THE PAPER MENAGERIE

The Paper Menagerie I didn’t know this at the time, but Mom’s breath was
special. She breathed into her paper animals so that they
shared her breath, and thus moved with her life. This was
Ken Liu
her magic.

Dad had picked Mom out of a catalogue.

One of my earliest memories starts with me sobbing. I One time, when I was in high school, I asked Dad about
refused to be soothed no matter what Mom and Dad tried. the details. He was trying to get me to speak to Mom again.
Dad gave up and left the bedroom, but Mom took me He had signed up for the introduction service back in
into the kitchen and sat me down at the breakfast table. the spring of 1973. Flipping through the pages steadily, he
“Kan, kan.” Look, look, she said, as she pulled a sheet of had spent no more than a few seconds on each page until he
wrapping paper from on top of the fridge. For years, Mom saw the picture of Mom.
carefully sliced open the wrappings around Christmas gifts I’ve never seen this picture. Dad described it: Mom was
and saved them on top of the fridge in a thick stack. sitting in a chair, her side to the camera, wearing a tight
She set the paper down, plain side facing up, and began green silk cheongsam. Her head was turned to the camera
to fold it. I stopped crying and watched her, curious. so that her long black hair was draped artfully over her
She turned the paper over and folded it again. She pleated, chest and shoulder. She looked out at him with the eyes of
packed, tucked, rolled, and twisted until the paper disappeared a calm child.
between her cupped hands. Then she lifted the folded-up “That was the last page of the catalogue I saw,” he said.
paper packet to her mouth and blew into it, like a balloon. The catalogue said she was eighteen, loved to dance,
“Kan,” she said. “Laohu.” Look, a tiger. She put her hands and spoke good English because she was from Hong Kong.
down on the table and let go. A little paper tiger stood on the None of these facts turned out to be true.
table, the size of two fists placed together. The skin of the tiger He wrote to her, and the company passed their messages
was the pattern on the wrapping paper, white background back and forth. Finally, he flew to Hong Kong to meet her.
with red candy canes and green Christmas trees. “The people at the company had been writing her
I reached out to Mom’s creation. Its tail twitched, and it responses. She didn’t know any English other than ‘hello’
pounced playfully at my finger. “Rawrr-sa,” it growled, the and ‘good-bye’.”
sound somewhere between a cat and rustling newspapers. What kind of woman puts herself into a catalogue so that
I laughed, startled, and stroked its back with my index she can be bought? The high school me thought I knew so
finger. The paper tiger vibrated under my finger, purring. much about everything. Contempt felt good, like wine.
“Zhe jiao zhezhi,” Mom said. This is called origami. Instead of storming into the office to demand his money

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back, he paid a waitress at the hotel restaurant to translate with tape. He avoided birds after that.
for them. And then one day, I saw a TV documentary about
“She would look at me, her eyes halfway between scared sharks and asked Mom for one of my own. She made the
and hopeful, while I spoke. And when the girl began shark, but he flapped about on the table unhappily. I filled
translating what I said, she’d start to smile slowly.” He flew the sink with water, and put him in. He swam around and
back to Connecticut and began to apply for the papers for her around happily. However, after a while he became soggy
to come to him. I was born a year later, in the Year of the Tiger. and translucent, and slowly sank to the bottom, the folds
coming undone. I reached in to rescue him, and all I ended
*** up with was a wet piece of paper.
Laohu put his front paws together at the edge of the sink
At my request, Mom also made a goat, a deer, and and rested his head on them. Ears drooping, he made a low
a water buffalo out of wrapping paper. They would run growl in his throat that made me feel guilty.
around the living room while Laohu chased after them, Mom made a new shark for me, this time out of tinfoil.
growling. When he caught them he would press down until The shark lived happily in a large goldfish bowl. Laohu
the air went out of them and they became just flat, folded- and I liked to sit next to the bowl to watch the tinfoil shark
up pieces of paper. I would then have to blow into them to chasing the goldfish, Laohu sticking his face up against the
re-inflate them so they could run around some more. bowl on the other side so that I saw his eyes, magnified to
Sometimes, the animals got into trouble. Once, the the size of coffee cups, staring at me from across the bowl.
water buffalo jumped into a dish of soy sauce on the table
at dinner. (He wanted to wallow, like a real water buffalo.) I When I was ten, we moved to a new house across town.
picked him out quickly but the capillary action had already Two of the women neighbours came by to welcome us.
pulled the dark liquid high up into his legs. The sauce- Dad served them drinks and then apologized for having to
softened legs would not hold him up, and he collapsed onto run off to the utility company to straighten out the prior
the table. I dried him out in the sun, but his legs became owner’s bills. “Make yourselves at home. My wife doesn’t
crooked after that, and he ran around with a limp. Mom speak much English, so don’t think she’s being rude for not
eventually wrapped his legs in saran wrap so that he could talking to you.”
wallow to his heart’s content (just not in soy sauce). While I read in the dining room, Mom unpacked in the
Also, Laohu liked to pounce at sparrows when he and I kitchen. The neighbours conversed in the living room, not
played in the backyard. But one time, a cornered bird struck trying to be particularly quiet.
back in desperation and tore his ear. He whimpered and “He seems like a normal enough man. Why did he do
winced as I held him and Mom patched his ear together that?”

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“Something about the mixing never seems right. The child longer as nimble and sure-footed as before. I sat him down
looks unfinished. Slanty eyes, white face. A little monster.” on the coffee table. I could hear the skittering steps of the
“Do you think he can speak English?” other animals behind in the hallway, timidly peeking into
The women hushed. After a while they came into the the living room.
dining room. “Xiao laohu,” I said, and stopped. I switched to English.
“Hello there! What’s your name?” “This is Tiger.” Cautiously, Laohu strode up and purred at
“Jack,” I said. Mark, sniffing his hands.
“That doesn’t sound very Chinesey.” Mark examined the Christmas-wrap pattern of Laohu’s
Mom came into the dining room then. She smiled at skin. “That doesn’t look like a tiger at all. Your Mom makes
the women. The three of them stood in a triangle around toys for you from trash?”
me, smiling and nodding at each other, with nothing to say, I had never thought of Laohu as trash. But looking at
until Dad came back. him now, he was really just a piece of wrapping paper.
Mark pushed Obi-Wan’s head again. The lightsaber
*** flashed; he moved his arms up and down. “Use the Force!”
Laohu turned and pounced, knocking the plastic figure
Mark, one of the neighbourhood boys, came over with off the table. It hit the floor and broke and Obi-Wan’s head
his Star Wars action figures. Obi-Wan Kenobi’s light sabre rolled under the couch.
lit up and he could swing his arms and say, in a tinny voice, “Rawwww,” Laohu laughed. I joined him.
“Use the Force!” I didn’t think the figure looked much like Mark punched me, hard. “This was very expensive! You
the real Obi-Wan at all. can’t even find it in the stores now. It probably cost more
Together, we watched him repeat this performance five than what your Dad paid for your Mom!”
times on the coffee table. “Can he do anything else?” I asked. I stumbled and fell to the floor. Laohu growled and leapt
Mark was annoyed by my question. “Look at all the at Mark’s face.
details,” he said. Mark screamed, more out of fear and surprise than pain.
I looked at the details. I wasn’t sure what I was Laohu was only made of paper, after all.
supposed to say. Mark grabbed Laohu and his snarl was choked off as
Mark was disappointed by my response. “Show me your toys.” Mark crumpled him in his hand and tore him in half. He
I didn’t have any toys except my paper menagerie. I balled up the two pieces of paper and threw them at me.
brought Laohu out from my bedroom. By then he was very “Here’s your stupid cheap Chinese garbage.”
worn, patched all over with tape and glue, evidence of the After Mark left, I spent a long time trying, without
years of repairs Mom and I had done on him. He was no success, to tape together the pieces, smooth out the paper,

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and follow the creases to refold Laohu. Slowly, the other Mom reached out to touch my forehead, feeling for my
animals came into the living room and gathered around us, temperature.
me and the torn wrapping paper that used to be Laohu. “Fashao la?” Do you have a fever?
I brushed her hand away. “I’m fine. Speak English!” I
My fight with Mark didn’t end there. Mark was popular was shouting.
at school. I never want to think again about the two weeks “Speak English to him,” Dad said to Mom. “You knew
that followed. this was going to happen someday. What did you expect?”
I came home that Friday at the end of the two weeks. Mom dropped her hands to her sides. She sat, looking
“Xuexiao hao ma?” Mom asked. How was school? I said from Dad to me, and back to Dad again. She tried to speak,
nothing and went to the bathroom. I looked into the mirror. stopped, and tried again, and stopped again.
I look nothing like her, nothing. “You have to,” Dad said. “I’ve been too easy on you. Jack
At dinner I asked Dad, “Do I have a chink face?” needs to fit in.”
Dad put down his chopsticks. Even though I had Mom looked at him. “If I say ‘love,’ I feel here.” She
never told him what happened in school, he seemed to pointed to her lips. “If I say ‘ai,’ I feel here.” She put her
understand. He closed his eyes and rubbed the bridge of his hand over her heart.
nose. “No. You don’t.” Dad shook his head. “You are in America.”
Mom looked at Dad, not understanding. She looked Mom hunched down in her seat, looking like the water
back at me. “Sha jiao chink?” What does chink mean? buffalo when Laohu used to pounce on him and squeeze
“English,” I said. “Speak English.” the air of life out of him.
She tried. “What happen?” “And I want some real toys.”
I pushed the chopsticks and the bowl before me away:
stir-fried green peppers with five-spice beef. “We should eat Dad bought me a full set of Star Wars action figures. I
American food.” gave the Obi-Wan Kenobi to Mark.
Dad tried to reason. “A lot of families cook Chinese I packed the paper menagerie in a large shoebox and put
sometimes.” it under the bed.
“We are not other families.” I looked at him. Other The next morning, the animals had escaped and taken over
families don’t have Moms who don’t belong. their old favourite spots in my room. I caught them all and put
He looked away. And then he put a hand on Mom’s shoulder. them back into the shoebox, taping the lid shut. But the animals
“I’ll get you a cookbook.” made so much noise in the box that I finally shoved it into the
Mom turned to me. “Bu haochi?” The food doesn’t taste good? corner of the attic as far away from my room as possible.
“English,” I said, raising my voice. “Speak English.” If Mom spoke to me in Chinese, I refused to answer her.

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After a while, she tried to use more English. But her accent Dad and I stood, one on each side of Mom, lying on
and broken sentences embarrassed me. I tried to correct her. the hospital bed. She was not yet even forty, but she looked
Eventually, she stopped speaking altogether if I was around. much older.
Mom began to mime things if she needed to let me know For years she had refused to go to the doctor for the
something. She tried to hug me the way she saw American pain inside her that she said was no big deal. By the time an
mothers do on TV. I thought her movements exaggerated, ambulance finally carried her in, the cancer had spread far
uncertain, ridiculous, graceless. She saw that I was annoyed, beyond the limits of surgery.
and stopped. My mind was not in the room. It was the middle of
“You shouldn’t treat your mother that way,” Dad said. the on-campus recruiting season, and I was focused on
But he couldn’t look me in the eyes as he said it. Deep in his resumes, transcripts, and strategically constructed interview
heart, he must have realised that it was a mistake to have schedules. I schemed about how to lie to the corporate
tried to take a Chinese peasant girl and expect her to fit in recruiters most effectively so that they’d offer to buy me. I
the suburbs of Connecticut. understood intellectually that it was terrible to think about
Mom learned to cook American style. I played video this while your mother lay dying. But that understanding
games and studied French. didn’t mean I could change how I felt.
Every once in a while, I would see her at the kitchen She was conscious. Dad held her left hand with both of
table studying the plain side of a sheet of wrapping paper. his own. He leaned down to kiss her forehead. He seemed
Later a new paper animal would appear on my nightstand weak and old in a way that startled me. I realized that I
and try to cuddle up to me. I caught them, squeezed them knew almost as little about Dad as I did about Mom.
until the air went out of them, and then stuffed them away Mom smiled at him. “I’m fine.”
in the box in the attic. She turned to me, still smiling. “I know you have to go back
Mom finally stopped making the animals when I was to school.” Her voice was very weak and it was difficult to hear
in high school. By then her English was much better, but her over the hum of the machines hooked up to her. “Go. Don’t
I was already at that age when I wasn’t interested in what worry about me. This is not a big deal. Just do well in school.”
she had to say whatever language she used. I reached out to touch her hand, because I thought that was
Sometimes, when I came home and saw her tiny body what I was supposed to do. I was relieved. I was already thinking
busily moving about in the kitchen, singing a song in about the flight back, and the bright California sunshine.
Chinese to herself, it was hard for me to believe that she gave She whispered something to Dad. He nodded and left
birth to me. We had nothing in common. She might as well the room.
be from the Moon. I would hurry on to my room, where I “Jack, if — ” she was caught up in a fit of coughing, and
could continue my all-American pursuit of happiness. could not speak for some time. “If I…don’t make it, don’t be

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too sad and hurt your health. Focus on your life. Just keep for him and had to be sold. My girlfriend Susan and I went
that box you have in the attic with you, and every year, at to help him pack and clean the place.
Qingming, just take it out and think about me. I’ll be with Susan found the shoebox in the attic. The paper
you always.” menagerie, hidden in the non-insulated darkness of the attic
Qingming was the Chinese Festival for the Dead. When for so long, had become brittle, and the bright wrapping
I was very young, Mom used to write a letter on Qingming paper patterns had faded.
to her dead parents back in China, telling them the good “I’ve never seen origami like this,” Susan said. “Your
news about the past year of her life in America. She would mum was an amazing artist.”
read the letter out loud to me, and if I made a comment The paper animals did not move. Perhaps whatever
about something, she would write it down in the letter too. magic had animated them stopped when Mom died. Or
Then she would fold the letter into a paper crane, and perhaps I had only imagined that these paper constructions
release it, facing west. We would then watch, as the crane were once alive. The memory of children could not be
flapped its crisp wings on its long journey west, toward the trusted.
Pacific, toward China, toward the graves of Mom’s family.
It had been many years since I last did that with her. It was the first weekend in April, two years after Mom’s
“I don’t know anything about the Chinese calendar,” I death. Susan was out of town on one of her endless trips as
said. “Just rest, Mom.” a Management Consultant and I was home, lazily flipping
“Just keep the box with you and open it once in a while. through the TV channels.
Just open — ” She began to cough again. I paused at a documentary about sharks. Suddenly I
“It’s okay, Mom.” I stroked her arm awkwardly. saw, in my mind, Mom’s hands as they folded and refolded
“Haizi, mama ai ni — ” Her cough took over again. Son, tinfoil to make a shark for me, while Laohu and I watched.
Mom loves you. An image from years ago flashed into my A rustle. I looked up and saw that a ball of wrapping
memory: Mom saying ai and then putting her hand over paper and torn tape was on the floor next to the bookshelf.
her heart. I walked over to pick it up for the trash.
“All right, Mom. Stop talking.” The ball of paper shifted, unfurled itself, and I saw that it
Dad came back, and I said that I needed to get to the was Laohu, who I hadn’t thought about in a very long time.
airport early because I didn’t want to miss my flight. “Rawrr-sa.” Mom must have put him back together after I
She died when my plane was somewhere over Nevada. had given up.
He was smaller than I remembered. Or maybe it was just
*** that back then my fists were smaller.
Dad aged rapidly after Mom died. The house was too big Susan had put the paper animals around our apartment

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as decoration. She probably left Laohu in a hidden corner Son,

because he looked so shabby.
I sat down on the floor, and reached out a finger. Laohu’s We haven’t talked in a long time. You are so angry
tail twitched, and he pounced playfully. I laughed, stroking when I try to touch you that I’m afraid. And I think maybe
his back. Laohu purred under my hand. this pain I feel all the time now is something serious.
“How’ve you been, old buddy?” So I decided to write to you. I’m going to write in the
Laohu stopped playing. He got up, jumped with feline paper animals I made for you that you used to like so
grace into my lap, and proceeded to unfold himself. much.
In my lap was a square of creased wrapping paper, the The animals will stop moving when I stop breathing.
plain side up. It was filled with dense Chinese characters. I But if I write to you with all my heart, I’ll leave a little of
had never learned to read Chinese, but I knew the characters myself behind on this paper, in these words. Then, if you
for son, and they were at the top, where you’d expect them think of me on Qingming, when the spirits of the departed
in a letter addressed to you, written in Mom’s awkward, are allowed to visit their families, you’ll make the parts
childish handwriting. of myself I leave behind come alive too. The creatures I
I went to the computer to check the Internet. Today was made for you will again leap and run and pounce, and
Qingming. maybe you’ll get to see these words then.
Because I have to write with all my heart, I need to
I took the letter with me downtown, where I knew write to you in Chinese.
the Chinese tour buses stopped. I stopped every tourist, All this time I still haven’t told you the story of my
asking, “Nin hui du zhongwen ma?” Can you read Chinese? life. When you were little, I always thought I’d tell you the
I hadn’t spoken Chinese in so long that I wasn’t sure if they story when you were older, so you could understand. But
understood. somehow that chance never came up.
A young woman agreed to help. We sat down on a bench I was born in 1957, in Sigulu Village, Hebei Province.
together, and she read the letter to me aloud. The language Your grandparents were both from very poor peasant
that I had tried to forget for years came back, and I felt families with few relatives. Only a few years after I was
the words sinking into me, through my skin, through my born, the Great Famines struck China, during which thirty
bones, until they squeezed tight around my heart. million people died. The first memory I have was waking
up to see my mother eating dirt so that she could fill her
belly and leave the last bit of flour for me.
Things got better after that. Sigulu is famous for its
zhezhi papercraft, and my mother taught me how to make

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paper animals and give them life. This was practical the warehouse a fee and came by to look us over and select
magic in the life of the village. We made paper birds one of us to “adopt.”
to chase grasshoppers away from the fields, and paper The Chin family picked me to take care of their two
tigers to keep away the mice. For Chinese New Year my boys. I got up every morning at four to prepare breakfast.
friends and I made red paper dragons. I’ll never forget I fed and bathed the boys. I shopped for food. I did the
the sight of all those little dragons zooming across the sky laundry and swept the floors. I followed the boys around
overhead, holding up strings of exploding firecrackers to and did their bidding. At night I was locked into a cupboard
scare away all the bad memories of the past year. You in the kitchen to sleep. If I was slow or did anything wrong I
would have loved it. was beaten. If the boys did anything wrong I was beaten. If
Then came the Cultural Revolution in 1966. I was caught trying to learn English I was beaten.
Neighbour turned on neighbour, and brother against “Why do you want to learn English?” Mr. Chin asked.
brother. Someone remembered that my mother’s “You want to go to the police? We’ll tell the police that you
brother, my uncle, had left for Hong Kong back in are a mainlander illegally in Hong Kong. They’d love to
1946, and became a merchant there. Having a relative have you in their prison.”
in Hong Kong meant we were spies and enemies of the Six years I lived like this. One day, an old woman who
people, and we had to be struggled against in every sold fish to me in the morning market pulled me aside.
way. Your poor grandmother — she couldn’t take the “I know girls like you. How old are you now, sixteen?
abuse and threw herself down a well. Then some boys One day, the man who owns you will get drunk, and he’ll
with hunting muskets dragged your grandfather away look at you and pull you to him and you can’t stop him.
one day into the woods, and he never came back. The wife will find out, and then you will think you really
There I was, a ten-year-old orphan. The only relative I have gone to hell. You have to get out of this life. I know
had in the world was my uncle in Hong Kong. I snuck away someone who can help.”
one night and climbed onto a freight train going south. She told me about American men who wanted Asian
Down in Guangdong Province a few days later, some wives. If I can cook, clean, and take care of my American
men caught me stealing food from a field. When they heard husband, he’ll give me a good life. It was the only hope I
that I was trying to get to Hong Kong, they laughed. “It’s had. And that was how I got into the catalogue with all
your lucky day. Our trade is to bring girls to Hong Kong.” those lies and met your father. It is not a very romantic
They hid me in the bottom of a truck along with other story, but it is my story. In the suburbs of Connecticut, I
girls, and smuggled us across the border. was lonely. Your father was kind and gentle with me, and
We were taken to a basement and told to stand up and I was very grateful to him. But no one understood me,
look healthy and intelligent for the buyers. Families paid and I understood nothing.

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But then you were born! I was so happy when I looked The young woman handed the paper back to me. I could
into your face and saw shades of my mother, my father, not bear to look into her face.
and myself. I had lost my entire family, all of Sigulu, Without looking up, I asked for her help in tracing out
everything I ever knew and loved. But there you were, the character for ai on the paper below Mom’s letter. I wrote
and your face was proof that they were real. I hadn’t the character again and again on the paper, intertwining my
made them up. pen strokes with her words.
Now I had someone to talk to. I would teach you my The young woman reached out and put a hand on my
language, and we could together remake a small piece of shoulder. Then she got up and left, leaving me alone with
everything that I loved and lost. When you said your first my mother.
words to me, in Chinese that had the same accent as my Following the creases, I refolded the paper back into
mother and me, I cried for hours. When I made the first Laohu. I cradled him in the crook of my arm, and as he
zhezhi animals for you, and you laughed, I felt there were purred, we began the walk home.
no worries in the world.
You grew up a little, and now you could even help your
father and me talk to each other. I was really at home now.
I finally found a good life. I wished my parents could be
here, so that I could cook for them, and give them a good
life too. But my parents were no longer around. You know
what the Chinese think is the saddest feeling in the world?
It’s for a child to finally grow the desire to take care of his
parents, only to realize that they were long gone.
Son, I know that you do not like your Chinese eyes,
which are my eyes. I know that you do not like your
Chinese hair, which is my hair. But can you understand
how much joy your very existence brought to me? And can
you understand how it felt when you stopped talking to me
and won’t let me talk to you in Chinese? I felt I was losing
everything all over again.
Why won’t you talk to me, son? The pain makes it
hard to write.

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