Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)

18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

MODULE 1

CALCULUS OF COMPLEX FUNCTIONS

Introduction:
Function of a Complex variable : If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex variable then w=f(z) is
called function of a complex variable. W=f(z)=u+iv where u = u(x, y), v= v(x, y).
Note : i) eix=cos x+ i sin x
ii) e-ix=cos x- i sin x
𝑒 𝑖𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑥
iii) cos 𝑥 = , sin 𝑥 =
2 2𝑖
iv) cos ix =cos hx, sin ix = i sin hx
v) coshix = cos x, sinh ix = i sin x
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
vi) cosh 𝑥 = , sin ℎ𝑥 =
2 2
vii) De’ Moivre’s Theorem (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 )𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 ∀𝑛 ∈ 𝑅

Let z=x+iy is a complex number as x= r cos 𝜃 and y = r sin 𝜃 in polar form⇒ 𝑧 =

𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜃
= 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝑦
⇒ |𝑧| = 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 is called modulus of z and 𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) is called amplitude or
𝑥
argument of z
Let 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 or 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
⇒ 𝑤 = 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) →Cartesian form
𝑤 = 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃 ) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑟, 𝜃) → Polar form
LIMIT : A Complex valued function 𝑓(𝑧) defined in the neighbourhood of a point 𝑧0 is
said to have a limit 𝑙 as 𝑧 → 𝑧0 , if for every 𝜀 > 0 however small there exists a positive real
number 𝛿 such that |𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑙| < 𝜀, when |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | < 𝛿. This is written as lim 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑙.
𝑧→𝑧0
CONTINUITY : A complex valued function f(z) is said to be continuous at a point 𝑧0if
𝑓(𝑧) is defined at 𝑧0 and lim 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑧0).
𝑧→𝑧0

DIFFERENTIABILITY : A complex valued function f(z) is said to be differentiable if

𝑓(𝑧+𝛿𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = lim exists and is unique.
𝛿𝑧→0 𝛿𝑧

𝑑𝑤
ANALYTIC FUNCTION : A complex valued function f(z) is said to be analytic if =
𝑑𝑧
𝑓 ′ (𝑧) exists and is unique at 𝑧0 and its neighbourhood of 𝑧0. Analytic function is also called
holomorphic or regular function.
1
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Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

CAUCHY-REIMANN EQUATION IN CARTESIAN FORM :

Statement :
The Necessary conditions that the function 𝑤 = 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is analytic at
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
any point 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is that there exists four partial derivatives , , , and satisfies
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
the equations = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Proof : Let f(z) be analytic at a point z=x+iy

𝑓(𝑧+𝛿𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧)
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = lim exists
𝛿𝑧→0 𝛿𝑧
If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 then 𝛿𝑧 = 𝛿𝑥 + 𝑖𝛿𝑦
Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 (𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦)
Then 𝑓 (𝑧 + 𝛿𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦)
𝑓(𝑧+𝛿𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧) 𝑢(𝑥+𝛿𝑥,𝑦+𝛿𝑦)−𝑢(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑣(𝑥+𝛿𝑥,𝑦+𝛿𝑦)−𝑣(𝑥,𝑦)
⇒ = +𝑖
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥+𝑖𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥+𝑖𝛿𝑦
𝑓(𝑧+𝛿𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧)
We know that 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = lim
𝛿𝑧→0 𝛿𝑧

𝑢(𝑥+𝛿𝑥,𝑦+𝛿𝑦)−𝑢(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑣(𝑥+𝛿𝑥,𝑦+𝛿𝑦)−𝑣(𝑥,𝑦)
= lim +𝑖 lim
𝛿𝑥+𝑖𝛿𝑦→0 𝛿𝑥+𝑖𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑥+𝑖𝛿𝑦→0 𝛿𝑥+𝑖𝛿𝑦
Case i) Let 𝛿𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝛿𝑧 = 𝛿𝑥 and 𝛿𝑧 → 0 ⇒ 𝛿𝑥 → 0
𝑢(𝑥+𝛿𝑥,𝑦)−𝑢(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑣(𝑥+𝛿𝑥,𝑦)−𝑣(𝑥,𝑦)
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = lim +𝑖
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = +𝑖 → (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Case ii) Let 𝛿𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝛿𝑧 = 𝑖𝛿𝑦 and 𝛿𝑧 → 0

⇒ 𝑖𝛿𝑦 → 0 and i ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 → 0
𝑢(𝑥,𝑦+𝛿𝑦)−𝑢(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑣(𝑥,𝑦+𝛿𝑦)−𝑣(𝑥,𝑦)
∴ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = lim + 𝑖 lim
𝛿𝑦→0 𝑖𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑦→0 𝑖𝛿𝑦
1 𝑢(𝑥,𝑦+𝛿𝑦)−𝑢(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑣(𝑥,𝑦+𝛿𝑦)−𝑣(𝑥,𝑦)
= lim + lim
i 𝛿𝑦→0 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑦→0 𝛿𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = −𝑖 + → (2)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Equating (1) and (2)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+𝑖 = −𝑖 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Equating Real and Imaginary parts

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Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
= & =− or 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 &𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

CAUCHY-REIMANN EQUATION IN POLAR FORM :

Statement : If 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ) = 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃 ) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑟, 𝜃 ) is analytic at a point 𝑧, then there exists
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
four continous first order partial derivatives , , , and satisfy the equations =
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟
1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑢
& =−
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

Proof : Let 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ⇒ 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )

⇒ 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃 ) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑟, 𝜃 ) = 𝑓(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Differentiating w.r.to. r, +𝑖 = 𝑓′(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ). 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 → (1)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Differentiating w.r.to. 𝜃 , +𝑖 = 𝑓′(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ). 𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+𝑖 = 𝑖𝑟[𝑓′(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ). 𝑒 ] → (2)
𝑖𝜃
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
Replace (1) in (2)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
⇒ +𝑖 = 𝑖𝑟 [ +𝑖 ]
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+𝑖 ⇒
= 𝑖𝑟 −𝑟
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
Equating real and imaginary parts
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
= −𝑟 & =𝑟
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑢
⇒ = & =−
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝑣𝜃 𝑢𝜃
Or 𝑢𝑟 = & 𝑣𝑟 =
𝑟 𝑟

Harmonic Function :

A function ∅ is said to be harmonic if it satisfies ∇2∅ = 0

𝜕2 ∅ 𝜕2 ∅
In Cartesian form ∅(𝑥, 𝑦) is harmonic if 2
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
2
𝜕 ∅ 1 𝜕∅ 1 𝜕2 ∅
In polar form ∅(𝑟, 𝜃 )is harmonic if + + =0
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 2
Show that real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic.
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Cartesian form :

Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) be analytic

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
⇒ it satisfies the CR equations = → (1)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
=− → (2)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Differentiating (1) w.r.to 𝑥 and (2) w.r.to 𝑦

𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑢
⇒ 2= & =− 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
Also = ⇒ =−
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
⇒ + = 0 ⇒ ∇2 𝑢 = 0 ⇒ 𝑢 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
Differentiating (1) w.r.to 𝑦 and (2) w.r.to 𝑥
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑢
=− 2
& 2
=
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣
Also = ⇒ 2
=−
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣
2
⇒ + = 0 ⇒ ∇2𝑣 = 0 ⇒ 𝑣 is harmonic
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
⇒ real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic in cartesian form.

Polar form :

𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢(𝑟, 𝜃 ) + 𝑖𝑣 (𝑟, 𝜃 )be analytic. We shall show that 𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑣 satisfies Laplace equation
in the polar form,
𝜕 2 ∅ 1 𝜕∅ 1 𝜕 2 ∅
+ + =0
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 2
We have CR equations in the polar form
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝑟 = . . . .(1)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝑟 =− . . . . (2)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃
..
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. 𝑟 and (2) w.r.t 𝜃 partially we get
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑢
𝑟 2
+ .1 = and 𝑟 =−
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2
𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣
But =
𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝑟
Is always true and hence we have
𝜕 2 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕2 𝑢
𝑟 2+ .1 = −
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2
Dividing by 𝑟and transposing the term in the RHS to LHS we obtain
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Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

𝜕 2 𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕 2 𝑢
+ + =0
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 2
⸫𝑢 satisfies Laplace’s equation in the polar form ⇒𝑢is harmonic.
Again differentiating (1 )w.r.t. 𝜃 and (2) w.r.t 𝑟 partially we get
𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢
𝑟 = 2
and 𝑟 2
+ .1 = − But = is always true and hence we have
𝜕𝜃𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟𝜕𝜃

1 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕 2 𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= − (𝑟 2 + )
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
Dividing by 𝑟and transposing the term in the RHS to LHS we obtain
𝜕 2 𝑣 1 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕 2 𝑣
+ + =0
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃 2

⸫𝑣 satisfies Laplace’s equation in the polar form ⇒𝑣 is harmonic.

ORTHOGONAL PROPERTY :
If 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is an analytic function, then the equations 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐1 and 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐2
represents orthogonal families of curves(the two families of curves are orthogonal
trajectories of each other)
Proof : Consider the families of curves 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐1 and 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐2, where 𝑐1 and 𝑐2are
constants. Then 𝑦 is a function of 𝑥on each of these curves.
Differentiating 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐1 partially w.r.t 𝑥 we find
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑥
+ = 0, so that =− 𝜕𝑢 = 𝑚1, say.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦

This gives the slope 𝑚1of a member of the family 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐1 passing through the point
(𝑥, 𝑦).
Similarly, the slope of a member of the family 𝑣 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐2 passing through the point
(𝑥, 𝑦) is
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑥
𝑚2 = − 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
( )( )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Therefore, 𝑚1𝑚2 = 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
( )( )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

Suppose 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic. Then CR equations hold and we get 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1. This
means that the two curves considered are orthogonal to each other. This proves the
requireed result.
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Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

TYPE I – Finding derivative of an analytic function

Steps
1. Given 𝑤 = 𝑓(𝑧), replace 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 to find real and imaginary parts.
2. Find the partial derivatives in cartesian or polar form
3. Verify CR eqauations in cartesian or polar form
𝑑𝑤
4. To find 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) 𝑜𝑟 consider 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 in cartesian form
𝑑𝑧
consider 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ( 𝑢𝑟 + 𝑖𝑣𝑟 ) in polar form

PROBLEMS
𝑑𝑤
1. Show that the function 𝑤 = 𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑧 is analytic and hence find
𝑑𝑧

Solution: Given 𝑤 = 𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑧 and 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

⇒ 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦

= 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑦

= 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)

⇒ 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑖(𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)

∴ 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 , 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 , = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= −𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 , = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
⇒ = & =−
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

⇒CR Equations are satisfied

⇒ 𝑤 = 𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑧 is analytic.
𝑑𝑤
Now = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥
𝑑𝑧

= 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑖(𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 )

= 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)

= 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑖𝑦
6
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Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

= 1 + 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦
𝑑𝑤
⇒ = 1 + 𝑒𝑧
𝑑𝑧

2. Show that 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 is analytic and find 𝑓′(𝑧)

Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧

⇒ 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑦

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑦

∴ 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑦 & 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑦

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑦

𝑢𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑦 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ℎ𝑦

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 &𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢𝑦

⇒CR Equations are satisfied

⇒ 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 is analytic

𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥

= cos 𝑥 cosℎ𝑦 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑦

= cos x cosiy − sin x sin iy

= cos(x + iy)

𝑓′(𝑧) = cos z

3. Show that 𝑓(𝑧) = cos ℎ𝑧 is analytic and hence find 𝑓′(𝑧)

Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑧) = cos ℎ𝑧

𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = cos iz

= cos i(x + iy)

= cos(ix − y)
7

= cosix cosy + sin ix siny

Page

Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = coshx cosy + isinhx siny

𝑢 = coshx cosy & 𝑣 = sinhx siny

𝑢𝑥 = sinh𝑥 cosy &𝑣𝑥 = coshx siny

𝑢𝑦 = −coshx siny &𝑣𝑦 = sinhx cosy

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 &𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢𝑦

⇒CR Equations are satisfied

⇒ 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic

𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥

⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = sinh𝑥 cosy + i coshx siny

sini𝑥
= cosy + i cos ix siny
i
= −𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑥 cosy + i cos ix siny

= −𝑖(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑥 cosy − cos ix siny)

= −𝑖[sin(𝑖𝑥 − 𝑦)]

= −𝑖[sin𝑖 (𝑥 − 𝑦/𝑖)]

= −𝑖[sin𝑖 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)]

= −𝑖sin𝑖𝑧

⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = sinhz

4. Show that 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦) is holomorphic.

Solution: 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦)

𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦

⇒ 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 & 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 &𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦

𝑢𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 siny & 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦

𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 & 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢𝑦
8

⇒CR Equations are satisfied

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Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

Hence 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 + 𝑖 sin 𝑦) is holomorphic.

𝑑𝑤
5. Show that 𝑤 = log 𝑧 , 𝑧 ≠ 0 is analytic and hence find
𝑑𝑧

Solution: Given 𝑤 = log 𝑧

u + iv = log(reiθ )

= log r + log eiθ

u + iv = log r + iθ

⇒ u = log r &v = θ
1
𝑢𝑟 = , ⇒ 𝑟𝑢𝑟 = 1, 𝑣𝑟 = 0 𝑢θ = 0, 𝑣θ = 1
𝑟
⇒ 𝑟𝑢𝑟 = 𝑣θ , 𝑟𝑣𝑟 = − 𝑢θ

⇒CR Equations are satisfied

⇒ 𝑤 is analytic.

Let 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑒 −𝑖θ(𝑢𝑟 + 𝑣𝑟 )

= 𝑒 −𝑖θ(1/𝑟 + 0)
1 1
= =
eiθ 𝑧

6. Show that 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 𝑛 , 𝑛 is a positive integer is analytic and hence find 𝑓′(𝑧)

Solution: Given 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 𝑛

𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = (reiθ )𝑛

= 𝑟 𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝑛θ

= 𝑟 𝑛 (cos n θ + i sin nθ)

𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = 𝑟 𝑛 cos n θ + i𝑟 𝑛 sin n θ

𝑢 = 𝑟 𝑛 cos n θ & 𝑣 = 𝑟 𝑛 sin n θ

𝑢𝑟 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 cos n θ &𝑣𝑟 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 sin n θ

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
9

𝑢𝑟 = 𝑟 cos n θ , 𝑣𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑛 sin n θ
Page

𝑟 𝑟

Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

𝑟𝑢𝑟 = 𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 cos n θ , r𝑣𝑟 = 𝑛 𝑟 𝑛 sin n θ

𝑢θ = −𝑛𝑟 𝑛 sin n θ, 𝑣θ = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛 cos n θ

⇒ 𝑟𝑢𝑟 = 𝑣θ , 𝑟𝑣𝑟 = − 𝑢θ

⇒CR Equations are satisfied

⇒ 𝑤 is analytic.

Let 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑒 −𝑖θ(𝑢𝑟 + 𝑣𝑟 )

= 𝑒 −𝑖θ(𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 cos n θ + i𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 sin n θ)

= 𝑒 −𝑖θ𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1(cos n θ + i sin n θ)

= 𝑒 −𝑖θ𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1𝑒 𝑖𝑛θ

= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1𝑒 𝑖(𝑛−1)θ
𝑛−1
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )
𝑛−1
= 𝑛(𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )

⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑛(𝑧)𝑛−1
𝑘2 𝑘2
7. Show that 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑟 + ) cos𝜃 + 𝑖 (𝑟 − ) sin𝜃, 𝑟 ≠ 0 is regular function of type 𝑧 =
𝑟 𝑟
reiθ and hence find 𝑓 ′ (𝑧)
𝑘2 𝑘2
Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑧) = (𝑟 + ) cos𝜃 + 𝑖 (𝑟 − ) sin𝜃
𝑟 𝑟

𝑘2 𝑘2
𝑢 = (𝑟 + ) cos𝜃, & 𝑣 = (𝑟 − ) sin𝜃
𝑟 𝑟

𝑘2 𝑘2
𝑢𝑟 = (1 − 2 ) cos𝜃 ⇒ 𝑟𝑢𝑟 = (𝑟 + ) cos𝜃
𝑟 𝑟

𝑘2 𝑘2
𝑣𝑟 = (1 + 2 ) sin𝜃 ⇒ 𝑟𝑣𝑟 = (𝑟 − ) sin𝜃
𝑟 𝑟

𝑘2 𝑘2
𝑢θ = − (𝑟 + ) sin𝜃, 𝑣θ = (𝑟 − ) cos𝜃
𝑟 𝑟

⇒ 𝑟𝑢𝑟 = 𝑣θ , 𝑟𝑣𝑟 = − 𝑢θ
10
Page

⇒CR Equations are satisfied

Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

⇒ 𝑤 is analytic.

Let 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑒 −𝑖θ(𝑢𝑟 + 𝑣𝑟 )

𝑘2 𝑘2
= 𝑒 −𝑖θ ((1 − 2
) cos𝜃 + 𝑖 (1 + ) sin𝜃)
𝑟 𝑟2

−𝑖θ
𝑘2
=𝑒 {(cos θ + i sin θ) − 2 (cos θ − i sin θ)}
𝑟
𝑘2
= 𝑒 −𝑖θ {𝑒 𝑖θ − 𝑒 −𝑖θ }
𝑟2

−𝑖θ 𝑖θ
𝑘 2 −2𝑖θ
=𝑒 𝑒 − 2𝑒
𝑟
𝑘 2
= 1 − ( 𝑖θ )
𝑟𝑒

′(
𝑘2
𝑓 𝑧) = 1 −
𝑧2
TYPE 2:Construction of Analytic Function 𝒇(𝒛) when u or v is given

Step 1: Given u or v as function of x & y, find 𝑢𝑥 , 𝑢𝑦, 𝑣𝑥 , 𝑣𝑦, and consider

𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥

Similarly, Given u or v as function of 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 θ find 𝑢𝑟 , 𝑢θ, 𝑣𝑟 , 𝑣θ, and consider 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) =
𝑒 −𝑖θ (𝑢𝑟 + 𝑣𝑟 )

Step 2: If given u replace 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑟 = −𝑢θ /𝑟, Similarly if given v replace 𝑢𝑥 =

𝑣𝑦, 𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑟 = −𝑣θ /𝑟

Step 3: Put x=z and y=0 in Cartesian form 𝑟 = 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 θ = 0 in polar form

Step 4: Integrating w.r.to z we get f(z)

PROBLEMS

𝑥
8. Find the analytic function 𝑓 (𝑧) = u + iv given that 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 +
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

𝑥
Solution: Given 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 +
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
11

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ). 1 − 𝑥. 2𝑥
𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑥 +
Page

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ). 1 − 2𝑥 2
= 2𝑥 +
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

𝑦2 − 𝑥2
= 2𝑥 + 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2

0. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑦𝑥
𝑢𝑦 = −2𝑦 +
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
2𝑥𝑦
= −2𝑦 −
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢𝑦

𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦

𝑦2 − 𝑥2 2𝑥𝑦
= 2𝑥 + 2 + 𝑖 {−2𝑦 − }
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2

Put 𝑥 = 𝑧, 𝑦 = 0

′(
𝑧2
𝑓 𝑧) = 2𝑧 − 4
𝑧

1
= 2𝑧 −
𝑧2
On Integration
1
𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫ (2𝑧 − ) 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐
𝑧2
1
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 2 + +𝑐
𝑧

9. Determine the analytic function whose imaginary part is 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦)and also
find the imaginary part

Solution: Given 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦)

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦) + 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + 0)

= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦)

12
Page

𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑦(−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦))

Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)

𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 and 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦

𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦) + 𝑖𝑒 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦)

Put 𝑥 = 𝑧, 𝑦 = 0

⇒ 𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 (𝑧 + 1)

On Integration

𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑧 (𝑧 + 1)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐

= 𝑒 𝑧 (𝑧 + 1) − 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑐

⇒ 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑐

10. Determine the analytic function whose real part is 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦)

Solution: Given 𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦)

𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦) + 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 − 0)

= 𝑒 2𝑥 (2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦)

𝑢𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (−2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦)

𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 = −𝑢𝑦

⇒ 𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑖𝑢𝑦

𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑒 2𝑥 (2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦) + 𝑖𝑒 2𝑥 (2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦)

Put 𝑥 = 𝑧, 𝑦 = 0

𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑒 2𝑧 (2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠0 − 0 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0) + 𝑖𝑒 2𝑧 (0 + 0 + 0)

𝑓′(𝑧) = 𝑒 2𝑧 (2𝑧 + 1)

On Integration

𝑓(𝑧) = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑧 (2𝑧 + 1)𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐

13

𝑒 2𝑧 𝑒 2𝑧
= (2𝑧 + 1) −2 +𝑐
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𝑒 2𝑧
𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑧 +𝑐
2
11. Construct the analytic function whose real part is 𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃

Sol: By data 𝑢 = 𝑟 2 cos 2𝜃

𝑢𝑟 = 2𝑟 cos 2𝜃 𝑢𝜃 = −2𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃

Consider 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 (𝑢𝑟 + 𝑖𝑣𝑟 )

−1
⸫𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 (2𝑟 cos 2𝜃 + i · − 2𝑟 2 sin 2𝜃)
r

= 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 (2𝑟 cos 2𝜃 + i2r sin 2𝜃 )

= 2𝑟𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 (cos 2𝜃 + i sin 2𝜃 ) . . . . .(1)

Putting 𝑟 = 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = 0 we have

𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 2𝑧 and hence 𝑓 (𝑧) = ∫ 2𝑧𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐 = 𝑧 2 + 𝑐

Thus 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 2 + 𝑐

Problems on finding the conjugate harmonic function and the analytic function

We have proved that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣are
harmonic. 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣are called conjugate harmonic functions (Harmonic Conjugates). Given
u we can find v and vice-versa.

Working procedure for problems

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Step -1 :Given u, we can find and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 − 𝜕𝑢
Step -2 :We consider C-R equations = and =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Step -3 :Substituting for , we obtain a system of two non homogeneous PDEs of the
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
form = 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦);; = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Step -4 :These can be solved by direct integration to obtain the required v. The same
procedure is adopted to find u given v.

Further 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣v will give us 𝑓 (𝑧)as a function of xand y

Putting x = z and y = 0 we can obtain 𝑓 (𝑧)as a function of z.

14
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WORKED PROBLEMS

[12] Show that 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 1is harmonic and find its harmonic
conjugate. Also find the corresponding analytic function 𝑓 (𝑧).

Sol :𝑢 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 1

uₓ = 3x² 3y² + 6x ;uₓₓ = 6x + 6

uy= 6xy 6y ;uyy = 6x 6

uₓₓ + uyy = 6x + 6  6x 6 = 0 Thus u is harmonic.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣  𝜕𝑢
Now consider C-R equations, = and =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Substituting for and we have,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= 3x² 3y² + 6x ; =  (  6xy 6y ) = 6xy + 6y
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

v = ∫(3𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓 ( 𝑥 );v = ∫( 6𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 + g ( y )

v = 3x² y  y³ + 6xy + f ( x ) ; v = 3x² y + 6xy + g ( y )

Now we have to properly choose f ( x ) and g ( y ) to obtain a unique expression for v.

Simple comparision yields f ( x ) = 0 , g ( y ) = y³

(We look for functions of x only in the second expression of v and functions of y only in
the first expression of v)

Thus, v = 3x² y  y³ + 6xy is the harmonic conjugate.

The analytical function is f ( z ) = u + iv.

ie., f ( z ) = ( x³ 3xy² + 3x² 3y² + 1) + i(3x² y  y³ + 6xy )

Putting x = z, y = 0 the required f ( z ) = z³ + 3z² + 1

[13] Show that u = 𝑒 𝑥 ( x cos y ysin y ) is harmonic and find its harmonic conjugate. Also
determine the corresponding analytical function.

Sol :u = 𝑒 𝑥 ( x cos y ysin y )

uₓ = 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ cos y + ( x cos y ysin y )𝑒 𝑥

15

ie., uₓ = 𝑒 𝑥 ( cos y + x cos y ysin y )

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18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

Now, uₓₓ = 𝑒 𝑥 ∙ cos y + ( cos y + x cos y ysin y )𝑒 𝑥

ie., uₓₓ = 𝑒 𝑥 ( 2 cos y + x cosy y sin y ) . . . . . (1)

Also, uy= 𝑒 𝑥 ( x sin y [ y cos y + sin y ] )

or uy =𝑒 𝑥 ( x sin y + y cos y + sin y )

Now, uyy = 𝑒 𝑥 ( x cos y + [ y sin y + cos y ] + cos y )

ie., uyy= 𝑒 𝑥 ( 2cos y +x cos y ysin y ) . . . . . (2)

(1) + (2) givesuₓₓ + uyy= 0. Thusu is harmonic.

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣  𝜕𝑢
Now consider C-R equations, = and =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣
ie., = 𝑒 𝑥 ( cos y + x cos y ysin y ) . . . . . (3)
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣
and = 𝑒 𝑥 ( x sin y + y cos y + sin y ) . . . . . (4)
𝜕𝑥

From (3), v = 𝑒 𝑥 [∫ cos 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + x ∫ cos 𝑦𝑑𝑦∫ 𝑦 sin 𝑦𝑑𝑦] + f ( x )

ie., v = 𝑒 𝑥 [ sin y + x sin y ( y ∙ cos y 1 ∙  sin y ) ] + f ( x )

(∫ 𝑦 sin 𝑦 is carried out by Bernoulli’s rule )

ie., v = 𝑒 𝑥 [ sin y + x sin y +y cos y  sin y ] + f ( x )

v = x 𝑒 𝑥 sin y + 𝑒 𝑥 y cos y + f ( x ) . . . . . (5)

Also from (4) we have,

v = sin y ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + y cos y ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥+ sin y ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + g ( y )

ie., v = sin y ( x𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 ) + y cos y 𝑒 𝑥 + sin y 𝑒 𝑥 + g ( y )

v = x 𝑒 𝑥 sin y +𝑒 𝑥 y cos y + g ( y)

Comparing (5) and (6) we must choose f ( x ) = 0, g ( y ) = 0

Thus the required v = x𝑒 𝑥 sin y + 𝑒 𝑥 y cos y = 𝑒 𝑥 ( x sin y + y cos y )

Also, f( z ) = u +iv

ie., f ( z ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ( x cos y ysin y ) + i𝑒 𝑥 ( x sin y + y cos y )

16

Putting x = z and y = 0 we get, f ( z ) = z𝑒 𝑧

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 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

[14] Given that u = x² + 4x  y² +2y as the real part of an analytical function, find v
and hence find f ( z ) in terms of z.

Sol :u = x² + 4x  y² +2y
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 = 2𝑥 + 4 , = 2 𝑦 + 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
Consider C-R equations, = and = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
ie., = 2𝑥 + 4 , = 2𝑦 − 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝑣 = ∫(2𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑥) ; 𝑣 = ∫(2𝑦 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)

ie., 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑥) ;𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)

Comparing, we choose 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦) + 𝑖(2𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 − 2𝑥)

Putting 𝑥 = 𝑧 and 𝑦 = 0 we get, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧² + 4𝑧 − 2𝑖𝑧

1
[15] Show that 𝑢 = [𝑟 + ] cos 𝜃 is harmonic. Find its harmonic conjugate and also the
𝑟
corresponding analytical function.
1
Sol :𝑢 = [𝑟 + ] cos 𝜃
𝑟

1 1
We shall show that 𝑢𝑟𝑟 + 𝑢𝑟 + 𝑢𝜃𝜃 = 0. . . . . (1)
𝑟 𝑟2

1 2
𝑢𝑟 = (1 − ) cos 𝜃 ; 𝑢𝑟𝑟 = cos 𝜃
𝑟2 𝑟3

1 1
𝑢𝜃 = − (𝑟 + ) sin 𝜃 ; 𝑢𝜃𝜃 = − (𝑟 + ) cos 𝜃
𝑟 𝑟

LHS of (1) now becomes,

2 1 1 1 1
cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 = 0
𝑟3 𝑟 𝑟3 𝑟 𝑟3
Thus the given u is harmonic.
17

To find vlet us consider C-R equations in the polar form

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 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

𝑟𝑢𝑟 = 𝑣𝜃 ; 𝑟𝑣𝑟 = −𝑢𝜃

1 1
ie., 𝑣𝜃 = (𝑟 − ) cos 𝜃 ; 𝑣𝑟 = (1 + ) sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝑟2

1 1
⇒𝑣 = ∫ (𝑟 − ) cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑓 (𝑟) ; 𝑣 = ∫ (1 + ) sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑔(𝜃)
𝑟 𝑟2

1 1
𝑣 = (𝑟 − ) sin 𝜃 + 𝑓(𝑟) ; 𝑣 = (𝑟 − ) sin 𝜃 + 𝑔(𝜃)
𝑟 𝑟

Comparing, we must have 𝑓 (𝑟) = 0 and 𝑔(𝜃 ) = 0

1
Thus the required harmonic conjugate, 𝑣 = (𝑟 − ) sin 𝜃
𝑟

Also we have, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣

1 1
ie., 𝑓 (𝑧) = (𝑟 + ) cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 (𝑟 − ) sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝑟

Thus by putting 𝑟 = 𝑧 and 𝜃 = 0 we have,

1
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧 +
𝑧

Miscellaneous problems

[16] Find the analytic function 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 given 𝑢 − 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦)

Sol :𝑢 − 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦)

We shall differentiate w.r.t.x and ypartially.

𝑢𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑦) . . . . . (1)

𝑢𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (− sin 𝑦 − cos 𝑦)

Using C-R equations for the LHS of this equation in the form 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 and 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥
we have,

−𝑣𝑥 − 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (− sin 𝑦 − cos 𝑦)

Or, 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑦 + cos 𝑦) . . . . . (2)

Let us solve (1) and (2) simultaneously for 𝑢𝑥 and 𝑣𝑥 .

(1) + (2) :2𝑢𝑥 = 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ⸫ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦

18

(1) − (2) : − 2𝑣𝑥 = −2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 ⸫ 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦

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Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

We have, 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥

𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑖𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑦 + isin 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑧

𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧 + 𝑐

[17] If 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic, find𝑓 (𝑧) if 𝑢 − 𝑣 = (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )

Sol :𝑢 − 𝑣 = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 on simplification.

⸫ 𝑢𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2

𝑢𝑦 − 𝑣𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2

But, 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 and 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 by C-R equations and hence we have,

−𝑣𝑥 −𝑢𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2

Let us solve for 𝑢𝑥 and 𝑣𝑥 from (1) and (2).

(1) +(2) :−2𝑣𝑥 = 6(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) or 𝑣𝑥 = 3(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )

(1) − (2): 2𝑢𝑥 = 12𝑥𝑦 or 𝑢𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦

We have, 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥

ie., 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑖 ∙ 3(𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )

Putting 𝑥 = 𝑧 and 𝑦 = 0, we get 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = −3𝑖𝑧 2

⸫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = ∫ −3𝑖𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑐

Thus, 𝑓(𝑧) = −𝑖𝑧 3 + 𝑐

𝜕2 𝜕2
[18] If f ( z ) is analytic, show that [ 2
+ ] |𝑓(𝑧)|2 = 4|𝑓′(𝑧)|2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

Sol: Let 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 beanalytic.

|𝑓(𝑧)| = √𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

|𝑓(𝑧)|2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = 𝑐(𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝜕2 𝜕2
To prove that [ + ] ∅ = 4|𝑓′(𝑧)|2
19

𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
Page

That is to prove that, ∅𝑥𝑥 + ∅𝑦𝑦 = 4|𝑓′(𝑧)|2

Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

Consider ∅ = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 and differentiate partially w.r.t. x

⸫ ∅𝑥 = 2𝑢𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑣𝑥

Differentiating w.r.t. x again we get,

∅𝑥𝑥 = 2[𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 2]….(1)

Similarly we can get,

∅𝑦𝑦 = 2[𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦 + 𝑢𝑦 2 + 𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 2]….(2)

Adding (1) and (2) we get,

∅𝑥𝑥 + ∅𝑦𝑦 = 2[𝑢(𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 ) + 𝑣(𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦𝑦 ) + 𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑢𝑦 2 + 𝑣𝑦 2]….(3)

Since 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic, 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 are harmonic.

Hence 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝑣𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 0 Further we also have CR equations:

𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥 and 𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥

Using these results in the RHS of (3), we have

∅𝑥𝑥 + ∅𝑦𝑦 = 2[𝑢 · 0 + 𝑣 · 0 + 𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2 + (−𝑣𝑥 )2 + (𝑢𝑥 )2 ]

ie., ∅𝑥𝑥 + ∅𝑦𝑦 = 2[2𝑢𝑥 2 + 2𝑣𝑥 2 ] = 4[𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2]. . . . . (4)

But, 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥

⸫ |𝑓′(𝑧)| = √𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2or, |𝑓′(𝑧)|2 = 𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2

Using this in the RHS of (4), we have ∅𝑥𝑥 + ∅𝑦𝑦 = 4|𝑓′(𝑧)|2

This proves the required result.

[19] If𝑓 (𝑧) is a regular function of 𝑧 , show that

2 2
𝜕 𝜕
{ |𝑓(𝑧)|} + { |𝑓(𝑧)|} = |𝑓′(𝑧)|2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Sol : Let, 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 be the regular function

|𝑓(𝑧)| = √𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 = ∅ (say)

20

𝜕∅ 2 𝜕∅ 2
We have to prove that, ( ) + ( ) = |𝑓′(𝑧)|2
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𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P
 Regulation-2018 (CBCS Scheme)
18MAT41- Complex Analysis Probability and Statistical Methods

2 2
That is to prove that, ∅𝑥 + ∅𝑦 = |𝑓′(𝑧)|2 where ∅ = √𝑢2 + 𝑣 2

Consider, ∅2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 (squaring ∅ for convenience)

Differentiating w.r.t.𝑥 partially, we get,

2∅∅𝑥 = 2𝑢𝑢𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑣𝑥 and dividing by 2 we have,

∅∅𝑥 = 𝑢𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑣𝑥 . . . . . (1)

Similarly we can also get, ∅∅𝑦 = 𝑢𝑢𝑦 + 𝑣𝑣𝑦 . . . . . (2)

Squaring adding (1) and (2) we have,

2 2 2
∅2 (∅𝑥 + ∅𝑦 ) = (𝑢𝑢𝑥 + 𝑣𝑣𝑥 )2 + (𝑢𝑢𝑦 + 𝑣𝑣𝑦 )

= (𝑢2 𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2𝑣𝑥 2 + 2𝑢𝑣𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑥 ) + (𝑢2 𝑢𝑦 2 + 𝑣 2𝑣𝑦 2 + 2𝑢𝑣𝑢𝑦 𝑣𝑦 )

Since 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 is analytic, we have C-R equations :

𝑢𝑦 = −𝑣𝑥 and 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑢𝑥

By using these in the second bracket of RHS we have,

∅2 (∅𝑥 2 + ∅𝑦 2) = (𝑢2 𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2𝑣𝑥 2 + 2𝑢𝑣𝑢𝑥 𝑣𝑥 ) + (𝑢2 𝑢𝑦 2 + 𝑣 2𝑣𝑦 2 + 2𝑢𝑣𝑢𝑦 𝑣𝑦 )

= 𝑢2 (𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2 ) + 𝑣 2(𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2)

= (𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2)(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2)

But, ∅2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 and using this in the RHS we have,

∅2 (∅𝑥 2 + ∅𝑦 2) = ∅2 (𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2 )

Or ∅𝑥 2 + ∅𝑦 2 = 𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2

But, 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) = 𝑢𝑥 + 𝑖𝑣𝑥

⸫ |𝑓′(𝑧)| = √𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2 or, |𝑓′(𝑧)|2 = 𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑥 2

Using this in the RHS of (3) we get, ∅𝑥 2 + ∅𝑦 2 = |𝑓′(𝑧)|2

This proves the required result.

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Prepared by: Dr Gangavathi P, B. Jyothi, Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Anekal.

Venkatesha P