Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION II – CAGAYAN VALLEY
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SANTIAGO CITY
RIZAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
RIZAL, SANTIAGO CITY

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This part shows a retrospective presentation of previously written materials:

research literature and conceptual with relevance and significance to the research under

considered.

The literature and studies listed in this chapter address many concepts,

understandings, and ideas, generalizations or findings, and various developments linked

from the past to the present and serve as a guide for researchers in developing this

research paper.

Local Literature

According to Reyes et al. (2020) In order to determine which of three bio-plastic

experiments was most likely to yield the most effective bio-plastic, this study used a pre-

experimental research approach. The results of the investigation showed that

Experimental Two, which used four tablespoons of cornstarch, one cup of water, two

teaspoons of vinegar, and two tablespoons of glycerin, is the most trustworthy of the

three experiments in terms of elasticity, tear resistance, appearance, texture, and odor.

This study recommends to the biologists and scientists that they use this study to help

them find ways to lessen biological issues caused by non-biodegradable plastics; to the

producers that the study may help them create and manufacture bio-plastics and to

improve the study using other materials for the product to last longer indoors; to the

consumers that the study may let them know the reliability and liability of the plastic they

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use in their daily life; and to the producers that the study may help them improve the

study using other materials.

It has entirely decomposed after 105 days of being buried in dirt, According to a

mass loss test. The newly acquired biomaterial's advantages in terms of industry and the

environment are assessed in contrast to thermoplastic starch and other plastics, as well

as in terms of embodied energy and CO2 footprint manufacturing. Finally, a shape

memory test with a partial but considerable shape recovery showed the biomaterial to

have intriguing dual shape effects. In conclusion, the material exhibits a dual mechanical

behavior that can be used to produce shrink films and sheets or to activate the shape

memory effect, depending on the level of environmental humidity. In light of this, we

propose rice straw bioplastic as a brand-new possible eco-material with a variety of

applications (Bilo et al., 2018).

The durability and effectiveness of the fruit bag were also tested in the field. The

tensile strength is comparable to that of LDPE, while the elongation is comparable to that

of HDPE. It has a larger density, thicker swelling, and more water absorption, though.

The film will completely deteriorate within 36 weeks, according to projections. Results of

field testing indicate that the quality of harvested fruits using PHilMech-FiC

biodegradable fruit bags is comparable to that of existing bagging materials like Chinese

brown paper bags and old newspapers in terms of percent marketable, non-marketable,

and export, peel color at ripe stage, flesh color, TSS, and oBrix (Tuates Jr., 2016).

When picking an ideal plastic packaging material, the following important

elements were taken into account: affordability, dependability, safety, environmental

impact, and biodegradability. This was done through the use of Pareto-Optimization as a

multi-criteria decision-making technique. The polylactic acid, which is predominantly

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produced from starch, was chosen as the replacement. This alternative was compared to

the currently used material, petroleum-based plastic, and subjected to a supply and

demand analysis to determine whether there was an abundant supply of starch to meet

the demand for single-use plastics in the Philippines, which shows that polylactic acid is

a sustainable, biodegradable alternative (Dinglasan, 2019).

Plastic is a crucial artificial material that covers contemporary society. Plastic is

well known for having distinctive qualities including as lightweight, flexible, impervious to

water, heat, and electricity, as well as being simple to produce. Plastics can be made

from petroleum-based polymers, and the term "fossil-based plastics" was coined as a

result of the successful downstream processing (i.e., derived from crude oil and natural

gas). Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and

other well-known plastics are among those included in it. Currently, South America

accounts for 10% of the world's total plastic manufacturing, whereas North America

makes up 17%, Europe makes up 26%, and Asia makes up 46% (B. Dang, X. Bui,

2022).

Sago starch extraction waste that has been dumped as garbage can be used

effectively by creating biodegradable polymers. It was possible to obtain P-SP and L-SP,

two different kinds of esterified sago starch-extraction residue. It had a dark color (black

for P-SP160, which was esterified by palm oil), a light color (yellow for L-SP80, which

was esterified by lauric acid), and a high carbon content (between 399.3 and 537.1 g

kg1). In Andisols in Japan and Inceptisols in the Philippines, biodegradable plastics from

the residue that had a high esterification degree demonstrated thermoplasticity and

slowed breakdown. P-SP160 and L-SP each had esterification degrees of 3.23 and 2.95

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to 5.18 mmol g1, respectively. Additionally, L-SP80 demonstrated the best suitable

thermal softening behavior after heating. P-cumulative SP160's breakdown in Andisols

and Inceptisols revealed 16.7 and 32.8% of the total carbon during the incubation's 31

days. However, over the 31-day incubation period, the breakdown rates of L-SP80 in

Andisols and Inceptisols were less than 10% of the total carbon. The disintegration rate

of both molded P-SP160 and L-SP80 was significantly altered by the addition of triacetin

as plasticizer. Wiley Periodicals, Inc., 2010. 2011 J Appl Polym Sci (Igura et al., 2010).

A poly(methyl acrylate) copolymer with grafted side chains that have a molecular

weight of less than 500,000 was created. This material has great initial tensile strength

and elongation and is easily extruded into a film. However, tensile strength rapidly

decreases after 70 hours of submersion at 25°C. After 22 days of incubation with

Aspergillus niger, starch graft poly(methyl acrylate) films exhibit great susceptibility to

fungal growth, with some samples losing more than 40% of their weight. Following

mycelium removal, tensile tests and scanning electron micrographs of the incubated

samples show that the copolymer's starch component has undergone significant

biodegradation. This substance might be used as a biodegradable plastic mulch

(Dennenberg et al. , 1978).

With order to create and improve a bioprocess for production, a study was done

to test four locally available renewable resources as a substrate for poly-hydroxybutyrate

(PHB) production. Local agro-industrial by-products such whey, coconut water, nata de

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coco wasted liquor, and molasses were studied independently and compared to the

standard medium. The finest coconut water, according to the results, produced the

highest PHB output in the Bacillus megaterium strain GR149. The coconut water needed

to be supplemented with 2.0% glucose and 0.5% ammonium chloride, and the pH

needed to be brought down to 7.0, according to later optimization studies in a 2.5 L

fermenter. When the temperature, speed, and volume were set to 28 C, 200 rpm, and

0.5 vim, the fermentation process ran at its best for 32 hours. Acetone drying for

extraction The best polymer recovery occurred after alkaline hypochlorite digestion and

before chloroform extraction. When compared to the established PHB production

medium, the cost of this created bioprocess technology was reduced by 37%. The PHB

products' identities were validated by analysis, which revealed molecular weights of

between 302,000 and 727,000 g mole 1. PHB from GR149 had a differential scanning

calorimetric profile with a tensile strength of 10.4 megapascals and melting temperatures

of 167.95 C and 72.53 C, respectively. ( Reyes et al. , 2004)

Foreign Literature

Peters (2019) stated that the experiment's prickly pear cactus, which is native to

the area, is ideally adapted to plastic production. The study's principal investigator,

Sandra Pascoe Ortiz, a professor of chemical engineering at the University of the Valley

of Atemajac, claims that the cactus of this species has a significant quantity of sugars

and gums that encourage the production of the biopolymer. In comparison to certain

other plants that are now utilized to create plastic, cacti have even another benefit. The

final substance is not yet as durable as plastic produced from fossil fuels. However, it

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could still be helpful in some situations. She explains, "We are considering things that

are single-use, throwaway, or do not need to be long-lasting".

One of the most prominent and highly debated problems of the twenty-first

century is the potential dangers posed by non-biodegradable plastics. Massive attempts

have been made to prepare biodegradable polymers in order to solve this specific issue.

This environmentally friendly strategy reduces the main drawbacks, such as improper

waste management, slow degradation rates, waste buildup in water reservoirs, and

hazardous chemical reagents, and thus offers a more sustainable, cost-effective, and

biodegradable option to the non-biodegradable plastics that are typically used. This

study offers information on recently developed biodegradable polymers used in

packaging. To have a thorough grasp of the principles of biodegradable materials,

properties including barrier/permeation indices, thermal, electrical, and mechanical

characteristics of biodegradable polymers are taken into consideration ( Imran Din et al. ,

2020).

A polymer is melted and molded into the appropriate shape during processing; as

a result of the high temperature and mechanical stress, some degradation occurs. For

instance, if there is a large shear stress during processing, polymer chains may break at

the molecular level. Mechanical degradation, also known as stress-induced degradation,

is the process where mechanical stress leads to failure or deterioration. The process is

known as thermal degradation when the thermal stress causes a breakdown or

deterioration. The thermal and mechanical stresses that a polymer receives during

manufacturing determine how much degradation occurs. Although polymer degradation

is more pronounced under settings of intense heat and pressure, in general, polymeric

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materials only experience minor deterioration in normal environmental conditions

(Raghavan, 2006).

Packaging, agriculture, gastronomy, consumer electronics, and the automobile

sector all benefit from using biodegradable polymers. A multidisciplinary strategy is

different since it involves research on three different sustainability principles using the

triple bottom line (TBL) methodology (economic characteristics, environmental

consequences, and social attitudes). These three themes were specifically chosen for

each of their objectives. In order to store, locate, and evaluate the data for this study, this

publication employed ATLAS.ti 9 software tools to do a complete analysis of the

literature. The study concluded that the environmental aspect was the most important

issue, followed by the economic and social aspects. We discuss biodegradable and bio-

based polymers and emphasize the benefit of biodegradable end-of-life management

( D. Moshood et al. , 2021).

As the plastics sector is anticipated to also be a significant user of

nanocomposites, this trend may persist in the future. In order to prevent the unintended

release of plastic breakdown products in receiving settings, it is imperative to evaluate

the performance of polymer innovations in terms of their biodegradability, particularly

under realistic waste management and environmental conditions (LAMBERT AND

WAGNER , 2017).

Both bio-based and fossil-based plastics have differing effects on the

environment. Categories. In general, replacing fossil-based plastics with bio-based

polymers reduces the usage of nonrenewable energy (NREU) and greenhouse gas

emissions. GHG emissions However, direct and/or indirect land-use change may have a

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detrimental impact on decrease. The Bio-based plastics often provide GHG emission

reductions that are much greater than which use biofuels. For the agricultural-related

categories, such eutrophication and acidification, Compared to fossil-based plastics, bio-

based plastics often have a greater effect. Owing to their size contrasts in the impact of

the families of fossil and bio-based plastics No definitive guideline can be established

about plastics ( den Oever et al., 2017).

 Biopolymers are generally can be used by soil/water microbial communities

through complex enzymatic activities, they are biodegradable in nature, and hence they

can be predisposed in harmless and environmentally significant way through waste

management like composting, soil application, and natural waste water treatment. It is

significant to use them in applications where, after use, they can be recycled. In

preparation of compostable plastic bag, there should be a separate collection of organic

waste. Certified biologically degradable polymers are designed to be improved by means

of organic recycling, and it is expected to be treated with in the anaerobic digesters or

composting units. They are marked with proper logos mainly as the seedling logo.

Recent studies have revealed that the optical systems can be easily identified and

detached. However, now small size of the current market for biodegradable plastics, with

special emphasis on the bio-composting or energy salvage, is ideally the best waste

treatment options. One-time use, short life span, or disposable products can be

developed; mainly they are bio-based and biodegradable (Yaradoddi et al., 2019).

The examined materials are limited to biodegradable polyesters and modified

starch and cellulose compositions because of their outstanding physicochemical

features, abundance, and high dimensional stability. Both materials are also known for

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their low cost and abundance. Biodegradable polymers (BP) may be efficiently improved

with regulated functional characteristics and altered in rate of breakdown with the

inclusion of various nanofillers and the creation of polymer nanocomposites (Tatjana et.

al,, 2021).

Local Studies

Plastic cutlery might be a practical substitute, but it is bad for the environment

and for your health. This report contains several recommendations that the investigator

would like to put forth. The creation and testing of edible cutlery are done by hand due to

a lack of resources at home. Molding machines should be employed for the same-scale

production of edible cutlery. In this work, the researcher manufactured edible cutlery by

placing the dough on a steel spoon and baking it at a temperature between 300 and 360

degrees Celsius. The manual method is less ideal because it could not produce the

desired shape perfectly. In addition, the composition of the material used can be

changed to make it stronger and more appealing. The optimal composition for edible

cutlery can be determined through a process of trials and errors. Depending on the

consumer's preferences, it is also feasible to use edible cutlery with a variety of flavors,

such as sugar and cinnamon ( Kabir and Hamidon, 2021).

This study process by which starch film or composite is created through the

distribution of elements in at 70 °C to 80 °C, aqueous mediums are achieved. create

transparent and flexible films. The A pure starch film revealed the development of

wrinkles. if allowed to reach room temperature. wrinkles might be explained by the

hygroscopic properties of the starch, as well as the water and heat that were used in its

preparation. As a result of gelatinization Heat and water weaken the connections

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between objects. intramolecular connections during film formation solution. Once the ties

are severed, the structures loosen up, becoming more flexible move unhindered. As

soon as the film-forming solution when something dries and cools, the molecular bonds

they were entangled, giving rise to the wrinkles (Flores et al., 2015).

This study Utilizes response surface approach, active edible coating formulations

for hog meat application were optimized. A three-block rotatable central composite

design was used to examine the effects of active edible coating formulations (i.e.,

cassava starch, glycerol, and lactic acid) on the sensory acceptability (general

acceptability, color, odor, and texture) of the coated pork meat samples stored at room

temperature. In order to forecast the effects of both the individual and combined effects

of coating formulations on the response variables, mathematical models were created.

The reliability and sufficiency of the developed models were assessed using statistical

tests. Following coating formulation optimization, it was discovered that 1.81–1.88%

cassava starch, 1.90–3.55% glycerol, and 0.51–0.57% lactic acid were the best

ingredients for the active edible coating used on hog flesh. Actual values were found to

be within the confidence and/or prediction intervals after a verification test was run.

Overall, the study's findings showed that hog flesh kept at room temperature can utilize

the produced active edible covering( Manalo and Gabriel, 2021).

The noticeable increase of plastic trash caused by modernity considered the duty

of the public, as people regularly waste tons of plastic trash The largest catastrophe

facing the planet now is caused by synthetic plastics. This project attempts to design and

test the efficacy of a model for environmental destruction. the use of Artocarpus camansi

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as a bioplastic, which also provides a basis for limiting the use of single-use plastics with

toxic ingredients. The style adopted in this An exploratory research is one that uses an

experimental design; however, one that uses At base your predictions on, go to older

studies or a select few studies. demonstrated that varied Artocarpus camansi starch

concentrations were effective in bioplastics production. Also noted by the researchers

was the high starch concentration, in two tests, 45g have attained excellent tensile

strength. This suggests a high compared to the other starch content, resistance.

Considering biodegradability Acetone and soil biodegradability techniques produce

statistically distinct results with seawater. 0.0381 as the p-value for the data. The results

show that pH and Tensile Strength do not have a significant difference with p-value =

0.3916, exceeding the test. This study inspired future researchers to allocate sufficient

time for trials. in order to obtain a notable outcome, trial, and error processes, as well as

the use of another parameter in terms of the starch-based bioplastic material's

mechanical characteristics (Magallanes et al. , 2020).

In order to raise public awareness of health and sanitation issues, this study was

conducted to evaluate the bacterial contamination at the spoons, forks, and plates in the

canteen at Cebu Doctors' University. The three objects were used in the study over 12

stalls. At eleven in the morning, the samples were taken. The samples were kept in an

incubator for 24 hours so that the bacteria could develop. To identify the different types

of bacteria present, the isolated bacteria were streaked on MSA agar, BSA agar, and

EMB agar. 24 hours were spent incubating the agar. The microorganisms were

recognized by their distinctive traits. The descriptive-comparative method is used in the

research design. A list of colonies was made based on those that made up each one. As

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a result, it was discovered that Staphylococcus aureus was primarily found on spoons,

forks, and plates and was isolated in Mannitol Salt Agar. Yellow colonies were seen, and

the pink agar changed to yellow. Forks frequently contained Escherichia coli, which was

recovered in Eosin Methylene Blue Agar. We found colonies that were deep purple and

had a greenish metallic luster. Salmonella typhi, like Staphylococcus aureus, was

frequently found on spoons, forks, and plates. It was isolated in Bismuth Sulfite Agar with

jet black colonies and a black metallic shine. By summing the pathogen counts from all

three experiments, the bacterial count of each piece of equipment was calculated. The

greatest overall bacterial count is 3,360 CFU/ml on plates, followed by 3,300 CFU/ml on

spoons, and 1,980 CFU/ml on forks. The highest bacterial count in Stall 1 is 2,740

CFU/ml. However, there is no evidence of harmful bacterial development in Stalls 2 and

6. The investigation discovered that spoons, forks, and plates in the 12 food stalls of the

Cebu Doctors' University Canteen had Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and

Escherichia coli. S. S. typhi and the majority of kitchenware contain aureus, although E.

For the most part, stalls were free of bacteria. For spoons, forks, and plates, there are no

appreciable differences in the overall bacterial count between stalls. Based on the

study's findings, the researchers advise stall owners to strictly adhere to food safety

regulations and take preventative steps against food-borne illnesses, particularly by

washing and sanitizing their equipment (Arbole et al. , 2016).

The study's findings revealed that the majority of participants believed that turning

plastic spoons into flower vases might help keep classrooms tidy while also enhancing

student learning and faculty discussions. The researchers are unable to compel Bestlink

College of the Philippines' administration to educate the students on proper trash

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management on a monthly basis. Our study's overarching goal was to protect mother

earth from various forms of pollution. We may progressively save both our lives and our

environment by taking this action. It can encourage good hygiene and reduce the amount

of plastic trash in our nation. Students can be disciplined to understand good trash

management in our school, which will help them focus better on their academics due to a

clean environment, avoid health problems brought on by plastic garbage, make the

school presentable to outsiders, and discourage burning of plastic waste. The plastic

waste can be turned into an alternate product rather than being burned, preserving our

ozone layer in the process (Sesbreno et al., 2020).

This study determined the feasibility of producing paper drinking straw coated

with natural beeswax to make it more resilient to water absorption. Made from recycled

paper, this product could be a replacement to the existing plastic straws used in fast food

chains, hotels and restaurants. Papy Eco Manufacturing Company would distribute the

paper drinking straw to the different areas in Laguna like Biñan, Sta. Rosa, Cabuyao,

Calamba and Los Baños City where there was a significant demand for the product and

where the plastic ban was implemented and monitored. The company could assure

production of a good quality of paper drinking straws ( Barachina et al., 2015).

The main hazardous pollutants that endanger the environment are made of

plastic. A study looks at some of the native plants, including the tubers of potatoes,

cassava, in addition to gabi tuber, a biodegradable plastic. The impact of the plasticizer

glycerine on the investigation was done into the end product's density and tensile

strength, and the layer development is now apparent. The bioplastics produced using

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taro, cassava, and were glossy and translucent, as were and potato. The goods are

similar to elastomers. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), a popular form of plastic, and silicone as

a container. The type of directly impacted the density and flexibility. Use of starch, The

bio-plastic made from pure cassava has the highest moisture content of 70.800%, this

means that this plastic shows signs of high electrical properties while bioplastic made

from pure taro shows the lowest percentage of water absorbed, this signifies that among

the six samples presented, bioplastic from pure taro is the most dielectric. There are no

apparent changes in the dimensions of the six samples after one week by exposing to

open air. The results indicate that the physical appearances of the bioplastics were not

greatly affected by the atmospheric temperature and pressure. The samples were

disintegrated after two weeks embedded in the soil and lost some mass that was

presumably had been degraded to the soil ( Cataquis et al. , 2019).

Foreign Studies

This study has been done to assess the influence of bioplastic formulations of

carrageenan and gelatin on the fabrication of edible straws with water resistance. Two

factorial full random designs were chosen as the research design (RAL). The best water

resistance value of 65.18% is found in edible straws with a 20% gelatin additive. These

findings demonstrate that the amount of gelatin applied and the temperature at which

edible straws are used are related. The finest bioplastic formulation for edible straws has

3 grams of carrageenan and 20% gelatin and can be used for drinks as cold as 4°C but

works best for beverages at 25°C ( Triastuti et al., 2021).

This study of Plastic are organic polymer blends that contribute significantly to

global environmental pollution. Producing ecologically friendly silverware is one strategy

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to reduce waste caused by the usage of plastics, particularly disposable plastics.

According to the findings of the study, a spoon made from a combination of all three

flours and xanthan looks to be the best solution for plastic silverware. This spoon had a

high level of strength and antioxidant activity. It was confirmed that the use of grape flour

had a good influence on the nutritional profile of the experimentally manufactured

biodegradable spoons. The project's goal was to create biodegradable spoons and

assess their texture, antioxidant activity, and total polyphenol content. Water, grape,

prose millet, wheat, xanthan gum, and palm oil were used in various concentrations to

make the spoons. The samples were baked at 180 or 240 °C, and some spoons were

dried in a fruit dehydrator ( Dordevic et al., 2021).

Plastics are organic polymer mixes that contribute significantly to global

environmental contamination. Producing ecologically friendly silverware is one strategy

to reduce waste caused by the usage of plastics, particularly disposable ones. The

project's goal was to make biodegradable spoons and test their texture, antioxidant

activity, and total polyphenol content. Water, grape, prose millet, wheat, xanthan gum,

and palm oil in various proportions were used to make the spoons. Some spoons were

dried in a fruit dehydrator after being roasted at 180 or 240 °C. According to the findings,

a spoon made from all three flours plus xanthan looks to be the best solution for plastic

silverware. This spoon was extremely powerful and antioxidant rich. It was confirmed

that the use of grape flour had a good influence on the nutritional profile of the

experimentally manufactured biodegradable spoon ( Dordevic et al. , 2021).

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Still not enough olive pomace from olive oil production is being used. The ecology

is harmed by the leftover olive pomace. On the other hand, the creation of biodegradable

products has resulted in an increase in the pollution of the environment with plastic or its

byproducts. Given these two issues, the goal of this research was to combine several

materials to produce biodegradable disposable tableware with strong antioxidant activity.

Teff flour, sorghum groats, lecithin, and olive pomace were combined to create the

disposable tableware. The temperature used for baking was 180 °C. The combination of

lecithin, sorghum groats, teff flour, and olive pomace worked well for making disposable

dinnerware. Due to their high polyphenol and omega acid content, these vessels had the

highest antioxidant potential and were the hardest. Beeswax coating the cups and bowls

had a beneficial impact on lowering water absorption ( Narancic and O'Conno, 2022).

After roasting at 180 or 240 °C, certain spoons were dried in a fruit dehydrator. A

spoon consisting of all three flours plus xanthan appears to be the best answer for plastic

silverware, according to the research. This spoon was incredibly potent and full of

antioxidants. The usage of grape flour had a positive effect on the nutritional profile of

the biodegradable spoons that were experimentally created. With a p-value of 0.0381,

the findings from the seawater, acetone, and soil biodegradability methodologies are

statistically different. According to the findings, there is no significant difference between

pH and Tensile Strength, with a p-value greater than the test, at p-value = 0.3916. This

work inspired future researchers to spend enough time on trial-and-error processes in

order to achieve a notable outcome, as well as by incorporating additional parameter in

terms of mechanical properties of the starch-based bio-plastic material (Alagon et al. ,

2020).

Gonzaga Street, Rizal, Santiago City

Mobile No.: 09175551614 (GLOBE)
E-mail: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION II – CAGAYAN VALLEY
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SANTIAGO CITY
RIZAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
RIZAL, SANTIAGO CITY

Plastic cutlery may be a convenient alternative, but it is disastrous for the

environment and harmful to health. A petroleum by-product is the presence of poisons

and carcinogens that can be readily taken into the body. Because poisons and

carcinogens can leak into food through the natural ecosystem, the production of plastic

cutlery is bad to the environment because plastics take up a lot of space and clog

landfills every year. The thought of biodegradable cutlery has been fertilized by the

recent ban on plastics and by the threat to the environment. While India has only seen

one large edible cutlery entrepreneur, many more will emerge as time and need dictate.

This research helps us realize that consumers are aware of the adverse implications of

using plastic throwaway silverware. As a result, the researcher hopes to develop edible

cutleries that are not harmful to the environment. The purpose of this research is to raise

awareness about the environmental impacts of using plastic cutlery. As a result, the

investigator examines a sorghum flour, wheat flour, and rice mixture to make edible

cutleries. Because it is derived from natural sources, it is completely biodegradable. In

this study, the investigator prepared three samples to produce edible cutleries in order to

determine which samples will yield superior edible cutleries. The product is formed using

steel cutlery. After that, the samples are evaluated for water absorption and soil burial.

To achieve the same shape for commercial purposes, edible cutlery should be properly

shaped, and some flavor can be added ( Kabir and Hamidon, 2021).

This study that are traditional plastics made from oil are strong, flexible, and

lightweight, making them perfect materials for a variety of uses such as packaging,

medical devices, construction, transportation, etc. However, the bulk of plastics that are

Gonzaga Street, Rizal, Santiago City

Mobile No.: 09175551614 (GLOBE)
E-mail: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION II – CAGAYAN VALLEY
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SANTIAGO CITY
RIZAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
RIZAL, SANTIAGO CITY
manufactured are single-use materials, which when combined with a throw-away culture

causes pollution, the accumulation of plastic trash, and the depletion of important

resources. We cover the developments and opportunities in the biotransformation and

biodegradation of polymers derived from oil in this paper. We examine bio-based and

biodegradable polymers and emphasize the significance of managing biodegradables at

the end of their useful lives. We conclude by talking about how a circular economy might

help reduce the pollution caused by plastic trash (O'Connor and Narancic, 2018).

An evaluation of the viability of using the present disposable Styrofoam and plastic dishes

that were used in the cafeteria at St. Jerome's. There was a study done. To ascertain whether the

existing take-out utensils were equal to biodegradable substitutes to comprehend the complexity

of this problem, we looked at extensive qualitative and quantitative investigations. The purpose

was to provide a workable plan to reduce the campus's and the region's environmental effect. The

environmental benefits of biodegradable alternatives are still in their infancy, yet These items

have many positive ramifications. Because the outcomes demonstrated that these Currently,

products are not recommended for use in the cafeteria at St. Jerome's, hence it is advised

recommended future research to be conducted in other locales ( Ruzaidi et al. , 2014).

Gonzaga Street, Rizal, Santiago City

Mobile No.: 09175551614 (GLOBE)
E-mail: [email protected]
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION II – CAGAYAN VALLEY
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SANTIAGO CITY
RIZAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
RIZAL, SANTIAGO CITY

Synthesis

Bio-plastic has a significant environmental contribution, and because humans

have a great responsibility to the environment, we use a biodegradable material to

mitigate the environmental issue. Biodegradable materials are materials that can be

broken down by natural processes into simpler components. They are often used as an

alternative to traditional plastics and other non-biodegradable materials. Biodegradable

materials can help reduce the amount of waste that ends up in landfills and oceans, as

well as reduce the amount of energy and resources needed to produce and transport

materials. They can also help reduce the amount of greenhouse gases released into the

atmosphere.

All the literature and studies that I’ve given is all about how helpful bio-plastic is.

The topic is how good biodegradable into our environment and giving some information

about the good and bad effect of biodegradable materials. It give also the materials that

being used to form a biodegradable materials.

Gonzaga Street, Rizal, Santiago City

Mobile No.: 09175551614 (GLOBE)
E-mail: [email protected]