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1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

- a proportioned mixture of siliceous materials (sand, crushed stone)

and cement (lime, Portland) which, after being prepared in a plastic
state with water, hardens into a stonelike mass.
•  Mortar is cement mix used to glue masonry units to each other, or
other surface finishing materials like tiles, bricks, stones to a
receiving structure like a wall or floor.
•  Plaster is mortar applied to wall surfaces as a preparation or a hard
finish coat.

Division  4  masonry  
Building  Technology  1  

1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS 1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.01 CEMENT MORTAR 1.01 CEMENT MORTAR

-  is a proportioned mixture of cement, fine aggregate and water. - Mortar may be mixed by hand or mechanical mixers, the latter
being preferred for large quantities.
-  For first-class mortars 1 part of cement should be added to not more
than 3 parts of sand. - When the mixing is done by hand, it should be done on
platforms made watertight to prevent the loss of cement.
-  Replacing 10 or 15 percent of the cement by volume with hydrated - The cement and sand should be mixed dry in small batches in
lime gives greater workability and increases the strength of the mortar. the proportions required on a clean platform.

-  For rubble stonework, 1 : 4 will be much stronger than lime mortar. - Water is added and the whole remixed until it is homogeneous
in color and leaves the mixing hoe clean when drawn out.
-  For the top surface of floors and walks, use 1 : 1 to 1-1/2. - Mortar should never be retempered after it has begun to set

-  Mortar made with fine sand requires a much larger quantity of cement
to obtain a given strength than mortar made with coarse sand.

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1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS 1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.02 PLASTER 1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES

a. Lime Plaster
-  is a mortar of cementitious material ( lime, gypsum or cement),
sand and water which is applied in coats (layers) to masonry Lime putty (hydrated lime and water), mixed on the job with sand
surfaces, lath or various types of plaster board to give a hard finish and gypsum plaster, used for two and three-coat finish surfaces
surface to interior or exterior walls and ceilings. for interior walls and ceilings.
-  the word “plaster” refers to gypsum plaster and the words gypsum Scratch coat : 1 part lime putty, 1 part Portland cement or
and plaster are often used interchangeably. Keene’s cement, 2-3/4 parts sand by weight.
Brown coat : 1 part lime putty, 1part Portland cement or
-  Fiber or hair is sometimes added to the mixture to give increased
Keene’s cement, 3 parts sand by weight.
strength as when used for the first coat.
Finish coat:
-  Plastering is done according to two basic methods: two-coat and Hard finish : 1 part lime putty, 1/3 gypsum plaster by volume
three-coat. A three-coat job consists of : Sand float : 1 part lime putty, ¼ gypsum plaster, 2 parts sand
•  a first binding coat called scratch coat; by volume

•  a second straightening coat called the brown-coat; and

•  a final coat called the finish coat.
In the two-coat work, the scratch and brown coats are combined into one.

1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS 1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES 1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES
b. Gypsum Plaster b. Gypsum Plaster
•  Gypsum plaster. Plaster of Paris mixed with clay, lime and •  Fibered gypsum plaster. Gypsum plaster premixed with
other materials in combinations covered by trademarks or fibers. Mixed on the job with water and sand for scratch coat for
patents. Mixed on the job with water, sand, lime putty, hair or three-coat plastering job
fiber for two or three-coat finish surfaces for interior walls and
ceilings; or used dry as ingredient for hard or sand float finish •  Prepared gypsum plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed with fine
with lime plaster (see above). white sand. Used for two and three-coat finish surfaces for
interior walls and ceilings .
•  High-strength gypsum plaster. Same as gypsum plaster but -  Scratch and brown coats : mix per manufacturer’s instructions.
mixed to meet established standards. Mixed on the job with -  Finish coat: Any type of final coat plaster
water, sand, lime putty, hair or fiber for two and three-coat finish (gypsum, Keene’s cement, lime or
surfaces for both exteriors and interiors. prepared finish coat
-  Scratch and brown coats : 1 part high-strength gypsum
plaster to 2 parts sand by weight.
-  Hard finish : ¼ lime putty to 1 part high-
strength gypsum plaster by volume

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1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS 1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES 1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES
b. Gypsum Plaster b. Gypsum Plaster
•  Bonding plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed with ingredients •  Keene’s cement. Plaster of Paris mixed with alum or borax or
develop more adhesive strength in combinations covered by other materials and burned (calcined) at 932°F. Mixed on the
trademarks or patents. Used for interior finish for smooth job with water, lime putty and fine white sand as hard finish for
concrete walls or ceilings. Mix and apply as per manufacturer’s two and three-coat gypsum plaster. For interior use only
directions
-  Hard finish : 1 Keene’s cement, ¼ lime putty,
1/10 fine white sand by weight .
•  Lightweight gypsum plaster, fire-resistant plaster. Gypsum
-  Sand float finish : ½ Keene’s cement, 2 lime putty, 4 ½
plaster mixed on the job with water, perlite, vermiculite or other sand by volume.
suitable mineral aggregate. Lightweight gypsum plaster is used
when weight is important, and for fire-proofing other materials •  Plaster of Paris. For ornamental plaster work and castings.
such as steel. Applied on lath. For interior use only .
-  Scratch and brown coats : 2 sand, 2 cu. ft. perlite or vermiculite per 100 lb. •  Molding plaster. For ornamental plaster work and castings. Mix
of plaster. with water as per manufacturer’s directions.
-  Brown coat: 3 sand, 3 cu ft. perlite or vermiculite per 100 lb.
of plaster. •  Acoustics plaster. For acoustic treatment of interior walls and
-  Finish coat:
Hard finish: 1/3 gypsum plaster, 1 lime putty by volume ceilings. Applied on gypsum plaster base coats. Mix with water as
Sand Float Finish: 1 gypsum plaster, 1-1/2 sand by volume per manufacturer’s directions.

1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS 1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES 1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES
c. Portland Cement Plaster d. “Sgraffito”
•  Mixed with water, sand and lime putty. Used for two and three- •  is highly decorative type of plaster work developed in Italy during
coat finish surfaces for exterior and interior walls and ceilings the Renaissance. This type of technique consists of applying two or
three thin coats of plaster different colors and then cutting away
-  Scratch and brown coats : 1 cement, ¼ lime putty, 3 sand.
certain areas of one or two coats to produce a three-dimensional
-  Sand float finish : 1 cement, ¼ lime putty, 3 sand.
colored design.
•  Thickness of plaster coats depends on the type of material to
which the plaster is applied. Generally, the total thickness is
5/8” on metal lath and ½” on lathing board and gypsum block.

•  In three-coat plastering work, the scratch and brown coats are

¼” thick at minimum; the finish coat is 1/8” with a minimum of
1/16” at any point.

•  For two-coat work, the base coat is ½” and the finish coat is the
same as three-coat work.

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2. UNIT MASONRY 2. UNIT MASONRY

2.01 DEFINITION 2.01 DEFINITION

Masonry - is a built-up construction or combination of building Masonry Terms:
materials as clay, concrete, or stone set in mortar; or
plain concrete. d.  Bond – That connection between bricks, stones
or other masonry units formed by lapping them
Masonry Terms: one upon another carrying up the work, so as to
form an inseparable mass of building, by
a.  Bed – The horizontal surfaces on which the preventing the vertical joints falling over each English Bond
stones or bricks of walls lie in the courses. other (also called a breaking joint).

b.  Course – A continuous layer of bricks, stones, e.  Stretcher – A brick or block masonry laid
Course
or other masonry units lengthwise of a wall Stretcher

c.  Wythe or Tier – Each continuous, vertical f.  Header – A brick or block masonry extending
section of the wall, one masonry unit thick. over the thickness of the wall
Wythe
or Tier
Header

2. UNIT MASONRY 2. UNIT MASONRY

2.01 DEFINITION 2.02 STONE

Masonry Terms: -  Stone, together with wood and clay, are the basic building material
of man. The history of architecture until as late as 1900 was largely
g.  Heading course – A course in which the bricks the history of stone in architecture,
or other masonry units are all headers.
-  Stone was the structural material, the
h.  Soldier – A unit laid on its end with its face exterior and interior finishing material,
perpendicular to the face of the wall. the flooring material and in many cases
Soldier
the roofing material.
i.  Quoins – The corner stones at the angles of
buildings, usually rusticated so as to project -  It was also used for all types of
from the normal surface of the wall. sculpture, statuary, and decorative and
ornamental applications.
j.  Bond Stones – Stones running through the
thickness of the wall at right angles to its face, -  Today, stone is largely used as a
in order to bind it together. surface finishing material for both the
exterior and interior of buildings.
k.  Blocking or Blocking Course – A course of
stones placed on top of cornice crowning the
walls

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2. UNIT MASONRY 2. UNIT MASONRY

2.02 STONE 2.02 STONE

-  Stone commonly used for architectural purposes include They are commonly classified as:

granite limestone a.  Rubble Stone. Stone

delivered from the quarries
rough and irregular shape.

marble sandstone

b.  Dimension Stone. Stone cut

into specific size, squared to
dimensions, and to a specific
thickness
travertine slate.

2. UNIT MASONRY 2. UNIT MASONRY

2.02 STONE 2.02 STONE

-  STONEWORK: The types of stonework are based on the shape -  STONEWORK:
and the surface treatment of finish of the stone : c.  Ashlar. Squared stones in regular courses, in contradistinction to
rubble work .
a.  Rubble work. Masonry of rough,
undressed stones. •  Ranged work or coursed
ashlar – Uniform courses with
When only the roughest stones uniform in size.
irregularities are knocked off, it
is called scabbled rubble, and BROKEN
RANGED WORK

when the stones in each course RUBBLE WORK •  Broken range ashlar – Course
are rudely dressed to a nearly laid with the horizontal joints
uniform height, range rubble . uninterrupted but the width of the
courses and the length of the
b.  Random work. Stones fitted stones are varied to produce a
together at random without any wall with a less regular pattern.
attempt to lay them in course.
RANDOM WORK

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2. UNIT MASONRY 2. UNIT MASONRY

2.02 STONE 2.03 BRICKS

-  STONEWORK: -  are structural units of clay or shale formed while plastic and
c.  Ashlar subsequently fired.

•  Random course their rectangular -  The manufacture of brick consists essentially of screening,
shape and are laid on horizontal grinding, or working the clay to the desired consistency for
beds but no effort is made to RANDOM moulding, whether by hand or machine.
COURSE WORK
continue the horizontal beds
through in an uninterrupted -  After moulding, the bricks are dried and then burned in kilns for
manner. Large stones combine with many hours at high temperatures, approximately 2000°F.
small ones in a convenient and, if
possible, an interesting manner. -  These processes purify the raw products, make it uniform and
homogeneous, burn out all combustible matter, and result in a
•  Rustic or Rock work - RUSTIC OR product which is both stable and physically permanent .
Courses of stone face which ROCK WORK

is jagged, so as to present a -  Standard size of brick is 3-3/4” x 2-1/4” x 8”.

rough surface. * Rustication occurs when heavier
stones or areas of stone project
from the normal face of the
surrounding wall or of the joint
themselves.

2. UNIT MASONRY 2. UNIT MASONRY

2.03 BRICKS 2.03 BRICKS

The types of bricks most frequently used in architecture are : BRICK WORK. The usual methods of laying brick are as follows :

a.  Common or building brick. Used for all a.  Common Bond. Consists of five
purposes, including facing. stretcher courses and then a
header course. It is generally
b.  Facing brick. Specially processed to give certain begun with a row of headers at
specific surface characteristics. Used for the bottom course COMMON BOND
exposed masonry surfaces.
b.  English Bond. Consists of
c.  Glazed brick. These have a smooth outer alternate courses of stretchers
surface with a dull satin or high gloss finish. They and headers .
are load bearing, fire resisting, and impervious.
They are usually formed with vertical hollow c.  Flemish Bond. Consists of ENGLISH BOND

cores through the body with scoring on the back. alternate headers and stretchers
in each course .
d.  Fire (refractory) brick. These are ordinarily
made from a mixture of flint clay and plastic clay, d.  Herringbone. The bricks are laid
and are used for the lining of furnaces, diagonally to form a herring-
fireplaces, and chimneys. bone pattern. FLEMISH BOND

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2. UNIT MASONRY 2. UNIT MASONRY

2.03 BRICKS 2.04 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK

Mortar joints •  Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) is a hollow masonry unit, with two
between brick or three cells or cores, made of the following ingredients: water,
courses are Portland cement, and various types of aggregate such as sand,
usually from gravel, and crushed stone.
4.5mm (3/16”)
to 12mm (½”). •  Lightweight concrete hollow blocks are also manufactured with
such aggregates as cinders, expanded slag, expanded shale or
clay. Expanded blast furnace slag rates the highest in fire
resistance, and due to its cellular structure, has high sound and
thermal insulation quality.

•  These are manufactured by machine-mixing the ingredients,

pouring the mix into molds, and curing the block by air drying. A
steam-and-pressure curing process is also used which can
produce concrete hollow block in a few hours.

2. UNIT MASONRY 2. UNIT MASONRY

2.04 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK 2.04 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK

•  Standard CHB sizes are from •  The different types of concrete hollow block
thicknesses of 100mm (4”), 150mm (6”) include:
and 200mm (8”) x height of 200mm (8”)
x length of 400mm (16”). a.  Stretchers c.  Corner blocks e.  Beam or lintel
blocks
•  CHB of 100mm (4”) thickness should
be used only for interior partition walls
where weather-tightness is not
required.

b.  Headers d.  Jamb blocks

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2. UNIT MASONRY 2. UNIT MASONRY

2.04 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK 2.04 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK

•  Concrete hollow blocks should be laid on a full bed •  Block cells with reinforcement are filled with cement mortar.
of mortar with horizontal and vertical joints 10mm
(3/8”) thick. •  Concrete hollow block walls should have a reinforced concrete lintel
or beam block course every twelfth course; and a concrete column
•  Reinforcement for 100mm (4”) and 150mm (6”) stiffener at every 4.80 meters length.
thick wall shall be 10mm∅ vertical bars at 600mm
on centers and 10mm∅ horizontal bars every third
course.

•  Reinforcement for 200mm (8”) thick walls shall be 12mm∅ vertical bars
at 600mm on center and 12mm∅ horizontal bars every third course.

•  All horizontal reinforcement shall be tied to the vertical reinforcement at

their intersections.

•  Dowel bars should be placed into the piers, columns, slabs, leaving 20
bar diameters exposed to splice with the reinforcement of the hollow
blocks.

2. UNIT MASONRY 2. UNIT MASONRY

2.05 “DURISOL” BLOCK 2.06 PLASTER BLOCK

-  “DURISOL” block is lightweight block -  also known as gypsum partition blocks, are usually made of gypsum,
made from fiber and cement. vegetable fibers as binders, and reinforcement.

-  “DURISOL” block units are two-core, -  used for lightweight, fire-resistant interior partitions and for furring and
100mm (4”) or 150mm ( 6”) x 87mm fireproofing columns.
(7-1/2”) x 600mm (24”).
-  Gypsum hollow blocks are manufactured in units of 75mm (3”), 100mm
- Reinforcement shall be 10mm ∅ vertical (4”) or 150mm ( 6”) thicknesses, x 300mm (12”) height x 700mm (30”)
bars at 720mm (36”) on center and at length.
every 4th course. Every 4th course
should be a beam block course. Cores -  Gypsum solid block is manufactured only with a 50mm (2”) thickness.
shall be solidly filled with cement mortar.

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2. UNIT MASONRY

2.07 STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE

-  Structural clay tile are hollow masonry units, open at two ends with
interior webs or partitions 19mm (¾”) to 25mm (1”) dividing the block
into longitudinal cells.

-  In its manufacture, the various shapes of clay tile are formed through
special dies and then wire-cut into the required lengths.
End of
Div 04 MASONRY
-  It may have a smooth or scored (grooved) surface. Structural clay tile
is classified into:
a.  Load-bearing wall tile. 300mm x
300mm x 300mm (12” x 12” x 12”)
b.  Non-load bearing, fireproofing,
partition, and furring tile. 100mm
(4”) or 125mm (5”) x 200mm x
300mm