This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
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Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.DOI

Adaptive Model IoT for Monitoring in

Data Centers
A.MEDINA-SANTIAGO 1, 2 ,ANA DALIA PANO AZUCENA 2 , JOSÉ MANUEL
GÓMEZ-ZEA 3 , JOSÉ ANGEL JESÚS-MAGAÑA 3 , MARÍA DE LA LUZ
VALDEZ-RAMOS 3 , EUTIMIO SOSA-SILVA 3 and FERNANDO FALCÓN-PÉREZ 3
1
Centro de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad de Ciencia y Tecnología Descartes, Av. Cipres 480, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas,
29065, Chiapas, México (e-mail: [email protected] / [email protected])
2
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica,Puebla 72840 MEX (e-mail: [email protected])
3
TECNM-ITVH; (jgomez.zea, joseangeljm, maria.valdez,eutimio,falcon)@itvillahermosa.edu.mx
Corresponding author: A. Medina-Santiago (e-mail: [email protected] /[email protected]).
This work was supported by the authors of the article, support from Descartes University and Research Center Cidit

ABSTRACT Currently, the temperature and humidity are important factors for the correct operation
and security of electronic devices in a data center. According to the specifications of the International
Computer Room Experts Association (ICREA) and the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), the temperature must oscillate between 64.4◦ F and 80◦ F equal to
18◦ C and 27◦ C. The humidity and non-condensing range must oscillate between 40% Relative Humidity
(RH), 5.5◦ C (41.9◦ F) of Dew Point (DP) to 60% RH, 15◦ C (59◦ F) of DP. Considering the mentioned data,
a technique, and a method, was developed for real-time measurements based on the fusion of embedded
sensors and systems; with connectivity to the communication network in generation of a dedicated database,
for information processing; with open software and hardware resources for temperature and humidity
monitoring in a data center; located in a region of humid tropical climate, in the south-southeast of Mexico,
specifically in the TECNM-Villahermosa. Presents itself the sensor fusion and embedded systems integrate
the Internet of Things, to acquire and analyze data in real-time; as well as its communication system, mobile
application and web Page developed for a boss of the data center to have in real-time the data generated from
the analysis of the sensor network implemented. Graphs of the behavior of the information and the analysis
of the data are presented; complying with the cited standards and associations.

INDEX TERMS Internet of Things, Data Center, ICREA, ASHRAE, TIERS I-IV, Sensors, Standards

I. INTRODUCTION to be certified ICREA [2] and ASHRAE [3].

data center is a facility that hosts a set of electronic The temperature and humidity are important factors that
A equipment (servers, routers, switches, and firewalls,
as well as supporting components like backup equipment,
determine the correct functioning and integrity of the servers
in a data center. If the temperature is too high can cause
fire suppression facilities, and air conditioning) in which all damage to the hardware and too low temperature can take a
the important information from the organizations is stored lot of electrical power resulting in waste of electricity [4]. On
and circulated, important data of sensor network of vehi- the other hand, high or little humidity contributes to potential
cles, agriculture, health, computer science, electronics, and problems such as: static electrical discharge, corrosion of
others. Due to its characteristics, it is capable to allow the metal components and water damage to equipment. There-
client’s services continuity, regardless of the sector he/she fore it is important to keep the temperature and humidity
works on. To achieve this, it is necessary to keep restricted aligned with the International Standards [5].
access to the physical location of the equipment, maintain The ASHRAE established the environment thermal guide-
the correct temperature and humidity and have the required lines in which it is recommended that the temperature of a
energy availability for the correct data processing at any time data center is 64.4◦ F to 80◦ F equals to 18◦ C to 27◦ C and non-
[1], avoiding abrupt changes in temperature and humidity condensing range must oscillate between 40% RH, that is to
specifically, to meet standards that a data center must meet say, 5.5◦ C (41.9◦ F) of DP to 60% RH, 15◦ C (59◦ F) of DP

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[6]. In order to maintain the temperature and humidity in the the study variables was analyzed and using the simple sta-
correct range the continuous monitoring of these variables [7] tistical method, we used the following functions: maximum
is required through electronic sensing devices and automatic value, minimum value, average, standard deviation, standard
or even manual regulation of the refrigeration systems. In deviation, mode, among others.
this work, the regulation of the refrigeration systems is done The paper is organized in the following sections: the
manually, for a first stage of the project. related work is mention in section II; section III explains the
There are currently different studies that propose sev- methodology used during the research and it describes the
eral measures to avoid the excessive energy consumption characteristics of the data center, standards of certification,
in cooling centers [8] and minimize the corrosion of elec- previous studies and the importance of air conditioning;
tronic equipment [9] using ecological conditioning systems section IV presents the analyses and discusses the achieved
in combination with the external environment and low-cost results from the performed tests in the data center and section
of devices Internet of Things (IoT) [10]. However, there is V present the conclusion.
not enough information to determine where to specifically
locate the temperature and humidity monitoring sensors in II. RELATED WORK
the level 1 DataCenters (DC 1TIER I) [11] and in regions The term IoT was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999, the
with a high level of humidity; dictated by DATA CENTER basic idea of IoT is “the pervasive presence around us of a
STANDARDS (TIERS I-IV) [12]. variety of things or objects which, through unique addressing
This document focuses on the application of the Internet of schemes, are able to interact with each other and cooperate
Things (IoT) to obtain, analyze climatic variables and mode with their neighbors to reach common goals” [15], [16].
of transmission in a data center type I and II, through elec- In 2014, Sheikh Ferdoush and Xinrong Li [13] presented
tronic devices and integrated systems that integrate the IoT, to a design to manage a wireless sensor network with Rasp-
identify implementation strategies in the optimal monitoring berry Pi for environmental monitoring applications, in which
system in compliance with the ICREA, ASHRA and TIERs they implement sensor network nodes using Arduino and
standards [2], [3], [12]–[14]. The technological application Digi Xbee models, for wireless communication and network
was carried out in the data center of TECNM-Villahermosa, multi-production, used the ZigBee commercially available
located in the State of Tabasco, Mexico and with around 6000 module, XBee Pro S2B from Digi11. The internal commu-
students and teachers. The data center maintains a tactically nication range of the XBee module is 90 meters, while the
centralized telecommunications and server infrastructure that outdoor range is almost 2 miles. In the initial development,
stores and manages all important institute information; with they used only one type of sensor; the sensor they used
the obtaining and analysis of the information of the sen- is a low-cost humidity and temperature sensor RHT03. For
sors placed inside the data center according to ICREA, the base station, a single-size low power card was used the
we recorded the fluctuations of temperature and humidity Raspberry Pi Model B, the CPU on the board is an ARM
(instrumented variables) and analysis of the data simple processor with 700 MHz clock speed. The CPU performance
statistical method was used for data analysis, which consists can be compared with a 300 MHz Pentium II processor
of the stages: collection (measurement), count (computation), and the GPU performance is similar to that of an original
presentation, description and analysis; in compliance with the Xbox, it is compatible with a number of operating systems,
standards to obtain short-term certification. The application including a distribution based on Debian Linux, Raspbian.
of the IoT, embedded systems, and the analysis of the data in The functional building blocks of the base station, including
real time obtained will support the data center administrators the application of gateway, database, and web application,
to the instrumentation and compliance with the standards. are shown in Figure 1. The system has a number of at-
In the first stage, the sensors capture the environmental tractive features, including low cost, compact, scalable, easy
values of temperature and humidity of the data center, in to customise, easy to implement and easy to maintain. As
seven different points, strategically located after analysis of a result, it has significantly reduced the complexity of the
the hot and cold aisles. These values are concentrated on the sensor network system development Wireless.
Arduino board through the control software and sent every In [5] it is monitored in real time the efficient energy and
10 seconds to the web service, responsible for storing them thermal management of a data center, a Wireless Sensor Net-
in a database. For the second stage, data storage began as work (WSN) was established in the data center to facilitate
of August 24, 2017 and continues to date counting a total remote real-time data monitoring. Through the application
of 1,414,086 records. In the presentation stage, the data of various metrics that have been developed by the IT com-
collected is displayed in histograms, radial graphs and line munity, this monitoring network provided the opportunity to
graphs. In the description stage, the line graphs show the identify performance problems that could be addressed in
behavior of temperature and humidity with respect to time. the redesign to improve energy efficiency and management
The temperature values are compared with the upper limits thermal data center. As a result, the measurement and analy-
that include the optimum value and the upper and lower sis of energy efficiency and thermal management metrics for
value allowed by ASHRAE and by the manufacturer of the the data center suggest the potential to improve performance
electronic components. In the analysis stage, the behavior of through a change in the cooling system and the strategies of
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XBee Routers
XBee Coordinator (Sensor nodes) data can be analysed using programs of analysis and optimi-
sation, and use them to make efficient the different types of
Packet Queue Packet receiver Packet sender Scheduler tasks that they make up production and service to improve
Packet process Select configuration
Gatewey the use of resources [14].
Application
The implementation of an adaptive model supported on
Sensor data table Command table Database
Server
embedded hardware systems and software, which allows
analysing the variables of climate behavior in data centers
PHP Web
Web service Web service Web service
Application of Level I and II data, using IoT to ensure optimal operation.
The working hypothesis is implementing an adaptive model
Web server
of electronic components in the IoT context, we can monitor,
Configure HTML Web control (manually) and optimize calefaction system behavior,
Data Chart
Interface
Ethernet / Wi-Fi Raspberry Pi
applied in data centers of Level I and II data to ensure better
operation.
FIGURE 1: Block diagram of the base station. In summary, IoT was implemented based on adaptive
models, applied in data centers, which continuously monitors
the temperature and humidity behavior, which results in
hot / cold aisle containment. It was observed that the IT racks significant benefits to the institution, organizations and con-
were over cooled during more than 25% of the monitoring sequently to its customers, achieving greater productivity and
period. The air delivered to the shelves was often below the avoiding losses by reducing failures in computer equipment,
metrics recommended by ASHRAE for temperature, humid- which will contribute to the saving of energy supplies and the
ity ratio and often outside both limits for relative humid- preservation of natural resources.
ity. The value of the heat supply indices and return (16%
and 74%, respectively) showed an inadequate separation of
III. METHODOLOGY OF DESIGN
aisles hot/cold, therefore, hot/cold aisle containment and flow
A. STRUCTURAL AND DIMENSIONAL OF DATA CENTER
management of air can improve the overall efficiency of the
data center. They detected that the cooling excessive racks The data center of TECNM-Villahermosa has 25.75 feet
raises the cooling load and decreases power efficiency, which front, 8.53 feet depth and 7.44 feet height; the total area es
increases the value of the efficiency of energy use. 219.69 square feet and the total volume is 1636.12 cubic feet.
In [17] the authors propose an ASIP model (Arduino Ser- To identify the work area, a 3D graphic representation of
vice Interface Programming), a new model that provides an the data center was made using Sketch Up Pro software as
abstraction layer of "Services" to easily add new capabilities shown in Figure 2, to observe the distribution of each existing
to microcontrollers and provide support for network cards element within the data center; such as racks, servers, raised
using a variety of strategies, including socket connections, the floor, dropped the roof, air conditioning, among other
bridge devices, publication-subscription messaging based on elements. In summary, the data center has 4 server cabinets,
the MQTT protocol, discovery services, among others. It an air conditioner of 6000 BTUs, 1 electrical power compart-
allows open-source implementations of code that runs on ment, separation from the outside with insulated glass panels,
Arduino cards and client libraries in Java, Python, Racket a fallen ceiling and a raised floor.
and Erlang. ASIP allows the rapid development of non-trivial
applications. In this investigation an infrastructure is pre-
sented that includes: a software architecture to manage mi-
crocontrollers as clients in a high-level language; a language
for messages of exchange in a variety of channels between
microcontrollers and customers; to network communication
architecture that can be in serial links (USB), TCP sockets
and MQTT messaging post / subscribe.
Throughout the statements made, companies have seen the
potential of the Internet of Things [17] for use in optimising
the production of your products originating a new paradigm
of business competition called the Industrial Internet of
things (IIoT). The IIoT is a concept based on its principle that FIGURE 2: Data center distribution.
the IoT but that connects the machines in the factories, which
communicate and exchange information with autonomy. This In a typical data center, IT (Information Technology)
ecosystem consists of many layers of hardware and software; equipment is organized into rows, with a cold aisle infront,
the first established by many sensors that collect data related where cold air enters the equipment racks, and a hot aisle in
to processes; then these data are sent as massive data to the back, where hot airis exhausted [18]. Figure 3 shows the cold
cloud computing or intranet using various half. Transferred (blue) and hot (red) areas of the data center
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10k

R1
5%

DHT22_Pin2
Data-signal

Humidity
and
GND 2 Temperature
Sensor VCC
RHT03

10k

R2
5%

DHT22_Pin3
Data-signal

Humidity
and
FIGURE 3: Hot aisle/cold aisle data center GND 2 Temperature
Sensor VCC
RHT03

B. ELECTRONIC DIAGRAM

10k

R3
5%
The embedded system integrates a network shield that is

DHT22_Pin5
Data-signal
connected through an Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) to
Humidity
the computer network where the sensing data travel. As a

3V3

VIN
and

5V
GND 2 Temperature
RESET Sensor VCC
protection measure, each Endpoint sensor has a resistance of D0/RX
RHT03
RESET2 D1/TX
a 10KΩ joined between the data pin and the positive pin as AREF D2

observe in Figure 4, this circuit is the base cell of each sensor ioref D3 PWM

10k

R4
node of the IoT system within the data center. D4

5%
A0
D5 PWM

DHT22_Pin6
A1
Arduino Data-signal
Uno D6 PWM
A2 (Rev3) Humidity
D7 and
A3 GND 2 Temperature
D8 Sensor VCC
A4/SDA RHT03
D9 PWM
AS/SCL
D10 PWM/SS

D11 PWM/MOSI

D12/MISO

10k

R5
5%
D13/SCK

DHT22_Pin7
N/C GND Data-signal

Humidity
and
GND 2 Temperature
Sensor VCC
RHT03

FIGURE 4: Endpoint sensor network

10k

R6
5%

DHT22_Pin8
Data-signal
The electronic schematic diagram for measuring the tem-
Humidity
perature and humidity in a data center can be seen in Figure GND 2
and
Temperature
Sensor VCC
5. It is formed by a network of seven DHT22 sensors that RHT03

constitute the components for obtaining temperature and

humidity data known as point sensors final. This network
is interconnected through the shielded cable (as a means
10k

R7
5%

of physical transmission) to the embedded system, and this

DHT22_Pin9

Data-signal

by network cable (RJ45) to the database for real-time data Humidity

and
backup and processing [19], [20]. GND 2 Temperature
Sensor VCC
RHT03
To centralize the interconnections of the wiring of each
endpoint sensors, from the embedded and energy board, a
19.68 inches tall by 13.77 inches wide NEMA box was used FIGURE 5: Endpoint sensor network
with the characteristic of opening and closing one of the
covers to hide the components, which is represented in a
3D design and worked as a concentrator [21] as observed in may vary according to budget, the risk of threats and the
Figure 6. commercial cost of vulnerability, there is a minimum group
and essential sensor that is reasonable for most data centers
C. SENSOR TESTS [22]. In addition to the essential sensors detailed in ASHRAE
Various types of sensors can be used to provide advance TC9.9, there are other sensors that can be considered optional
warnings that indicate problems caused by temperature and according to the specific configuration of the room, the level
humidity. Although the specific quantity and type of sensors of threats and availability requirements. The IEEE/ASHRAE
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Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS

FIGURE 6: Central of sensors FIGURE 7: Ethernet shield card

guide for the ventilation and thermal management of sta- and distance between the devices, and the temperature vari-
tionary battery installations details the sensors additional and ation, room heating, data accuracy and data lost according
provides guidelines on best practices. to the scheme shown in Table 2. The second experimental
With the network of sensors installed in the Data Cen- test consisted of analysing the effect of humidity variation on
ter, the next step is the collection and analysis of the data data transmission medium and types of sensors according to
received. Instead of sending all sensor data directly to a the scheme shown in Table 2.
central collection point, it is generally best to configure the
aggregation distributed throughout the data center, with alert TABLE 1: Dependent and independent variables.
and notification functions in each of them. This not only Dependent Independent
eliminates the risk of single points of failure generated by
Temperature, humidity, number Temperature variation, room
the use of a single central aggregation point but also offers and precision of sensor, trans- heating, rusting of the
support for monitoring by point of use of remote servers mission medium, distance be- equipment, data accuracy,
and telecommunications rooms. The collecting devices com- tween connected devices. data lost.
municate via wireless communication to the hub card and
through the IP network to the central monitoring system or
Data Base, as shown in Figure 6. D. INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATION (IOT)
To ensure the precision degree of resolution of the samples The integration process of the IoT shown in Figure 8 con-
and the suitable means of data transfer, tests were made using sists in each sensor sending the obtained temperature and
the following sensor models: LM35, DHT11 and DHT22; humidity data to the embedded system; this one calls the “site
and the following wired and wireless transmission devices: sensor” web service and send the values that will be saved in
Bluetooth module HC05, WiFi (ESP8286) and Ethernet the database; during this process the web server establishes
Shield in embedded Arduino Uno with shield cable [23], as authentication with the database to record the sent values.
shown in Figure 7. From this moment, the mobile application, Matlab and the
Considering the dimensions of the data center, the com- actuators can request the data through the web services “sta-
munication and data transmission tests were carried out up tus” and “status LED’s” to be presented in their respective
to a distance of 49.21 feet, obtaining good results, achiev- interfaces [25], [26].
ing transmission without loss of data, concluding that the The design of system incorporates a shield-type Ethernet
transmission medium is not a limiting variable. The means card, set in the embedded system Arduino Uno, to which
of data transport implemented is wireless transfer, subject to an Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) is connected and has the
unexpected changes due to factors such as transmission inter- functionality in its firmware to write an IP to communicate
ference, additional power supplies in interconnected devices; through the TCP/IP protocol with other network devices [27]
and the costs are increased by adding a controller for each as shown in Figure 7. The embedded system programming
measuring device with wireless communication [24]. was structured in a modular way as indicates:
The next phase covered the identification of the dependent 1) Sensors DHT22 initialization.
and independent variables for their study (see Table 1). Table 2) MAC address and IP assignment of the Ethernet shield
2 lists the experimental design to analyse the variation of card.
temperature and humidity. One of the experimental tests 3) Function that receives temperature and humidity of the
consists of evaluating the variable of temperature, which is endpoint sensors.
independent regarding the number of the sensors, precision, 4) Function of data sending to the web service.
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Sensor Embedded system Switch Web server Mobil application Actuator

Endpoint Ethernet shield network Web services Database
MatLab
Autentication
Internet Access network

Data temperature
and humidity Establish a conection to network

Set IP in the network

Send data
Call sitesensor ()
Save data
Call status ()

Return data

Call statusleds ()

Return data
Communication
Communication

FIGURE 8: IoT scheme.

TABLE 2: Experimental design of temperature and humidity. were studied: length, mass, time, electric current, thermo-
Name of
dynamic temperature, amount of substance and luminous
IoTSoftTeam_A1 intensity; as well as precision measurements, exactitude, and
the test
Analyse the effect of temperature and humidity varia- validity.
Purpose
tion on data transmission media and types of sensor To establish the reliability of the readings provided by
An experiment is performed in which they were placed: the sensors, they were compared during the measurement
a first group of seven sensors of the same model for process, using a Rochester dial thermometer and an HER-
48 hours and a second group of seven different model 425 digital infrared thermometer, as shown in Figure 9.
sensors for 48 hours; all the data generated from the
Design sensors are guided to the embedded System Arduino,
which is responsible for sending them to the database,
in which it is consulted by a graphical user interface in
Matlab to graph the temperatures and humidity in real-
time.
During the experiment, there will be changes in the
Stimulus transmission medium and location of the sensors for at
least four hours.
Prior to the experiment, temperature and humidity sam-
Previous ples will be taken at the locations established with a
test professional measuring instrument. This activity will
establish a standard measure for comparison.
At the end of the experiment, the tests will be compared
using the statistical technique of average, maximum
Evaluation
and minimum applied to all the samples from a group,
by time and by sensor.
Test Within the TECNM-Villa data center, the computer FIGURE 9: Professional infrared thermometer.
scenario center is located on the first floor of the building.
The validity of the measurement results depends largely
on the properties metrological instrument, determined during
5) Loop cycle function. calibration. The Figure 10a shows that there is precision,
6) Data reading. but not accuracy, because the data obtained are close to
7) Sending information to the communication center for each other, although far from the reference magnitude (the
sending to the database. center); Figure 10b determines that there is no precision or
8) Visualization of data in mobile and web interface. accuracy, because the data obtained are separated from each
other and far from the magnitude of reference; Figure 10c,
IV. RESULTS indicates that there is no precision but accuracy, because the
To obtain the appropriate values in the temperature and data obtained are separated from each other and close to
humidity monitoring of a data center, seven basic magnitudes the magnitude reference; Figure 10d, specifies that there are
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precision, accuracy and validity, because data obtained are

close to each other and within the reference magnitude, thus
determining the validity of the results [28].

FIGURE 12: Aisles cold and hot sensors location.

In site 5 the temperature and humidity sensors were placed

correctly in compliance with the afore mentioned norms and
standards as shown in Figure 15.
Table 3 shows the temperature (T ◦ C) and humidity (H%
RH) obtained from each sensor located in Site 5 in a
given time interval; It also presents: the lower temperature
limit (TTL), upper-temperature limit (TUL), lower humidity
(HLL), Upper humidity limit (HUL), minimum temperature
sensed (Tmin), maximum temperature sensed (Tmax), differ-
ence temperature (TDif), minimum humidity sensed (Hmin),
maximum humidity sensed (Hmax) and the difference hu-
FIGURE 10: Precision, exactitude and validity. midity (HDif). The obtained results from Site 5 are shown in
Figure 16.
Figure 11 shows the first test in the location of the sensor In summary, the results obtained from the measurements
network in the data center with Ethernet communication with by the sensors implemented in the data center Sites we have
the Database. to:
1) Six of the seven temperature sensors implemented in
the data center are within the optimum range, as estab-
lished by the standard. only the sensor placed in the hot
aisle exceeds the upper limit; however, it is necessary
to be able to maintain the humidity ranges, since as the
temperature increases, the humidity decreases [29].
2) Five of the seven data center humidity sensors are
within the optimal range, the cold aisle sensor is above
the upper limit and the hot aisle sensor is below the
lower limit.
3) It is possible to raise the temperature, decrease the
FIGURE 11: Location of the sensors site 1.
humidity and vice versa, making the values obtained in
the cabinets conform to the optimal operating ranges.
In Site 3 and 4 sensors were located to measure the 4) In the validation phase, it was obtained that the data
temperature of cold aisles (blue marks) and in hot aisles center needs a dehumidifier to act in accordance with
(orange marks) as shown in Figure 12; comparisons were the regulation and adjustment to optimum range values.
made with three reference sensors (green mark) and it was 5) The normal temperature curve of the entire system,
observed that the temperature trend in the cold and hot aisle Figure 17, shows that the values they are in the op-
is valid, considering that the values obtained from all sensors timum operating range, since the minimum value is
in both aisles they are within the upper and lower limits as 21.6◦ C, the maximum value is (22.2◦ C) and the av-
shown in Figure 13. The bottom line shows the difference erage of (21.9◦ C), that is to say, 100% validity.
between maximum temperatures and minimum obtained by 6) The normal humidity curve of the entire system, Figure
the sensors at the same time. 18, shows that the majority of the values are in the
Figure 14 shows the tendency of humidity at the same optimum operating range, since the maximum value it
time with respect to at the temperature, while the temperature is 53%, the average of 45.2%; however, the minimum
remains valid, the humidity has a lot of accuracy, but it lacks value is 37.2%, being 40% recommended.
precision. 7) It is possible to optimize the relative humidity of the
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Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS

Temperature (°C)

Time
FIGURE 13: Temperature site 3.
Relative humidity (%)
Temperature (°C)

Time

FIGURE 14: Temperatures and humidity, site 4.

entire system, reducing the temperature until the rel-

ative humidity is close to the upper limit. The normal
curve of relative humidity in Figure 19 shows that most
of the values are found in the optimum operating range,
since the maximum value is 55%, the 47.1% average
and the minimum value is 39.2%, of the 525 samples
only 32 are outside the range, that is, 94% validity is
achieved.

A. METHOD AND DATA ANALYSIS

FIGURE 15: Sensors final location: Site 5
The temperature and humidity data obtained are analyzed in
real-time from a graphical user interface, designed in Matlab
as shown in Figure 20.
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Relative humidity (%)

Temperature (°C)

Time

FIGURE 16: Temperatures and humidity of site 5.

TABLE 3: Concentrate of Obtained Data

Temperature Humidity
Hour T1 H1 T2 H2 T3 H3 T4 H4 T5 H5 T6 H6 T7 H7 Lower Upper Lower Upper TMin TMax TDif HMin HMax HDif
limit limit limit limit
00:00:04 22.8 36.1 21.5 40.4 25.4 31.5 23.4 36.2 19.9 42.2 22.5 37.5 17.5 47.4 16 24 40 55 17.5 25.4 7.9 31.5 47.4 15.9
00:00:10 22.8 35.9 21.4 40.1 25.4 31.5 23.4 36.1 19.9 42.1 22.5 37.3 17.5 47.3 16 24 40 55 17.5 25.4 7.9 31.5 47.3 15.8
00:00:17 22.8 35.8 21.5 40 25.4 31.3 23.4 36 19.9 42.1 22.5 37.2 17.5 47.3 16 24 40 55 17.5 25.4 7.9 31.3 47.3 16
00:00:24 22.8 35.7 21.4 39.8 25.4 31.3 23.4 35.9 19.9 42 22.5 37 17.5 47.3 16 24 40 55 17.5 25.4 7.9 31.3 47.3 16
00:00:31 22.7 35.5 21.4 39.5 25.4 31.1 23.4 35.8 19.9 41.8 22.6 36.9 17.4 47.4 16 24 40 55 17.4 25.4 8 31.1 47.4 16.3
00:00:38 22.7 35.3 21.4 39.4 25.4 31 23.4 35.6 19.9 41.7 22.6 36.6 17.4 47.2 16 24 40 55 17.4 25.4 8 31 47.2 16.2
00:00:45 22.7 35.2 21.4 39.3 25.4 30.8 23.4 35.4 20 41.6 22.6 36.4 17.4 47.3 16 24 40 55 17.4 25.4 8 30.8 47.3 16.5
00:00:51 22.7 35.1 21.4 39.2 25.4 30.7 23.4 35.1 20 41.5 22.6 36.2 17.3 46.9 16 24 40 55 17.3 25.4 8.1 30.7 46.9 16.2
00:00:58 22.7 35 21.4 39 25.4 30.5 23.3 34.8 20 41.2 22.7 36 17.3 47 16 24 40 55 17.3 25.4 8.1 30.5 47 16.5
00:01:05 22.6 34.8 21.4 38.9 25.4 30.4 23.3 34.7 20.1 41 22.7 35.9 17.3 46.8 16 24 40 55 17.3 25.4 8.1 30.4 46.8 16.4
00:01:12 22.6 34.8 21.4 38.8 25.4 30.3 23.3 34.5 20.2 40.7 22.7 35.7 17.3 46.7 16 24 40 55 17.3 25.4 8.1 30.3 46.7 16.4
00:01:19 22.6 34.7 21.4 38.7 25.4 30.2 23.3 34.4 20.2 40.4 22.7 35.5 17.2 46.9 16 24 40 55 17.2 25.4 8.2 30.2 46.9 16.7
00:01:26 22.6 34.6 21.4 38.5 25.4 30.1 23.2 34.4 20.2 40.1 22.8 35.4 17.2 47.8 16 24 40 55 17.2 25.4 8.2 30.1 47.8 17.7
00:01:32 22.6 34.6 21.3 38.3 25.4 30.1 23.2 34.5 20.3 40 22.8 35.2 17.2 48.5 16 24 40 55 17.2 25.4 8.2 30.1 48.5 18.4
00:01:39 22.6 34.6 21.3 38.2 25.4 30.3 23.2 34.7 20.3 40.9 22.8 35.2 17.2 49.8 16 24 40 55 17.2 25.4 8.2 30.3 49.8 19.5

FIGURE 18: Site 5, normal humidity curve.

FIGURE 17: Site 5, normal temperature curve.

To confirm the operation of the IoT scheme a hardware in- temperature is reading the maximum value permitted. The
terface with 4 LEDs and a speaker was designed. LEDs work speaker works as an audible alarm and depending on the
as a visual alarm and change color: GREEN switches on LEDs warning level, emits different sounds [30], [31]. The
when temperatures are within the regulation ranges; BLUE alarms alert the data center administrator to take preventive
switches on when any of the temperatures is below the measures, as shown in Figure 21.
lower limit accepted; RED switches on when the temperature To have the portable IoT scheme, a mobile application was
levels surpass the range: ORANGE switches on when any designed, as shown in Figure 22, which shows the "status"
VOLUME 4, 2016 9

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Black - Offline, Blue - Cold, Green - Normal, Orange -

Alarm, Red - Critical.

FIGURE 19: Normal humidity curve optimized, site 5.

FIGURE 22: Mobil application.

FIGURE 20: Real time analysis.
In order to maintain constant and timely monitoring, from
anywhere in the world of temperature, relative humidity,
smoke and voltage, we proceeded to design and implement a
Web Page (visit the web page http://sensores.itvillahermosa.
edu.mx/), that shows both current values such as historical
per second, minute, hour and day of the data stored (see
Figure 23). With this interface you can observe over time, the
variations of the behavior of the physical variables that are
being analyzed. The temperature ratio vs. Humidity vs. Dew
Point vs. Actuators; other sections included in the web inter-
face are: temperature history, history dew point, temperature
history and dew point, temperature history and humidity,
humidity and dew point history and actuator history. We
conclude with all the hardware and software implemented
and developed, we comply with the proposed hypothesis of
being able to certify the data center in reference to the afore-
mentioned standards. This tool has allowed us to observe that
FIGURE 21: Visual and audible actuator. with the simple opening of the doors of the cabinets, you can
direct the laminar flow of the air conditioner, to modify the
values of the physical variables.
of the web service, the icons in the application change color The physical variables of temperature and RH directly
between black, green, orange and red; and displays an alert affect another indispensable physical variable to obtain the
message that becomes a visual alarm for the user. The icons values and determine if they conform to the norm. The
used in the mobile application are seen in Figure 22 and mathematical expression for the calculation of DP under
take the following states when receiving a web service event: normal pressure conditions (1 atmosphere of pressure) is:
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Temperature (°C)
Time

FIGURE 24: Temperature decrease from 22◦ C to 18◦ C.

FIGURE 23: Web monitoring interface of the CPD.

p
8
Pr = H/100 ∗ (112 + 0.9 ∗ T ) + (0.1 ∗ T ) − 112 (1)
Dew point (°C)

where:
• Pr = Dew Point
• T = Temperature in degrees Celsius
• H = Relative humidity (expressed as a percentage)
Dew point or frost temperature is used to express the water
vapor content in a gas or in the environment. Since the dew
point temperature depends of gas pressure, the correct way to
express a measurement result in dew point temperature, must
include the value of the pressure at which it is measured.
The ratio of dew temperature change as a function of Time
pressure is approximately (0.19◦ C/kPa (kilo pascal)) If the
FIGURE 25: Dew point decrease vs temperature.
variation of the atmospheric pressure, on an average day it is
500 Pa (Pascal), then this pressure change would produce a
change of (0.1◦ C). Such a change is relevant if consider dew V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS
point temperature can be measured with an uncertainty of up In this work, it is presented a basic, adaptable and low-cost
to ±(0.05◦ C). IOT system for monitoring in real time the temperature and
There are applications, for example in the industry of humidity of a data center of level I or II, the data acquisition
natural gas, where the moisture content is measure at certain that are obtained can be displayed on the website in graphical
temperature and pressure conditions and later its value is form. When the temperature or humidity exceeds the limits
required to others conditions (base temperature conditions established by the standards, the systems send notification
and pressure) set by the buyer. to a mobile application. From the monitoring results, it is
Another application where you need to calculate the dew possible to manually control the temperature in the data
point temperature at different values of pressure is the de- center.
sign of generation systems of humidity, which require ini- We also presented an analysis of the location of sensors.
tial conditions (dew point temperature and pressure), and The results allowed identifying the appropriate location to
subsequently know its value through a calculation, to other place the temperature and humidity monitoring sensors in
pressure values. a data center, such as: cold and hot aisles, upper and lower
In figures 24 and 25, the effect of the temperature change parts of the cabinets or racks, nearby places of the central
on the Point of Dew is observed. As the Temperature value connection and near the refrigeration equipment.
decreases the Point of Dew to be within the limits recom- From the measurements obtained, the final average tem-
mended by the standard. perature range was 18.097◦ C - 21.224◦ C, which was found
within the ASHRAE standard. On the other hand, the average
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humidity range 48.82%-55.71% RH is within the range rule. of Trademarks. Departmental Coordination of Reception and
The development monitoring system allowed to observe that Control of Documents. With name: SoftTeam, with File
in certain periods of time the values of humidity exceed Number 1993481.
the ranges of the norm, therefore it is recommended that
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 This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2963061, IEEE Access

Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS

[22] ASHREA TC9.9 Mission Critical Facilities, Thermal Guidelines for Data JOSÉ MANUEL GÓMEZ-ZEA . Doctor in Tech-
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JOSÉ ANGEL JESÚS-MAGAÑA . José Ángel
and Davies, M, "Monitoring summer indoor overheating in the London
Jesús Magaña, is Doctor in Technological Devel-
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transportation using sensors and embedded systems", International Journal the degree of master in computer systems by the
of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology (IJIRCST), Technological Institute of Mérida; Engineer in
ISSN, pp. 2347-2552, 2017. computational systems by the Technological Insti-
[30] Yong, Binbin and Xu, Zijian and Wang, Xin and Cheng, Libin and Li, tute of Mérida; currently serves as a teacher in the
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system", Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, Issues 118, pp. to the Technological Institute of Villahermosa;
14-21, 2018, Elsevier. project manager and project leader of teaching software of the National
[31] da Cruz, Mauro A.A. and Rodrigues, Joel J.P.C. and Sangaiah, Arun Technological of Mexico (TECNM); interested in fields of investigation
Kumar and Al-Muhtadi, Jalal and Korotaev, Valery, "Performance evalua- related to programming, software engineering, object oriented program-
tion of IoT middleware", Journal of Network and Computer Applications, ming, graphing, Image processing, artificial intelligence, neural networks
Issues 109, pp. 53-65, 2018, Elsevier. and internet of things.

MARÍA DE LA LUZ VALDEZ-RAMOS . María

A. MEDINA-SANTIAGO (PhD.’08–MC’02– de la Luz Valdez Ramos, student of the Doctorate
B’00) is Director of Center for Research, Develop- in Technological Development by the Descartes
ment and Technological Innovation of the Univer- University of science and technology of Tuxtla
sity of Science and Technology Descartes-Unam Gutierrez Chiapas. Master in administration by
and Researcher of Computer Science Department, the Juarez Autonomous University of Tabasco
National Institute for Astrophysics, Optics and (UJAT), Degree in computer Science from the
Electronics, is DOCTOR IN SCIENCES IN THE Technological Institute of Villahermosa (ITVH),
SPECIALTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING works as a teacher in the systems and computing
by the Center for Research and Advanced Studies department. Belonged to the School Integration
of the National Polytechnic Institute; MAESTRO System (SIE) of the State of Tabasco, teacher with a desirable profile since
IN SCIENCES IN THE SPECIALTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2015 and certified by The National Association of Schools and Faculties
by the Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytech- of Accounting and Administration (ANFECA) since 2012, belonging to
nic Institute; ENGINEER IN ELECTRONICS by the Technological Institute the Academic Sustainability body and Business Management, her fields of
of Tuxtla Gutiérrez. His line of research is VLSI integrated circuit design investigation are Investment Projects in the Development of Technological
and intelligent systems design based on neural networks and fuzzy logic and Projects.
Cybersecurity at software and hardware level.

EUTIMIO SOSA-SILVA . Professor of the Tech-

nological Institute of Villahermosa for more than
30 years of experience. With an academic train-
ANA DALIA PANO AZUCENA . received a B.Sc. ing of Doctor in Technological Development by
degree from Universidad Politécnica de Puebla the University Descartes of the City of Tuxtla
(UPPue), México in 2013. She then received the Gutiérrez; Master in Computer Systems of the
M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Instituto Nacional Technological Institute of Mérida; Specialization
de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE), in Informatics of the Technological Institute of
Mexico, in 20015 and 2019, respectively. Her re- Villahermosa; Specialization in Teaching Compe-
search interests include: chaotic systems, control tencies of the Upper Middle Level By the National
and synchronization of nonlinear dynamical sys- Pedagogical University Unit Ajusco and Certification PROFORDEMS, Bio-
tems, time series prediction, machine learning and chemical Engineer by the Technological Institute of Mérida. Research Areas:
Internet of Things. Development and Formulation of Balanced Foods, Sustainable Energies and
automation of control of Physical-Chemical variables in Biological products.

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Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS

FERNANDO FALCÓN-PÉREZ Fernando Fal-

cón Pérez, doctor of the Doctorate in Technolog-
ical Development by the Descartes University of
science and technology of Tuxtla Gutierrez Chi-
apas. Received the degree of master in adminis-
tration by the Juarez Autonomous University of
Tabasco (UJAT), graduated in Computer Science
from the Technological Institute of Villahermosa,
his fields of investigation are based in Smart adap-
tive models supported in the Internet of Things.

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