Purposive Communication

COMMUNICATION PROCESS
-The communication process refers to the way of sharing information verbally or non-verbally between the sender and
receiver.
Verbal communication means communication through spoken words.
Nonverbal communication refers to nonverbal cues such as tone of voice, facial expression, movement, body language,
eye contact nonverbal communication and so more.
Communication means conveying the message via written text, speech, signals, visuals, or behavior. It is also a process
of exchanging opinions and imparting knowledge between speaker and the audience through communication elements.
4 macro skills
- LISTENING, READING, WRITING, SPEAKING
-Communico, Communicare, Communis
Hudson - convey information
George Terry – exchange of thoughts and Ideas, opinions or emotions.
Elements of Communication
a. Speaker/ Source/ Encoder/ Sender
- The one who send or convey the information.
b. Message
- The information that the sender is giving. Central to the process.
c. Receiver/ Decoder
- Listen and interpreting the message that the sender conveys. Target of communication
d. Channel
- Medium / vehicle
e. Feedback
- Response of the receiver to the sender. Integral part of communication process.
- Two Parts of Feedback
1. Positive Feedback - confirms the source that the intended effect of the message was achieved.
2. Negative Feedback - Informs the source that the intended effect of the message was not achieved.
f. Context
- Setting or situation where it takes place.
g. Noise
- Barrier/hindrance to communication
Internal - Is attributed to psychological makeup, intellectual ability, or physical condition of the communicators.
External – environment.
COMMON BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
JARGONS - The use of jargon. Over-complicated or unfamiliar terms.
Emotional barriers and taboos.
Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver.
Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.
 Physical barriers to non-verbal communication.
Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.
Cultural differences – various beliefs, behaviors, and practices
Barriers to Communication by Category
1. Language barrier – Clearly, language and linguistic ability may act as a barrier to communication.
2. Psychological barrier - The psychological state of the receiver will influence how the message is received.
3. Physiological barriers - may result from the receiver’s physical state.
4. Physical Barriers - Communication is generally easier over shorter distances as more communication channels
are available and less technology is required.
5. Attitudinal barriers - are behaviors or perceptions that prevent people from communicating effectively.
6. Cultural barriers - Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do
the way in which emotions are expressed.
NINE PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
MICHAEL OSBORN (2009) - claims that communication must meet certain standards for effective communication to
take place.
1. CLARITY – it makes speeches understandable. Fuzzy language is absolutely forbidden, as are jargons, cliché
expressions, euphemisms and doublespeak language.
2. CONCRETENESS – it reduces misunderstandings. Messages must be supported by facts such as research data,
statistics or figures.
3. COURTESY – it builds goodwill. It involves being polite in terms of approach and manner of addressing an
individual.
4. CORRECTNESS - Glaring mistakes in grammar obscures the meaning of a sentence. Also, the misuse of
language can damage your credibility.
5. CONSIDERATION - Messages must be geared towards the audience. The sender of a message must consider
the recipient’s profession, level of education, race, ethnicity, hobbies, interest, passions, advocacies and age when
drafting or delivering a message.
6. CREATIVITY - means having the ability to craft interesting messages in terms of sentence structure and word
choice.
7. CONCISENESS - simplicity and directness help you to be concise. Avoid using lengthy expressions and words
that may confuse the recipient.
8. CULTURAL SENSITIVITY - Today, with the increasing emphasis on empowering diverse cultures, lifestyles,
and races and the pursuit for gender equality, cultural sensitivity becomes an important standard for effective
communication.
9. CAPTIVATING - You must strive to make messages interesting to command more attention and better
responses.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION IN COMMUNICATION
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that focuses on issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
1. Ethical communicators:
2. Respect audience.
3. Consider the result of communication.
4. Value truth.
5. Use of information correctly.
6. Do not falsify information.
 DISCRETE STRUCTURES

CONVERSION
10 2 8 16
decimal binary octal hexadecimal
BINARY TO DECIMAL
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1010112 = 43 10
2 10 2 2
1 x 20 = 1
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4 1 x 21 = 2
5 101 5 5
0 x 22 = 0
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7 1 x 23 = 8
8 1000 10 8
0 x 24 = 0
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A 1 x 25 = 32
11 1011 13 B
= 43
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F

BINARY TO OCTAL BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL

10110101112 = 1327 8 1010111011 2 = 2BB 16
001 011 010 111 2 0010 1011 1011
1 3 2 7 2 B B
-by 3 - by 4
DECIMAL TO BINARY DECIMAL TO OCTAL DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL
125 10 = 111101 2 123410 = 11 8 123410 = 19 16
2/ 125 .5 x 2 = 1 8/ 1234 .25 x 8 = 2 16/ 1234 .125 x 16 = 2
2/ 62 0x2=0 8/ 154 .25 x 8 = 2 16/ 77 .812 x 16 = 13
2/ 31 .5 x 2 = 1 8/ 19 .375 x 8 = 3 16/ 4 .25 x 16 = 4
2/ 15 .5 x 2 = 1 8/ 2 .25 x 8 = 2 0 =19
2/ 7 .5 x 2 = 1 0 =9
2/ 3 .5 x 2 = 1
0
 OCTAL TO DECIMAL OCTAL TO BINARY OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL
7058 = 435 10 705 8 = 111000101 2 1076 8 = 23E 16
5 x 80 = 5 7 0 5 - first, convert to binary
0 x 81 = 0 111 000 101 1 0 7 6
7 x 82 = 448 001 000 111 110
= 453 - binary to hexadecimal
0010 0011 1110
2 3 E

HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL

ABC16 = 2748 10 10AF16 = 00010000101011112 1F0616 = 174148
C x 160 = 12 x 160 = 12 1 0 A F 1 F 0 6
B x 161 = 11 x 161 = 176 0001 0000 1010 1111 0001 1111 0000 1100
A x 162 = 10 x 162 = 2560 001 111 100 001 100
= 2748 1 7 4 1 4

PROPOSITION

- A proposition is a declarative statement that is either true or false.

Constructing compound propositions- a compound proposition is comprised of propositions and one or
more of the following CONNECTIVES.
1. NEGATION
- The negation of proposition p is __p (not p).
Ex. If p denotes “ the grass is green”, then __p (not p) denotes “the grass is green”.

2. CONJUNCTION
-let p and q be propositions. The conjunction of p and q denoted by p__q, is the proposition “p and q”. the
conjunction of p__q is true when both p and q are true and false otherwise.
-for a conjunction to be true, both proposition must be true.
3. DISJUNCTION
- The disjunction of p and q, denoted by p__q, is the proposition “p or q”. the disjunction of p__q is false
when both p and q are false and is true otherwise.
- For a disjunction to be true, either proposition must be true.
 4. EXCLUSIVE OR
- The exclusive OR of p and q, denoted by p__q, is the proposition that is true when exactly one of p and
q is true and is false otherwise.
- For a exclusive OR to be true, both proposition must not be both true or false.
5. CONDITIONAL
- The conditional statement p__ q is the proposition “if p then q”. the conditional statement p__q is false,
and true otherwise.
- When the hypothesis is true, the conclusion must be true, for a conditional to be true.
- When the hypothesis is false, the conclusion is true.
- Hypothesis and conclusion
6. BICONDITIONAL
- The biconditional statement p___q is the proposition “p if and only if q”. the biconditional statement
p___q is true when p and q have the same truth value, and is false otherwise.
7. EQUIVALENT
- Suppose that the compound propositions p and q are made up of the proposition p1...pn, we say that p
and q are logically equivalent and write.
- Provided that given any truth values p1 . . .pn, either p and q are both true or p and q are both false.
- equivalent
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