JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar.
Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
• A record of man’s effort to build beautifully.
• Traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed
Factors Affecting Styles of Architecture:
1. History
4. Geography
2. Society
5. Geology
3. Religion
6. Climate
PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
I. Architectural Character
A. Construction System - megalithic (large stones)
B. Materials - animal skins, wooden frames, bones
C. Orientation - towards the cardinal points
II. Examples
Dolmen, Cromlech, Tumulus
ANCIENT NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE
A, EARLY MESOPOTAMIAN C. Orientation - four corners towards the
cardinal points
I. Architectural Character
II. Example
A. Construction System - arctuated
Ziggurats, Temples, Palaces
B. Materials - clay & soil (no stone)
C. PERSIAN
C. Orientation - four corners towards the
cardinal points
I. Architectural Character
II. Example
A. Construction System - arctuated
Ziggurats
B. Materials - clay & soil, stone used only
for fire - temples and palace platforms
B. ASSYRIAN (due to scarcity)
I. Architectural Character
C. Orientation - four corners towards the
A. Construction System - arctuated
cardinal points
B. Materials - clay & soil, with minimal wood II. Example
and stone
Dwellings, Palaces
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
- Nile civilization (Pre historic to 3100 BC)
I. Architectural Character - simplicity, monumentality, massiveness
A. Construction System - post & lintel, columnar / trabeated
B. Materials - clay & soil, stone used only for fire - temples and palace platforms (due to scarcity)
C. Orientation - four corners towards the cardinal points
II. Features: Battered wall, hieroglyphics
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JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso
III. Examples
Tombs - (1) Mastaba, (2) Pyramid, & (3) Rock Cut / Rock Hewn
Temples - (1) Mortuary & (2) Cult
Palaces
IV. Items to Review Further
Examples of Pyramids (Step, Bent, True)
Examples of Temples
Pyramids of Gizeh / Giza (Cheops / Khufu, Chepren / Khafre, Mykerinos / Menkaure)
Parts of Pyramid Complex (Elevated Causeway, Offering Chapel, Mortuary, Valley Building)
Parts of An Egyptian Temple (Entrance Pylon, Hypaethral Court, Hypostyle Hall, Sanctuary, Avenue of
Sphinx)
Egyptian Terms (Obelisk, Sphinx - Andro, Heiraco, Crio)
ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE (8th century BC to 2nd Century)
I. Periods of Development & Characteristics:
A. Early Period (Aegeans / Minoans / Mycenaeans)
1. Low pitch or flat roof on multi - storey structure
2. Stairway for vertical circulation
3. Rough & Massive
4. Principal Building Types: Megaron & palaces
B. Hellenic Period
1. Simplicity and harmony, purity of lines, perfection of proportions, refinement of details
2. Chief Building Type: Temples
C. Hellenistic Period
1. Mostly Civic Architecture
2. Provided inspiration for Roman building types
II. Examples
Gate of Lions
Palace of King Minos
Tombs (Tholos, Chamber Tomb)
The Parthenon
Temple of Zeus Olympus
Theaters
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JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso
III. Items to Review Further
Areas of a Megaron
Important Sructures Found in Acropolis
Types of Masonry
Orders of Architecture (Doric, Ionic,
Corinthian)
Temple Orientation during the Hellenic
Period
Intercolumniation
Parts of A Greek Temple (Naos, Pronaos, Types of Mouldings
Epinaos)
Greek Arch’l Terms:
Abacus
Cyrtostyle
Loggia
Ancon
Dentils
Modillion
Andron
Dromos
Odeion
Agora
Entasis
Palaestra
Apotheca
Fluting
Plinth
Atlas
Fresco
Prytaneion
Bouleuterion
Glyptotheca
Stadion
Canephorae
Gymnassium
Stoa
Caryatids
Hippodrome
Telamones
Cyclostyle
Konistra
Temenos
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
I. Architectural Character - vastness & magnificence, ostentation & ornateness
A. Construction System - adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks, arch and vault system
B. Materials - stone, marble, earth, concrete
II. Examples
Temples
Domus
Palaces
Circus
Forum
Theaters & Amphitheaters
Thermae
Triumphal Arches
III. Items to Review Further
Parts of a Roman Arch
Types of Masonry
Additional Orders (Tuscan, Parts of a Thermae
Composite)
Other Structures: Aqueducts, Pons,
Types of Vaults
Fountains, Lacus, Salientes
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JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
I. Architectural Character - roman in character but executed through simplicity in design (and coarse
execution)
II. Features
1. Contributed in the development of ribbed vaulting and arcades & timber truss roof
2. Bell tower of campanile
3. Archivolt
4. Usually with three to five aisles covered by a simple trussed roof
III. Examples
Baptisteries
Tombs or Catacombs
IV. Items to Further review:
Parts of A Basilican Church
Terms:
Ambulatory
Clerestory
Transept
Antepodium
Dais
Tribune
Bema
Oratory
Triforium
Chevet
Reredos
Sepulcher
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
I. Architectural Character
A. First Building constructed were churches
B. New domical style
C. Simplicity in external design which resulted in the use of clay & rubble
D. Richness in internal treatment
II. Characteristic Features
A. Domed, centralized plan
B. Grouping of small does or semi domes around a large central dome
C. Extensive mosaic decoration
D. No campanile and atrium in churches
III. Construction System
A. Fusion of domical construction with classical columnar style
B. Domes of various types placed over square compartments using pendentives
C. Semi - circular arches rest directly on columns, with capitals able to support springing of arches
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JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso
IV. Examples
A. S. Sophia, Constantinople
B. S. Vitale, Ravenna
C. S. Mark, Venice
D. S. Basil’s Cathedral, Moscow
V. Items to Review Further
A. Types of Domes Developed during the Byzantine period
B. Byzantine Ornaments
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
I. Architectural Character & Characteristic Features
A. Abstract decorations using geometric, calligraphic and plant motiffs
B. Preference for a uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element
C. Symmetrical and balanced
D. Related to the principal axis, points towards Mecca
II. Examples
A. Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
B. The Great Mosque, Mecca
III. Items to Review Further
A. Types of Mosque (Masjid, Jami, Idgah, Madrasa)
B. Parts of a Mosque (Sahn, Fawwara, Mihrab, Dikka, Maqsura, Mimbar, Iwan, Minaret, Kibla)
C. Mughal Architecture
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
I. Architectural Character
III. Examples
A. Sober and dignified
A. Churches
B. Used ruins of classical buildings
B. Baptisteries
II. Characteristic Features
C. Campaniles
A. Dormer window
D. Castles
B. Groin
IV. Items to Review Further
C. Rib & panel vaulting
A. Types of Vaulting
B. Parts of a Vault
C. Parts of a Castle
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JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
I. Architectural Character
A. Verticality: Lofty and aspiring
B. Structural Honesty
C. Economy in the use of materials
II. Characteristic Features
A. Pointed arch
D. Stained glass
B. Flying buttress
E. Tracery windows
C. Rib & panel vaulting
F. Spires & pinnacles
III. Examples
A. York Cathedral
G. Chartres Cathedral
B. Salisbury Cathedral
H. Rheims Cathedral
C. Canterbury Cathedral
I. Amiens Cathedral
D. Westminster Abbey
J. Beauvais Cathedral
E. Notre Dame Cathedral
K. Cologne Cathedral
F. Durham Cathedral
L. Seville Cathedral
IV. Items to Review Further
A. Manor Houses
B. Castles
C. Periods (Lancet, Rayonnant, Flamboyant)
D. Terminologies
1. Cimborio
5. Flamboyant Style
2. Cloisters
6. Gargoyle
3. Crockets
7. Ogyvale Portcullis
4. Finial
8. Tracery
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
I. Architectural Character
A. Dignity & Formality shown through symmetry
B. Return to classical ideas
II. Examples
A. Palazzo Strozzi
B. Tempietto in S.Pietro
C. S. Peter, Rome
D. Country Houses (France)
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JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso
III. Items to Review Further
A. 12 Architects of the Vatican
1. Donato Bramante
7. Michaelangelo
2. Giullano da Sangallo
8. Giacomo della Porta
3. Fra Giacondo
9. Domenico Fontana
4. Raphael Santi
10. Vignola
5. Baldassare Peruzzi
11. Carlo Maderna
6. Antonio Da Sangallo
12. Gianlorenzo Bernini
B. Renaissance Period in England (Elizabethan, Jacobean, Stuart, Georgian)
C. Renaissance Architects
REVIVAL (18th - 19th Century) ARCHITECTURE
I. Architectural Character
A. “Age of Revivals”
B. “Age of Innovation”
II. Examples
A. Emergence of New Building Types - Industrial Building and Warehouses, houses of parliament,
railways and transport stations, museums, department stores
B. Crystal Palace, London
C. S. George’s Hall, Liverpool
D. Westminster New Palace, London
E. Liverpool Cathedral
F. Tudor Cathedral
G. Eiffel Tower
H. Theater Francais
III. Items to Review Further
A. Arts & Crafts Movement
B. Bauhaus
C. Periods in England (Early Victorian, High Victorian, Late Victorian)
D. Art Nouveau
E. Terminologies
1. Architectonic
4. Classicism
2. Realism
5. Neo - Classicism
3. De Stijl
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JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso
MODERN (20th Century) ARCHITECTURE
I. Architectural Character - Functionalism in design
II. Characteristic Features
A. Curtain wall
B. Steel and plate glass
C. Use of “modern” materials
III. Examples
A. Sydney Opera House
B. Chrysler Building
C. World Trade Center
D. UNESCO Secretariat Building
E. AT & T Bldg
IV. Items to Review Further
A. International Style & The Five Points of New Architecture
B. Famous Architects & Their Iconic Works
1. Alvar Aalto
11. Marcel Breuer
2. August Perret
12. Mies Van Der Rohe
3. Buckminster Fuller
13. Oscar Niemeyer
4. Charles Rennie Mackintosh
14. Otto Wagner
5. Eero Saarinen
15. Peter Behrens
6. Eric Mendelsohn
16. Philip Jhonson
7. Frank Lloyd Wright
17. Richard Neutra
8. Frei Otto
18. Robert Maillart
9. Hendrik Berlage
19. Walter Gropius
10. Le Corbusier
20. Victor Horta
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
I. Architectural Character & Characteristic Features - Centered on Religion: Hinduism, Buddhism
II. Examples / Terminologies
A. Chaityas - buddhist shrine carved out of solid rock
B. Mandira - hindu temples
C. Stambhas or Laths - monumental free-standing pillars
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JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso
D. Stupas - buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a relic of buddha, to commemorate
special events or mark a sacred spot
E. Viharas - buddhist monasteries often excavated from solid rock
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
I. Architectural Character & Characteristic Features
A. Careful application of town planning and use of space
B. Bilateral Symmetry
C. Use of enclosed open spaces
D. Incorporation of Feng shui ideas
E. Horizontal emphasis
F. Allusion to cosmological, mythological and / or symbolisms
G. Auspicious colors
II. Examples
A. Pagodas
E. Temples
B. Pai - lou
F. Palaces & Houses
C. Zhonglou
G. Fortifications
D. Gulou
III. Items to Review Further
A. Arrangement of Buildings in a Chinese courtyard
B. Terminologies: Dougong, Jian, Ta, Mingtang
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
I. Architectural Character & Characteristic Features
A. Preference for wood
B. Roofs as focal points
C. Old dwelling relied on movable screens (shoji) and sliding doors (fusuma) to divide spaces
D. Relationship with nature
II. Examples
A. Temples
D. Dwellings
B. Torii
E. Tea Houses & Bath Houses
C. Pagodas
F. Genkan
III. Items to Review Further
A. Types of Roof (Gabled: Kirizuma, Hipped: Yosemune, Hip-and-gable: Irimoya, Square pyramidal:
Hogyo)
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JPT HISTORY REVIEWER / CHECKLIST - Ar. Frances Leana Capellan - Generoso
B. Parts of a Traditional Japanese Buddhist Temple (Kodo, To, Kondo, Chumon, Kairo)
C. Japanese Domestic Architecture
D. Proportioning System
PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
I. Examples
A. Arquitectura Mestiza
B. Bahay na Bato
C. Accessoria
D. Churches
II. Four Baroque Churches Recognized by the UNESCO World Heritage Center (1993)
1. Santo Tomas De Villanueva Church (Miag-o, Iloilo)
2. Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion (Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur)
3. San Agustin Church (Intramuros, Manila)
4. Church of San Agustin (Paoay, Ilocos Norte)
III. Items to Review Further
A. “Bahay Kubo” on different regions
B. Parts of a Bahay Kubo
C. Parts of a Bahay na Bato
D. National Artists of the Philippines
E. Outstanding Filipino Architects
USEFUL WEBSITE LINKS:
1. UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ (focus on
architectural icons and / or complexes)
2. NATIONAL ARTISTS OF THE PHILIPPINES: https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-
and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-philippines/
3. Prizker Laureates: https://www.pritzkerprize.com/laureates (reference for famous
international architects and their works)
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