Dr.
Peggy
Kern’s
Capstone
Statistics
Practice
#3:
Correlations
-‐
ANSWERS
Statistics
are
learned
best
by
doing!
Here
is
a
set
of
exercises
to
let
you
practice
what
we
have
covered
on
the
correlations.
See
if
you
can
work
through
them
before
checking
your
responses.
1. For
the
following
correlations
(r):
0.29
-‐0.63
0.15
-‐0.34
0.04
a. Which
is
the
strongest
correlation?
With
correlation,
remember
that
we
can
think
about
both
strength
and
direction
of
the
effect,
so
look
at
the
absolute
value
distance.
Strongest
is
-‐.63.
b. Which
is
the
weakest
correlation?
Weakest
is
.04
2. Janice
and
Paul
did
a
study
on
feelings
of
stress
and
life
satisfaction.
Participants
completed
a
measure
on
how
stressed
they
were
feeling
(on
a
1
to
30
scale)
and
a
measure
of
how
satisfied
they
felt
with
their
lives
(measured
on
a
1
to
10
scale).
The
table
below
indicates
the
participants’
scores.
Using
this
data,
answer
the
following
questions:
Participant
#
Stress
score
(X)
Life
Satisfaction
(Y)
1
11
7
2
25
1
3
19
4
4
7
9
5
23
2
6
6
8
7
11
8
8
22
3
9
25
3
10
10
6
∑
159
51
Mean
15.9
5.1
SD
7.23
2.70
a) On
a
scrap
paper,
try
to
draw
a
rough
scatterplot
of
the
data,
just
to
get
an
idea
of
what
these
look
like.
You
didn’t
have
to
include
this,
but
essentially
a
scatterplot
would
look
something
like
this:
There
are
multiple
ways
to
calculate
a
correlation
coefficient
r
(that
is,
a
standardized
indicator
of
the
relation
between
two
variables).
We
can
calculate
the
covariation
between
two
variables
(X
and
Y),
and
then
adjust
this
by
the
standard
deviation
and
sample
size.
Alternatively,
we
can
calculate
r
from
the
Z
scores:
b) Using
either
method,
calculate
the
correlation
(r)
between
stress
and
life
satisfaction.
This
was
probably
the
most
time
intensive
element
of
this
assignment.
We
can
use
either
formula
–
I’ve
done
both
here
as
an
example,
with
the
covariance
method
in
green
and
the
Z
score
method
in
red.
#
X
X-‐Mx
Zx
Y
Y
–
My
ZY
(X-‐Mx)(
Y-‐My)
ZXZY
1
11
-‐4.9
-‐0.68
7
1.9
0.70
-‐9.31
-‐0.48
2
25
9.1
1.26
1
-‐4.1
-‐1.52
-‐37.31
-‐1.91
3
19
3.1
0.43
4
-‐1.1
-‐0.41
-‐3.41
-‐0.17
4
7
-‐8.9
-‐1.23
9
3.9
1.44
-‐34.71
-‐1.78
5
23
7.1
0.98
2
-‐3.1
-‐1.15
-‐22.01
-‐1.13
6
6
-‐9.9
-‐1.37
8
2.9
1.07
-‐28.71
-‐1.47
7
11
-‐4.9
-‐0.68
8
2.9
1.07
-‐14.21
-‐0.73
8
22
6.1
0.84
3
-‐2.1
-‐0.78
-‐12.81
-‐0.66
9
25
9.1
1.26
3
-‐2.1
-‐0.78
-‐19.11
-‐0.98
10
10
-‐5.9
-‐0.82
6
0.9
0.33
-‐5.31
-‐0.27
∑
159
0
0.00
51
0.00
0.00
-‐186.90
-‐9.57
Mean
15.9
5.1
ŝ
7.23
2.70
Then
we
add
these
to
the
formulas.
Using
the
covariance:
r
=
(-‐186.90)
=
-‐.957
(10
*
7.23
*
2.70)
Using
the
Z
scores:
r
=
-‐9.57
=
-‐.957
10
Round
to
2
decimal
points,
so
r
=
.96
c) Write
a
brief
interpretation
of
this
correlation,
including
the
strength,
direction,
and
an
explanation
of
the
effect.
There
is
a
very
strong,
negative
correlation
between
stress
and
life
satisfaction,
such
that
as
stress
increases,
life
satisfaction
decreases.
d) Can
you
say
that
being
more
stressed
causes
a
lower
level
of
life
satisfaction?
Why
or
why
not?
No,
because
correlation
does
not
equal
causation.
3. At
Hogwarts
School
of
Witchcraft
and
Wizardry,
students
often
have
a
lot
of
homework.
The
table
below
indicates
the
number
of
hours
students
studied,
and
how
they
performed
on
an
exam
in
two
of
their
classes.
Defense
against
the
Student
Potions
dark
arts
study
exam
study
exam
hours
score
hours
score
1
3
75
4
70
2
15
95
12
98
3
6
65
9
85
4
8
70
6
80
5
4
85
2
65
6
2
80
3
75
7
10
65
10
92
Mean
6.86
76.43
6.57
80.71
SD
4.22
10.25
3.54
10.95
a. Find
the
correlations
between
hours
spent
studying
and
how
students
performed
in
their
potions
and
defense
against
the
dark
arts
classes.
This
requires
computing
two
sets
of
correlations,
1
for
each
class.
Again,
you
could
use
the
covariance
method
of
the
Z
score
method.
I’ve
done
both
here
as
an
example,
with
the
covariance
method
in
green
and
the
Z
score
method
in
red.
In
the
tables,
X
indicates
hours
studied
and
Y
indicates
exam
scores
Potions Class
#
X
X-‐Mx
Zx
Y
Y
–
My
ZY
(X-‐Mx)(
Y-‐My)
ZXZY
1
3
-‐3.86
-‐0.91
75
-‐1.43
-‐0.14
5.51
0.13
2
15
8.14
1.93
95
18.57
1.81
151.22
3.49
3
6
-‐0.86
-‐0.20
65
-‐11.43
-‐1.11
9.80
0.23
4
8
1.14
0.27
70
-‐6.43
-‐0.63
-‐7.35
-‐0.17
5
4
-‐2.86
-‐0.68
85
8.57
0.84
-‐24.49
-‐0.57
6
2
-‐4.86
-‐1.15
80
3.57
0.35
-‐17.35
-‐0.40
7
10
3.14
0.74
65
-‐11.43
-‐1.11
-‐35.92
-‐0.83
∑
48
0
0.00
535
0.00
0.00
81.43
1.88
Mean
6.86
76.43
SD
4.22
10.25
Then
we
add
these
to
the
formulas.
Using
the
covariance:
r
=
81.43
=
.27
(7
*
4.22
*
10.25)
Using
the
Z
scores:
r
=
1.88
=
.27
7
Defense Against the Dark Arts Class
#
X
X-‐Mx
Zx
Y
Y
–
My
ZY
(X-‐Mx)(
Y-‐My)
ZXZY
1
4
-‐2.57
-‐0.73
70
-‐10.71
-‐0.98
27.55
0.71
2
12
5.43
1.53
98
17.29
1.58
93.84
2.42
3
9
2.43
0.69
85
4.29
0.39
10.41
0.27
4
6
-‐0.57
-‐0.16
80
-‐0.71
-‐0.07
0.41
0.01
5
2
-‐4.57
-‐1.29
65
-‐15.71
-‐1.43
71.84
1.85
6
3
-‐3.57
-‐1.01
75
-‐5.71
-‐0.52
20.41
0.53
7
10
3.43
0.97
92
11.29
1.03
38.69
1.00
∑
46
0
0.00
565
0.00
0.00
263.14
6.79
Mean
6.57
80.71
SD
3.54
10.95
Then
we
add
these
to
the
formulas.
Using
the
covariance:
r
=
263.14
=
.97
(7
*
3.54
*
10.95)
Using
the
Z
scores:
r
=
6.79
=
.97
7
b. Which
class
was
more
strongly
correlated
with
studying?
Studying
was
positively
related
to
performing
better
on
the
exam
in
both
classes,
but
there
was
a
much
stronger
correlation
between
studying
and
exam
scores
in
the
Defense
Against
the
Dark
Arts
class
(r
=
.97)
than
in
Potions
(r
=
.27).