K = °R/1.8
°F = 1.8(°C) + 32
°R = °F + 459.67
°R = 1.8(K)

Volume
1 cubic foot (ft3) = 7.48052 gallons (gal) = 1,728 cubic inches
= 0.1781076 barrels (42 U.S. gal) of oil (bbl)
= 28.31685 liters (L) = 0.02831685 cubic meters (m3)

Density
1 lbm /ft3 = 0.1336806 lbm /gal
= 0.01601846 g/cm3 = 16.01846 kg/m3

Force
1 pound (lbf ) = 4.448 × 105 dyne (dyn) = 4.448222 Newtons (N)

Pressure
1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.01325 bar = 14.696 lbf/in2 = 760 mm Hg (at 32°F)
= 1.013250 × 105 Pascal (Pa)

Energy1

1British Thermal Unit (Btu) = 1.055056 × 10 3 joules  (J) = 252.1644 cal

= 3.930148 × l0 −4 hp-h = 2.930711 × 10 −4 kWh

Flow
1 gal/min = 0.1336805 ft3/min = 1.42857 bbl/h = 6.309020 × 10 −5 m3/s

Power
1 hp = 2544.433 Btu/h = 550 ft lbf/s = 745.6999 watts (W)

1 There are two Btu units: Btu (IT), International Steam Table and Btu (th), thermochemical. This book uses only the more
commonly used Btu (IT). (1 Btu (th) = 0.99933 Btu (IT).) There are multiple calorie units but this appendix uses only
the thermochemical calorie, cal (th). For equivalency between defined units, see Thompson, A., and Taylor, B.N., Guide
for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811,1995 Edition, National Institute of
Science and Technology, Bethesda, MD, 2018, [Link]/pml/special-publication-811 (Retrieved April 2019).
Appendix B 5

Specific energy
1 Btu/lbm = 2.3260 kJ/kg

Specific energy per degree

1 Btu/lbm-°F = 1.0 cal/g-°C = 4.186800 kJ/kg-K

B.2  GAS CONSTANTS AND STANDARD GAS CONDITIONS

B.2.1  Universal Gas Constants
Metric/SI units
8.31441 J/(mol-K)
1.98719 cal/(mol-K)
82.0568 cm3-atm/(mol-K)
62.3633 L-mm/(mol-K)
0.0820568 L-atm/(mol-K)
8.31441 m3-Pa/(mol-K)
8.31441 × 10 −5 m3-bar/(mol-K)

Engineering and mixed units

1.98585 Btu/(lb-mol-°R)
0.730235 atm-ft3/(lb-mol-°R)
0.739911 bar-ft3/(lb-mol-°R)
1545.34 ft-lbf/(lb-mol-°R)
10.7315 psi ft3/(lb-mol-°R)

B.2.2  Standard Gas Conditions

Gas volumes given are for ideal gas only.

1.
Normal: continental and scientific applications
0°C, 1.01325 bar, gas volume = 22.4136 m3/kg-mol
32°F, 14.696 psia, gas volume = 359.031 ft3/lb-mol
(Nm3 based upon these conditions)
2.
Standard: U.S. engineering applications
15.5556°C, 1.01325 bar, gas volume = 23.6900 m3/kg-mol
60°F, 14.696 psia, gas volume = 379.49 ft3/lb-mol
(scf = standard cubic foot based upon these conditions)
Standard: API 2564, SI 15°C, 101.325 kPa, gas volume = 23.6444 m3/kg-mol (Sm3 based
3.
upon these conditions)

B.2.3  Useful Conversions Based upon Standard Volumes

1 scf = 0.026790 Nm3
1 Btu/scf = 39.382 kJ/Nm3
1 GPM = 0.14129 m3(liquid)/1,000 Nm3 (gas) = 0.13393 m3 (liquid)/1,000 Sm3 (gas)

B.3  THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTY DATA

B.3.1  Table of Physical Constants of Pure Fluids
Table B.1 provides some of the most useful physical constants for fluids encountered in natural gas
processing. For additional properties, the reader should consult GPA Standard 2145-16 (2016). The
standard includes a number of notes regarding the data and data sources.
 6

TABLE B.1
Physical Properties of Compounds Typically Seen in Gas Processing
Component Methane Ethane Propane Isobutane n-Butane Isopentane n-Pentane
Molar mass 16.042 30.069 44.096 58.122 58.122 72.149 72.149
Boiling point, °F (K) −258.66 −127.44 −43.80 10.85 31.12 82.09 96.91
(111.67) (184.57) (231.04) (261.40) (272.66) (300.98) (309.21)
Triple point, °F (K) −296.42 −297.01 −305.72 −254.96 −216.85 −256.90 −201.42
(90.69) (90.37) (85.53) (113.73) (134.90) (112.65) (143.47)
Vapor pressure at 100°F (313.15 K), 5,000 800 188.62 72.644 51.567 20.474 15.576
psia (bara) (350)a (55)a (13.694) (5.3121) (3.7849) (1.5151) (1.1567)

Liquid Density at 60°F, 14.696 psia (288.15 K, 1.01325 bara)

Relative to water 0.3a 0.35628b 0.50719b 0.56283b 0.58420b 0.62514 0.63071
Density, lbm/gal (kg/m3) 2.5 2.9704 4.2285 4.6925 4.8706 5.2120 5.2584
(300)a (358.0)a (507.67)b (563.07)b (584.14)b (624.54) (631.05)

Ideal Gas Density at 60°F, 14.696 psia (288.15 K, 1.01325 bara)

Relative density, air = 1.0 0.5539 1.0382 1.5225 2.0068 2.0068 2.4911 2.4911
Density lbm/1,000 ft3 (kg/Sm3) 42.27 79.24 116.20 153.16 153.16 190.12 190.12
(0.67848) (1.2717) (1.8649) (2.4581) (2.4581) (3.0514) (3.0514)

Liquid Volume at 60°F, 14.696 psia (288.15 K, 1.01325 bara)

gal/lb-mol (cm3/mol) 6.417 10.123 10.428 12.386 11.933 13.843 13.721
(53.475)a (84.027)a (86.888) (103.25) (99.482) (115.42) (114.41)

Critical Conditions
Temperature, °F (K) −116.66 89.91 206.13 274.39 305.56 368.96 385.79
(190.56) (305.32) (369.89) (407.81) (425.13) (460.35) (469.70)
Pressure, psia (bara) 667.1 706.7 615.6 526.3 550.6 489.9 488.8
(45.99) (48.722) (42.512) (36.29) (37.96) (33.78) (33.70)

Gross Heating Value at 60°F, (288.15 K), Ideal Reaction

Fuel as liquid Btu/lbm (MJ/kg) 22,185 21,491 21,081 21,137 20,891 20,923
(51.604) (49.990) (49.038) (49.166) (48.593) (48.668)
(Continued )
Appendix B
TABLE B.1 (Continued )
Appendix B

Physical Properties of Compounds Typically Seen in Gas Processing

Component Methane Ethane Propane Isobutane n-Butane Isopentane n-Pentane
Fuel as liquid, Btu/gal (MJ/m3) 65,897 90,875 98,924 102,950 108,880 110,020
(18,467)a (25,370) (27,606) (28,725) (30,375) (30,691)
Fuel as ideal gas, Btu/lbm (MJ/kg) 23,892 22,334 21,654 21,232 21,300 21,044 21,085
(55.575) (51.951) (50.369) (49.388) (49.546) (48.950) (49.045)
Fuel as ideal gas, Btu/ft3 (MJ/Sm3) 1010.0 1769.7 2516.1 3251.9 3262.3 4000.9 4008.7
(37.706) (66.066) (93.934) (121.40) (121.79) (149.36) (149.65)
Fuel as ideal gas, Btu/gal 59,729 66,340 91,563 99,630 103,740 109,680 110,870

Net Heating Value at 60°F, (288.15 K), Ideal Reaction

Btu/ft3 (MJ/Sm3) 909.4 1,619 2,315 3,000 3,011 3,699 3,707
(33.950) (60.43) (86.42) (112.0) (112.4) (138.1) (138.4)

Heat of Vaporization at 14.696 psia (1.01325 bara)

Btu/lbm (kJ/kg) 219.6 210.4 183.0 157.0 165.8 147.6 153.7
(510.8) (489.4) (425.6) (365.1) (385.7) (343.3) (357.6)

Flammability Limits at 100°F, 14.696 psia (310.93 K, 1.01325 bara) in air, vol%
Lower limit 5.0 2.9 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.4
Upper limit 15.0 13.0 9.5 8.5 9.0 8.0 8.3
Component n-Hexane n-Heptane n-Octane n-Nonane n-Decane Carbon Dioxide
Molar mass 86.175 100.202 114.229 128.255 142.282 44.010
Boiling point, °F (K) 155.68 209.08 258.12 303.37 345.42 −109.24
(341.86) (371.53) (398.77) (423.91) (447.27) (194.69)
Triple point, °F (K) −139.58 −131.08 −70.20 −64.21 −21.37 −69.81
(177.83) (182.55) (216.37) (219.70) (243.50) (216.59)
Vapor pressure at 100°F (313.15 K), 4.961 1.62 0.5349 0.1809 0.06148
psia (bara) (0.37292) (0.12336) (0.041263) (0.01414) (0.004867)
(Continued )
7
 8

TABLE B.1 (Continued )
Physical Properties of Compounds Typically Seen in Gas Processing
Component n-Hexane n-Heptane n-Octane n-Nonane n-Decane Carbon Dioxide

Liquid Density at 60°F, 14.696 psia (288.15 K, 1.01325 bara)

Relative to water at 60°F (15°C) 0.66406 (0.66452) 0.68823 (0.68864) 0.70655 (0.70693) 0.72224 (0.72262) 0.73458 (0.73496) 0.81716 (0.82195)
Density, lbm/gal (kg/m3) 5.5364 5.7379 5.8907 6.0215 6.1244 6.8129
(663.92) (688.02) (706.30) (721.97) (734.30) (821.2)

Ideal Gas Density at 60°F, 14.696 psia (288.15 K, 1.01325 bara)

Relative density, air = 1.0 2.9754 3.4597 3.9440 4.4283 4.9126 1.5195
Density lbm/1,000 ft3 (kg/Sm3) 227.09 264.05 301.01 337.97 374.93 115.97
(3.6446) (4.2378) (4.8310) (5.4242) (6.0174) (1.8613)

Liquid Volume Density at 60°F, 14.696 psia (288.15 K, 1.01325 bara)

gal/lb-mol (cm3/mol) 15.565 17.463 19.391 21.300 23.232 6.4598
(129.80) (145.64) (161.73) (177.73) (193.77) (53.59)

Critical Conditions
Temperature, °F (K) 453.8 512.56 564.22 610.52 652.19 87.76
(507.50) (540.13) (568.83) (594.6) (617.7) (304.1)
Pressure, psia (bara) 436.9 396.8 360.7 330.8 305.0 1070.0
(30.12) (27.36) (24.87) (22.81) (21.03) (73.77)

Gross Heating Value at 60°F (288.15 K), Ideal Reaction

Fuel as liquid, Btu/lbm (MJ/kg) 20,783 20,680 20,601 20,543 20,494
(48.343) (48.104) (47.92) (47.785) (47.671)
Fuel as liquid, Btu/gal (MJ/m3) 115,060 118,660 121,350 123,700 125,510
(32,094) (33,095) (33,866) (34,481) (34,979)
Fuel as ideal gas, Btu/lbm (MJ/kg) 20,943 20,839 20,760 20,701 20,651
(48.715) (48.474) (48.290) (48.152) (48.037)
Fuel as ideal gas, Btu/ft3 (MJ/Sm3) 4755.9 5502.6 6249.0 6996.3 7742.9
(177.55) (205.42) (233.29) (261.19) (289.06)
Btu/gal, fuel as ideal gas 115,950 119,570 122,290 124,650 126,480
(Continued )
Appendix B
TABLE B.1 (Continued )
Physical Properties of Compounds Typically Seen in Gas Processing
Component n-Hexane n-Heptane n-Octane n-Nonane n-Decane Carbon Dioxide
Appendix B

Net Heating Value at 60°F (288.15 K), Ideal Reaction, Fuel as Ideal Gas
Btu/ft3 (MJ/Sm3) 4,404 5,100 5,796 6,493 7,190
(164.39) (190.39) (216.38) (242.40) (268.39)

Heat of Vaporization at 14.696 psia (1.01325 bara)

Btu/lbm (kJ/kg) 144.0 136.2 129.9 124.1 118.8 246.5
(334.9) (316.9) (302.2) (288.6) (276.4) (573.3)

Flammability Limits at 100°F, 14.696 psia (313.15 K, 1.01325 bara) in Air, vol%
Lower limit 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.7
Upper limit 7.7 7.0 6.5 5.6 5.4
Component Hydrogen Sulfide Nitrogen Oxygen Helium Air Water
Molar mass 34.081 28.013 31.999 4.0026 28.965 18.0153
Boiling point, °F (K) −76.54 −320.43 −297.33 −452.06 −317.64 211.95
(212.85) (77.355) (90.188) (4.230) (78.90) (373.12)
Triple point, °F (K) −121.81 −346.00 −361.82 −455.75 −352.12 32.018
(187.7) (63.151) (54.361) (2.177) (59.75) (273.16)
Vapor pressure at 100°F (313.15 K), 395.0 0.95050
psia (bara) (28.67) (0.073849)

Liquid Density at 60°F, 14.696 psia (288.15 K, 1.01325 bara)

Relative to water at 60°F (15°C) 0.79886 0.80687 1.1423 0.12486 0.87606 c 1.00000
(0.8001)b (0.80680)c (1.1422)c (0.1248)c (0.8761)c
Density, lbm/gal (kg/m3) 6.6602 6.7271 9.5238 1.041 7.3039c 8.3372
(799.4)b (806.1)c (1141.2)c (124.7)c (875.2)c (999.102)

Ideal Gas Density at 60°F, 14.696 psia (288.15 K, 1.01325 bara)

Relative density, air = 1.0 1.1767 0.9672 1.1048 0.1382 1.0000 0.62202
Density lbm/1,000 ft3 (kg/Sm3) 89.81 73.820 84.322 10.547 76.33 47.473
(1.4414) (1.1848) (1.3533) (0.1693) (1.2250) (0.76191)
(Continued )
9
 10

TABLE B.1 (Continued )
Physical Properties of Compounds Typically Seen in Gas Processing
Component Hydrogen Sulfide Nitrogen Oxygen Helium Air Water

Liquid Volume at 60°F, 14.696 psia (288.15 K, 1.01325 bara)

gal/lb-mol (cm3/mol) 5.1171 4.1643 3.3599 3.8451 3.9657c 2.1608
(42.63)b (34.753)c (28.040)c (32.089)c (33.10)c (18.031)

Critical Conditions
Temperature, °F (K) 211.91 −232.53 −181.43 −450.32 221.12 705.11
(373.1) (126.19) (154.58) (5.195) (132.53) (647.10)
Pressure, psia (bara) 1305.3 492.5 731.4 33.115 549.11 3200.1
(90.00) (33.96) (50.43) (2.2746) (37.860) (22.064)

Gross Heating Value at 60°F (288.15 K), Ideal Reaction

Fuel as liquid, Btu/lbm (MJ/kg) 6892.4
(16.031)b
Fuel as liquid, Btu/gal (MJ/m3) 45,905
(12,815)b
Fuel as ideal gas, Btu/lbm (MJ/kg) 7094.0 1059.8
(16.501) (2.4662)
Fuel as ideal gas, Btu/ft3 (MJ/Sm3) 637.10 50.310
(23.784) (1.8790)
Btu/gal, fuel as ideal gas 47,248 8835.4
(Continued )
Appendix B
 Appendix B

TABLE B.1 (Continued )
Physical Properties of Compounds Typically Seen in Gas Processing
Component Hydrogen Sulfide Nitrogen Oxygen Helium Air Water

Net Heating Value at 60°F (288.15 K), Ideal Reaction, Fuel as Ideal Gas
Btu/ft3 (MJ/Sm3) 586.8
(21.905)

Heat of Vaporization at 14.696 psia (1.01325 bara)

Btu/lbm, kJ/kg 234.9 85.63 91.6 8.841 970.12
(546.4) (199.2) (213.1) (20.56) (2256.5)

Flammability Limits at 100°F, 14.696 psia (313.15 K, 1.01325 bara) in Air, vol%
Lower limit 4.3
Upper limit 45.5

a Hypothetical value because liquid does not exist at stated conditions.

b Value at saturation temperature instead of 14.696 psia (1.01325 bara).
c Value at normal boiling point of liquid.
11
12 Appendix B

B.3.2  Ideal Gas Heat Capacities of Pure Fluids and Air

Tables B.2 and B.3 list the ideal gas molar heat capacities at constant pressure for various gases as a
function of temperature. All values are from the Engineering Data Book (2016a).

TABLE B.2
Molar Ideal Gas Heat Capacities at Constant Pressure for Various Gases [Btu/(lb-mol-°R)]
Temperature (°F)
Gas Formula Mass 0 50 60 100 150 200 250 300
Methane CH4 16.04 8.23 8.42 8.46 8.65 8.95 9.28 9.64 10.01
Ethylene C2H4 28.05 9.33 10.02 10.16 10.72 11.41 12.09 12.76 13.41
Ethane C2H6 30.07 11.44 12.17 12.32 12.95 13.78 14.63 15.49 16.34
Propane C3H8 44.10 15.65 16.88 17.13 18.17 19.52 20.89 22.25 23.56
Isobutane C4H10 58.12 20.40 22.15 22.51 23.95 25.77 27.59 29.39 31.11
n-Butane C4H10 58.12 20.80 22.38 22.72 24.08 25.81 27.55 29.23 30.90
Isopentane C5H12 72.15 24.94 27.17 27.61 29.42 31.66 33.87 36.03 38.14
n-Pentane C5H12 72.15 25.64 27.61 28.02 29.71 31.86 33.99 36.08 38.13
Benzene C6H6 78.11 16.41 18.41 18.78 20.46 22.45 24.46 26.34 28.15
n-Hexane C6H14 86.18 30.17 32.78 33.30 35.37 37.93 40.45 42.94 45.36
n-Heptane C7H16 100.20 34.96 38.00 38.61 41.01 44.00 46.94 49.81 52.61
Ammonia NH3 17.03 8.52 8.52 8.52 8.52 8.52 8.53 8.53 8.53
Air 28.96 6.94 6.95 6.95 6.96 6.97 6.99 7.01 7.03
Water H 2O 18.02 7.98 8.00 8.01 8.03 8.07 8.12 8.17 8.23
Oxygen O2 32.00 6.97 6.99 7.00 7.03 7.07 7.12 7.17 7.23
Nitrogen N2 28.01 6.95 6.95 6.95 6.96 6.96 6.97 6.98 7.00
Hydrogen H2 2.02 6.78 6.86 6.87 6.91 6.94 6.95 6.97 6.98
Hydrogen sulfide H 2S 34.08 8.00 8.09 8.11 8.18 8.27 8.36 8.46 8.55
Carbon monoxide CO 28.01 6.95 6.96 6.96 6.96 6.97 6.99 7.01 7.03
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 8.38 8.70 8.76 9.00 9.29 9.56 9.81 10.05

Source: Values for substances from Engineering Data Book, Section 13, Compressors and expanders, GPSA Midstream
Suppliers, Tulsa, OK, 2016a.
Appendix B 13

TABLE B.3
Molar Ideal Gas Heat Capacities at Constant Pressure for Various Gases [kJ/(kmol-K)]
Temperature (°C)
Gas Formula Mass −25 0 10 25 50 75 100 125 150
Methane CH4 16.043 34.30 34.93 35.20 35.72 36.74 37.87 39.20 40.53 41.99
Ethylene C2H4 28.054 38.25 40.91 40.94 45.56 46.12 48.70 51.28 53.75 56.21
Ethane C2H6 30.07 47.13 49.88 50.90 52.67 55.72 58.82 62.11 65.29 68.56
Propane C3H8 44.097 64.18 68.78 70.61 73.52 78.56 83.59 88.82 93.82 98.84
Isobutane C4H10 58.124 83.48 90.08 92.69 96.82 103.62 110.41 117.34 123.93 130.52
n-Butane C4H10 58.124 85.28 91.27 93.69 97.45 105.33 110.33 117.02 123.33 130.40
Isopentane C5H12 72.151 101.90 110.37 113.68 118.79 127.34 135.58 144.03 152.01 160.00
n-Pentane C5H12 72.151 105.13 112.60 115.57 120.21 130.69 136.16 144.45 152.18 161.45
Benzene C6H6 78.114 66.44 74.06 77.03 81.68 89.22 96.76 104.32 111.32 118.20
n-Hexane C6H14 86.178 123.40 133.30 137.14 143.11 152.71 162.31 171.88 181.08 190.19
n-Heptane C7H16 100.205 142.94 154.54 159.01 165.99 177.14 188.29 199.40 210.05 220.59
Ammonia NH3 17.031 35.63 35.64 35.64 35.65 35.65 35.66 35.67 35.68 35.69
Air 28.964 29.05 29.07 29.08 29.10 29.14 29.20 29.26 29.34 29.43
Water H2O 18.015 33.38 33.47 33.49 33.57 33.68 33.83 34.03 34.21 34.42
Oxygen O2 31.999 29.13 29.24 29.27 29.36 29.48 29.65 29.87 30.05 30.27
Nitrogen N2 28.013 29.08 29.11 29.09 29.11 29.12 29.14 29.20 29.22 29.28
Hydrogen H2 2.016 28.29 28.61 28.69 26.50 28.96 29.07 29.13 29.16 29.18
Hydrogen sulfide H2S 34.076 33.31 33.67 33.82 34.03 34.38 34.73 35.08 35.43 35.79
Carbon monoxide CO 28.01 29.09 29.12 29.11 29.15 29.15 29.19 29.26 29.32 29.41
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 34.70 35.96 36.41 37.12 38.21 39.26 40.29 41.20 42.10

Source: Values for substances taken from Engineering Data Book, Section 13, Compressors and expanders, GPSA
Midstream Suppliers, Tulsa, OK, 2016a.
14 Appendix B

B.3.2  Physical Properties of Alkanolamines and Alkanolamine–Water Systems

TABLE B.4
Selected Physical Properties of Alkanolamines
Compound MEAa DEAa MDEAb
Molecular weight 61.08 105.14 119.16
Specific gravity at 20/20°C 1.017 1.092 1.041
Δsp. gr./Δt (°C−1) 0.00080 0.00065 0.00076
Boiling point, °C at 760 mm Hg 170.4 268 247.3
At 50 mm Hg, °C 101 182 163.5
At 10 mm Hg, °C 71 150 128.6
Vapor pressure at 20°C, mmHg <1 <0.01 <0.01
Freezing point, °C (°F), (pour 10.5 (50.9) 28.0 (82.4) −21 (−6)
point)
Viscosity, cP
At 20°C 24.1 101
At 30°C 16.2 380
At 40°C 33.8
Heat of combustion, Btu/lbm (cal/g) −12,200
At 25°C (−6,780)
Flash point, Tag closed cup 96 (205) 191 (375) 138 (280)c
(ASTM D56), °C (°F)

a Dow Chemical Company (2003a).

b Dow Chemical Company (2019).
c Pensky-Martens Closed Cup (ASTM D93-18).

9.0
Freezing point curve

0°F
8.8
30°F

60°F
8.6
90°F
Density, lbm/gal

120°F
8.4
150°F

180°F
8.2
210°F

8.0

7.8
0 20 40 60 80 100
MEA concentration, wt%

FIGURE B.1  Densities of monoethanolamine (MEA)—water mixtures as a function of composition and

temperature. (Adapted from Dow Chemical Company, 2003a.)
Appendix B 15

9.4
Freezing point curve
–20°F
9.2
0°F 30°F

60°F

9.0 90°F

120°F

150°F
Density, lbm/gal

8.8
180°F

210°F
8.6

240°F

8.4 Boiling point

8.2

8.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
DEA concentration, wt%

FIGURE B.2  Densities of diethanolamine (DEA)—water mixtures as a function of composition and

­temperature. (Adapted from Dow Chemical Company, 2003a.)

Temperature, °F
32 68 104 140 176 212 248 284
8.8 1.054
8.7 1.042
8.6 1.031
Density, lbm/gal

Density, g/cm3

8.5 1.019
8.4 1.007
8.3 0.995
8.2 0.983
8.1 100 wt% 0.971
50 wt%
MDEA 40 wt%
8.0 0.959
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Temperature, °C

FIGURE B.3  Densities of methyl diethanolamine (MDEA)—water mixtures as a function of composition

and temperature. (Adapted from Dow Chemical Company, 2019.)
16 Appendix B

Temperature, °F
40 80 120 160 180 240
1.1
wt% MEA
1.0 0
Heat capacity, Btu/lbm-°F

0.9 25

0.8 50

0.7 75
100

0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature, °C

FIGURE B.4  Heat capacities of monoethanolamine (MEA)—water mixtures as a function of composition

and temperature. (Adapted from Dow Chemical Company, 2003a.)

Temperature, °F
40 80 120 160 180 240
1.1
wt% DEA
1.0 0
Heat capacity, Btu/lbm-°F

0.9 25

0.8 50

0.7 75

0.6 100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature, °C

FIGURE B.5  Heat capacities of diethanolamine (DEA)—water mixtures as a function of composition and
temperature. (Adapted from Dow Chemical Company, 2003b.)
Appendix B 17

Temperature, °F
32 68 104 140 176 212 248 284
1.1
1.0 wt% MDEA
Specific heat, Btu/lbm-°F

0.9 40
50
0.8
0.7
0.6
100
0.5
0.4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Temperature, °C

FIGURE B.6  Heat capacities of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)—water mixtures as a function of

­composition and temperature. (Adapted from Dow Chemical Company, 2019.)

100
60
40
20 30°C (86°F)
10
50°C (122°F)
Viscosity, cP

6
4 75°C (167°F)
2
1 100°C (212°F)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100
MEA concentration, wt%

FIGURE B.7  Viscosities of monoethanolamine (MEA)—water mixtures as a function of composition and

temperature. (Adapted from Dow Chemical Company, 2003b.)
18 Appendix B

1000
600
400
200
30°C (86°F)
100
60
Viscosity, cP 40 50°C (122°F)
20
10 75°C (167°F)
6
4
2 100°C (212°F)
1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100
DEA concentration, wt%

FIGURE B.8  Viscosities of diethanolamine (DEA)—water mixtures as a function of composition and

­temperature. (Adapted from Dow Chemical Company, 2003b.)

Temperature, °F
32 68 104 140 176 212 248
80
wt% MDEA
70
100
60

50
Viscosity, cP

40

30

20
50
10
40
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature, °C

FIGURE B.9  Viscosities of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)—water mixtures as a function of composition

and temperature. (Adapted from Dow Chemical Company, 2019.)
Appendix B 19

B.3.3  Physical Properties of Glycols and Glycol–Water Systems

TABLE B.5
Selected Properties of Glycols Used for Dehydration
Ethylene Glycola Triethylene Glycolb
Molar mass, lbm/lb-mol, kg/kg-mol 62.07 150.17
Normal boiling point, °F (°C) 386.8 (197.1) 550.4 (288.0)
Vapor pressure at 20°C, psia (kPa) 0.00012 (0.0075) <1 × 10−5 (<0.001)
Specific gravity (20/20°C) 1.1153 1.1255
Δ Specific gravity/ΔT (10°C–40°C), °F−1 (°C−1) 0.00039 (0.00070) 0.00043 (0.00078)
Viscosity at 20°C, cP (mPs) ∼25 49.0 (49.0)
(∼25)
Critical pressure, psia (bar) 1190 (82) 480 (33.1)
Critical specific volume, ft3/lb-mol (m3/kmol) 3.06 (0.191) 7.10 (0.443)
Critical temperature, °F (°C) 836.33 (446.85) 824 (440)
Onset of initial decomposition, °F (°C) 464 (240) 464 (240)
Autoignition temperature, °F (°C) 801 (427) 660 (349)
Flammable limits in air, lower, vol% 0.9
Flammable limits in air, upper, vol% 9.2

a MEGlobal (2008).
b Dow Chemical Company (2007).

TABLE B.6
Selected Solubility for Compounds in Glycols at 25°C
(g solute/100 mL of glycol)
Solute Ethylene Glycola Triethylene Glycolb
Heptane Slightly soluble Slightly soluble
Benzene 6.0 Completely miscible
Toluene 3.1 33

The following solutes are reported to be completely miscible with all of the above
glycols: water, methanol, monoethanolamine, and diethanolamine.
a MEGlobal (2008).

b Dow Chemical Company (2007).

20 Appendix B

TABLE B.7
Vapor Pressure Equations for Glycols
Ethylene Glycola Triethylene Glycolb
A 8.21211 7.6302007
B 2161.91 2156.4581
C 208.43 165.92442
Range of applicability (°C) 20–198 150–300

The coefficients are for the equation log10 (P [mm Hg]) = A − B/(C + t [°C]).
a MEGlobal (2008).
b Dow Chemical Company (2007).

1.18
Freezing point curves

1.13 –50°F 0°F 50°F

Apparent specific gravity, t/60°F

100°F
1.08 150°F
200°F
250°F
1.03
300°F
350°F
0.98

0.93

0.88
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Ethylene glycol, % by weight in water

FIGURE B.10  Specific gravities of ethylene glycol–water mixtures as a function of concentration and
­temperature. (Courtesy of MEGlobal, 2008.)

1.18
Freezing point
1.16
curves –50°F
1.14
0°F
Apparent specific gravity, t/60°F

1.12
1.10 50°F
1.08 100°F
1.06 150°F
1.04 200°F
1.02 250°F
1.00
300°F
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Triethylene glycol, percent by weight in water

FIGURE B.11  Specific gravities of triethylene glycol–water mixtures as a function of concentration and
temperature. (Courtesy of Dow Chemical Company.)
Appendix B 21

Temperature, °F
–58 –18 22 62 102 142 182 222 262 302
1.1
0
10
1.0 Freezing point 20

Ethylene glycol, % by weight in water

curves 30
40
50
0.9
Specific heat, Btu/lbm-°F

60
70
80
0.8
90
100
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
–50 –30 –10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150
Temperature, °C

FIGURE B.12  Specific heats of ethylene glycol–water mixtures as a function of concentration and
­temperature. (Courtesy of MEGlobal, 2008.)

Temperature, ˚F
–40 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
1.1 0 10
Freezing point 20
Triethylene glycol, percent by weight in water

curves 40 30
1.0 50
60
70
0.9
Specific heat, Btu/lbm-˚F

80

0.8 90
100

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
–50 0 50 100 150 200
Temperature, ˚C

FIGURE B.13  Specific heats of triethylene glycol–water mixtures as a function of concentration and
­temperature. (Courtesy of Dow Chemical Company.)
22 Appendix B

1000
Freezing
–50°F point
–40°F curve
–30°F
–20°F
–10°F 10°F
100 0°F
Viscosity, centipoises (cP)

30°F
50°F

10 Freezing point 100°F

curve
150°F
200°F
250°F
1 300°F
350°F

0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Ethylene glycol, % by weight in water

FIGURE B.14  Viscosities of ethylene glycol–water mixtures as a function of concentration and temperature.
(Courtesy of MEGlobal, 2008.)

1000
Freezing point
600 curves
400
200 0°F
100
Viscosity, centipoises (cP)

60
40 50°F
20
F
10 100°
6
F
4 150°
2 20 0 °F
1 250°F
0.6 300°F
0.4
0.2
0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Triethylene glycol, percent by weight in water

FIGURE B.15  Viscosities of triethylene glycol–water mixtures as a function of concentration and tempera-
ture. (Courtesy of Dow Chemical Company.)
Appendix B 23

B.3.5 Saturation Tables and Pressure–Enthalpy Diagrams of Pure

Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen, and Carbon Dioxide

TABLE B.8
Properties of Saturated Methane in Engineering Units
Enthalpy Entropy
Liquid Vapor
(Btu/lbm) (Btu/lbm-°F)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°F) (Psia) (lbm/ft3) (ft3/lbm) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°F)
−296.42 1.70 28.19 63.881 0.000 234.147 0.00000 1.43428 −296.42
−295.00 1.88 28.12 58.235 1.144 234.807 0.00697 1.42598 −295.00
−290.00 2.64 27.89 42.619 5.181 237.127 0.03110 1.39808 −290.00
−285.00 3.62 27.65 31.809 9.234 239.407 0.05460 1.37238 −285.00
−280.00 4.89 27.41 24.167 13.304 241.647 0.07752 1.34838 −280.00
−275.00 6.49 27.17 18.659 17.392 243.847 0.09991 1.32618 −275.00
−270.00 8.47 26.93 14.619 21.501 245.997 0.12179 1.30538 −270.00
−265.00 10.89 26.68 11.608 25.632 248.087 0.14320 1.28598 −265.00
−260.00 13.82 26.43 9.3292 29.787 250.127 0.16417 1.26768 −260.00
−258.67 14.70 26.37 8.8188 30.897 250.657 0.16968 1.26298 −258.67
−255.00 17.33 26.18 7.5811 33.967 252.107 0.18473 1.25058 −255.00
−250.00 21.48 25.92 6.2230 38.176 254.017 0.20490 1.23438 −250.00
−245.00 26.34 25.66 5.1555 42.414 255.857 0.22471 1.21898 −245.00
−240.00 32.00 25.39 4.3071 46.686 257.617 0.24419 1.20438 −240.00
−235.00 38.52 25.12 3.6261 50.992 259.307 0.26336 1.19058 −235.00
−230.00 45.98 24.84 3.0742 55.336 260.897 0.28224 1.17728 −230.00
−225.00 54.48 24.56 2.6230 59.721 262.407 0.30085 1.16454 −225.00
−220.00 64.07 24.27 2.2512 64.152 263.807 0.31923 1.15226 −220.00
−215.00 74.86 23.98 1.9423 68.631 265.107 0.33738 1.14039 −215.00
−210.00 86.92 23.67 1.6839 73.164 266.287 0.35534 1.12886 −210.00
−205.00 100.33 23.36 1.4662 77.755 267.357 0.37313 1.11761 −205.00
−200.00 115.19 23.04 1.2817 82.411 268.287 0.39077 1.10659 −200.00
−195.00 131.58 22.71 1.1243 87.138 269.087 0.40830 1.09573 −195.00
−190.00 149.59 22.37 0.9893 91.944 269.727 0.42573 1.08499 −190.00
−185.00 169.30 22.01 0.8728 96.837 270.207 0.44311 1.07429 −185.00
−180.00 190.82 21.64 0.7718 101.829 270.507 0.46046 1.06358 −180.00
−175.00 214.22 21.26 0.6836 106.932 270.607 0.47783 1.05279 −175.00
−170.00 239.62 20.86 0.6064 112.160 270.487 0.49525 1.04183 −170.00
−165.00 267.11 20.44 0.5384 117.533 270.117 0.51280 1.03063 −165.00
−160.00 296.80 19.99 0.4781 123.074 269.477 0.53053 1.01906 −160.00
−155.00 328.79 19.52 0.4243 128.815 268.497 0.54853 1.00701 −155.00
−150.00 363.20 19.01 0.3761 134.797 267.137 0.56693 0.99428 −150.00
−145.00 400.17 18.45 0.3326 141.077 265.297 0.58586 0.98064 −145.00
−140.00 439.83 17.84 0.2929 147.737 262.867 0.60558 0.96574 −140.00
−135.00 482.35 17.15 0.2562 154.907 259.637 0.62646 0.94903 −135.00
−130.00 527.92 16.34 0.2216 162.847 255.257 0.64918 0.92950 −130.00
−125.00 576.81 15.32 0.1878 172.067 248.987 0.67520 0.90505 −125.00
−120.00 629.39 13.83 0.1511 184.257 238.427 0.70939 0.86885 −120.00
−116.65 667.06 10.15 0.0985 209.177 209.177 0.78063 0.78063 −116.65

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

24 Appendix B

TABLE B.9
Properties of Saturated Methane in SI Units
Enthalpy Entropy
Liquid Vapor
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-°C)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°C) (bar) (kg/m3) (m3/kg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°C)
−182.46 0.117 451.47 3.9877 0.000 544.257 0.00000 6.00101 −182.46
−180.00 0.159 448.2 3.0071 8.285 549.037 0.09004 5.89521 −180.00
−175.00 0.282 441.43 1.7755 25.242 558.577 0.26706 5.70091 −175.00
−170.00 0.472 434.51 1.1081 42.331 567.807 0.43645 5.53071 −170.00
−165.00 0.751 427.44 0.72466 59.578 576.667 0.59911 5.38031 −165.00
−161.48 1.013 422.36 0.55054 71.816 582.647 0.70990 5.28451 −161.48
−160.00 1.143 420.18 0.49291 77.005 585.097 0.75579 5.24621 −160.00
−155.00 1.676 412.72 0.34665 94.639 593.037 0.90718 5.12551 −155.00
−150.00 2.378 405.02 0.25077 112.510 600.417 1.05389 5.01571 −150.00
−145.00 3.282 397.06 0.18583 130.654 607.157 1.19651 4.91481 −145.00
−140.00 4.418 388.79 0.14054 149.115 613.197 1.33561 4.82101 −140.00
−135.00 5.819 380.16 0.10813 167.946 618.447 1.47175 4.73271 −135.00
−130.00 7.52 371.11 0.0844 187.207 622.787 1.60550 4.64831 −130.00
−125.00 9.555 361.57 0.06667 206.987 626.107 1.73751 4.56651 −125.00
−120.00 11.959 351.44 0.05315 227.397 628.247 1.86841 4.48581 −120.00
−115.00 14.77 340.56 0.04268 248.557 629.007 1.99921 4.40481 −115.00
−110.00 18.026 328.76 0.03442 270.667 628.097 2.13081 4.32161 −110.00
−105.00 21.767 315.72 0.02779 294.027 625.107 2.26471 4.23371 −105.00
−100.00 26.04 300.98 0.02236 319.067 619.377 2.40331 4.13771 −100.00
−95.00 30.895 283.64 0.01781 346.617 609.677 2.55071 4.02731 −95.00
−90.00 36.399 261.66 0.01384 378.527 593.337 2.71611 3.88901 −90.00
−85.00 42.648 227.46 0.00993 421.567 560.627 2.93401 3.67311 −85.00
−82.59 45.992 162.66 0.00615 487.407 487.407 3.27231 3.27231 −82.59

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

Appendix B 25

TABLE B.10
Properties of Saturated Ethane in Engineering Units
Enthalpy Entropy
Liquid Vapor
(Btu/lbm) (Btu/lbm-°F)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°F) (Psia) (lbm/ft3) (ft3/lbm) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°F)
−250.00 0.0308 38.91 2432.6 26.135 269.995 0.14099 1.30404 −250.00
−245.00 0.0463 38.71 1655.0 28.941 271.465 0.15422 1.28398 −245.00
−240.00 0.0682 38.52 1148.9 31.743 272.945 0.16712 1.26516 −240.00
−235.00 0.0987 38.33 812.62 34.540 274.435 0.17971 1.24749 −235.00
−230.00 0.140 38.14 584.86 37.333 275.935 0.19200 1.23088 −230.00
−225.00 0.196 37.94 427.81 40.123 277.435 0.20401 1.21527 −225.00
−220.00 0.269 37.75 317.69 42.909 278.935 0.21576 1.20057 −220.00
−215.00 0.365 37.55 239.25 45.693 280.445 0.22726 1.18671 −215.00
−210.00 0.488 37.36 182.56 48.477 281.945 0.23852 1.17364 −210.00
−205.00 0.643 37.16 141.02 51.260 283.455 0.24955 1.16130 −205.00
−200.00 0.839 36.96 110.19 54.044 284.955 0.26037 1.14963 −200.00
−195.00 1.082 36.76 87.029 56.830 286.455 0.27099 1.13859 −195.00
−190.00 1.381 36.56 69.431 59.618 287.945 0.28143 1.12813 −190.00
−185.00 1.744 36.36 55.916 62.410 289.435 0.29168 1.11821 −185.00
−180.00 2.183 36.16 45.432 65.207 290.915 0.30176 1.10880 −180.00
−175.00 2.708 35.96 37.222 68.010 292.385 0.31168 1.09986 −175.00
−170.00 3.331 35.75 30.735 70.819 293.835 0.32145 1.09136 −170.00
−165.00 4.066 35.55 25.565 73.635 295.285 0.33108 1.08327 −165.00
−160.00 4.927 35.34 21.413 76.460 296.715 0.34057 1.07557 −160.00
−155.00 5.928 35.13 18.052 79.294 298.135 0.34993 1.06822 −155.00
−150.00 7.085 34.92 15.312 82.137 299.545 0.35917 1.06122 −150.00
−145.00 8.414 34.71 13.063 84.992 300.935 0.36829 1.05453 −145.00
−140.00 9.934 34.5 11.206 87.859 302.305 0.37730 1.04814 −140.00
−135.00 11.661 34.29 9.6620 90.738 303.665 0.38621 1.04202 −135.00
−130.00 13.617 34.07 8.3715 93.630 304.995 0.39502 1.03617 −130.00
−127.48 14.694 33.96 7.8015 95.093 305.665 0.39942 1.03332 −127.48
−125.00 15.819 33.85 7.2866 96.536 306.325 0.40373 1.03057 −125.00
−120.00 18.288 33.63 6.3699 99.458 307.625 0.41235 1.02520 −120.00
−115.00 21.046 33.41 5.5913 102.395 308.905 0.42089 1.02005 −115.00
−110.00 24.113 33.18 4.9269 105.349 310.165 0.42935 1.01510 −110.00
−105.00 27.513 32.96 4.3574 108.320 311.405 0.43774 1.01035 −105.00
−100.00 31.267 32.73 3.8670 111.310 312.625 0.44605 1.00577 −100.00
−95.00 35.400 32.49 3.4431 114.319 313.815 0.45429 1.00137 −95.00
−90.00 39.933 32.26 3.0750 117.349 314.995 0.46247 0.99712 −90.00
−85.00 44.893 32.02 2.7544 120.400 316.135 0.47060 0.99302 −85.00
−80.00 50.302 31.78 2.4740 123.473 317.255 0.47866 0.98906 −80.00
−75.00 56.186 31.54 2.2279 126.570 318.355 0.48667 0.98523 −75.00
−70.00 62.570 31.29 2.0112 129.691 319.415 0.49464 0.98152 −70.00
−65.00 69.479 31.04 1.8197 132.837 320.455 0.50256 0.97793 −65.00
−60.00 76.940 30.78 1.6501 136.010 321.455 0.51044 0.97443 −60.00
−55.00 84.978 30.53 1.4993 139.212 322.425 0.51828 0.97102 −55.00
−50.00 93.62 30.26 1.365 142.443 323.365 0.52608 0.96771 −50.00
−45.00 102.89 30 1.2449 145.705 324.265 0.53386 0.96446 −45.00
−40.00 112.82 29.73 1.1372 149.000 325.125 0.54161 0.96129 −40.00
−35.00 123.44 29.45 1.0405 152.329 325.945 0.54934 0.95817 −35.00
(Continued)
26 Appendix B

TABLE B.10 (Continued)

Properties of Saturated Ethane in Engineering Units
Entropy
Liquid Vapor
Enthalpy (Btu/lbm) (Btu/lbm-°F)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°F) (Psia) (lbm/ft3) (ft3/lbm) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°F)
−30.00 134.77 29.17 0.95341 155.694 326.725 0.55705 0.95511 −30.00
−25.00 146.84 28.88 0.87474 159.097 327.465 0.56474 0.95208 −25.00
−20.00 159.68 28.59 0.80354 162.541 328.145 0.57243 0.94909 −20.00
−15.00 173.31 28.29 0.73894 166.028 328.785 0.58012 0.94613 −15.00
−10.00 187.78 27.98 0.6802 169.560 329.355 0.58780 0.94317 −10.00
−5.00 203.1 27.67 0.62667 173.142 329.875 0.59550 0.94022 −5.00
0.00 219.31 27.34 0.57777 176.775 330.325 0.60321 0.93726 0.00
5.00 236.45 27.01 0.53301 180.465 330.715 0.61094 0.93428 5.00
10.00 254.53 26.67 0.49194 184.216 331.015 0.61870 0.93126 10.00
15.00 273.6 26.31 0.45418 188.033 331.235 0.62650 0.92819 15.00
20.00 293.69 25.95 0.41938 191.922 331.365 0.63435 0.92505 20.00
25.00 314.83 25.57 0.38722 195.895 331.385 0.64227 0.92182 25.00
30.00 337.07 25.17 0.35745 199.955 331.285 0.65027 0.91848 30.00
35.00 360.44 24.76 0.32979 204.105 331.065 0.65837 0.91500 35.00
40.00 384.97 24.32 0.30403 208.385 330.685 0.66659 0.91135 40.00
45.00 410.72 23.86 0.27996 212.785 330.125 0.67497 0.90748 45.00
50.00 437.74 23.36 0.25738 217.345 329.365 0.68354 0.90333 50.00
55.00 466.06 22.83 0.2361 222.095 328.365 0.69236 0.89884 55.00
60.00 495.74 22.25 0.21593 227.075 327.055 0.70151 0.89391 60.00
65.00 526.84 21.61 0.19666 232.335 325.355 0.71110 0.88839 65.00
70.00 559.43 20.88 0.17804 237.985 323.145 0.72127 0.88205 70.00
75.00 593.59 20.03 0.15974 244.145 320.215 0.73227 0.87453 75.00
80.00 629.43 19.01 0.14116 251.105 316.115 0.74459 0.86505 80.00
85.00 667.14 17.63 0.12082 259.585 309.695 0.75952 0.85152 85.00
89.92 706.56 13.19 0.07579 282.135 282.135 0.79984 0.79984 89.92

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

Appendix B 27

TABLE B.11
Properties of Saturated Ethane in SI Units
Enthalpy Entropy
Liquid Vapor
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg-°C)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°C) (bar) (kg/m3) (m3/kg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°C)
−155.00 0.00272 621.36 120.220 64.655 629.635 0.62323 5.40503 −155.00
−152.50 0.00389 618.59 85.874 70.525 632.725 0.67231 5.33203 −152.50
−150.00 0.00547 615.81 62.310 76.375 635.835 0.72035 5.26323 −150.00
−147.50 0.00757 613.03 45.883 82.225 638.955 0.76736 5.19813 −147.50
−145.00 0.0103 610.24 34.255 88.065 642.085 0.81339 5.13653 −145.00
−142.50 0.0139 607.44 25.907 93.905 645.225 0.85847 5.07823 −142.50
−140.00 0.0186 604.64 19.833 99.735 648.365 0.90266 5.02313 −140.00
−137.50 0.0244 601.82 15.356 105.555 651.515 0.94600 4.97073 −137.50
−135.00 0.0318 599.00 12.018 111.375 654.665 0.98852 4.92113 −135.00
−132.50 0.0409 596.17 9.501 117.205 657.815 1.03028 4.87393 −132.50
−130.00 0.0521 593.32 7.582 123.025 660.965 1.07130 4.82913 −130.00
−127.50 0.0658 590.47 6.106 128.851 664.105 1.11163 4.78653 −127.50
−125.00 0.0823 587.60 4.958 134.681 667.235 1.15130 4.74603 −125.00
−122.50 0.102 584.72 4.058 140.517 670.355 1.19034 4.70733 −122.50
−120.00 0.126 581.83 3.346 146.360 673.455 1.22879 4.67053 −120.00
−117.50 0.154 578.92 2.779 152.213 676.545 1.26666 4.63533 −117.50
−115.00 0.187 575.99 2.324 158.076 679.615 1.30400 4.60173 −115.00
−112.50 0.225 573.05 1.955 163.952 682.665 1.34082 4.56963 −112.50
−110.00 0.270 570.10 1.655 169.842 685.695 1.37715 4.53893 −110.00
−107.50 0.321 567.12 1.409 175.746 688.695 1.41301 4.50963 −107.50
−105.00 0.380 564.13 1.206 181.668 691.675 1.44843 4.48153 −105.00
−102.50 0.447 561.12 1.037 187.608 694.625 1.48342 4.45453 −102.50
−100.00 0.524 558.08 0.896 193.567 697.555 1.51801 4.42873 −100.00
−97.50 0.610 555.03 0.778 199.548 700.445 1.55221 4.40393 −97.50
−95.00 0.708 551.95 0.679 205.550 703.315 1.58604 4.38013 −95.00
−92.50 0.817 548.85 0.594 211.577 706.145 1.61953 4.35723 −92.50
−90.00 0.939 545.73 0.523 217.629 708.945 1.65268 4.33523 −90.00
−88.60 1.013 543.97 0.487 221.030 710.495 1.67110 4.32333 −88.60
−87.50 1.075 542.58 0.461 223.708 711.715 1.68551 4.31413 −87.50
−85.00 1.225 539.41 0.408 229.815 714.435 1.71803 4.29373 −85.00
−82.50 1.392 536.20 0.363 235.951 717.135 1.75027 4.27413 −82.50
−80.00 1.575 532.97 0.323 242.118 719.785 1.78223 4.25523 −80.00
−77.50 1.777 529.71 0.289 248.318 722.405 1.81392 4.23703 −77.50
−75.00 1.998 526.42 0.259 254.551 724.975 1.84537 4.21943 −75.00
−72.50 2.239 523.10 0.233 260.820 727.505 1.87658 4.20243 −72.50
−70.00 2.501 519.74 0.210 267.126 729.995 1.90756 4.18603 −70.00
−67.50 2.786 516.34 0.190 273.470 732.435 1.93833 4.17013 −67.50
−65.00 3.095 512.91 0.172 279.855 734.835 1.96890 4.15473 −65.00
−62.50 3.429 509.45 0.156 286.281 737.185 1.99928 4.13983 −62.50
−60.00 3.790 505.94 0.142 292.752 739.475 2.02948 4.12533 −60.00
−57.50 4.178 502.39 0.129 299.268 741.715 2.05951 4.11123 −57.50
−55.00 4.595 498.79 0.118 305.831 743.905 2.08939 4.09753 −55.00
−52.50 5.043 495.15 0.108 312.444 746.035 2.11912 4.08423 −52.50
−50.00 5.522 491.46 0.099 319.109 748.105 2.14872 4.07113 −50.00
−47.50 6.033 487.71 0.091 325.825 750.115 2.17819 4.05843 −47.50
(Continued)
28 Appendix B

TABLE B.11 (Continued)

Properties of Saturated Ethane in SI Units
Liquid Vapor
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg-°C)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°C) (bar) (kg/m3) (m3/kg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°C)
−45.00 6.579 483.91 0.084 332.605 752.055 2.20756 4.04603 −45.00
−42.50 7.161 480.06 0.077 339.435 753.925 2.23682 4.03393 −42.50
−40.00 7.779 476.14 0.071 346.335 755.735 2.26600 4.02193 −40.00
−37.50 8.435 472.16 0.066 353.295 757.455 2.29511 4.01023 −37.50
−35.00 9.132 468.12 0.061 360.325 759.105 2.32415 3.99863 −35.00
−32.50 9.869 464.00 0.056 367.425 760.665 2.35314 3.98723 −32.50
−30.00 10.649 459.80 0.052 374.595 762.135 2.38210 3.97593 −30.00
−27.50 11.472 455.52 0.048 381.845 763.505 2.41104 3.96473 −27.50
−25.00 12.341 451.15 0.045 389.185 764.775 2.43998 3.95353 −25.00
−22.50 13.258 446.69 0.041 396.615 765.945 2.46894 3.94243 −22.50
−20.00 14.222 442.12 0.038 404.125 766.995 2.49792 3.93133 −20.00
−17.50 15.236 437.45 0.036 411.745 767.915 2.52696 3.92013 −17.50
−15.00 16.302 432.65 0.033 419.475 768.705 2.55608 3.90893 −15.00
−12.50 17.422 427.72 0.031 427.315 769.355 2.58530 3.89753 −12.50
−10.00 18.596 422.65 0.029 435.275 769.845 2.61465 3.88603 −10.00
−7.50 19.826 417.42 0.027 443.375 770.155 2.64417 3.87433 −7.50
−5.00 21.115 412.01 0.025 451.615 770.285 2.67393 3.86223 −5.00
−2.50 22.464 406.40 0.023 460.025 770.195 2.70383 3.84993 −2.50
0.00 23.875 400.57 0.022 468.605 769.875 2.73413 3.83713 0.00
2.50 25.350 394.48 0.020 477.385 769.295 2.76473 3.82383 2.50
5.00 26.891 388.09 0.019 486.385 768.415 2.79583 3.80983 5.00
7.50 28.501 381.36 0.017 495.645 767.205 2.82753 3.79513 7.50
10.00 30.181 374.22 0.016 505.205 765.595 2.85983 3.77943 10.00
12.50 31.934 366.58 0.015 515.115 763.515 2.89303 3.76263 12.50
15.00 33.763 358.33 0.014 525.445 760.875 2.92723 3.74433 15.00
17.50 35.671 349.31 0.013 536.295 757.555 2.96293 3.72413 17.50
20.00 37.660 339.30 0.012 547.795 753.345 3.00033 3.70153 20.00
22.50 39.735 327.96 0.011 560.155 747.975 3.04023 3.67543 22.50
25.00 41.901 314.76 0.010 573.695 740.905 3.08353 3.64433 25.00
27.50 44.163 298.66 0.008 589.075 731.105 3.13243 3.60483 27.50
30.00 46.535 276.65 0.007 608.195 715.525 3.19303 3.54713 30.00
32.18 48.718 206.58 0.005 659.295 659.295 3.35793 3.35793 32.18

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

Appendix B 29

TABLE B.12
Properties of Saturated Ethylene in Engineering Units
Enthalpy Entropy
Liquid Vapor
(Btu/lbm) (Btu/lbm-°F)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°F) (Psia) (lbm/ft3) (ft3/lbm) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°F)
−272.50 0.0177 40.87 4046.9 0.000 244.154 −0.00006 1.30431 −272.50
−270.00 0.0225 40.76 3219.5 1.449 244.854 0.00763 1.29091 −270.00
−265.00 0.0358 40.54 2077.4 4.355 246.274 0.02275 1.26545 −265.00
−260.00 0.0555 40.32 1374.6 7.262 247.684 0.03750 1.24158 −260.00
−255.00 0.084 40.09 930.98 10.168 249.094 0.05187 1.21922 −255.00
−250.00 0.124 39.87 644.22 13.073 250.494 0.06589 1.19825 −250.00
−245.00 0.180 39.65 454.73 15.976 251.894 0.07957 1.17857 −245.00
−240.00 0.257 39.43 326.95 18.876 253.294 0.09293 1.16007 −240.00
−235.00 0.359 39.2 239.12 21.773 254.684 0.10596 1.14266 −235.00
−230.00 0.493 38.98 177.68 24.666 256.074 0.11870 1.12627 −230.00
−225.00 0.668 38.75 133.99 27.557 257.454 0.13115 1.11082 −225.00
−220.00 0.891 38.52 102.44 30.444 258.834 0.14331 1.09623 −220.00
−215.00 1.174 38.29 79.326 33.328 260.194 0.15522 1.08245 −215.00
−210.00 1.527 38.07 62.164 36.209 261.554 0.16687 1.06942 −210.00
−205.00 1.963 37.83 49.260 39.088 262.894 0.17828 1.05709 −205.00
−200.00 2.496 37.6 39.441 41.966 264.224 0.18946 1.04540 −200.00
−195.00 3.141 37.37 31.888 44.842 265.544 0.20042 1.03431 −195.00
−190.00 3.915 37.14 26.016 47.717 266.854 0.21117 1.02377 −190.00
−185.00 4.835 36.9 21.407 50.593 268.144 0.22172 1.01376 −185.00
−180.00 5.922 36.66 17.754 53.469 269.424 0.23207 1.00423 −180.00
−175.00 7.195 36.42 14.835 56.347 270.674 0.24225 0.99515 −175.00
−170.00 8.675 36.18 12.483 59.227 271.914 0.25226 0.98649 −170.00
−165.00 10.386 35.94 10.572 62.111 273.134 0.26210 0.97822 −165.00
−160.00 12.351 35.7 9.0094 64.999 274.334 0.27178 0.97031 −160.00
−155.00 14.594 35.45 7.7219 67.892 275.504 0.28132 0.96274 −155.00
−154.76 14.710 35.44 7.6660 68.031 275.564 0.28177 0.96239 −154.76
−150.00 17.143 35.2 6.6543 70.791 276.654 0.29071 0.95549 −150.00
−145.00 20.022 34.95 5.7635 73.698 277.784 0.29997 0.94853 −145.00
−140.00 23.259 34.69 5.0159 76.612 278.884 0.30911 0.94184 −140.00
−135.00 26.883 34.44 4.3848 79.536 279.954 0.31812 0.93541 −135.00
−130.00 30.922 34.18 3.8493 82.471 280.994 0.32703 0.92921 −130.00
−125.00 35.406 33.92 3.3926 85.418 282.004 0.33582 0.92324 −125.00
−120.00 40.365 33.65 3.0012 88.377 282.994 0.34452 0.91746 −120.00
−115.00 45.829 33.38 2.6643 91.351 283.934 0.35313 0.91187 −115.00
−110.00 51.829 33.11 2.3730 94.341 284.854 0.36164 0.90646 −110.00
−105.00 58.398 32.84 2.1200 97.348 285.724 0.37008 0.90121 −105.00
−100.00 65.567 32.56 1.8995 100.374 286.564 0.37843 0.89610 −100.00
−95.00 73.369 32.27 1.7065 103.421 287.364 0.38672 0.89113 −95.00
−90.00 81.836 31.99 1.5370 106.490 288.124 0.39495 0.88628 −90.00
−85.00 91.001 31.69 1.3876 109.583 288.834 0.40311 0.88153 −85.00
−80.00 100.90 31.40 1.2555 112.702 289.504 0.41123 0.87689 −80.00
−75.00 111.56 31.09 1.1383 115.849 290.114 0.41930 0.87233 −75.00
−70.00 123.03 30.78 1.0340 119.026 290.684 0.42733 0.86785 −70.00
−65.00 135.33 30.47 0.94091 122.236 291.194 0.43532 0.86343 −65.00
−60.00 148.50 30.14 0.85756 125.482 291.654 0.44329 0.85906 −60.00
(Continued )
30 Appendix B

TABLE B.12 (Continued)

Properties of Saturated Ethylene in Engineering Units
Enthalpy Entropy
Liquid Vapor
(Btu/lbm) (Btu/lbm-°F)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°F) (Psia) (lbm/ft3) (ft3/lbm) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°F)
−55.00 162.58 29.82 0.78274 128.766 292.044 0.45124 0.85472 −55.00
−50.00 177.60 29.48 0.71538 132.091 292.374 0.45918 0.85042 −50.00
−45.00 193.59 29.13 0.65458 135.461 292.634 0.46711 0.84613 −45.00
−40.00 210.61 28.77 0.59955 138.881 292.814 0.47504 0.84184 −40.00
−35.00 228.68 28.41 0.54963 142.353 292.914 0.48299 0.83753 −35.00
−30.00 247.84 28.03 0.50421 145.884 292.934 0.49096 0.83319 −30.00
−25.00 268.14 27.64 0.46278 149.479 292.844 0.49897 0.82880 −25.00
−20.00 289.61 27.24 0.42490 153.145 292.664 0.50702 0.82434 −20.00
−15.00 312.30 26.81 0.39016 156.889 292.354 0.51514 0.81979 −15.00
−10.00 336.25 26.38 0.35822 160.722 291.924 0.52334 0.81511 −10.00
−5.00 361.50 25.92 0.32876 164.653 291.344 0.53164 0.81028 −5.00
0.00 388.12 25.43 0.30150 168.694 290.594 0.54006 0.80525 0.00
5.00 416.15 24.92 0.27618 172.874 289.654 0.54865 0.79998 5.00
10.00 445.64 24.38 0.25258 177.204 288.494 0.55745 0.79439 10.00
15.00 476.65 23.79 0.23045 181.724 287.054 0.56651 0.78841 15.00
20.00 509.26 23.15 0.20957 186.464 285.274 0.57591 0.78191 20.00
25.00 543.54 22.45 0.18970 191.504 283.074 0.58578 0.77471 25.00
30.00 579.58 21.65 0.17056 196.934 280.284 0.59631 0.76653 30.00
35.00 617.49 20.72 0.15172 202.944 276.654 0.60784 0.75685 35.00
40.00 657.42 19.56 0.13244 209.914 271.604 0.62113 0.74459 40.00
45.00 699.58 17.86 0.11056 219.104 263.374 0.63859 0.72630 45.00
48.56 731.24 13.38 0.07477 239.854 239.854 0.67880 0.67880 48.56

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

Appendix B 31

TABLE B.13
Properties of Saturated Ethylene in SI Units

Liquid Vapor
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg-°C)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°C) (bar) (kg/m3) (m3/kg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°C)
−169.16 0.00122 654.6 252.64 0.000 567.520 0.00000 5.45760 −169.16
−167.50 0.00163 652.5 192.14 4.040 569.480 0.03860 5.39060 −167.50
−165.00 0.00247 649.33 129.69 10.120 572.440 0.09540 5.29490 −165.00
−162.50 0.00367 646.15 89.335 16.200 575.390 0.15100 5.20470 −162.50
−160.00 0.00534 642.96 62.719 22.280 578.330 0.20535 5.11970 −160.00
−157.50 0.00764 639.76 44.817 28.360 581.280 0.25848 5.03940 −157.50
−155.00 0.0107 636.55 32.557 34.430 584.210 0.31044 4.96370 −155.00
−152.50 0.0149 633.33 24.018 40.500 587.140 0.36127 4.89210 −152.50
−150.00 0.0203 630.1 17.974 46.570 590.060 0.41101 4.82430 −150.00
−147.50 0.0273 626.86 13.633 52.620 592.970 0.45970 4.76010 −147.50
−145.00 0.0362 623.61 10.472 58.675 595.870 0.50737 4.69930 −145.00
−142.50 0.0474 620.35 8.1383 64.721 598.760 0.55408 4.64160 −142.50
−140.00 0.0614 617.07 6.3951 70.760 601.630 0.59985 4.58690 −140.00
−137.50 0.0788 613.78 5.0777 76.794 604.490 0.64472 4.53480 −137.50
−135.00 0.1 610.48 4.0710 82.822 607.330 0.68874 4.48540 −135.00
−132.50 0.126 607.16 3.2938 88.846 610.140 0.73192 4.43830 −132.50
−130.00 0.156 603.82 2.6880 94.867 612.940 0.77432 4.39340 −130.00
−127.50 0.193 600.47 2.2114 100.885 615.720 0.81595 4.35070 −127.50
−125.00 0.237 597.1 1.8331 106.901 618.460 0.85686 4.30990 −125.00
−122.50 0.288 593.72 1.5305 112.916 621.190 0.89706 4.27090 −122.50
−120.00 0.347 590.31 1.2865 118.932 623.880 0.93660 4.23370 −120.00
−117.50 0.416 586.88 1.0883 124.950 626.540 0.97550 4.19800 −117.50
−115.00 0.496 583.44 0.92612 130.971 629.170 1.01379 4.16390 −115.00
−112.50 0.587 579.97 0.79260 136.997 631.760 1.05149 4.13120 −112.50
−110.00 0.691 576.47 0.68196 143.028 634.310 1.08864 4.09990 −110.00
−107.50 0.809 572.95 0.58972 149.067 636.830 1.12525 4.06980 −107.50
−105.00 0.942 569.41 0.51239 155.115 639.300 1.16135 4.04080 −105.00
−103.77 1.013 567.65 0.47895 158.095 640.500 1.17893 4.02700 −103.77
−102.50 1.091 565.83 0.44721 161.174 641.730 1.19696 4.01300 −102.50
−100.00 1.259 562.23 0.39198 167.246 644.120 1.23211 3.98620 −100.00
−97.50 1.445 558.6 0.34495 173.332 646.450 1.26682 3.96040 −97.50
−95.00 1.651 554.93 0.30471 179.434 648.740 1.30110 3.93540 −95.00
−92.50 1.880 551.23 0.27014 185.554 650.970 1.33499 3.91130 −92.50
−90.00 2.132 547.5 0.24030 191.695 653.150 1.36849 3.88810 −90.00
−87.50 2.409 543.72 0.21445 197.857 655.270 1.40164 3.86550 −87.50
−85.00 2.712 539.91 0.19196 204.045 657.340 1.43444 3.84370 −85.00
−82.50 3.043 536.06 0.17232 210.258 659.340 1.46693 3.82240 −82.50
−80.00 3.403 532.16 0.15510 216.501 661.270 1.49911 3.80180 −80.00
−77.50 3.795 528.21 0.13997 222.776 663.140 1.53100 3.78180 −77.50
−75.00 4.219 524.21 0.12662 229.084 664.940 1.56263 3.76230 −75.00
−72.50 4.677 520.16 0.11480 235.429 666.670 1.59401 3.74320 −72.50
−70.00 5.172 516.06 0.10431 241.814 668.320 1.62516 3.72460 −70.00
−67.50 5.703 511.9 0.09497 248.241 669.880 1.65610 3.70640 −67.50
−65.00 6.274 507.67 0.08663 254.714 671.370 1.68685 3.68860 −65.00
−62.50 6.886 503.38 0.07916 261.240 672.770 1.71741 3.67110 −62.50
(Continued )
32 Appendix B

TABLE B.13 (Continued)

Properties of Saturated Ethylene in SI Units
Liquid Vapor
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg-°C)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°C) (bar) (kg/m3) (m3/kg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°C)
−60.00 7.541 499.02 0.07246 267.810 674.080 1.74782 3.65380 −60.00
−57.50 8.239 494.58 0.06643 274.440 675.290 1.77810 3.63690 −57.50
−55.00 8.984 490.07 0.06099 281.130 676.400 1.80825 3.62020 −55.00
−52.50 9.777 485.46 0.05607 287.890 677.410 1.83830 3.60360 −52.50
−50.00 10.619 480.77 0.05161 294.710 678.300 1.86827 3.58720 −50.00
−47.50 11.513 475.98 0.04756 301.610 679.080 1.89818 3.57100 −47.50
−45.00 12.460 471.08 0.04387 308.590 679.730 1.92806 3.55480 −45.00
−42.50 13.462 466.06 0.04051 315.660 680.250 1.95793 3.53860 −42.50
−40.00 14.521 460.92 0.03743 322.820 680.620 1.98781 3.52250 −40.00
−37.50 15.639 455.65 0.03461 330.070 680.840 2.01774 3.50630 −37.50
−35.00 16.818 450.23 0.03202 337.440 680.900 2.04774 3.48990 −35.00
−32.50 18.059 444.64 0.02964 344.930 680.780 2.07785 3.47350 −32.50
−30.00 19.366 438.88 0.02745 352.540 680.470 2.10811 3.45680 −30.00
−27.50 20.739 432.93 0.02542 360.300 679.950 2.13856 3.43980 −27.50
−25.00 22.182 426.75 0.02354 368.210 679.200 2.16925 3.42250 −25.00
−22.50 23.696 420.33 0.02180 376.300 678.190 2.20020 3.40470 −22.50
−20.00 25.284 413.62 0.02017 384.580 676.890 2.23160 3.38630 −20.00
−17.50 26.949 406.60 0.01866 393.080 675.270 2.26340 3.36720 −17.50
−15.00 28.692 399.21 0.01724 401.830 673.290 2.29580 3.34730 −15.00
−12.50 30.517 391.39 0.01591 410.870 670.870 2.32890 3.32640 −12.50
−10.00 32.428 383.04 0.01466 420.260 667.960 2.36280 3.30410 −10.00
−7.50 34.426 374.06 0.01347 430.050 664.440 2.39790 3.28020 −7.50
−5.00 36.516 364.28 0.01233 440.350 660.170 2.43430 3.25410 −5.00
−2.50 38.703 353.46 0.01124 451.310 654.940 2.47270 3.22510 −2.50
0.00 40.990 341.21 0.01018 463.150 648.410 2.51390 3.19210 0.00
2.50 43.385 326.84 0.00912 476.280 639.980 2.55910 3.15300 2.50
5.00 45.896 308.84 0.00802 491.610 628.340 2.61160 3.10320 5.00
7.50 48.535 282.24 0.00674 512.090 609.350 2.68170 3.02820 7.50
9.20 50.417 214.24 0.00467 557.520 557.520 2.84030 2.84030 9.20

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

Appendix B 33

TABLE B.14
Properties of Saturated Propane in Engineering Units
Liquid Vapor
Enthalpy (Btu/lbm) Entropy (Btu/lbm-°F)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°F) (Psia) (lbm/ft3) (ft3/lbm) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°F)
−200.00 0.0202 42.05 3133.50 49.144 266.89 0.24179 1.08035 −200.00
−190.00 0.0401 41.70 1637.00 53.903 269.51 0.25977 1.05928 −190.00
−180.00 0.0754 41.35 902.43 58.683 272.16 0.27717 1.04048 −180.00
−170.00 0.135 40.99 521.84 63.487 274.84 0.29405 1.02369 −170.00
−160.00 0.231 40.64 314.91 68.317 277.56 0.31044 1.00868 −160.00
−150.00 0.381 40.28 197.42 73.176 280.31 0.32639 0.99527 −150.00
−145.00 0.482 40.11 158.36 75.617 281.69 0.33420 0.98910 −145.00
−140.00 0.605 39.93 128.06 78.066 283.08 0.34192 0.98327 −140.00
−135.00 0.754 39.75 104.36 80.524 284.48 0.34955 0.97775 −135.00
−130.00 0.932 39.57 85.666 82.990 285.88 0.35709 0.97253 −130.00
−125.00 1.143 39.38 70.808 85.466 287.29 0.36454 0.96760 −125.00
−120.00 1.394 39.20 58.912 87.951 288.71 0.37191 0.96293 −120.00
−115.00 1.687 39.02 49.321 90.447 290.12 0.37919 0.95852 −115.00
−110.00 2.03 38.84 41.537 92.953 291.54 0.38641 0.95435 −110.00
−105.00 2.428 38.65 35.179 95.469 292.97 0.39355 0.95040 −105.00
−100.00 2.888 38.47 29.954 97.997 294.40 0.40062 0.94667 −100.00
−95.00 3.416 38.28 25.636 100.54 295.83 0.40762 0.94315 −95.00
−90.00 4.02 38.09 22.047 103.09 297.26 0.41456 0.93982 −90.00
−85.00 4.707 37.90 19.048 105.65 298.69 0.42144 0.93668 −85.00
−80.00 5.485 37.71 16.530 108.23 300.13 0.42827 0.93371 −80.00
−75.00 6.364 37.52 14.404 110.82 301.57 0.43503 0.93091 −75.00
−70.00 7.351 37.33 12.603 113.42 303.00 0.44174 0.92826 −70.00
−65.00 8.456 37.14 11.068 116.04 304.44 0.44841 0.92576 −65.00
−60.00 9.689 36.94 9.7563 118.67 305.87 0.45502 0.92341 −60.00
−55.00 11.059 36.75 8.6295 121.32 307.31 0.46159 0.92119 −55.00
−50.00 12.577 36.55 7.6580 123.98 308.74 0.46811 0.91910 −50.00
−45.00 14.254 36.35 6.8174 126.66 310.17 0.47459 0.91713 −45.00
−43.75 14.7 36.30 6.6252 127.34 310.53 0.47620 0.91665 −43.75
−40.00 16.101 36.15 6.0872 129.36 311.60 0.48103 0.91527 −40.00
−35.00 18.128 35.94 5.4509 132.07 313.02 0.48743 0.91353 −35.00
−30.00 20.348 35.74 4.8944 134.80 314.44 0.49380 0.91188 −30.00
−25.00 22.772 35.53 4.4062 137.55 315.86 0.50013 0.91034 −25.00
−20.00 25.412 35.32 3.9766 140.32 317.27 0.50643 0.90889 −20.00
−15.00 28.281 35.11 3.5974 143.11 318.68 0.51270 0.90753 −15.00
−10.00 31.39 34.90 3.2618 145.91 320.08 0.51894 0.90625 −10.00
−5.00 34.754 34.68 2.9638 148.74 321.47 0.52515 0.90506 −5.00
0.00 38.385 34.46 2.6987 151.59 322.86 0.53133 0.90393 0.00
5.00 42.296 34.24 2.4620 154.46 324.24 0.53749 0.90288 5.00
10.00 46.5 34.02 2.2503 157.35 325.61 0.54363 0.90190 10.00
15.00 51.012 33.80 2.0605 160.26 326.98 0.54975 0.90097 15.00
20.00 55.844 33.57 1.8899 163.20 328.33 0.55585 0.90011 20.00
25.00 61.011 33.34 1.7362 166.16 329.67 0.56193 0.89930 25.00
30.00 66.527 33.10 1.5975 169.14 331.00 0.56799 0.89854 30.00
35.00 72.406 32.86 1.4719 172.15 332.32 0.57404 0.89783 35.00
40.00 78.662 32.62 1.3581 175.19 333.63 0.58008 0.89716 40.00
(Continued)
34 Appendix B

TABLE B.14 (Continued)

Properties of Saturated Propane in Engineering Units
Liquid Vapor
Enthalpy (Btu/lbm) Entropy (Btu/lbm-°F)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°F) (Psia) (lbm/ft3) (ft3/lbm) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°F)
45.00 85.31 32.38 1.2548 178.25 334.92 0.58610 0.89653 45.00
50.00 92.365 32.13 1.1607 181.34 336.19 0.59211 0.89594 50.00
55.00 99.841 31.88 1.0749 184.46 337.45 0.59811 0.89538 55.00
60.00 107.75 31.62 0.9965 187.61 338.69 0.60411 0.89485 60.00
65.00 116.12 31.36 0.9248 190.78 339.92 0.61010 0.89435 65.00
70.00 124.95 31.10 0.8590 193.99 341.12 0.61609 0.89386 70.00
75.00 134.26 30.83 0.7987 197.23 342.30 0.62207 0.89340 75.00
80.00 144.08 30.56 0.7431 200.50 343.45 0.62806 0.89294 80.00
85.00 154.41 30.28 0.6919 203.81 344.58 0.63404 0.89249 85.00
90.00 165.27 29.99 0.6447 207.16 345.68 0.64003 0.89205 90.00
95.00 176.68 29.70 0.6010 210.54 346.75 0.64603 0.89161 95.00
100.00 188.65 29.40 0.5606 213.96 347.79 0.65203 0.89116 100.00
105.00 201.20 29.10 0.5231 217.42 348.79 0.65805 0.89069 105.00
110.00 214.36 28.79 0.4883 220.93 349.75 0.66408 0.89021 110.00
115.00 228.14 28.47 0.4559 224.48 350.66 0.67014 0.88971 115.00
120.00 242.55 28.14 0.4257 228.08 351.53 0.67621 0.88917 120.00
125.00 257.62 27.80 0.3975 231.73 352.34 0.68232 0.88859 125.00
130.00 273.37 27.45 0.3712 235.44 353.09 0.68846 0.88797 130.00
135.00 289.82 27.08 0.3465 239.22 353.78 0.69464 0.88728 135.00
140.00 306.98 26.71 0.3233 243.05 354.39 0.70087 0.88652 140.00
145.00 324.90 26.32 0.3015 246.97 354.91 0.70716 0.88567 145.00
150.00 343.58 25.91 0.2810 250.96 355.34 0.71352 0.88472 150.00

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

Appendix B 35

TABLE B.15
Properties of Saturated Propane in SI Units
Liquid Vapor
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg-°C)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°C) (bar) (kg/m3) (m3/kg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°C)
−130.00 0.0012 674.66 224.32 111.968 619.122 0.99607 4.53890 −130.00
−125.00 0.00226 669.6 123.43 121.912 624.562 1.06435 4.45720 −125.00
−120.00 0.00406 664.54 71.058 131.896 630.082 1.13062 4.38350 −120.00
−115.00 0.00699 659.46 42.600 141.923 635.662 1.19504 4.31700 −115.00
−110.00 0.0116 654.37 26.489 151.997 641.312 1.25775 4.25690 −110.00
−105.00 0.0186 649.27 17.024 162.122 647.022 1.31887 4.20260 −105.00
−100.00 0.0289 644.13 11.273 172.302 652.792 1.37852 4.15350 −100.00
−97.50 0.0356 641.56 9.2683 177.415 655.692 1.40783 4.13070 −97.50
−95.00 0.0436 638.97 7.6695 182.543 658.602 1.43681 4.10910 −95.00
−92.50 0.0531 636.38 6.3856 187.687 661.522 1.46548 4.08850 −92.50
−90.00 0.0642 633.78 5.3479 192.848 664.462 1.49384 4.06890 −90.00
−87.50 0.0773 631.17 4.5040 198.026 667.412 1.52191 4.05020 −87.50
−85.00 0.0924 628.55 3.8136 203.222 670.362 1.54970 4.03250 −85.00
−82.50 0.11 625.92 3.2455 208.437 673.322 1.57722 4.01570 −82.50
−80.00 0.13 623.28 2.7756 213.672 676.292 1.60448 3.99960 −80.00
−77.50 0.153 620.62 2.3847 218.926 679.272 1.63149 3.98440 −77.50
−75.00 0.18 617.96 2.0581 224.201 682.262 1.65826 3.96990 −75.00
−72.50 0.21 615.28 1.7837 229.498 685.252 1.68480 3.95620 −72.50
−70.00 0.243 612.59 1.5523 234.816 688.242 1.71111 3.94310 −70.00
−67.50 0.282 609.89 1.3561 240.158 691.242 1.73722 3.93070 −67.50
−65.00 0.325 607.17 1.1891 245.523 694.242 1.76311 3.91890 −65.00
−62.50 0.373 604.43 1.0464 250.912 697.242 1.78881 3.90760 −62.50
−60.00 0.426 601.68 0.92404 256.326 700.252 1.81432 3.89700 −60.00
−57.50 0.486 598.91 0.81861 261.766 703.252 1.83965 3.88690 −57.50
−55.00 0.552 596.13 0.72749 267.232 706.252 1.86480 3.87730 −55.00
−52.50 0.624 593.32 0.64844 272.726 709.262 1.88978 3.86820 −52.50
−50.00 0.705 590.50 0.57965 278.248 712.262 1.91460 3.85950 −50.00
−47.50 0.793 587.66 0.51958 283.798 715.262 1.93927 3.85140 −47.50
−45.00 0.889 584.80 0.46697 289.379 718.252 1.96379 3.84360 −45.00
−42.50 0.995 581.91 0.42074 294.989 721.252 1.98817 3.83620 −42.50
−42.08 1.014 581.43 0.41359 295.932 721.742 1.99223 3.83510 −42.08
−40.00 1.11 579.01 0.38001 300.632 724.232 2.01242 3.82930 −40.00
−37.50 1.235 576.08 0.34402 306.302 727.212 2.03653 3.82270 −37.50
−35.00 1.371 573.13 0.31213 312.012 730.192 2.06053 3.81650 −35.00
−32.50 1.518 570.15 0.28381 317.752 733.152 2.08440 3.81060 −32.50
−30.00 1.677 567.15 0.25858 323.532 736.112 2.10816 3.80500 −30.00
−27.50 1.849 564.12 0.23605 329.342 739.062 2.13182 3.79970 −27.50
−25.00 2.034 561.06 0.2159 335.192 741.992 2.15537 3.79470 −25.00
−22.50 2.232 557.98 0.19781 341.072 744.922 2.17882 3.79000 −22.50
−20.00 2.445 554.86 0.18156 347.002 747.832 2.20219 3.78560 −20.00
−17.50 2.673 551.71 0.16692 352.962 750.732 2.22547 3.78140 −17.50
−15.00 2.916 548.54 0.15370 358.962 753.622 2.24867 3.77740 −15.00
−12.50 3.176 545.32 0.14174 365.012 756.492 2.27179 3.77370 −12.50
−10.00 3.453 542.08 0.13090 371.102 759.342 2.29483 3.77020 −10.00
−7.50 3.748 538.79 0.12106 377.232 762.182 2.31781 3.76690 −7.50
(Continued )
36 Appendix B

TABLE B.15 (Continued)

Properties of Saturated Propane in SI Units
Liquid Vapor
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg-°C)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°C) (bar) (kg/m3) (m3/kg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°C)
−5.00 4.061 535.47 0.11211 383.402 764.992 2.34073 3.76380 −5.00
−2.50 4.394 532.11 0.10395 389.622 767.792 2.36359 3.76080 −2.50
0.00 4.746 528.71 0.09650 395.892 770.562 2.38640 3.75810 0.00
2.50 5.119 525.27 0.08969 402.212 773.312 2.40920 3.75550 2.50
5.00 5.513 521.79 0.08345 408.572 776.042 2.43190 3.75300 5.00
7.50 5.929 518.26 0.07772 414.992 778.732 2.45450 3.75060 7.50
10.00 6.368 514.68 0.07246 421.452 781.402 2.47720 3.74840 10.00
12.50 6.831 511.05 0.06762 427.972 784.042 2.49980 3.74630 12.50
15.00 7.318 507.37 0.06315 434.552 786.642 2.52240 3.74430 15.00
17.50 7.830 503.64 0.05904 441.182 789.212 2.54490 3.74240 17.50
20.00 8.368 499.85 0.05523 447.872 791.742 2.56750 3.74050 20.00
22.50 8.932 495.99 0.05170 454.612 794.232 2.59000 3.73870 22.50
25.00 9.524 492.08 0.04844 461.422 796.672 2.61260 3.73700 25.00
27.50 10.144 488.10 0.04540 468.302 799.072 2.63510 3.73530 27.50
30.00 10.793 484.05 0.04259 475.242 801.422 2.65760 3.73360 30.00
32.50 11.472 479.93 0.03996 482.252 803.712 2.68020 3.73190 32.50
35.00 12.181 475.73 0.03752 489.322 805.952 2.70280 3.73030 35.00
37.50 12.923 471.45 0.03524 496.482 808.122 2.72540 3.72860 37.50
40.00 13.696 467.07 0.03311 503.712 810.222 2.74800 3.72680 40.00
42.50 14.503 462.60 0.03112 511.022 812.252 2.77070 3.72510 42.50
45.00 15.344 458.03 0.02925 518.412 814.192 2.79350 3.72320 45.00
47.50 16.221 453.34 0.02750 525.902 816.052 2.81630 3.72120 47.50
50.00 17.133 448.53 0.02586 533.482 817.812 2.83930 3.71910 50.00
52.50 18.083 443.59 0.02431 541.172 819.472 2.86230 3.71690 52.50
55.00 19.071 438.50 0.02286 548.962 821.012 2.88540 3.71450 55.00
57.50 20.098 433.25 0.02148 556.872 822.422 2.90870 3.71190 57.50
60.00 21.166 427.81 0.02018 564.912 823.692 2.93220 3.70900 60.00
62.50 22.275 422.17 0.01896 573.082 824.802 2.95590 3.70580 62.50
65.00 23.427 416.30 0.01779 581.412 825.732 2.97980 3.70230 65.00

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

Appendix B 37

TABLE B.16
Properties of Saturated Nitrogen in Engineering Units
Enthalpy Entropy
Liquid Vapor
(Btu/lbm) (Btu/lbm-°F)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°F) (Psia) (lbm/ft3) (ft3/lbm) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°F)
−346.00 1.816 54.14 23.75400 0.000 92.716 0.00000 0.81563 −346.00
−345.00 2.009 54.00 21.64600 0.478 92.944 0.00417 0.81054 −345.00
−340.00 3.240 53.28 13.94500 2.875 94.068 0.02460 0.78663 −340.00
−335.00 5.010 52.54 9.34290 5.280 95.153 0.04424 0.76513 −335.00
−330.00 7.468 51.80 6.47550 7.695 96.195 0.06317 0.74566 −330.00
−325.00 10.776 51.03 4.62190 10.123 97.186 0.08144 0.72793 −325.00
−320.43 14.696 50.32 3.47310 12.354 98.042 0.09763 0.71303 −320.43
−320.00 15.115 50.25 3.38410 12.565 98.120 0.09914 0.71168 −320.00
−315.00 20.674 49.46 2.53340 15.026 98.990 0.11630 0.69668 −315.00
−310.00 27.654 48.64 1.93360 17.509 99.788 0.13300 0.68273 −310.00
−305.00 36.264 47.79 1.50080 20.018 100.508 0.14927 0.66966 −305.00
−300.00 46.717 46.93 1.18210 22.559 101.140 0.16517 0.65732 −300.00
−295.00 59.235 46.03 0.94287 25.137 101.677 0.18076 0.64557 −295.00
−290.00 74.043 45.09 0.76035 27.758 102.107 0.19609 0.63428 −290.00
−285.00 91.370 44.12 0.61888 30.432 102.419 0.21120 0.62333 −285.00
−280.00 111.450 43.10 0.50766 33.169 102.599 0.22616 0.61259 −280.00
−275.00 134.530 42.03 0.41905 35.981 102.629 0.24105 0.60195 −275.00
−270.00 160.840 40.89 0.34755 38.885 102.486 0.25593 0.59126 −270.00
−265.00 190.660 39.67 0.28913 41.902 102.139 0.27092 0.58035 −265.00
−260.00 224.250 38.34 0.24080 45.062 101.546 0.28614 0.56902 −260.00
−255.00 261.910 36.87 0.20025 48.411 100.641 0.30178 0.55697 −255.00
−250.00 303.970 35.21 0.16569 52.016 99.323 0.31814 0.54377 −250.00
−245.00 350.810 33.26 0.13553 56.005 97.409 0.33575 0.52862 −245.00
−240.00 402.920 30.80 0.10814 60.660 94.490 0.35579 0.50979 −240.00
−235.00 461.040 26.98 0.08019 67.022 89.103 0.38273 0.48101 −235.00
−232.52 492.510 19.58 0.06039 77.053 77.053 0.42599 0.42599 −232.52

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

38 Appendix B

TABLE B.17
Properties of Saturated Nitrogen in SI Units
Liquid Vapor
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg-°C)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°C) (bar) (kg/m3) (m3/kg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°C)
−209.95 0.1263 867.02 1.4708 0.000 215.459 0.00000 3.40926 −209.95
−207.50 0.1945 856.90 0.9890 4.912 217.779 0.07612 3.31866 −207.50
−205.00 0.2916 846.40 0.6816 9.937 220.079 0.15107 3.23466 −205.00
−202.50 0.4236 835.72 0.4837 14.980 222.309 0.22351 3.15806 −202.50
−200.00 0.5984 824.85 0.3521 20.043 224.439 0.29365 3.08786 −200.00
−197.50 0.8247 813.77 0.2621 25.132 226.469 0.36168 3.02316 −197.50
−195.80 1.013 806.08 0.2168 28.619 227.799 0.40696 2.98176 −195.80
−195.00 1.112 802.46 0.1990 30.250 228.389 0.42778 2.96316 −195.00
−192.50 1.469 790.91 0.1538 35.405 230.189 0.49214 2.90736 −192.50
−190.00 1.907 779.08 0.1207 40.602 231.849 0.55492 2.85496 −190.00
−187.50 2.436 766.95 0.0960 45.848 233.369 0.61627 2.80566 −187.50
−185.00 3.066 754.49 0.0773 51.152 234.719 0.67636 2.75876 −185.00
−182.50 3.809 741.65 0.0629 56.524 235.899 0.73534 2.71406 −182.50
−180.00 4.677 728.38 0.0517 61.974 236.879 0.79336 2.67096 −180.00
−177.50 5.680 714.64 0.0428 67.517 237.639 0.85060 2.62926 −177.50
−175.00 6.830 700.34 0.0357 73.167 238.179 0.90723 2.58846 −175.00
−172.50 8.139 685.40 0.0299 78.944 238.449 0.96345 2.54816 −172.50
−170.00 9.620 669.70 0.0252 84.870 238.429 1.01946 2.50816 −170.00
−167.50 11.284 653.10 0.0213 90.977 238.069 1.07554 2.46776 −167.50
−165.00 13.146 635.41 0.0181 97.301 237.319 1.13200 2.42666 −165.00
−162.50 15.218 616.35 0.0153 103.896 236.109 1.18925 2.38416 −162.50
−160.00 17.516 595.55 0.0130 110.832 234.329 1.24785 2.33926 −160.00
−157.50 20.055 572.43 0.0110 118.221 231.809 1.30863 2.29086 −157.50
−155.00 22.854 546.03 0.00919 126.240 228.309 1.37293 2.23686 −155.00
−152.50 25.936 514.49 0.00759 135.229 223.329 1.44336 2.17356 −152.50
−150.00 29.329 473.20 0.00608 146.029 215.649 1.52626 2.09156 −150.00
−147.50 33.085 398.07 0.00433 162.989 199.329 1.65556 1.94486 −147.50
−146.96 33.955 322.64 0.00310 177.929 177.929 1.77226 1.77226 −146.96

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

Appendix B 39

TABLE B.18
Properties of Saturated Carbon Dioxide in Engineering Units
Entropy
Liquid Vapor
Enthalpy (Btu/lbm) (Btu/lbm-°F)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°F) (Psia) (lbm/ft3) (ft3/lbm) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°F)
−69.80 75.13 73.568 1.1639 0.000 150.736 0.00000 0.38663 −69.80
−65.00 84.23 72.968 1.0434 2.252 151.156 0.00569 0.38296 −65.00
−60.00 94.57 72.333 0.9336 4.606 151.556 0.01155 0.37922 −60.00
−55.00 105.84 71.690 0.8375 6.971 151.926 0.01735 0.37556 −55.00
−50.00 118.08 71.036 0.7532 9.347 152.266 0.02311 0.37198 −50.00
−45.00 131.34 70.372 0.6789 11.735 152.576 0.02882 0.36847 −45.00
−40.00 145.69 69.696 0.6133 14.138 152.846 0.03449 0.36501 −40.00
−35.00 161.17 69.008 0.5550 16.556 153.076 0.04012 0.36160 −35.00
−30.00 177.83 68.307 0.5033 18.992 153.276 0.04572 0.35824 −30.00
−25.00 195.72 67.592 0.4571 21.446 153.426 0.05128 0.35491 −25.00
−20.00 214.91 66.862 0.4158 23.922 153.526 0.05683 0.35160 −20.00
−15.00 235.45 66.114 0.3788 26.421 153.586 0.06235 0.34832 −15.00
−10.00 257.40 65.349 0.3455 28.945 153.586 0.06785 0.34504 −10.00
−5.00 280.81 64.564 0.3155 31.497 153.536 0.07335 0.34177 −5.00
0.00 305.74 63.757 0.2884 34.081 153.426 0.07884 0.33848 0.00
5.00 332.25 62.926 0.2638 36.698 153.256 0.08434 0.33518 5.00
10.00 360.41 62.069 0.2414 39.353 153.016 0.08985 0.33185 10.00
15.00 390.27 61.182 0.2211 42.050 152.696 0.09537 0.32847 15.00
20.00 421.91 60.263 0.2025 44.794 152.296 0.10092 0.32503 20.00
25.00 455.38 59.307 0.1855 47.591 151.806 0.10650 0.32152 25.00
30.00 490.77 58.310 0.1699 50.447 151.206 0.11213 0.31791 30.00
35.00 528.14 57.265 0.1556 53.372 150.496 0.11783 0.31418 35.00
40.00 567.58 56.165 0.1423 56.375 149.656 0.12362 0.31031 40.00
45.00 609.16 55.000 0.1300 59.471 148.666 0.12950 0.30625 45.00
50.00 652.99 53.758 0.1185 62.677 147.496 0.13553 0.30195 50.00
55.00 699.15 52.421 0.1078 66.016 146.106 0.14174 0.29735 55.00
60.00 747.75 50.964 0.0977 69.526 144.456 0.14819 0.29237 60.00
65.00 798.93 49.349 0.0881 73.266 142.446 0.15498 0.28685 65.00
70.00 852.82 47.517 0.0788 77.306 139.976 0.16225 0.28058 70.00
75.00 909.62 45.357 0.0697 81.796 136.806 0.17027 0.27316 75.00
80.00 969.57 42.618 0.0603 87.086 132.446 0.17964 0.26370 80.00
85.00 1033.10 38.406 0.0493 94.396 125.146 0.19260 0.24904 85.00
87.75 1069.90 29.191 0.0343 106.396 110.466 0.21420 0.22163 87.75

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

40 Appendix B

TABLE B.19
Properties of Saturated Carbon Dioxide in SI Units
Liquid Vapor
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg-°C)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°C) (bar) (kg/m3) (m3/kg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°C)
−56.56 5.18 1178.5 0.07266 0.000 350.379 0.00000 1.61765 −56.56
−55.00 5.54 1172.9 0.06815 3.050 350.949 0.01389 1.60865 −55.00
−52.50 6.16 1163.8 0.06159 7.967 351.819 0.03606 1.59445 −52.50
−50.00 6.82 1154.6 0.05579 12.902 352.639 0.05804 1.58045 −50.00
−47.50 7.54 1145.2 0.05064 17.856 353.389 0.07984 1.56685 −47.50
−45.00 8.32 1135.8 0.04605 22.829 354.089 0.10147 1.55335 −45.00
−42.50 9.15 1126.2 0.04195 27.829 354.719 0.12295 1.54015 −42.50
−40.00 10.05 1116.4 0.03828 32.859 355.279 0.14429 1.52715 −40.00
−37.50 11.00 1106.5 0.03499 37.919 355.769 0.16549 1.51435 −37.50
−35.00 12.02 1096.4 0.03204 43.009 356.189 0.18659 1.50165 −35.00
−32.50 13.12 1086.2 0.02937 48.129 356.529 0.20758 1.48905 −32.50
−30.00 14.28 1075.7 0.02696 53.299 356.779 0.22847 1.47665 −30.00
−27.50 15.51 1065.1 0.02477 58.499 356.939 0.24930 1.46425 −27.50
−25.00 16.83 1054.2 0.02279 63.749 357.019 0.27006 1.45185 −25.00
−22.50 18.22 1043.1 0.02099 69.049 356.989 0.29078 1.43955 −22.50
−20.00 19.70 1031.7 0.01934 74.409 356.849 0.31148 1.42715 −20.00
−17.50 21.26 1020.0 0.01784 79.819 356.599 0.33216 1.41485 −17.50
−15.00 22.91 1008.0 0.01647 85.299 356.229 0.35286 1.40235 −15.00
−12.50 24.65 995.64 0.01521 90.849 355.739 0.37358 1.38985 −12.50
−10.00 26.49 982.93 0.01405 96.479 355.099 0.39436 1.37715 −10.00
−7.50 28.42 969.80 0.01298 102.199 354.299 0.41523 1.36425 −7.50
−5.00 30.46 956.21 0.01200 108.009 353.339 0.43621 1.35115 −5.00
−2.50 32.60 942.11 0.01109 113.919 352.199 0.45733 1.33775 −2.50
0.00 34.85 927.43 0.01024 119.959 350.849 0.47865 1.32395 0.00
2.50 37.22 912.10 0.00946 126.129 349.279 0.50025 1.30975 2.50
5.00 39.70 896.03 0.00872 132.459 347.439 0.52205 1.29495 5.00
7.50 42.30 879.09 0.00804 138.969 345.319 0.54435 1.27955 7.50
10.00 45.02 861.12 0.00740 145.689 342.839 0.56705 1.26335 10.00
12.50 47.88 841.92 0.00679 152.659 339.969 0.59035 1.24605 12.50
15.00 50.87 821.21 0.00622 159.949 336.599 0.61455 1.22755 15.00
17.50 54.01 798.56 0.00568 167.629 332.609 0.63975 1.20735 17.50
20.00 57.29 773.39 0.00515 175.829 327.829 0.66635 1.18485 20.00
22.50 60.73 744.67 0.00464 184.739 321.939 0.69515 1.15915 22.50
25.00 64.34 710.50 0.00412 194.739 314.389 0.72715 1.12845 25.00
27.50 68.14 666.28 0.00358 206.749 303.889 0.76535 1.08845 27.50
30.00 72.14 593.31 0.00290 224.509 285.089 0.82215 1.02195 30.00
30.98 73.77 467.60 0.00214 250.179 253.889 0.90565 0.91785 30.98

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

Appendix B 41

B.3.6  Properties of Saturated Steam

TABLE B.20
Properties of Saturated Steam in Engineering Units
Enthalpy Entropy
Liquid Vapor
(Btu/lbm) (Btu/lbm-°F)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°F) (psia) (lbm/ft3) (ft3/lbm) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°F)
32.02 0.0887 62.42 3299.6 0.000 1075.900 0.00000 2.18820 32.02
35.00 0.1000 62.42 2945.4 3.006 1077.200 0.00609 2.17770 35.00
40.00 0.122 62.42 2443.3 8.038 1079.400 0.01622 2.16040 40.00
45.00 0.148 62.42 2035.5 13.061 1081.600 0.02622 2.14350 45.00
50.00 0.178 62.41 1702.8 18.078 1083.800 0.03611 2.12710 50.00
55.00 0.214 62.39 1430.2 23.089 1086.000 0.04590 2.11110 55.00
60.00 0.256 62.36 1206.0 28.096 1088.200 0.05558 2.09540 60.00
65.00 0.306 62.33 1020.7 33.100 1090.300 0.06516 2.08020 65.00
70.00 0.363 62.30 867.11 38.101 1092.500 0.07464 2.06530 70.00
75.00 0.430 62.26 739.23 43.100 1094.700 0.08404 2.05080 75.00
80.00 0.507 62.21 632.38 48.097 1096.800 0.09334 2.03660 80.00
85.00 0.597 62.16 542.79 53.093 1099.000 0.10255 2.02280 85.00
90.00 0.699 62.11 467.40 58.088 1101.100 0.11168 2.00930 90.00
95.00 0.816 62.05 403.75 63.084 1103.300 0.12073 1.99610 95.00
100.00 0.951 61.99 349.83 68.078 1105.400 0.12969 1.98320 100.00
110.00 1.277 61.86 264.97 78.069 1109.700 0.14738 1.95830 110.00
120.00 1.695 61.71 202.95 88.062 1114.000 0.16477 1.93460 120.00
130.00 2.226 61.55 157.09 98.059 1118.200 0.18187 1.91180 130.00
140.00 2.893 61.38 122.82 108.060 1122.300 0.19868 1.89010 140.00
150.00 3.723 61.19 96.930 118.070 1126.500 0.21523 1.86930 150.00
160.00 4.747 61.00 77.183 128.080 1130.600 0.23152 1.84930 160.00
170.00 6.000 60.79 61.980 138.110 1134.600 0.24756 1.83020 170.00
180.00 7.520 60.58 50.169 148.140 1138.600 0.26336 1.81180 180.00
190.00 9.350 60.35 40.916 158.190 1142.600 0.27893 1.79420 190.00
200.00 11.538 60.12 33.609 168.240 1146.500 0.29429 1.77720 200.00
210.00 14.136 59.88 27.794 178.310 1150.300 0.30943 1.76090 210.00
212.00 14.709 59.83 26.779 180.330 1151.100 0.31243 1.75770 212.00
220.00 17.201 59.63 23.133 188.400 1154.100 0.32436 1.74510 220.00
230.00 20.795 59.37 19.371 198.510 1157.700 0.33911 1.72990 230.00
240.00 24.986 59.10 16.314 208.630 1161.300 0.35366 1.71530 240.00
250.00 29.844 58.82 13.815 218.780 1164.800 0.36804 1.70110 250.00
260.00 35.447 58.54 11.759 228.950 1168.200 0.38225 1.68740 260.00
270.00 41.878 58.24 10.058 239.140 1171.500 0.39629 1.67410 270.00
280.00 49.222 57.94 8.6431 249.370 1174.700 0.41017 1.66120 280.00
290.00 57.574 57.63 7.4600 259.620 1177.800 0.42391 1.64870 290.00
300.00 67.029 57.31 6.4658 269.910 1180.800 0.43750 1.63650 300.00
310.00 77.691 56.99 5.6263 280.230 1183.600 0.45096 1.62460 310.00
320.00 89.667 56.65 4.9142 290.600 1186.300 0.46428 1.61310 320.00
330.00 103.070 56.31 4.3075 301.000 1188.800 0.47749 1.60180 330.00
340.00 118.020 55.96 3.7884 311.450 1191.300 0.49058 1.59080 340.00
350.00 134.630 55.59 3.3425 321.950 1193.500 0.50355 1.58000 350.00
360.00 153.030 55.23 2.9580 332.500 1195.600 0.51643 1.56940 360.00
370.00 173.360 54.85 2.6252 343.110 1197.500 0.52921 1.55910 370.00
380.00 195.740 54.46 2.3361 353.770 1199.300 0.54190 1.54890 380.00
(Continued)
42 Appendix B

TABLE B.20 (Continued)

Properties of Saturated Steam in Engineering Units
Enthalpy Entropy
Liquid Vapor
(Btu/lbm) (Btu/lbm-°F)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°F) (psia) (lbm/ft3) (ft3/lbm) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°F)
390.00 220.330 54.06 2.0841 364.500 1200.900 0.55450 1.53880 390.00
400.00 247.260 53.65 1.8638 375.300 1202.200 0.56703 1.52890 400.00
410.00 276.680 53.23 1.6706 386.170 1203.400 0.57948 1.51920 410.00
420.00 308.760 52.80 1.5006 397.120 1204.400 0.59187 1.50960 420.00
430.00 343.640 52.36 1.3505 408.150 1205.100 0.60420 1.50000 430.00
440.00 381.480 51.91 1.2177 419.270 1205.600 0.61648 1.49050 440.00
450.00 422.460 51.45 1.0999 430.490 1205.900 0.62872 1.48110 450.00
460.00 466.750 50.97 0.99506 441.810 1205.900 0.64092 1.47180 460.00
470.00 514.520 50.48 0.90154 453.240 1205.700 0.65309 1.46240 470.00
480.00 565.950 49.98 0.81791 464.780 1205.100 0.66524 1.45310 480.00
490.00 621.230 49.46 0.74293 476.460 1204.300 0.67738 1.44380 490.00
500.00 680.550 48.92 0.67555 488.270 1203.100 0.68952 1.43440 500.00
520.00 812.100 47.80 0.56007 512.350 1199.800 0.71384 1.41550 520.00
540.00 962.240 46.59 0.46553 537.140 1194.800 0.73829 1.39620 540.00
560.00 1132.700 45.29 0.38742 562.770 1188.000 0.76299 1.37620 560.00
580.00 1325.500 43.88 0.32227 589.450 1179.000 0.78812 1.35520 580.00
600.00 1542.500 42.32 0.26739 617.420 1167.400 0.81388 1.33290 600.00
620.00 1786.200 40.57 0.22062 647.110 1152.300 0.84062 1.30850 620.00
640.00 2059.200 38.57 0.18017 679.190 1132.600 0.86888 1.28120 640.00
660.00 2364.900 36.15 0.14439 714.960 1106.100 0.89974 1.24910 660.00
680.00 2707.300 32.94 0.11132 757.890 1067.600 0.93611 1.20780 680.00
700.00 3093.000 27.28 0.07480 823.000 991.660 0.99065 1.13610 700.00
705.10 3200.100 20.10 0.04975 896.670 896.670 1.05330 1.05330 705.10

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

Appendix B 43

TABLE B.21
Properties of Saturated Steam in SI Units
Liquid Vapor
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg-°C)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°C) (bar) (kg/m3) (m3/kg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°C)
0.01 0.00612 999.79 205.99 0.001 2500.900 0.00000 9.15550 0.01
2.00 0.00706 999.89 179.76 8.392 2504.600 0.03061 9.10270 2.00
4.00 0.00814 999.93 157.12 16.813 2508.200 0.06110 9.05050 4.00
6.00 0.00935 999.89 137.63 25.224 2511.900 0.09134 8.99930 6.00
8.00 0.0107 999.80 120.83 33.627 2515.600 0.12133 8.94910 8.00
10.00 0.0123 999.65 106.30 42.021 2519.200 0.15109 8.89980 10.00
12.00 0.0140 999.45 93.719 50.409 2522.900 0.18061 8.85130 12.00
14.00 0.0160 999.20 82.793 58.792 2526.500 0.20990 8.80370 14.00
16.00 0.0182 998.90 73.286 67.170 2530.200 0.23897 8.75700 16.00
18.00 0.0206 998.55 64.998 75.544 2533.800 0.26783 8.71110 18.00
20.00 0.0234 998.16 57.757 83.914 2537.400 0.29648 8.66600 20.00
22.00 0.0265 997.73 51.418 92.282 2541.100 0.32493 8.62170 22.00
24.00 0.0299 997.25 45.858 100.650 2544.700 0.35318 8.57810 24.00
26.00 0.0336 996.74 40.973 109.010 2548.300 0.38123 8.53530 26.00
28.00 0.0378 996.19 36.672 117.370 2551.900 0.40908 8.49330 28.00
30.00 0.0425 995.61 32.878 125.730 2555.500 0.43675 8.45200 30.00
32.00 0.0476 994.99 29.526 134.090 2559.200 0.46424 8.41130 32.00
34.00 0.0533 994.33 26.560 142.450 2562.800 0.49155 8.37140 34.00
36.00 0.0595 993.64 23.929 150.810 2566.300 0.51867 8.33210 36.00
38.00 0.0663 992.92 21.593 159.170 2569.900 0.54562 8.29350 38.00
40.00 0.0738 992.18 19.515 167.530 2573.500 0.57240 8.25550 40.00
42.00 0.0821 991.40 17.664 175.890 2577.100 0.59901 8.21820 42.00
44.00 0.0911 990.59 16.011 184.250 2580.600 0.62545 8.18150 44.00
46.00 0.101 989.75 14.534 192.620 2584.200 0.65173 8.14530 46.00
48.00 0.112 988.89 13.212 200.980 2587.800 0.67785 8.10980 48.00
50.00 0.124 988.00 12.027 209.340 2591.300 0.70381 8.07480 50.00
55.00 0.158 985.66 9.5643 230.260 2600.100 0.76802 7.98980 55.00
60.00 0.199 983.16 7.6672 251.180 2608.800 0.83129 7.90810 60.00
65.00 0.250 980.52 6.1935 272.120 2617.500 0.89365 7.82960 65.00
70.00 0.312 977.73 5.0395 293.070 2626.100 0.95513 7.75400 70.00
75.00 0.386 974.81 4.1289 314.030 2634.600 1.01580 7.68120 75.00
80.00 0.474 971.77 3.4052 335.010 2643.000 1.07560 7.61110 80.00
85.00 0.579 968.59 2.8258 356.010 2651.300 1.13460 7.54340 85.00
90.00 0.702 965.30 2.3591 377.040 2659.500 1.19290 7.47810 90.00
95.00 0.846 961.88 1.9806 398.090 2667.600 1.25040 7.41510 95.00
100.00 1.014 958.35 1.6718 419.170 2675.600 1.30720 7.35410 100.00
110.00 1.434 950.95 1.2093 461.420 2691.100 1.41880 7.23810 110.00
120.00 1.987 943.11 0.89121 503.810 2705.900 1.52790 7.12910 120.00
130.00 2.703 934.83 0.66800 546.380 2720.100 1.63460 7.02640 130.00
140.00 3.615 926.13 0.50845 589.160 2733.400 1.73920 6.92930 140.00
150.00 4.762 917.01 0.39245 632.180 2745.900 1.84180 6.83710 150.00
160.00 6.182 907.45 0.30678 675.470 2757.400 1.94260 6.74910 160.00
170.00 7.922 897.45 0.24259 719.080 2767.900 2.04170 6.66500 170.00
180.00 10.028 887.00 0.19384 763.050 2777.200 2.13920 6.58400 180.00
190.00 12.552 876.08 0.15636 807.430 2785.300 2.23550 6.50590 190.00
200.00 15.549 864.66 0.12721 852.270 2792.000 2.33050 6.43020 200.00
(Continued)
44 Appendix B

TABLE B.21 (Continued)

Properties of Saturated Steam in SI Units
Liquid Vapor
Enthalpy (kJ/kg) Entropy (kJ/kg-°C)
Temperature Pressure Density Volume Temperature
(°C) (bar) (kg/m3) (m3/kg) Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor (°C)
210.00 19.077 852.72 0.10429 897.630 2797.300 2.42450 6.35630 210.00
220.00 23.196 840.22 0.08609 943.580 2800.900 2.51770 6.28400 220.00
230.00 27.971 827.12 0.07150 990.190 2802.900 2.61010 6.21280 230.00
240.00 33.469 813.37 0.05971 1037.600 2803.000 2.70200 6.14230 240.00
250.00 39.762 798.89 0.05008 1085.800 2800.900 2.79350 6.07210 250.00
260.00 46.923 783.63 0.04217 1135.000 2796.600 2.88490 6.00160 260.00
270.00 55.030 767.46 0.03562 1185.300 2789.700 2.97650 5.93040 270.00
280.00 64.166 750.28 0.03015 1236.900 2779.900 3.06850 5.85790 280.00
290.00 74.418 731.91 0.02556 1290.000 2766.700 3.16120 5.78340 290.00
300.00 85.879 712.14 0.02166 1345.000 2749.600 3.25520 5.70590 300.00
310.00 98.651 690.67 0.01834 1402.200 2727.900 3.35100 5.62440 310.00
320.00 112.840 667.09 0.01547 1462.200 2700.600 3.44940 5.53720 320.00
330.00 128.580 640.77 0.01298 1525.900 2666.000 3.55180 5.44220 330.00
340.00 146.010 610.67 0.01078 1594.500 2621.800 3.66010 5.33560 340.00
350.00 165.290 574.71 0.00880 1670.900 2563.600 3.77840 5.21100 350.00
360.00 186.660 527.59 0.00695 1761.700 2481.500 3.91670 5.05360 360.00
370.00 210.440 451.43 0.00495 1890.700 2334.500 4.11120 4.80120 370.00
373.95 220.640 322.00 0.00311 2084.300 2084.300 4.40700 4.40700 373.95

Source: Lemmon et al. (2017).

 Pressure, psia
4
6

2
3
20
8,000

30
40
50
60
70
80
90
800

9
7,000

100
900
3,000

7
8
10
1,000
5,000
9,000

300
400
500
600
700

5
10,000

200
2,000
4,000
6,000

1
0

0.04
S = 0.12 S = 0.08
0.2 0.12 V = 0.036
0.16 0.037
S = 0.2 –260
50

0.28
0.24 0.038
0.36 0.28 V = 0.039 T=–240
0.44 S = 0.32 0.04
0.36 0.041 –220
0.52 0.4 V = 0.042 –200
100

0.6 S = 0.44
0.68 0.48 0.044T= –180
0.76 0.52 0.046 –160
0.84 S = 0.56 V =0.048 –140
150

0.6 0.05
0.92 T= –120
1 0.64 0.053
1.08 S = 0.68 V = 0.056 –100
1.16 0.72 0.06 –80
200

1.24 0.76 0.065 T= –60

1.32 S = 0.8 V = 0.07
–40
0.84
T =–260

0.08 –20
T =–240

250

T = –260 0.88
T =–140

T =–220
T =–200
T =–160

T =–180

–240 S = 0.92 0.09 T= 0

–220
T = –200 0.96 V = 0.1
20
300 –180
–160 40
T = –140 S = 1.04 0.12
–120 T=60
1.08
–100 80
T = –80 1.12 0.15

350
–60 100
–40 S = 1.16
T = –20 T=120
1.2
0 140
V =0.18
20 1.24

400
T = 40 160
60 S = 1.28 T=180

Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
80
T = 100 1.32 200
120 220

450
1.36
140 0.23 T= 240
T = 160 S = 1.4
180 260
200 1.44 280

500
T = 220
Methane

T=300
240 1.48
320
260
T = 280 S = 1.52 340
Bibliographic reference 02
Pressure enthalpy diagram

H (sat. liq.) = 0, S (sat. liq.) = 0

550
300 T= 360
320 1.56 0.3
380
Datum compound at reference conditions

T = 340 1.6 400

360
S = 1.64 T= 420

600
380

FIGURE B.16  Pressure–enthalpy diagram for methane in engineering units. (Courtesy of Virtual Materials Group, Inc.)
T = 400 440
1.68
420 460
1.72
440 S = 1.76 T= 480

650
T = 460 1.8
1.84 500
480 1.88
1.92
500 1.96
2

700
T = Temperature, °F

V = Specific volume, ft3/lbm

S = Specific entropy, Btu/lbm·F

V = 0.4

8
5
2
1

2.5

750
0.5

16

50
0.65

Methane
V = 6.5
V = 1.6

V = 3.2
1.25

10

V = 30

80
V = 0.8

20
V = 12.5

800
45 Appendix B
 46

100,000
90,000 Methane
80,000 Pressure enthalpy diagram T = Temperature, °C
70,000 Datum compound at reference conditions
60,000 S = Specific entropy, kJ/kg.K
H (sat. liq.) = 0, S (sat. liq.) = 0 V = Specific volume, m3/kg
50,000 Bibliographic reference 02
40,000

0
20
30
50
60
80
90
110
120
140
150
170
180
200
210
230
240
260

–90
–70
–60
–40
–30
–10

–170
–150
–140
–120
–110
30,000

T = 10
T = 40
T = 70
T = 100
T = 130
T = 160
T = 190
T = 220
T = 250

T = –80
T = –50
T = –20

T = –100

T = –160
T = –130
20,000

0.01

0.005
0.006
0.014

0.0025
0.0027
0.0033
0.0036

V = 0.003
V = 0.004
V =0.02

V= 0.0023
V = 0.0075
10,000

2
0.03

0.2
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.8
9,000

2.4
2.6

S =1
8,000

3.2

S=0.4
3.6

S= 1.6
0.04

3.8

S =2.2
7,000

S =2.8
4.2
4.4

S=4

S =3.4
6,000

4.8
5,000

S =4.6
5.4
5.6
4,000

S =5.2
0.075

6
T= –90

S=5.8
6.2
3,000 0.1
T= –100

6.6

S=6.4
V=0.14
6.8
2,000
T = –110
0.2
S=7

T= –120
7.2

0.25
1,000
900 V =0.32
7.4

800 T = –130
700 0.4

Pressure, kPa (abs)

600 0.5
S =7.6

500
7.8

T= –140 V =0.65
400
8

0.8
300
1.1
7.2

T= –150
200 V=1.5
2
T= –160
100 3
90
80
70
60 V =5
50 T= –170
0

40
10
30
40
60
70
90
100
120
130
150
160
180
190
210
220
240
250

–60
–30
–20

–90
–80
–50

–140
–150
–120
–110
T = 20
T= 50
T= 80

30
T = 110
T = 140
T = 170
T= 200
T = 230
T = 260

T = –70
T = –40
T = –10

10

T = –130

T = –160
T = –100

1
2
3
4
5

0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5.2
5.4
5.6
20

S = 0.4
20

10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Enthalpy, kJ/kg Methane

FIGURE B.17  Pressure–enthalpy diagram for methane in SI units. (Courtesy of Virtual Materials Group, Inc.)
Appendix B
 Pressure, psia
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000

T=–280 0.02
S=0.06
–260 0.1 V=0.025T=–280
–240 0.14 –260
T=–220 S=0.18
0.026 –240
50

–200 0.22
0.26 T=–220
0.027 –200
S=0.3
S=0.34 T=–180
0.34 V=0.028
0.38 –160
0.42 0.38
100

0.029 –140
0.46 S=0.42 T=–120
0.5 0.46 0.03 –100
0.54
0.58 0.5 V=0.031 –80
0.032 T=–60
150

0.62 S=0.54 –40

0.66 0.033
0.7 0.58 V=0.034 –20
0.035 T=0
0.74
0.62 20
0.78
200

0.037 40
0.82 S=0.66
0.86 T=60
0.9 0.7 V=0.04 80
0.94 T=100
250
0.98 0.74
0.045 120
1.02
1.06 S=0.78 140
T=–180

0.05
T=–160

T=160
T=–140
T=–120

300
0.82
T=–100
T=80

–140 180
T=–80

T=–120
T=–60
T=60

T=–40
T=0

–100
T=–20

V=0.06
T=40

200
T=20

–80 0.86
T=–60 T=220
–40
–20 S=0.9 240

350
T=0 0.075
20 260
40

Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
0.94
T=60 T=280
80
100 0.98 300

400
T=120
140 0.1 320
160 S=1.02
T=180 T=340
200
Ethane

1.06 360
220

450
T=240 380
260 1.1
T=400
Bibliographic reference 01
pressure enthalpy diagram

H (sat. liq.) = 0, S (sat. liq.) =0

280
T=300 S=1.14 V=0.14 420

500
320
Datum compound at reference conditions

440
340 1.18 T=460

FIGURE B.18  Pressure–enthalpy diagram for ethane in engineering units. (Courtesy of Virtual Materials Group, Inc.)
T=360
380 1.22 480
400 S=1.26

550
500
T=420
1.3
440
1.34
460
S=1.38
T=480

600
1.42
500 1.46
S=1.5

4
T = Temperature, °F

0.2
V = Specific volume, ft3/lbm
S = Specific entropy, Btu/lbm·F

2
1.4
0.3

650
12
V=8
V=3
0.55

5.5

V=25
V=0.4

18
0.75
V=1

Ethane
700
47 Appendix B
 48

100,000 Ethane
90,000
80,000 Pressure enthalpy diagram T = Temperature, °C
70,000 Datum compound at reference conditions S = Specific entropy, kJ/kg.K
60,000 H (sat. liq.) = 0, S (sat. liq.) = 0 V = Specific volume, m3/kg
50,000 Bibliographic reference 01
40,000

10
20
40
50
70
80
280
290

100
110
130
140
160
170
190
200
220
230
250
260

–80
–70
–50
–40
–20
–10
T=0

–150
–130
–100
T=30
T=60
T=90
30,000

T= 120
T=150
T=210
T= 240
T=270
T=300

T=–90
T=–60
T=–30

T=–170
T=–140
T=–120
20,000
0.01

0.007

0.004

0.0021
0.0035

0.0019

0.0018
0.0022
0.0025

0.0017
0.0027

0.00165
V =0.003

V=0.002
V =0.005 T=180

V= 0.0023

V = 0.00175 –110

V= 0.0016 –160
V=0.014

2
10,000

1.8

0.2
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
2.4
2.6
9,000

3.2
0.02

S=1
8,000

3.6

S =2.2

S = 0.4
S = 1.6
3.8

S = 2.8
7,000

S = 3.4
4.2

S=4
4.4
6,000 0.03
5,000

4.8
5

S =4.6
4,000 T = 20 V=0.045
T= 10

S = 5.2
3,000
T= 0 5.4 0.07
2,000
5.6

T = –10 0.1
T= –20
V =0.14
T = –30
S = 5.8

1,000
900 0.2
6

800 T = –40
700
600 T = –50 0.3
500
6.2

V=0.4

Pressure, kPa (abs)

400 T= –60
300 0.6
T = –70
S=6.4

0.8
200
T= –80
V =1.2

100 1.7
90 T= –90
80
70 2.5
60
50 T= –100 V=3.5
0
40
20
30
50
60
80
90
110
120
140
150
170
180
200
210
230
240
260
270
290
300

–90
–50
–30
–10
5

–160
–150
–130
T= 10
T= 40
T= 70

30
T =100
T =130
T =160
T =190
T =220
T =250
T =280

T= –70
T = –20

T =–140
T = –110

T = –170
3
4

2
20

2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.2
4.4

1.6
1.8

S= 1.4
T= –120
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Enthalpy, kJ/kg Ethane

FIGURE B.19  Pressure–enthalpy diagram for ethane in SI units. (Courtesy of Virtual Materials Group, Inc.)
Appendix B
 10,000
9,000 Ethylene
8,000 Pressure enthalpy diagram T = Temperature, °F
7,000 Datum compound at reference conditions S = Specific entropy, Btu/lbm.F
6,000 H (sat. liq.) = 0, S (sat. liq.) = 0 V = Specific volume, ft3/lbm
5,000 Bibliographic reference 09
4,000

10
50
70
Appendix B

350
370

110
130
170
190
230
250
290
310

–70
–50
–10

–230
–190
–170
–130
–110
T=30
T=90
3,000

T=270
T=390

T=150
T=210
T=330

T=–90
T=–30

T=–210
2,000

0.2

0.1

0.06

0.03
0.085

0.042
0.046

0.027
0.055

0.029
0.034
0.036

0.026
V=0.05
V=0.14

V=0.07

V=0.032
V=0.039

V=0.025 T=–250
V=0.028 T=–150
0.3

0.4
0.6

0.48
0.52

0.04
0.12
0.16
0.24
0.28
0.36
1,000

0.64

S=0.2
900

S=0.32
S=0.44

S=0.08
V = 0.45

S=0.56
0.72
0.76
800

S=0.68
700

S=0.8
0.84
600 T= 30 0.7

0.88
500
T= 10
400 1

S=0.92
T= –10

0.96
1
300 V = 1.4
T= –30
200 2
T= –50

S=1.04
1.08
T= –70 3
100

1.12
90 T= –90 V = 4.5
80

Pressure, psia
70
60
S=1.16
7
1.2

50 T= –110

40 10
1.24

30 T=–130
V = 14
S=1.28

20 20
T=–150
1.32

30
1.36

10
9 T=–170 V = 45
8
7
S=1.4

6 70
5
1.44

T=–190 100
10
50
70

4
110
130
170
190
230
250
290
310
350
370

–70
–50
–10

–170
–130
–110

–230
T=30
T=90
T=150
T=210
T=270
T=330
T=390

T=–90
T=–30

3
T=–150

T=–250
V = 150

1
2 200

0.4
0.6
0.8

0.24
0.28
0.32
0.36
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.96

S=0.2
1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm Ethylene
49

FIGURE B.20  Pressure–enthalpy diagram for ethylene in engineering units. (Courtesy of Virtual Materials Group, Inc.)
 100,000
50

90,000 Ethylene
80,000 Pressure enthalpy diagram T = Temperature, °C
70,000 Datum compound at reference conditions S = Specific entropy, kJ/kg.K
60,000
H (sat. liq.) = 0, S (sat. liq.) = 0 V = Specific volume, m3/kg
50,000 Bibliographic reference 09
40,000

10
20
40
50
70
80
100
110
130
140
160
170
190
200
220

–80
–70
–50
–40
–20
–10
T=0

–140
–130
–110
–100
30,000

T =30
T=60
T =120
T =150
T =180
T=210

T =–60
20,000

0.002
0.0035 T=90

0.003

0.0016 T =–150
0.005
0.007

0.0023

0.0018 T =–90
0.0019
0.0022

0.00175

0.00165
V=0.004
V = 0.01

V =0.0025

V =0.0021 T=–30

V =0.00156 –160
V = 0.00185

V = 0.0017 T =–120
0.014

2
10,000

0.2
0.6
0.8
3

2.4

1.2
1.4
1.8
2.6
9,000

S=1
3.1
8,000

S = 1.6
S = 2.2

S = 0.4
3.3
0.02

3.4

S = 2.8
7,000

S= 3.2
3.6
6,000

3.7

S= 3.5
3.9
5,000 V = 0.03

S= 3.8
4,000 T=0
0.045

S =4.1
T = –10

4.2
3,000

4.3
T = –20
2,000 0.07
T = –30

S= 4.4
T = –40 4.5 V = 0.1
4.6

1,000 T = –50 0.14

900
S = 4.7
4.8

800 T = –60 0.2

700
4.9

600

Pressure, kPa (abs)

500 T = –70 V = 0.3
S=5

400
5.1

T = –80 0.45
5.2

300

T = –90 0.7
S = 5.3

200
V=1
5.5 5.4

T = –100
1.4
100
S = 5.6

90
80 2
70 T = –110
60
50 V=3
0

40
20
30
50
60
80
90
110
120
140
150
170
180
200
210

T = –120
–90
–70
–60
–40
–30
–10

4.5

–150
–140
–100
T= 10
T= 40
T= 70

30
T = 100
T = 130
T= 160
T= 190
T= 220

T= –80
T = –50
T= –20

T= –110

T = –160
7

2
20 4
4.1
4.2

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

S=1
T = –130 V = 10

10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
Enthalpy, kJ/kg Ethylene
Appendix B

FIGURE B.21  Pressure–enthalpy diagram for ethylene in SI units. (Courtesy of Virtual Materials Group, Inc.)
 10,000 Propane
9,000
8,000 Pressure enthalpy diagram T = Temperature, °F
7,000 Datum compound at reference conditions S = Specific entropy, Btu/lbm·F
6,000 H (sat. liq.) = 0, S (sat. liq.) = 0 V = Specific volume, ft3/lbm
5,000 Bibliographic reference 03
4,000

20
40
80
100
140
160
200
240
260
300
320
360
380
420
440
480
500
Appendix B

–80
–40
–20
T=0

–260
–240
–180
–140
–100
T=60
3,000

T=340

T=180
T=460

T=400

T=220
T=280

T=–60

T=–280
T=–220
T=–160
T=–120
2,000

0.1

0.05
V=0.14

0.075

0.025
0.026
0.028
0.029
0.031
0.032
0.035
0.037
0.045
V=0.06

V=0.03
V=0.04

V=0.027
V=0.033 T=120

V=0.024 –200
0.2

0.1
0.5

0.02
0.14
0.22
0.26
0.34
0.38
0.46
1,000

0.58
0.62
0.7

S=0.3
900

S=0.42

S=0.06
S=0.18
0.3

S=0.54
0.74
800

S=0.66
0.82
0.86
700

S=0.78
V=0.4
600

0.94

S=0.9
0.98
500 T= 180 0.55
400 T= 160

1.06

S=1.02
0.75

1.1
300 T= 140
V=1
T = 120

S=1.14
200 T =100 1.4
1.18
T= 80
2
T= 60
100
1.22

90 V=3
80 T= 40
70

Pressure, psia
4
60 T= 20 5
50
S=1.26

V=6
40 T= 0
1.3

8
30
T= –20 10
V=12.5
20
1.34

T= –40 16
20

10 V=25
T= –60
9
8 35
S=1.38

7
6 T= –80 50
5

0
4
40
60
V=70
100
120
160
180
220
240
280
300
340
360
400
420
460
480

–60
–20

–260
–240
–200
–180
–140
T=20
T=80

3
T=140
T=200
T=260
T=320
T=380
T=440
T=500

T= –100

T=–40

T=–280
T=–220
T=–160
2

0.5
0.7
0.9

0.54
0.58
0.62
0.66
0.74
0.78
0.82
0.86

S=0.46
T= –120

1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Enthalpy, Btu/lbm Propane
51

FIGURE B.22  Pressure–enthalpy diagram for propane in engineering units. (Courtesy of Virtual Materials Group, Inc.)
 Pressure, kPa (abs)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000

T =–180
–170 0.2
–160 S = 0.4 T= –180
T =–150 0.6 –170
–140
100

0.8 –160
–130 T=–150
T =–120 S=1
–140
–110 1.2 –130
–100 V= 0.0015
T= –120
T =–90 1.4 –110
200

S = 1.5 0.00155 –100

1.6 T= –90
S =1.8 1.7
0.0016 –80
1.9 S = 1.8
–70
2 1.9
300

V =0.00165 T= –60
2.1 2 –50
2.2 S = 2.1 0.0017 –40
2.3
2.2 T=–30
2.4 0.00175
2.5 2.3 –20
400

2.6 S = 2.4 V=0.0018 –10

2.7 T=0
2.8 2.5 0.00185 10
2.9 2.6 0.0019 20
3
500

S = 2.7 T=30
3.1 V=0.00195
40
3.2 2.8 0.002
3.3 50
3.4 2.9 T=60
3.5 0.0021
600
S=3 70
3.6
3.7 80
3.1 V =0.0022
T =–80
3.8 T=90
T= –70
3.9 3.2
T= –60

0.0023 100
T =–50
T= –40

700
T =–30

–50 S = 3.3 110

T= –20

–40
T =–10

T =120
T=0

T =–30 3.4
T =10

–20 0.0025 130

T=20

–10
T=30
T=40
T =90

T=0 3.5
T =50

140
T =60

Enthalpy, kJ/kg
T =70
T =80

800
10
20 V =0.0027 T=150
S = 3.6
T =30 160
40 3.7
50 170
T =60

900
3.8 0.003 T=180
70
80 190
T =90 S = 3.9
Propane

100 200
110 4
T=210

1000
T=120 0.0035
4.1
Bibliographic reference 03
Pressure enthalpy diagram

FIGURE B.23  Pressure–enthalpy diagram for propane in SI units. (Courtesy of Virtual Materials Group, Inc.)
130 220
H (sat. liq.) = 0, S (sat. liq.) = 0

140
S = 4.2 230
T=150
Datum compound at reference conditions

160 T=240
4.3

1100
170 V=0.004
250
T=180 4.4
260
190
S = 4.5
200

1200
T=210 4.6
220
230 4.7
T= 240 S=4.8

1300
0.005
250
4.9
260
5
T = Temperature, °C

V = Specific volume, m3/kg

S = Specific entropy, kJ/kg.K

1400
Propane
V =2

3
0.2

5
1

1.5
0.6
0.14

V=0.3

0.4
0.007

0.07
0.014

0.02

0.045
V =0.03

V =0.8
V=0.1
V=0.01

1500
Appendix B 52
 Pressure, psia
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000

S=0.04
0.08 0.04 V=0.0185
0.12 S=0.08 0.019
0.16 0.12 0.0195
0.2 V=0.02 –320
0.24 0.16
0.28 0.021 T=–300
S=0.2
0.32 0.022
0.36 0.24 –280
0.4 V=0.023
–260
50

0.44 0.28 0.024

0.48 0.025
S=0.32 T=–240
0.52
0.56 V=0.027
0.36 –220
0.6 0.029
0.64 –200
0.68 0.4 0.032
0.72 T=–180
0.76 S=0.44 V=0.036
T = –240

T = –320

0.8 –160
T = –300
T = –260

T = –280

0.04
T=–320 0.48
100

–140
–300 0.046
–280 0.52 V=0.05T=–120
T=–260
–240 0.055 –100
–220 S=0.56
–80
T=–200 0.065
–180 T=–60
0.6
–160
–40
T=–140
–120 V=0.08 –20
150 0.64
–100
T=0
T=–80
–60 20
–40 S=0.68 0.1 40
T=–20
T=60
0
20 0.72 80
T=40 100
60 0.12
0.76 T=120
80

200
T=100 140
120 160
S=0.8
140 T=180

Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
T=160 0.84 200
180 220
200 V=0.15
0.88 T=240
T=220
240 260
260 280
S=0.92
T=280 T=300

250
300
Nitrogen

0.96 320
320 340
T=340 1 T=360
360
S=1.04 380
Bibliographic reference 00
Pressure enthalpy diagram

380
H (sat. liq.) = 0, S (sat. liq.) = 0

1.08 400
T=400
420 T=420
1.12 0.2
440
Datum compound at reference conditions

440 S=1.16
T=460 460
480 1.2 T=480

300

FIGURE B.24  Pressure–enthalpy diagram for nitrogen in engineering units. (Courtesy of Virtual Materials Group, Inc.)
500 1.24 500
S=1.28
1.32

14

350
1.8
1.3

10
3.5
0.28

40

200
0.55

V=1

30
V=7
V = 0.4

0.75

V = 20
V = 2.5

75

100

V = 140
V = 50

300
T = Temperature, °F

V = Specific volume, ft3/lbm

S = Specific entropy, Btu/lbm.F

Nitrogen
400
53 Appendix B
 Pressure, kPa (abs)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000

S= 0.4 0.2
0.6 S =0.4
0.8 V=0.0012
0.6
1
0.8 –190
1.2 0.0013
1.4 T=–180
S =1
100

1.6 0.0014 –170

1.8 1.2
–160
2 V=0.0015
2.2 1.4 T= –150
0.0016
2.4 S = 1.5 –140
2.6 1.6
0.0018 –130
2.8 1.7
3 S = 1.8 T =–120
T = –150

200

V =0.002
1.9 –110
T = –190
T = –160

T = –180
T = –170

2 0.0022 –100
T=–190
–180 S = 2.1 T =–90
–170 0.0025
T =–160 2.2 –80
V =0.0027
–150 2.3 –70
–140 0.003 T =–60
T =–130
300

S = 2.4
–120 –50
–110 2.5
T =–100 0.0035 –40
–90 2.6 T =–30
–80
T =–70 V =0.004 –20
S = 2.7
–60 –10
–50 2.8 T =0
T =–40 0.0045

400
–30 10
2.9
–20 20
T =–10 0.005 T =30
0 S=3
40
10
T =20 3.1 50
30 T =60
40

Enthalpy, kJ/kg
3.2 V =0.006 70
T =50
60 80

500
70 S = 3.3 T =90
T =80 100
90 110
100 3.4
T =110 0.007 T = 120
120 130
130 3.5 140
Nitrogen

T =140 T =150
150 160
S = 3.6

600
160
T =170 0.008 170
Bibliographic reference 00
Pressure enthalpy diagram

FIGURE B.25  Pressure–enthalpy diagram for nitrogen in SI units. (Courtesy of Virtual Materials Group, Inc.)
3.7 T = 180
H (sat. liq.) = 0, S (sat. liq.) = 0

180
190 190
T =200 3.8 200
Datum compound at reference conditions

210 T = 210
220 S = 3.9 220
T =230 230
240 4 T = 240
250 250

700
T =260 4.1
S = 4.2 260
270
280 4.3 T = 270
4.4 V=0.01 280
S= 4.5
4.6
4.7
S = 4.8
4.9
5
S = 5.1
5.2

800
S = 5.4 5.3

0.3
0.05
T = Temperature, °C

V = Specific volume, m3/kg

S = Specific entropy, kJ/kg.K

3
V = 0.2
0.015
0.012

V = 0.04
V = 0.02
0.025
0.032

V=2
0.14

0.5
0.06

15
V = 0.075

V=7

Nitrogen
0.1

5
V = 0.7

1.4

10

900
Appendix B 54
 Pressure, psia
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000

S=0.04 V=0.014 –40

0.04
0.06
T=–20
0.08 S =0.06
0.015 0
0.1 0.08
20
0.12 0.1 0.016
50

0.14 T=40
S =0.12 V=0.017
0.16 60
0.18 0.14 0.018
80
0.2 0.16 0.019
100
0.22 V=0.02
S =0.18 T=120
0.24 0.022
100

0.26 0.2 140

0.28 0.025
0.22 160
0.3
V=0.03T=180
0.32 S =0.24
0.34 0.035 200
0.26
T = 60

0.36
T = 40

220
T = 20

T = –40
T = –20
T=0

0.38 0.28
150
0.045 T=240
S =0.3
T=–40 260
–20
0 0.32
T=20 280
40 V=0.06
60 0.34 T=300
T=80
100 320
120 S =0.36
T=140 340

200
160
180 0.38 T=360
T=200 0.08 380
220

Enthalpy, Btu/lbm
0.4
240 400
T=260
280 S =0.42 T=420
300 440
T=320 0.44
340 460
0.1
360 0.46 T=480

250
T=380 500
400 S =0.48
520
Carbon dioxide

420 0.5
T=440 T=540
460 0.52
Bibliographic reference 04
Pressure enthalpy diagram

560
H (sat. liq.) = 0, S (sat. liq.) = 0

480 S =0.54
T=500 580
520 0.56 T=600
Datum compound at reference conditions

540 0.58 620

T=560 S =0.6 V=0.13 640
580

300
T=660
600 0.62
680
T=620 0.64
640 700
S =0.66
660
0.68

FIGURE B.26  Pressure–enthalpy diagram for carbon dioxide in engineering units. (Courtesy of Virtual Materials Group, Inc.)
T=680
700 0.7
S =0.72

350
4

5.5
0.18

V=3
2
0.7
0.25

14
1.4
0.5

Carbon dioxide
V = 0.35

10
V=1

V = 7.5

V = 20

30

50

V = 100

200
T = Temperature, °F

V = Specific volume, ft3/lbm

S = Specific entropy, Btu/lbm.F

400
55 Appendix B
 100,000
56

90,000 Carbon dioxide

80,000 Pressure enthalpy diagram T = Temperature, °C
70,000 Datum compound at reference conditions
60,000 S = Specific entropy, kJ/kg.K
H (sat. liq.) = 0, S (sat. liq.) = 0 V = Specific volume, m3/kg
50,000 Bibliographic reference 04
40,000

10
20
40
50
70
80
100
110
130
140
160
170
190
200
220
230
250
260
280
290
310
320
340
350
370
380
400

–40
–20
–10
T=0
30,000

T=60

T= 30
T= 90
T =120
T=150
T= 180
T= 210
T = 240
T =300
T=330
T= 360
T= 390

T= –30
20,000

0.002
0.007

0.003

0.0011
0.0012
0.0017

V= 0.001
V= 0.005 T= 270

V= 0.0025

V= 0.0014
V=0.004
0.01

0.2
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.8
1.1
10,000

1.3

S = 0.3
S = 0.6
S =0.9
9,000

1.4
V=0.015

S = 1.2
8,000

1.6
7,000

S = 1.5
0.02

1.7
6,000 T = 20
5,000

1.9
T = 10 0.03

S =1.8
4,000

2
T=0
3,000
T = –10 V =0.05

S =2.1
2,000 T = –20

2.2
0.07

T = –30

2.3
0.1

1,000 T = –40
900 V =0.15
S = 2.4

800
2.5

700
600 0.2

1
2.6

500

0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

Pressure, kPa (abs)

400 0.3

S = 0.2
300
S = 2.7

V =0.5
2.8

200
0.7
2.9

1
100
90 V =1.5
S =3

80
70 2
60
50
3

0
40

20
30
50
60
80
90
110
120
140
150
170
180
200
210
230
240
260
270
290
300
320
330
350
360
380
390

–20
T = 10
T = 40
T = 70

30
T = 100
T = 130
T = 160
T = 190
T = 220
T = 250
T = 280
T = 310
T = 340
T = 370
T = 400

T = –40
V =5
20
8

10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Enthalpy, kJ/kg Carbon dioxide
Appendix B

FIGURE B.27  Pressure–enthalpy diagram for carbon dioxide in SI units. (Courtesy of Virtual Materials Group, Inc.)
Appendix B 57

B.4  HYDROCARBON COMPRESSIBILITY FACTORS

The compressibility factor z for natural gases can be estimated by use of Figures B.28 and B.29 with
the following procedure:

1. Use the gas-specific gravity and Figure B.28 to determine the pseudocritical temperature,
Tc, and pressure, Pc. If only gas composition is known, compute molar mass of gas and
divide by 28.9625 to obtain specific gravity.
2. Compute pseudoreduced temperature TR = (t[°F] + 460)/Tc) and pressure PR = P(psia)/Pc.
3. Read compressibility factor from Figure B.29.

The critical temperature and pressure lines on Figure B.28 can be computed using:

Tc ( ° R ) = 170.8 + 311SpGr

and

Pc ( psia ) = 681 − 27.4SpGr 2

As noted in the figure captions, the correlations are not valid at high acid gas concentrations. The
Engineering Data Book (2016b) provides a method applicable to high-hydrogen sulfide concen-
trations. For best results, computer programs with equations of state that properly predict phase
­behavior of sour gases should be used.

700
Pseudo critical pressure, psia

650

600

550

500
Pseudo critical temperature, °R

450

400

350

300
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
Specific gravity

FIGURE B.28  Pseudocritical temperature and pressure as a function of gas specific gravity. Applicable
to natural gas mixtures that contain less than 5 mol% N2, 2 mol% CO2, and 2 mol% H2S. (Adapted from
Engineering Data Book, 1987.)
58 Appendix B

Pseudo reduced pressure, PR

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1.1 1.1
Pseudo reduced
temperature
3.0
2.8
1.0 2.6 1.0
2.4 1.05
2.2 1.2
2.0 1.3
1.9 1.1
0.9 1.8 0.9
1.7
1.6

5 0
1.
0.8 1.7

1
1.
1.5
1.45

2
1.
1.4
0.7 1.6
1.35 3
1.
Compressibility factor, z

Compressibility factor, z
1.3
1. 4
0.6 1.25
1.5
1. 5
1. 6
1.2 1. 7
0.5 1. 89 1.4
1.
1.15 2. 0
2.2

0.4 1.1 2.4 1.3

2.6
3.0

0.3 1.2
1.05

3.0
2.8
1.1 1.1
2.6 2.4
2. 2 Use for gases
2. 0 . 9 with MW < 40
1
1.2
1.0 1. 8 . 7 1.0
1 1.1
1. 6 1.05
1.4
1.3
0.9 0.9
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Pseudo reduced pressure, PR

FIGURE B.29  Compressibility factor chart as a function of pseudocritical temperature and pressure. Chart
applies to gases with a molar mass of less than 40. (Adapted from Engineering Data Book, 2016b.)
Appendix B 59

B.5  WATER CONTENT CHART

Figure B.30 is a reproduction of Figure 11.1a which has been colorized for readability.

80,000 80,000
60,000 60,000

40,000 40,000

20,000 20,000

10,000 10,000
8,000 8,000
6,000 6,000

4,000 4,000

2,000 2,000
a
psi

1,000
25

1,000

0
50
.7

800 800
30

0
lbm water/MMscf of wet gas

14

50
0
10

80

00
600 600
0
20

50 00
15
0

00
40

30
0
00
60

400 00
400
10

60 0 0
20

10 00
0
40

00
200 200
Hydrate formation line

100 100
80 80
60 60

40 40

20 20

10 10
8 8
6 Dashed lines denote metastable 6
region. Slope of lines is
4 composition dependent and 4
water content may be lower than
shown on chart
2 2

1 1
–60 –40 –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 140 180 220 260 300
Temperature, °F

FIGURE B.30  Water content of hydrocarbon gases as a function of temperature and pressure (water
lbm /MMscf can be converted to mg/Nm3 by multiplying by 16.9).
60 Appendix B

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Lemmon, E.W., et al., Thermophysical properties of fluid systems, NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard
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Thompson, A., and Taylor, B.N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special
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[Link]/pml/special-publication-811 (Retrieved April 2019).