IT APPLICATION AND TOOLS

COMPUTER APPRECIATION

A computer system has three main components: hardware, software, and people.

• Hardware- equipment associated with a computer

• Software- set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do
• People- most important component of a computer system

• Software is actually a computer program.

• Program- set of step-by-step instructions that directs the computer to do the

tasks you want it to do and to produce the results you want
• Computer Programmer- person who writes programs
• Users- people who purchase and use computer software

• Computer

• A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions

stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to
specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use

• Functionalities of a computer

• Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:

• Takes data as input.

• Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required
• Processes the data and converts it into useful information
• Generates the output
• Controls all the above four steps.

• Computer Components

• Any kind of computers consists of HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE.

•
• Hardware

• Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a

computer system. Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or components of a
computer such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive
disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips),
etc. all of which are physical objects that can be touched.

• Input Devices

• Input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment to provide

data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or
other information appliance. Input device Translate data from form that humans
understand to one that the computer can work with. Most common are keyboard and
mouse.

• Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• A CPU is brain of a computer. It is responsible for all functions and processes.

Regarding computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer
system.

• The CPU is comprised of three main parts:

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Executes all arithmetic and logical operations.
Arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or special characters
2. Control Unit (CU): controls and co-ordinates computer components.
▪ Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.
▪ Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.
▪ Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory.
▪ Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.
▪ If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete,
instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation.
3. Registers: Stores the data that is to be executed next, "very fast storage
area".

2. Primary Memory:

• RAM (Random Access Memory) is a memory scheme within the computer

system responsible for storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be
promptly accessed by the processor as and when needed. It is volatile in nature,
 which means that data will be erased once supply to the storage device is turned
off. RAM stores data randomly and the processor accesses these data randomly
from the RAM storage. RAM is considered "random access" because you can
access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at
that cell.
• ROM (Read Only Memory) is a permanent form of storage. ROM stays active
regardless of whether power supply to it is turned on or off. ROM devices do not
allow data stored on them to be modified.

• Secondary Memory:

• Stores data and programs permanently: it retained after the power is turned off

• Hard drive (HD): A hard disk is part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard
drive," or "hard disk drive," that store and provides relatively quick access to
large amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of
surfaces.
• Optical Disk: an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light as
part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some
drives can only read from discs, but recent drives are commonly both readers
and recorders, also called burners or writers. Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray
discs are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by
such drives. Optical drive is the generic name; drives are usually described as
"CD" "DVD", or "Bluray", followed by "drive", "writer", etc. There are three main
types of optical media: CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disc. CDs can store up to 700
megabytes (MB) of data and DVDs can store up to 8.4 GB of data. Blu-ray discs,
which are the newest type of optical media, can store up to 50 GB of data. This
storage capacity is a clear advantage over the floppy disk storage media (a
magnetic media), which only has a capacity of 1.44 MB.
• Flash Disk: A storage module made of flash memory chips. A Flash disks have
no mechanical platters or access arms, but the term "disk" is used because the
data are accessed as if they were on a hard drive. The disk storage structure is
emulated.

• Output devices

• An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to

communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing
system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically generated information
into human-readable form.
•

• Software

• Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and

instructions

• Often broken into two major categories:

a. system software that provides the basic non-task-specific functions of the

computer
b. application software which is used by users to accomplish specific tasks.
2.

3. Software Types

• System software is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the

individual hardware components of a computer system so that other software
and the users of the system see it as a functional unit without having to be
concerned with the low-level details such as transferring data from memory to
disk, or rendering text onto a display. Generally, system software consists of an
operating system and some fundamental utilities such as disk formatters, file
managers, display managers, text editors, user authentication (login) and
management tools, and networking and device control software.
• Application software is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running
the computer system. Application software may consist of a single program, such
as an image viewer; a small collection of programs (often called a software
package) that work closely together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet
or text processing system; a larger collection (often called a software suite) of
related but independent programs and packages that have a common user
interface or shared data format, such as Microsoft Office, which consists of
closely integrated word processor, spreadsheet, database, etc.; or a software
system, such as a database management system, which is a collection of
fundamental programs that may provide some service to a variety of other
independent applications.

• Unit of Measurements

• Storage measurements: The basic unit used in computer data storage is called a
bit (binary digit). Computers use these little bits, which are composed of ones and zeros,
to do things and talk to other computers. All your files, for instance, are kept in the
computer as binary files and translated into words and pictures by the software (which
 is also ones and zeros). This two number system, is called a “binary number system”
since it has only two numbers in it. The decimal number system in contrast has ten
unique digits, zero through nine.

• Size example

• 1 bit - answer to an yes/no question

• 1 byte - a number from 0 to 255.
• 90 bytes: enough to store a typical line of text from a book.
• 4 KB: about one page of text.
• 120 KB: the text of a typical pocket book.
• 3 MB - a three-minute song (128k bitrate)
• 650-900 MB - an CD-ROM
• 1 GB -114 minutes of uncompressed CD-quality audio at 1.4 Mbit/s
• 8-16 GB - size of a normal flash drive

• Speed measurement: The speed of Central Processing Unit (CPU) is measured by

Hertz (Hz), Which represent a CPU cycle. The speed of CPU is known as Computer
Speed.

• Computers classification

• Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is
Considerable overlap:

• Personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor.

In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for
entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for
saving data.
• Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal
computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality
monitor.
• Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to
hundreds of users simultaneously.
• Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many
hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.
• Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of
millions of instructions per second.

• Laptop and Smartphone Computers

 • Laptop: A laptop is a battery or AC-powered personal computer that can be
easily carried and used in a variety of locations. Many laptops are designed to
have all of the functionality of a desktop computer, which means they can
generally run the same software and open the same types of files. However,
some laptops, such as netbooks, sacrifice some functionality in order to be even
more portable.
• Netbook: A netbook is a type of laptop that is designed to be even more
portable. Netbooks are often cheaper than laptops or desktops. They are
generally less powerful than other types of computers, but they provide enough
power for email and internet access, which is where the name "netbook" comes
from the same things you can do with a desktop or laptop computer. These
include tablet computers, e-readers, and smartphones.
• Mobile Device: A mobile device is basically any handheld computer. It is
designed to be extremely portable, often fitting in the palm of your hand or in
your pocket. Some mobile devices are more powerful, and they allow you to do
many of
• Tablet Computers: Like laptops, tablet computers are designed to be portable.
However, they provide a very different computing experience. The most obvious
difference is that tablet computers don't have keyboards or touchpads. Instead,
the entire screen is touch-sensitive, allowing you to type on a virtual keyboard
and use your finger as a mouse pointer. Tablet computers are mostly designed
for consuming media, and they are optimized for tasks like web browsing,
watching videos, reading e-books, and playing games. For many people, a
"regular" computer like a desktop or laptop is still needed in order to use some
programs. However, the convenience of a tablet computer means that it may be
ideal as a second computer.
• Smartphones: A smartphone is a powerful mobile phone that is designed to run
a variety of applications in addition to phone service. They are basically small
tablet computers, and they can be used for web browsing, watching videos,
reading e-books, playing games and more.

• Data, Information and Knowledge

• Data: Facts and figures which relay something specific, but which are not
organized in any way and which provide no further information regarding
patterns, context, etc. So data means "unstructured facts and figures that have
the least impact on the typical manager."
• Information: For data to become information, it must be contextualized,
categorized, calculated and condensed. Information thus paints a bigger picture;
it is data with relevance and purpose. It may convey a trend in the environment,
 or perhaps indicate a pattern of sales for a given period of time. Essentially
information is found "in answers to questions that begin with such words as
who, what, where, when, and how many".
• Knowledge: Knowledge is closely linked to doing and implies know-how and
understanding. The knowledge possessed by each individual is a product of his
experience, and encompasses the norms by which he evaluates new inputs from
his surroundings.

• The content of the human mind can be classified into four categories:

1. Data: symbols
2. Information: data that are processed to be useful; provides answers to "who",
"what", "where", and "when" questions
3. Knowledge: application of data and information; answers "how" questions
4. Wisdom: evaluated understanding.
3. We need to understand that processing data produced Information and process
Information produces Knowledge and so on

4.
5. Characteristics of Computer
6. Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability and versatility are some of the key
characteristics of a computer. A brief overview of these characteristics are:

• Speed: The computer can process data very fast, at the rate of millions of
instructions per second. Some calculations that would have taken hours and
days to complete otherwise, can be completed in a few seconds using the
computer. For example, calculation and generation of salary slips of thousands
of employees of an organization, weather forecasting that requires analysis of a
large amount of data related to temperature, pressure and humidity of various
places, etc.
• Accuracy: Computer provides a high degree of accuracy. For example, the
computer can accurately give the result of division of any two numbers up to 10
decimal places.
• Diligence: When used for a longer period of time, the computer does not get
tired or fatigued. It can perform long and complex calculations with the same
speed and accuracy from the start till the end.
• Storage Capability: Large volumes of data and information can be stored in the
computer and also retrieved whenever required. A limited amount of data can
be stored, temporarily, in the primary memory. Secondary storage devices like
floppy disk and compact disk can store a large amount of data permanently.
 • Versatility: Computer is versatile in nature. It can perform different types of
tasks with the same ease. At one moment you can use the computer to prepare
a letter document and in the next moment you may play music or print a
document. Computers have several limitations too. Computer can only perform
tasks that it has been programmed to do.
• Reliability: Reliability of any computer system is as high as 99.9%.
• Automation: Can perform a particular work continuously for hour together
without human intervention
• Logical: It does not work without instruction. Computer cannot do any work
without instructions from the user. It executes instructions as specified by the
user and does not take its own decisions.

• Computer Viruses

• Viruses: A virus is a small piece of software that piggybacks on real programs. For
example, a virus might attach itself to a program such as a spreadsheet program.
Each time the spreadsheet program runs, the virus runs, too, and it has the
chance to reproduce (by attaching to other programs) or wreak havoc.
• E-mail viruses: An e-mail virus travels as an attachment to e-mail messages, and
usually replicates itself by automatically mailing itself to dozens of people in the
victim's e-mail address book. Some e-mail viruses don't even require a double-
click -- they launch when you view the infected message in the preview pane of
your e-mail software [source: Johnson].
• Trojan horses: A Trojan horse is simply a computer program. The program claims
to do one thing (it may claim to be a game) but instead does damage when you
run it (it may erase your hard disk). Trojan horses have no way to replicate
automatically.
• Worms: A worm is a small piece of software that uses computer networks and
security holes to replicate itself. A copy of the worm scans the network for
another machine that has a specific security hole. It copies itself to the new
machine using the security hole, and then starts replicating from there, as well.

• What are some tips to avoid viruses and lessen their impact?

• Install anti-virus software from a reputable vendor. Update it and use it

regularly.
• In addition to scanning for viruses on a regular basis, install an "on access"
scanner (included in most anti-virus software packages) and configure it to start
each time you start up your computer. This will protect your system by checking
for viruses each time you run an executable file.
• Use a virus scan before you open any new programs or files that may contain
executable code. This includes packaged software that you buy from the store as
well as any program you might download from the Internet.
• If you are a member of an online community or chat room, be very careful about
accepting files or clicking links that you find or that people send you within the
community.
• Make sure you back up your data (documents, bookmark files, important email
messages, etc.) on disc so that in the event of a virus infection, you do not lose
valuable work.