ACTA SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE (ISSN: 2581-365X)

Volume 2 Issue 9 September 2018

Research Article

Fish Farming in Nepal: Trend and Consumption Level

Rachana Budhathoki* and Bishnu Sapkota

Post Graduate Campus, Biratnagar, Nepal
*Corresponding Author: Rachana Budhathoki, Post Graduate Campus, Biratnagar, Nepal.
Received: July 19, 2018; Published: August 29, 2018

Abstract
The abundant availability of water resource is boon to Nepal and different fresh water habitat makes the Nepal potential for dif-
ferent fisheries and aquaculture activities. In the last 15 years, there has been an increase of more than 23000 mt of fish production
in Nepal compared to that of the base year 1999/00 with 37427 mt production in the year 2013/14. The terai, especially the eastern
terai is the main region for fish production however cold water species culture is developing in hilly districts. Although the fish pro-
duction activities exhibited a very positive growth, overall productivity had not been satisfactory in terms of marketing management
and its institutional capability. There is a long marketing channel and most serious marketing problems are lack of transportation,
fish diseases, lack of financial facilities, frequent strikes, fish theft, lack of research about fish marketing, unhygienic storing condi-
tion, lack of specialized fish marketing manpower and lack of adequate marketing infrastructure. Rohu, followed by Bachuwa (Pan-
gasius), Naini, Catla and Magur are the fishes which are mostly consumed in Nepal. Fish consumption per capita in 2013 was 2.10 kg
in Nepal. There are several fish and fishery product that are consumed by the consumer. In the market mostly live fishes, iced fishes,
frozen fishes, dried fishes and canned fishes are consumed. Beside these fishes are also keep in aquarium for recreational purpose.
Though Nepal is potential for fish farming, the production is still not satisfactory so we recommend Nepal government to address the
problems faced by the farmers to improve fish farming in Nepal.

Keywords: Fish Farming; Water Resources; Marketing Channel; Consumption Level

Introduction In Nepal fishery has its own history. Fish is considred as sagun

Aquaculture is fairly new activity in Nepal. Nepal being small (good luk). There are many tribes which has been tradiationally

land lock mountainous country, richest among in terms of water parcticed fish farming since ancient time which are Tharu, Majhis,

resources which makes Nepal a country with a potential fish farm- Kumal, Kewat,Mushar, Bote etc. They were mainly depends on cap-

ing. There are about 12500 ha of such area available in the country ture fishery for their livelihood which is common practice through

of which approximately 1225 ha are currently being used for aqua- out the country. “Majhi” used to inhabit the Nepal's biggest river like

culture. In Nepal, 200 fish species are avilable in which around 190 Saptakoshi, Indrawati which was their only of livelihood [3]. “Tha-

are indigenous species and remaninig are exotic species [1]. The ru” community also cosidered fish and rice as main food, especially

formal types of fish farming begin in Nepal from 1947 for econom- Tharu women cath fishes from rivers, stream and swamp for their

ic purpose. There are 29,270 fish ponds in the country. The Terai livelihood [4]. Culture fishery is relatively new in Nepal which was

plain alone contain 95% of total fish ponds and the area dedicated initiated in a small scale with the introduction of Indian major carp

to fishery amounts to more than 10,718 hectares with the total fish [5]. However, the actual development of commercial fish farming in

production reaching 65,770 tonnes in this fiscal year [2]. Nepal has Nepal began with the implementation of Aquaculture Development

aquatic resources which is located in different altitude and climatic Project under the support of Asian Development Bank (ADB) and

zones. So due to the different fresh water habitat there is a poten- United Nations Development Program (UNDP) after 1980. Mostly

tial for different fisheries and aquaculture activities in Nepal. Indian major carps, Chinese major carp and cat fish are cultured

Citation: Rachana Budhathoki and Bishnu Sapkota. “Fish Farming in Nepal: Trend and Consumption Level”. Acta Scientific Agriculture 2.9 (2018): 109-115.
Fish Farming in Nepal: Trend and Consumption Level

110

in Nepal. They are cultured in earthen ponds, cemented ponds in country imports fish worth around Rs 3 billion from India alone and
intensive or semi-intensive way. Besides these, cage culture, pen it was 7,882 tons of fish compared to 11,176 in 2014/15 [7]. In the
culture and paddy cum fish culture are also under practice. Now market mostly live fishes, iced fishes, frozen fishes, dried fishes and
Cage culture is being practiced in the Phewa lake Rupa lake, Beg- canned fishes are consumed by consumers among which live fishes
nas lake etc. but preliminary Cage culture in lakes and reservoirs have high deamand.
with herbivorous carps (major species: silver carp and bighead
carp) was initiated with the support of FAO/UNDP and later the Objective of the Study
International Development Research Center (IDRC) Canada in the The objective of this article is to review the fish farming trends
1970s. Paddy cum fish was started since 2021 BS for the purpose to and the consumption level of fish in Nepal. Moreover it will analyses
utilize the paddy field and enhance production. In 2044/45 BS the the fish production trend, water resources availability, marketing
egg of rainbow trout was introduced in Nepal and reared in Goda- channel and discuss the consumption level of fish and fishery prod-
vari research station from Japan for the purpose to start the culture ucts in Nepal.
fishery in cold water resources of Nepal. The interest of farmers to-
wards fishery and its production have a positive growth. Activities Materials and Methods
like genetic improvement of carps, successful induced breeding of Data for annual fish production and water resources were ob-
three major carps, rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla), mrigal tained from the annual publication of the Directorate of Fisheries
(Cirrhinus mrigala) helped in the development of fish farming. The Development (DOFD), the Ministry of Agricultural, land manage-
Nepal Agriculture Perspective Plan (APP) has categorized fisheries ment and cooperatives department of Nepal government. The in-
and aquaculture as a small but important and promising sub-sector formation and data for the marketing trends and consumption of
of agriculture which contribute about 2.47 per cent of agricultural fishery product is obtained by visiting some of the important mar-
gross domestic product (AGDP). For poverty reduction the govern- ket and supermarkets of Nepal like Kathmandu, Chitwan, Butwal,
ment of Nepal has identified fisheries as one of the prominent sub- Biratnagar, Malekhu, Janakpur, Jhapa Dhankuta and Karnali through
sector and has trageted Nepal to make a self sufficient country in direct observation and questionnaires. In addition to these different
fish production in the next three year on the budget speech of the related material and articles were viewed regarding to production,
current fiscal year 2073/2074 BS [6]. marketing problems, consumption. Relevant information found
was compiled and summarized.
Fish and fishery product represents valuable source of nutrition
such as omega-3 fatty acids, fat soluble vitamin D and high protein. Result and Discussion
These essential nutrient keep our heart and brain healthy. Fish can Fish production in Nepal
be used as daily diet to meet the essential nutrient required by Nepal is the land lock country which lies between India and
body. In some of the country it is taken as staple food after rice. China. It has three eco-zones, terai in the southern plain, hill in the
The Government of Nepal has recommended at least 30g per day middle and the mountains in the north. The country touches with
fish or animal protein diet but fish intake is still far below than the India at its southern, western and eastern borders, while the north-
recommended amount. The fish production and consumption of ern boundary is with China. In the south the altitude is about 50 me-
fish and fishery product have a positive growth. Alothough there tre above sea level, while at northern end the elevation goes up to
is a positive growth in fish production activaties, marketing man- the highest peak 8848 m (Mt. Everest) of the world. It has different
agement is not soo satisfactiory. The marketing channel of Nepal is aquatic habitat thus support the different fish and aquaculture ac-
long which is the main reason for increased marketing cost. There tivities Terai is the main zones for fish production. During these past
are few farmers who directly sell their fish in local market whereas, 15 years, the lowest production was 14000 mt in the year 1999/00
other follow long marketing channel. Farmers get 45 - 55% of the and the maximum production was 37427 mt in the year 2013/14
consumer price rest are absorbed by the traders. Demand of fish and the average annual fish production from fiscal year 1999/00
and its product is increasing. Nepal alone can’t meet its demand. to 2013/14 in Nepal was 22929.1 metric tons (mt). The trend of
According to the member secretary of the 3rd fish festival in Kath- annual fish production showed that fish production increased each
mandu, 77,000 tons of fish is produced annually in Nepal but local year, with the exception in 2008/09 (Figure 1). In the last 15 years,
production can meet only around 30 per cent of the demand, so the there has been an increase of more than 23000 mt of fish produc-

Citation: Rachana Budhathoki and Bishnu Sapkota. “Fish Farming in Nepal: Trend and Consumption Level”. Acta Scientific Agriculture 2.9 (2018): 109-115.
Fish Farming in Nepal: Trend and Consumption Level

111

tion in Nepal compared to that of the base year 1999/00.The top [9], which can be easily extended to other hilly districts with col-
ten district with the highest production are Bara (18.5%), Saptari laborative efforts from Nepal government and the private sector.
(10.3%), Chitwan (8.6%), Dhanusha (8.6%), Rupandehi (8.4%), The reason for the increase in production as compared to past may
Rautahat (7.4%), Parsa (5.5%), Siraha (4.6%), Morang (3.6%), and be due to increase in the level of knowledge among farmers in fish
Sarlahi (3.5%) [8]. According to province, the highest production farming, and increased availability of quality fingerlings and fish
i.e.6258kg/ha is in province 3 and the lowest production i.e. 1112 feed. However, it needs to be increased in current fish production
kg/ha is in province 7 (Figure 2). by three- or four-fold to be comparable with neighboring countries
[10].

Figure 3: District-wise fish production (metric ton) and yield

Figure 1: Annual fish production (metric ton) and fish yield (kilograms per hectare).
(kilograms per hectare) in Nepal from 1990/00 to 2013/14.

Major fish species cultivated in Nepal

Indigenous and exotic fish species are farmed in Nepal. Terai is
the site for carp, tilapia and catfish. Among carp the three major
Indian carps commonly farmed are Rohu (Labeo rohita), Catla (Cat-
la catla) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala). In addition, exotic carps
namely Common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and Chinese carps: Grass
carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix) and Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) have been cultured
since 1955/56. Among catfish mostly Clarias batrachus, Clarias
gariepinus and Pangasius pangasius are cultured. Recently goldfish
(Carassius auratus) was introduced as a recreational species in Ne-
Figure 2: Top 10 most fish producing district in metric tons
(Source, Nepal Fishery Survey 2072, National planning commis- pal [11]. In lower mid-hill or in cold water zone, carp along with
sion, Central bureau of statistics). cool-water fish species such as Mahseer (Tor spp) and Katle (Acros-
socheilus hexagonolepis), Asla or cold water cyprinids (Schizothorax
spp) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) can be cultivated. In
It is found that terai is the main region for fish production. East-
Nepal rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was introduced from
ern terai has higher production and yield compared to western te-
India in 1968 and 1971 and from Japan in 1988. Recently, Nile tila-
rai. Hills contribute moderately to total fish production. Increase in
pia (Oreochromis niloticus), Java barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) and
production of high-value cold water fish species such as the rain-
giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) have been intro-
bow trout makes the hill a potential area for cold water fisheries.
duced to study the potential of their commercial production [11].
The culture of Rainbow trout has been done in eleven hilly districts

Citation: Rachana Budhathoki and Bishnu Sapkota. “Fish Farming in Nepal: Trend and Consumption Level”. Acta Scientific Agriculture 2.9 (2018): 109-115.
Fish Farming in Nepal: Trend and Consumption Level

112

Water resources availability to the consumers and 42% are purchased by wholesalers from con-
Nepal has abundant water resources. For fish farming water tractors and distributed to retailers in major urban center [11]. In
resources avilable is may be about 500,000 ha [11]. Terai districts Nepal market, there are two groups of fish traders involved in fish
have higher surface water availability compared to hills and moun- marketing of Nepal; the Indian trader and those from Nepal. Fish
tainous districts. Within Terai, eastern Terai has higher surface wa- traders at all levels from producers to collector to suppliers and
ter availability. The average surface water availability at the district wholesalers to retailers and vendors had developed and operated
level was 114.7 ha. The maximum surface water availability was through organized marketing networks. So there is a long market-
945 ha in Bara district. The highest number of ponds (9397) and ing channel and which is the main reason for increased marketing
the surface water (4055ha) is present in province 2 and the lower cost.Farmers get 45 - 55% of the consumer price rest are absorbed
number of ponds (101) and surface water (6 ha) is present in prov- by traders.
ince 6 [8] (Figure 4).
Marketing problems
Marketing system of Nepal is not so systematic which lack mar-
keting infrastructure and marketing facilities. Although the fish pro-
duction activities exhibited a very positive growth in the country,
overall productivity had not been satisfactory in terms of marketing
management and its institutional capability which is causing slow
pace of transformation in agricultural production system [12]. Ac-
cess to market is expensive due to lack of infrastructure like trans-
portation that caused inaccessibility of locally produced commod-
ity to domestic market. The major marketing problems in fishery
sectors were lack of all weather roads connecting fish producing
areas with assembly markets and consumption centers, absence of
cold storage facilities/chilling rooms for holding the harvest and
regulate supply, absence of insulated vehicles to prevent spoilage
Figure 4: No. of ponds, area of pond and area of water (in ha.)
during sales. The most serious marketing difficulties occur in com-
(Source, Nepal Fishery Survey 2072, National planning commis-
sion, Central bureau of statistics). munities, which lack transport, ice, poor road facilities, fish diseas-
es, lack of financial facilities, frequent strikes, fish theft, pond poi-
soning. Lack of research about fish marketing, unhygienic storing
Marketing channel of fish in Nepal conditions, lack of specialized fish marketing manpower and lack
The concept of actual organized fish marketing was developed in of adequate marketing infrastructure are the problem which led to
1981/1982 with the start of the Aquaculture Development Project. insufficiently and incompetent marketing of fish in Nepal [13].
The fish marketing system seems to have evolved and is self-regu-
Consumption level
lating with increasing production and demand but fish marketing
channel has not been systematic in Nepal. The fish marketing chan- According to FAO stat the lowest fish consumption per capita
nel is long. With increasing production, the marketing situation is was 0.150 kg in the year 1961 and the maximum consumption was
becoming a serious obstacle to speedy development of fisheries in 2.20 kg in 2011 whereas, Fish consumption per capita in 2013 was
Nepal. Occasionally, fisherman are unable to sell their catches al- 2.10 kg in Nepal. China has accounted for most of the world growth
though the demand for fish is high in the market, this creates a feel- with per capita fish supply of about 32.4 kg. Nepal has been ranked
ing of insecurity. Commonly, fisherman and small scale fish produc- 144th within the group of 160 countries, 2 places behind the posi-
ers sell their fish directly to the consumers. Medium and large scale tion seen 10 years ago (Figure 5). The per capita fish consumption
fish farmers use different channels to sell their fish. They sell some is highest in Central Development Region (1730g), then in East-
of their fish directly to the consumers in local markets, or through ern Development Region (1129g), Eastern Development Region
agent or contractors to the middleman or wholesalers. 28% of the (1037g), Mid-Western Development Region (762g), and least in
fish are consumed or given away by farmers, 30% are sold directly Far-Western Development Region (354g) [14] (Figure 6). There are

Citation: Rachana Budhathoki and Bishnu Sapkota. “Fish Farming in Nepal: Trend and Consumption Level”. Acta Scientific Agriculture 2.9 (2018): 109-115.
Fish Farming in Nepal: Trend and Consumption Level

113

several fish and fishery product that are consumed by the consum- live fish sell. The Kathmandu valley alone had more than 38 outlets
ers in Nepal. Rohu, followed by Bachuwa (pangasius), Naini, Catla selling live fishes. Prices of live fishes fetched high due to difficult to
and Magur are the fishes which are mostly consumed in Nepal. The keep alive. Prices of different fishes in the markets like Catla catla
consumer in Nepal prefers fresh and healthy fish but fish packed in (Bhakur) ranged at about Rs.600/kg and fishes like Rohu, Cteno-
ice and chilled fish are also commonly acceptable. pharyngodon idella (Grass carp), Cyprinus carpio (Common crap)
ranges about Rs. 450/kg. Beside these other air breathing fishes
like catfish are sell live.

Iced fishes

Most of the fishes sold in the market are rohu, catla, buhari, ba-
chuwa and other comes from India and some small fish like naini,
rohu, catla comes from Janakpur, Birjung, Rajbiraj etc. Fishes im-
ported from India are immediately packed in ice after harvest. The
fish are packed in plastic boxes with fish and ice in equal ratio (50
- 50%).

Frozen fishes
The frozen fish sector is smaller than the iced fish. The frozen
fish is mostly imported from Calcutta consisting mainy fish fillets,
Figure 5: Fish consumption per capita in Nepal. shrimps, prawn, small quantity of cuttlefish, King fish, Lobster etc.
Supply of frozen fishes seemed to be increasing specially during fes-
tives and weeding season.

Dried fish
Dried indigenous fish species in Nepal are kept in the market
for selling in background of Malekhu Bazaar which was attached
with highway. Excess of fish was sundried and kept in the market
for selling. Fish species used for drying were Nakata (Garra gotyla),
Buduna (Garra annandalei), Kabre (Glyptothorax sps), Sahar (Tor
putitora), Faketa (Barilius sps), Sidra (Puntius sps).Local newari
people of Kathmandu were frequently using smoke fishes as to-
ken of auspicious item and offered during birth day, marriage, bhai
tika etc. So, demand of smoke fishes was very high during Dashain,
Tihar and throughout winter (marriage season). Among the dried
fishes the demand of smoked fish approximately 50% higher than
the sundried fish and 200% higher than salted fish.
Figure 6: Per capita fish consumption (in gram) in a year 2014 in
different development region.
Canned and pickle

Canned fish from Europe, Asia is found in supermarket. Fish

Live fishes pickles of different brands are also sold in supermarkets. Canned
Live fish sale accounted around 10% and its demand is increas- fish mainly include tuna and sardine. Now a day Rainbow trout also
ing. Fishes are sell live in different parts of the country like Chitwan, sold in supermarket. Tunna fish were mostly consumed by tourist
Kathmandu, Rupandehi, Biratnagar etc. Water tanks are used for season in September to December months as fast food during track-

Citation: Rachana Budhathoki and Bishnu Sapkota. “Fish Farming in Nepal: Trend and Consumption Level”. Acta Scientific Agriculture 2.9 (2018): 109-115.
Fish Farming in Nepal: Trend and Consumption Level

114

ing. The price of tunna fish was different and depended upon its Exotic
flavor. Pickle of dry fish of prawn and other dry fish with peanut are
1 Carasius carasius Gold fish
also sold in supermarket which is consumed by Nepalese custom-
2 Cyprinus carpio Koi carp
ers as snacks.
3 Poecilia reticulate Guppy

Ornamental fishes 4 Xiphophorus hellerii Sword Tall

5 Xiphophorus maculates Platty
It is supposed that keeping at glass aquarium started during the
Native
period of late king Tribhuvan. Ornamental fish demand is growing
annually in the country, especially in Kathmandu valley. The busi- 1 Colisa lalia Kolisa
ness of ornamental fishes is flourishing year by year and new shops Table 2: Type of fish succeeded in artificial insemination
are opening annually in different places. Fish prices are ranged and used in aquarium for decorative purpose.
from species to species. The demand of fishes is variable but high (Source, DOFD, Fish statistics and annual progress report
demand for small size fishes is recorded in most houses. Fishes like 2073/2074)
Gold fish, Koi carp, Guppy, Bubble eye, Lion head, Rainbow shark,
Conclusion
Red sword tail are kept in aquarium.
The abundant availability of water resource and different fresh
Beside these vacuum packed rainbow trout fishes are also sold water habitat makes the Nepal potential for fish production. Al-
in whole sale market. Trout fishes are cultured in cold water bod- though the terai is the main region for fish production cold water
ies like in Nuwakot district, kaski district etc. The average weight fisheries also have a great potential and need to extend fisheries
of marketable fishes are approximately 250 - 350g. In one packet programs in the mid hill. To ensure the increased production of fish
6 - 7 fishes are vacuum packed and preserved at 20 C and they are
0 modern techniques should be implemented to produce the seed
sold at 1100 per kg price. Live rainbow trout are also sold. For that as well feed and co-operative based fisheries is necessary. Public
they are stocked in cement tank where running river water is con- private partnership is also mandatory. Overall fish productivity had
tinuously supplied and out drained from the tank. The price of fish not been satisfactory in terms of marketing management and its
varied from 900 - 1000/kg. institutional capability. All weather roads, Cold storage, insulated
vehicle, offsite fish market, price control should be facilitated. Due
to the long marketing channel the farmer have to deal with agents
Products Availability
with minimum price of fish, confined to get only 45 - 55% of con-
Sea fish (sardines) Canned
sumer price. Not only that due to open border fish market and its
Fish oil Capsule
product are directly influenced by price and quality. Although lo-
Fish fillet(vasa) Plastic wrapped fillet cally produced products are small in size but they are good in qual-
Dry fish Plastic packed/open ity so there is increase in their demand. Trend of live fish market
Dry shrimp and fish meal Plastic packed/open is increasing and found in few places in few cities which should
Salted fish Plastic packed/open be increased as far as possible by taking the help of government
Fried fish Plastic packed/open as well. Fish are consumed as live fishes, dried/smoked fish, orna-
Smoked fish Open mental fish, fish fillets, canned fish (department stores), vacuum
Fish pickle Plastic packed packed fishes (trout fish) etc. and Fish marketing has become very
important in production and distribution of these products. Fish
Table 1: Some processed fish food products consumption per capita is very low this should be increased by rais-
available in Nepalese market. ing awareness about fish nutrition. It is advisable to focus on school
syllabus about fish diet, and also be advertised by government tele-
vision, radio to intake the fish meat which is cheaper than other

Citation: Rachana Budhathoki and Bishnu Sapkota. “Fish Farming in Nepal: Trend and Consumption Level”. Acta Scientific Agriculture 2.9 (2018): 109-115.
Fish Farming in Nepal: Trend and Consumption Level

115

meat in Nepal in order to meet the demand of protein uptake in the 13. Joshi GR and HB Tiwari. “Present fish marketing system and
human body. There are many fishery policies to extend fishery pro- potentially for improvement” (1999).
grams, provide technical facility, provide banking loan, insurance
14. Gurung TB. “Role of inland fishery and aquaculture for food
and to provide leasing provision of common water bodies. Whose and nutrition security in Nepal”. Agriculture and Food Security
overall aim is to increase production and to make the country self- 5 (2016): 18.
sufficient but it is recommend to Nepal government to address the
problems faced by the farmers to improve fish farming in Nepal.

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Volume 2 Issue 9 September 2018
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