Prof. Dr.

Santosh Kumar Bose

Department of Horticulture

Rose
Scientific name: Rosa rubiginosa
Family: Rosaceae
➢ Rose is one of the natures beautiful creations and universely acclaimed as the Queen of
Flowers.
➢ It is well known and most popular of all garden flowers throughout the world.
➢ The reason for popularity of the rose flower may be its wide variety in terms of color,
size, fragrance and other attributes.
➢ The Rose is most popularly known as the flower of love, particularly Red Rose.
➢ Rose is the symbol of beauty, fragrance and use to convey the message of love.
➢ Some countries have adopted rose as their national flower e.g. England.
➢ The ripe fruit of rose is hip or hep.
➢ Most are native to Asia, with smaller numbers of species native to Europe, North
America, and northwest Africa.
➢ Historically, the oldest Rose fossils have been found in Colorado, USA, dating back to
more than 35 million years ago.
➢ Roses are universal and grown across the world.
➢ The Netherlands is the world's leading exporter of Roses.
➢ The Netherlands, with about 8000 hectares of land under Rose cultivation, is the global
leader in Rose cultivation.
➢ 54 per cent (about 5000 hectares) of the cultivated land in Ecuador is under Rose
cultivation.
➢ Zambia, a small nation, had 80 per cent of its cultivated land under Roses.

Importance and uses

The various ways in which rose can be used for large-scale and small-scale planting is given
below:
1. Cut flowers: 30% of cut flower is trade flower in world.
2. Garden display
3. Pot plants
4. Perfume and allied products
a. Rose water
b. Rose oil
c. Gulkand
d. Pankhuri
e. Gul-roghan
f. It is used for the extraction of essence.
g. It is used in preparing vinegar (2-6% acetic acid)
h. It is used in coats of men and women.
5. Source of vitamins: Rose hips are very good sources of ascorbic acid, the life-giving
vitamin C.
6. Other uses: Jam, jellies, syrup, rose vinegar and rose petal wine etc. Rose jam aids
digestion and has some curative properties. Fruits of wild roses are used for preparing a
hot drink like tea and a popular wine.
7. It is used for decorative purposes.
 Prof. Dr. Santosh Kumar Bose
Department of Horticulture
8. It is used in preparing hedge.
9. It is used as important cut flower.

Species of Rose
120 species is in the world. 8 species commonly used for garden commercial species in the
world. Major rose species
1. Rosa damaschena
2. Rosa foetida
3. Rosa chinensis
4. Rosa gigantia
5. Rosa gallicia
6. Rosa wichuraina
7. Rosa moschata
8. Rosa multiflora

The modern day roses have been developed from crosses of the above 8 species.

Classification of Rose
There are many classes of present-day garden roses. The main classes being the following:
1. Teas: They are known to have originated from Rosa chinensis and Rosa gigantia by natural
crossing. They have distinct fragrance, believed to be felt when a chest of tea leaves is opened.
Tea roses are not as hardy and resistant to cold. They are also called tea scented china –rose. Eg:
Anna oliveir, lady hillingdon, falcot etc.
2. Hybrid Teas: they are originally developed from crossing between Hybrid Perpetual and Tea
roses. Plant posses large flowers, medium height, bushy in nature. E.g. Paradise, Peach,
Tajmahal, Blue Moon, Garden Party, Blue sky, Dallas, Happy day, Papa melon, John F Kennedy
etc.
3. Hybrid Perpetual: originated from the crossing of Damask rose and Rosa gallica. Plant is
characterized by tall growth, large full flowers, may have rich fragrance. E.g. Mrs. John Laing,
Frau Karl Druschiki, Tom wood, Mrs John Laing, Dupuy Jamain.
4. Polyanthus: The dwarf, Small flowered polyanthus are the fore runner of popular large
flowered of today.
Eg: Dream clod, Junior Miss, Love potion, Park place, Play Girl, Women's day.
5. Floribundas: This is also known as hybrid polyanthus developed in 1924 from a cross
between hybrid rose and a polyanthus.
Eg: Junior Miss, Love potion, Play girl, Queen Elizabeth, White coaster.
6. Miniatures: The miniatures are popular baby roses with small leaves and flowers. They are
ideal for growing in pots.
Eg: Baby gold star, Cinderella, Peon and pixie, Galaxy, Orange honey, Jitterbug.
7. Ramblers and Climbers: Rambler produce large cluster of small single or double and they
are vine type plants. Their stem is comparatively soft.
Eg. Ena Harkness, New Dawn, Prosperity, climbing peace, Climbing show girl, Breath of life,
Dublin etc.
According to color of petals, roses are five types-
a. Single color: petals similar color- Iceberg, Ena Harkness
b. Bi-color: distinct color outside and inside- piccadilly, tzigane
 Prof. Dr. Santosh Kumar Bose
Department of Horticulture
c. Multi-color: different colored petals- masquerade, charleston
d. Blend: two or more color inside the petals- peace, bettina
e. Striped: two or more color on each petals- candy stripe, rosa mundi
According to number of petals, roses are five types-
a. Single: 5-8 petals- Dortmund, dog rose
b. Semi- double: 9-15 petals- All gold, Sarabande
c. Moderately full: 16-25 petals- Virgo
d. Full: 26-40 petals- Super star, fragrant cloud
e. Very full: over 40 petals- Chicago peace

Commercial varieties Rose in Bangladesh

1. Mirandi
2. Papa Miland
3. Lady Hillingdon
4. Garden Party
5. Tajmahal
6. Paradise
7. Blue Moon
8. Double Delight
9. Peach
10. Montezuma
11. Honey Moon
12. Golden Giant
13. First Price
14. Apricotesil
15. Ice berg
16. John F Canady
17. Pusa Soyami

Bangladeshi rose variety:

a. Bangobondhu
b. Sher-E-Bangla.
c. Vashani.

Mirandi, Mr. Linkon, American Heritage are common available rose in Bangladesh.
Propagation
The propagation of rose is mainly done by vegetative methods. Among them, important methods
are-
1. Stem cutting
2. T- budding
3. Air-layering
4. Grafting
5. Seed not for commercial use
Stem cutting and air layering are done in the month of July-August while T-budding is done
December- January.
 Prof. Dr. Santosh Kumar Bose
Department of Horticulture
Cultivation technique
Climate: Rose is best in dry and mild weather. High temperature and high RH are
disadvantageous for rose because they are causing diseases and insect infestation. 15-28°C
temperature is optimum. It does not bloom below 10°C temperature.
Soil: Loamy to sandy loam soil is preferable. Shady area is not at all suitable for rosary. Soil pH:
6.5 to 7.5 are ideal for rose. Soil should be well drained and rich in organic matter.
Land: Upland having proper drainage of excess of sub-soil water. Any robbing roots of plants
like coconut or some big trees near the rose field retard the growth of rose plants.
Land preparation
i. Time of tillage: October to November
ii. Depth of tillage: 9" tillage by tractor or bullock drawn plough followed by 15 days exposure
to sun rays.
iii. Pit/bed preparation: The bed or individual pit may be dug before the rains, so that the soil
may settle down before the rains. Pit size 45 cm X 45 cm X 30 cm. Spacing 0.75 m from pit to
pit & 0.75 m from row to row. 4-8 kg well rotten cowdung and a handful of bone meal per pit.
Organic fertilizer is encouraged to get quality flower.
Size of pit: Diameter- 60-70 cm
Depth – 60-70cm
The following fertilizer should be giving per pit –
Cow dung -10 kg
Bone meal -250 g
TSP-100 g
MoP-60 g
Mustard Oil Cake-100 g
After planting of 1-1.5 month 5-10g urea per pit should be giving.

Transplanting: it is done during the cooler month. Soil among the plant/seedlings is watered 1-2
days before lifting from the nursery. One/when lifting, all foliage should be removed and excess
root should be trimmed. Twig should be removed by clipping.

Maintenance and cares

1. Through watering immediately after planting but maintaining no water logged condition
in rose field.
2. Irrigation should be provided 7 days interval in summer and 10 during winter.
3. Desuckering: removal of excess sucker from the rootstock except remaining main scion.
4. Disbudding: removal of excess buds
5. Pruning: Generally done during October-November. Older branches do not give flower.
That’s why to encourage new growth pruning is advisable. Pruning may be light, medium
and heavy depending on the growth of the plant. Weak stem, weak branches, infested
stem and branches and dried up branches should be removed by using of secateurs. If
branches are to be developed directly outwards, pruning should be done above the bud
remaining outside of the branch. If branches are intended inwards then pruning is to be
done on the bud directly inwards. After pruning fungicidal paints should be applied at the
tip of the cut portion.
6. Fertilizing and manuring of established garden/wintering: After pruning the soil
around the rose plant at a distance of 20 cm should be dug out with a depth of
 Prof. Dr. Santosh Kumar Bose
Department of Horticulture
appropriately 30 cm. the depth will depend on the age of established plant. Generally it is
done in such way that root zone are exposed to open environment. Under this condition
the plant is allowed to 8-10 days so that root zone gets open air and sunlight. This
condition will help to destroy harmful insects and pests that appear in the root zone.
During this time no irrigation should be given. After this practice fertilizer dose of ½ kg
bonemeal, ½ kg of MOC, 8-10 kg of compost or well decomposed cowdung should be
given at the base of each plant. After winter in the time of march, another dose of same
amount should be applied per plant. The applied fertilizers and manures should be well
mixed with the dug out soil.

Rose-Mix: Royal National Rose Society of England

a. Nitrate of Potash: 6 parts by weight
b. Sulphate of Ammonia: 3 parts by weight
c. Superphosphate (Single): 16 parts by weight
d. Sulphate of Potash: 8 parts by weight
e. Sulphate of Magnesium: 2 parts by weight
f. Sulphate of Iron: ½ parts by weight

100gm per bush of rose mix is incorporated into the soil during the time of wintering
after pruning.
7. Mulching: Agro wastes like straw, dried leaves, grass clippings; rice husk or other wastes
like saw dust, used tea, or leaf-mould are spread around the root of the plants with a
radius of 1 to 2 feet and 4 inches thickness. This mulching reduces the rate of evaporation
and thereby assisting the soil to conserve moisture.
8. In the earlier stage of planting, if flower bud is pruned or not allowed to grow then large
sized flower can be expected during later stage.
9. Frequent cutting of flower with long stem should be avoided.
10. Weak and undeveloped bud should not be allowed to grow.
11. Faded flower should be removed.
12. Pests & diseases
Pests: Scale Mites: Suck the sap of the plant. Wash the stem with a cotton swab dipped
in Malathion, Rogor and applying granular Furadan 3G in the soil, can prevent scale
mite.
Red Spider Mites: Suck sap from leaves. Insecticide spray with Delcofol, Rogor,
Malathion and dusting with Sulphur can control this pest.
Aphids: They also suck the sap. Effective insecticides against aphids are Nuvacron,
Metacid etc.
Thrips: Effective insecticides are Metacid, Rogor etc.
Mealy-bug: white woolly incrustation are found on the branches which suck sap from"
young stem and leaves. Effective insecticides are Malathion, Rogor, Metacid etc.
13. Diseases
Dieback: This is the most dreaded disease of rose caused by unknown etiology. The
stems die back from top to downward and gradually the whole plant. The effected stem or
branch is cut 2-3 inches below the effected part and a cap of fresh cow-dung mixed with
Copper Sulphate or Bordeaux paste alone is put over the cut wound.
 Prof. Dr. Santosh Kumar Bose
Department of Horticulture
Black spots: Almost circular black spots on the leaves causing severe defoliation are a
common fungal disease, can be controlled by contact fungicides like Dithane M-45,
Blitox, Bordeaux mixture or by systemic fungicides like Bavistin, Calixin etc.
Powdery & Downy Mildews: The disease is best controlled by systemic fungicide like
Bavistin. Contact fungicide like Dithane M-45 may also be tried.
Harvesting
After initial planting in December or January, rose starts blooming from March and plant yield
on economic scale for 3 years.
(i) Plucking Stage: Roses are plucked at the bud stage just prior to blooming stage.
(ii) Time of Plucking: Buds must be cut out from the plant by a sharp knife during the evening
hours to keep them fresh.
Yield: On an average 10-15 lakhs flower per hectare may be obtained if all the requirement and
environment provided.