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Stats Practice Assignment 3 - Correlations - Answers

This document provides practice questions and answers related to calculating and interpreting correlations. It includes examples of calculating correlations from data on stress/life satisfaction scores and interpreting the results. While a strong negative correlation was found between stress and life satisfaction, causation cannot be determined from correlation alone. The final question involves hypothetical student homework hours and exam scores.

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Muhammad Umair
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
95 views4 pages

Stats Practice Assignment 3 - Correlations - Answers

This document provides practice questions and answers related to calculating and interpreting correlations. It includes examples of calculating correlations from data on stress/life satisfaction scores and interpreting the results. While a strong negative correlation was found between stress and life satisfaction, causation cannot be determined from correlation alone. The final question involves hypothetical student homework hours and exam scores.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Umair
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Dr.

 Peggy  Kern’s  Capstone  Statistics  


Practice  #3:  Correlations  -­‐  ANSWERS  
 
Statistics  are  learned  best  by  doing!  Here  is  a  set  of  exercises  to  let  you  practice  what  we  have  covered  on  
the  correlations.  See  if  you  can  work  through  them  before  checking  your  responses.  
 
1. For  the  following  correlations  (r):    0.29   -­‐0.63   0.15   -­‐0.34   0.04  
a. Which  is  the  strongest  correlation?  
With  correlation,  remember  that  we  can  think  about  both  strength  and  direction  of  the  effect,  so  
look  at  the  absolute  value  distance.    
Strongest  is  -­‐.63.    
 
b. Which  is  the  weakest  correlation?  
Weakest  is  .04  
 
 
2. Janice  and  Paul  did  a  study  on  feelings  of  stress  and  life  satisfaction.  Participants  completed  a  measure  
on  how  stressed  they  were  feeling  (on  a  1  to  30  scale)  and  a  measure  of  how  satisfied  they  felt  with  
their  lives  (measured  on  a  1  to  10  scale).  The  table  below  indicates  the  participants’  scores.  Using  this  
data,  answer  the  following  questions:  
 
Participant  #   Stress  score  (X)   Life  Satisfaction  (Y)  
1   11   7  
2   25   1  
3   19   4  
4   7   9  
5   23   2  
6   6   8  
7   11   8  
8   22   3  
9   25   3  
10   10   6  
∑   159   51  
Mean   15.9   5.1  
SD   7.23   2.70  
 
a) On  a  scrap  paper,  try  to  draw  a  rough  scatterplot  of  the  data,  just  to  get  an  idea  of  what  these  look  
like.    
 
You  didn’t  have  to  include  this,  but  essentially  a  scatterplot  would  
look  something  like  this:  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
There  are  multiple  ways  to  calculate  a  correlation  coefficient  r  (that  is,  a  standardized  indicator  of  the  
relation  between  two  variables).  We  can  calculate  the  covariation  between  two  variables  (X  and  Y),  and  
then  adjust  this  by  the  standard  deviation  and  sample  size.    

 
Alternatively,  we  can  calculate  r  from  the  Z  scores:  

 
b) Using  either  method,  calculate  the  correlation  (r)  between  stress  and  life  satisfaction.  
This  was  probably  the  most  time  intensive  element  of  this  assignment.  We  can  use  either  formula  –  I’ve  done  
both  here  as  an  example,  with  the  covariance  method  in  green  and  the  Z  score  method  in  red.  
 
#   X   X-­‐Mx   Zx   Y   Y  –  My   ZY   (X-­‐Mx)(  Y-­‐My)   ZXZY  
1   11   -­‐4.9   -­‐0.68   7   1.9   0.70   -­‐9.31   -­‐0.48  
2   25   9.1   1.26   1   -­‐4.1   -­‐1.52   -­‐37.31   -­‐1.91  
3   19   3.1   0.43   4   -­‐1.1   -­‐0.41   -­‐3.41   -­‐0.17  
4   7   -­‐8.9   -­‐1.23   9   3.9   1.44   -­‐34.71   -­‐1.78  
5   23   7.1   0.98   2   -­‐3.1   -­‐1.15   -­‐22.01   -­‐1.13  
6   6   -­‐9.9   -­‐1.37   8   2.9   1.07   -­‐28.71   -­‐1.47  
7   11   -­‐4.9   -­‐0.68   8   2.9   1.07   -­‐14.21   -­‐0.73  
8   22   6.1   0.84   3   -­‐2.1   -­‐0.78   -­‐12.81   -­‐0.66  
9   25   9.1   1.26   3   -­‐2.1   -­‐0.78   -­‐19.11   -­‐0.98  
10   10   -­‐5.9   -­‐0.82   6   0.9   0.33   -­‐5.31   -­‐0.27  
∑   159   0   0.00   51   0.00   0.00   -­‐186.90   -­‐9.57  
Mean   15.9       5.1          
ŝ   7.23           2.70                
 
Then  we  add  these  to  the  formulas.  
Using  the  covariance:     r  =            (-­‐186.90)           =      -­‐.957    
(10  *  7.23  *  2.70)  
 
Using  the  Z  scores:     r  =  -­‐9.57        =         -­‐.957  
10  
 
Round  to  2  decimal  points,  so  r  =  .96  
 
 
c) Write  a  brief  interpretation  of  this  correlation,  including  the  strength,  direction,  and  an  explanation  
of  the  effect.    
There  is  a  very  strong,  negative  correlation  between  stress  and  life  satisfaction,  such  that  as  stress  increases,  
life  satisfaction  decreases.  
 
d) Can  you  say  that  being  more  stressed  causes  a  lower  level  of  life  satisfaction?  Why  or  why  not?    
No,  because  correlation  does  not  equal  causation.  
 
3. At  Hogwarts  School  of  Witchcraft  and  Wizardry,  students  often  have  a  lot  of  homework.  The  table  
below  indicates  the  number  of  hours  students  studied,  and  how  they  performed  on  an  exam  in  two  of  
their  classes.    
Defense  against  the  
Student   Potions  
dark  arts  
study   exam   study   exam  
  hours   score   hours   score  
1   3   75   4   70  
2   15   95   12   98  
3   6   65   9   85  
4   8   70   6   80  
5   4   85   2   65  
6   2   80   3   75  
7   10   65   10   92  
Mean   6.86   76.43   6.57   80.71  
SD   4.22   10.25   3.54   10.95  

a. Find  the  correlations  between  hours  spent  studying  and  how  students  performed  in  their  potions  
and  defense  against  the  dark  arts  classes.
This  requires  computing  two  sets  of  correlations,  1  for  each  class.  Again,  you  could  use  the  covariance  
method  of  the  Z  score  method.  I’ve  done  both  here  as  an  example,  with  the  covariance  method  in  green  and  
the  Z  score  method  in  red.  In  the  tables,  X  indicates  hours  studied  and  Y  indicates  exam  scores  

Potions Class
#   X   X-­‐Mx   Zx   Y   Y  –  My   ZY   (X-­‐Mx)(  Y-­‐My)   ZXZY  
1   3   -­‐3.86   -­‐0.91   75   -­‐1.43   -­‐0.14   5.51   0.13  
2   15   8.14   1.93   95   18.57   1.81   151.22   3.49  
3   6   -­‐0.86   -­‐0.20   65   -­‐11.43   -­‐1.11   9.80   0.23  
4   8   1.14   0.27   70   -­‐6.43   -­‐0.63   -­‐7.35   -­‐0.17  
5   4   -­‐2.86   -­‐0.68   85   8.57   0.84   -­‐24.49   -­‐0.57  
6   2   -­‐4.86   -­‐1.15   80   3.57   0.35   -­‐17.35   -­‐0.40  
7   10   3.14   0.74   65   -­‐11.43   -­‐1.11   -­‐35.92   -­‐0.83  
∑   48   0   0.00   535   0.00   0.00   81.43   1.88  
Mean   6.86       76.43          
SD   4.22       10.25                

Then  we  add  these  to  the  formulas.  


Using  the  covariance:     r  =            81.43           =     .27    
(7  *  4.22  *  10.25)  
 
Using  the  Z  scores:     r  =  1.88        =         .27  
7  
 
Defense Against the Dark Arts Class
#   X   X-­‐Mx   Zx   Y   Y  –  My   ZY   (X-­‐Mx)(  Y-­‐My)   ZXZY  
1   4   -­‐2.57   -­‐0.73   70   -­‐10.71   -­‐0.98   27.55   0.71  
2   12   5.43   1.53   98   17.29   1.58   93.84   2.42  
3   9   2.43   0.69   85   4.29   0.39   10.41   0.27  
4   6   -­‐0.57   -­‐0.16   80   -­‐0.71   -­‐0.07   0.41   0.01  
5   2   -­‐4.57   -­‐1.29   65   -­‐15.71   -­‐1.43   71.84   1.85  
6   3   -­‐3.57   -­‐1.01   75   -­‐5.71   -­‐0.52   20.41   0.53  
7   10   3.43   0.97   92   11.29   1.03   38.69   1.00  
∑   46   0   0.00   565   0.00   0.00   263.14   6.79  
Mean   6.57       80.71          
SD   3.54       10.95                

Then  we  add  these  to  the  formulas.  


Using  the  covariance:     r  =            263.14           =     .97    
(7  *  3.54  *  10.95)  
 
Using  the  Z  scores:     r  =  6.79        =         .97  
7  
 

b. Which  class  was  more  strongly  correlated  with  studying?


Studying  was  positively  related  to  performing  better  on  the  exam  in  both  classes,  but  there  was  a  
much  stronger  correlation  between  studying  and  exam  scores  in  the  Defense  Against  the  Dark  Arts  
class  (r  =  .97)  than  in  Potions  (r  =  .27).    

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