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Introduction-to-Database-and-SQL-Week 06-Fall-2022

The document discusses database normalization. It explains that normalization is used to reduce data redundancy and anomalies by determining the required tables and columns through a multi-step process. The first normal form eliminates repeating groups and identifies primary keys. The second normal form eliminates partial dependencies by breaking composite primary keys into separate tables. The third normal form eliminates transitive dependencies by removing columns that depend on non-key attributes.

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Shivam Patel
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45 views12 pages

Introduction-to-Database-and-SQL-Week 06-Fall-2022

The document discusses database normalization. It explains that normalization is used to reduce data redundancy and anomalies by determining the required tables and columns through a multi-step process. The first normal form eliminates repeating groups and identifies primary keys. The second normal form eliminates partial dependencies by breaking composite primary keys into separate tables. The third normal form eliminates transitive dependencies by removing columns that depend on non-key attributes.

Uploaded by

Shivam Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Unnormalized Data

• Contains repeating groups in the Author column


in the BOOKS table
Database Normalization
• Determines required tables and columns for
each table
• Multistep process
• Used to reduce or control data redundancy
Database Normalization
• Data redundancy – refers to having the same data in
different places within a database
• Data anomalies – refers to data inconsistencies
First-Normal Form (1NF)
• Primary key is identified
• Repeating groups are eliminated
First-Normal Form (1NF)
(continued)
• ISBN and Author columns together create a
composite primary key
Composite Primary Key
• More than one column is required to uniquely
identify a row
• Can lead to partial dependency – a column is
only dependent on a portion of the primary
key
Second-Normal Form (2NF)
• Partial dependency must be eliminated
– Break the composite primary key into two parts,
each part representing a separate table
Second-Normal Form (2NF)
(continued)
• BOOKS table in 2NF
Third-Normal Form (3NF)

• Publisher contact name has been removed


Summary of Normalization Steps
• 1NF: eliminate repeating groups, identify the
primary key
• 2NF: table is in 1NF, and partial dependencies
are eliminated
• 3NF: table is in 2NF, and transitive
dependencies are eliminated

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