AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, AIR FORCE BASE, KADUNA

TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT:

Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF)

Plot 1058 Memorial Drive, Central Business District, Cadastral Zone AOO, Abuja

PRESENTED BY:

BENSON-NWOBUM, Chubike

AFIT/MEN/18/0014

SUBMITTED TO:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF AIR ENGINEERING

AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, AIR FORCE BASE, KADUNA, NIGERIA

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR

OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SEPTEMBER 2022-MARCH 2023

 DECLARATION

I, BENSON-NWOBUM Chubike(AFIT/MEN/18/0014), hereby declare that this project

work carried out and submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree in Mechanical Engineering is my

original work and has not been presented for any degree elsewhere, to the best of

my knowledge.

…………………………………………. ………………………………

BENSON-NWOBUM, Chubike Date

 DEDICATION

I dedicate this report to my parents, Chief Benson Nwobum and Mrs Ego Benson-

Nwobum for their unending support.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to use this opportunity to acknowledge my coordinator Engr. Soretire IK for

his guidance and patience he exercised in putting us through this experience.

Special thanks to the Human Resources staff at PTDF for giving me the opportunity

to work at the company, my bosses at the Project Department for their support and

kindness throughout this experience and my friend Gamaliel for his support during

this period.

I would also like to thank Engr. Johnson AN and my friends Khalifa and Collins for

their support and guidance in making this report.

 ABSTRACT

The Students’ Work Experience Program (SIWES) was established by the Industrial Training
Fund (ITF) and serves as a link that compliments the theoretical aspect of engineering
studies through practical applications.

Work experience provides many benefits, giving students skills and experience that will
allow us stand out to potential employers as well as helping you choose a sector you excel
in.

Work experience is an important part of becoming ‘workplace-ready’, building useful skills

that cannot be taught in the classroom as well as contacts students otherwise would not be
exposed to.

My student Work Experience Program (SIWES) was undertaken at the Petroleum

Technology Development Fund, Plot 1058 Memorial Drive, Central Business District,
Cadastral Zone AOO, Abuja, Nigeria. The training took place over a period of six months. This
report illustrates all my experience and practical knowledge that I gained during this period.

The Petroleum Technology Development Fund is a company with a vision to build capacities
and capabilities in Nigeria’s Oil and Gas Industry through the development of human
capacities, institutional capacity development as well as the promotion of research and
acquisition of relevant technologies. PTDF serves as a vessel for the development of
indigenous manpower and technology transfer acquisition in the petroleum industry as well
as make Nigeria a human resource center for the West African sub-region.

PTDF as a national petroleum facility is focused on human and technological development

aimed at training Nigerians to qualify as graduates, professionals, technicians and craftsmen
in the field of engineering, geology, science and management in the oil and gas industry in
Nigeria and abroad.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................................
i CERTIFICATION ...............................................................................................................................
ii DEDICATION.....................................................................................................................................
iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
.................................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT
.......................................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF
CONTENTS .................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF
FIGURES .......................................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE...................................................................................................................................1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction to SIWES................................................................................................................1

1.2 Brief History of SIWES...............................................................................................................1
1.3 Objective of SIWES.....................................................................................................................2
1.4 Benefit of SIWES .........................................................................................................................2
1.5 History of The Company.............................................................................................................3
1.6 Logbook ........................................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO..................................................................................................................................6
2.0 THEORY OF WORK DONE........................................................................................................6
2.1 Robotics and Embedded Systems...............................................................................................6
2.1.1 What is Robotics? .................................................................................................................6
2.1.2 Parts of a Robot ....................................................................................................................7
2.1.3 Types of Robots.....................................................................................................................8
2.1.4 Embedded Systems .............................................................................................................12 2.2
Computer Aided Design/Manufacture ....................................................................................17 2.2.1
Computer Aided Design (CAD).........................................................................................17 2.2.2
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) ..........................................................................17 2.2.3
Origin of CAD/CAM ..........................................................................................................18 2.2.4
Uses of CAD/CAM Software..............................................................................................19 2.2.5
Popular CAD/CAM Software............................................................................................21 2.3
Artificial Intelligence .................................................................................................................24 2.4
Printed Circuit Board Design and Manufacture ....................................................................25
CHAPTER THREE ...........................................................................................................................27
3.0 ACTUAL WORK DONE ............................................................................................................27
3.1 Volunteer Work .........................................................................................................................27

vi

3.2 Robotics and Embedded Systems.............................................................................................29

3.3.1 Arduino................................................................................................................................29
3.3.1 Raspberry Pi........................................................................................................................32
3.3.1 ESP32 ...................................................................................................................................33
3.3.1 Others...................................................................................................................................33

3.3 3D Simulation and Design.........................................................................................................36

3.3.1 Quadcopter..........................................................................................................................36
3.3.2 Funduscope..........................................................................................................................37
3.3.3 Microscope...........................................................................................................................39
3.3.4 Robot Parts..........................................................................................................................40
3.3.5 Soldering Fan ......................................................................................................................40

3.4 Software Development...............................................................................................................41

3.5 Prototyping and Fabrication ....................................................................................................43

CHAPTER FOUR..............................................................................................................................67
4.0 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED AND EXPERIENCE GAINED.......................................67

4.1 Challenges Encountered............................................................................................................67

4.2 Experience Gained.....................................................................................................................67

CHAPTER FIVE................................................................................................................................68
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..........................................................................68

5.1 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................68

5.2 Recommendations......................................................................................................................68
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................
69
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. 1 NITDA Organogram ...............................................................................................
3

Figure 2. 1 Boston Dynamics ATLAS Robot............................................................................

7 Figure 2. 2 Industrial robots in an automotive
plant.................................................................. 8 Figure 2. 3 Surgical Robot performing heart
surgery................................................................9 Figure 2. 4 The Mars
Rover....................................................................................................... 9 Figure 2. 5 US Air
Force MQ9 Reaper Drone ........................................................................ 10 Figure 2. 6
Children playing with educational robots ............................................................. 10 Figure 2.
7 Stationary adaptable Robotic arm ......................................................................... 11 Figure
2. 8 Embedded Systems Applications ........................................................................... 12
Figure 2. 9 Arduino UNO Board .............................................................................................
14 Figure 2. 10 Arduino controlled Robotic
Biped ...................................................................... 14 Figure 2. 11 Arduino controlled robotic
arm with 7DOF........................................................ 15 Figure 2. 12 Raspberry Pi
Board ............................................................................................. 15 Figure 2. 13 4tronix
M.A.R.S. Rover Robot with Raspberry Pi Zero ..................................... 16 Figure 2. 14 CAD
workstation and operator ........................................................................... 17 Figure 2. 15
CAM in action, using computerized Numerical Control .................................... 18 Figure 2.
16 3D Printed Robot Dog......................................................................................... 20 Figure
2. 17 JPL Mars Curiosity Rover................................................................................... 20
Figure 2. 18 SOLIDWORKS CAM’s assembly User Interface ..............................................
21 Figure 2. 19 An example of Fusion 360’s slicer
accessory. .................................................... 22 Figure 2. 20 An example of Solid Edge CAM
Pro’s Toolpath Visualization Module ............. 23 Figure 2. 21 Designed PCB using Altium
(Left), Printed Circuit Board with both through- hole and surface mount devices
(Right) .................................................................................. 26

Figure 3. 1 Me awarding a certificate to a participant.............................................................27

Figure 3. 2 DG NITDA and National Director of NCAIR together with all instructors,
volunteers and awarded participants........................................................................................
28 Figure 3. 3 Me soldering components onto a PCB at the FABLAB’s soldering station.........
29 Figure 3. 4 Completed quadruped robot being tested for current
draw...................................30 Figure 3. 5 Spider robot PCB with Arduino Nano and other
electronic components mounted

................................................................................................................................................. 30
Figure 3. 6 OTTO Robot .........................................................................................................
31 Figure 3. 7 Joystick controlled Robotic Arm using Arduino
UNO ......................................... 31 Figure 3. 8 elonosiaAI
prototype ............................................................................................. 32 Figure 3. 9
Mechanical frame of Agrobot 1.0 ......................................................................... 33 Figure 3.
10 Wi-Fi controlled robot car................................................................................... 33 Figure
3. 11 Me inspecting the flight controller of a quadcopter ............................................ 34
Figure 3. 12 Agrobot 2.0 Prototype .........................................................................................
34 Figure 3. 13 Quadcopter base design (left), final product
(right)............................................36 Figure 3. 14 Constructed Quadcopter frame with laser
cut and 3d printed parts Abuja ......... 37 Figure 3. 15 Uncoupled lens holder designed using
SOLIDWORKS .................................... 38

viii

Figure 3. 16 First draft of FundusAI PCB with various electronic components .....................
38 Figure 3. 17 elonosiaAI microscope I designed using
SOLIDWORKS ................................. 39 Figure 3. 18 Microscope camera
mount .................................................................................. 39 Figure 3. 19 Servo Motor case
for Agrobot 1.0....................................................................... 40 Figure 3. 20 Servo Motor
case attached to leg of Agrobot...................................................... 40
CHAPTER ONE 1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to SIWES

The Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a preliminary

scheme of the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) and was
created to give students actual work experience in addition to their theoretical
learning thus bridging the long-existing gap between theory and practical skills
of students by giving them real work experience. The program is working with
disciplines such as engineering, medical science, natural science technology
agriculture, education, and environmental and applied sciences. It is
compulsory, especially for those specializing in engineering.

1.2 Brief History of SIWES

The Students’ Work Experience Program (SIWES) started in 1974 with 748
students from 11 institutions of higher learning. By 1978, the scope of
participation in the scheme had increased to about 5,000 students from 32
institutions. The Industrial Training Fund (ITF), however withdrew from the
management of the scheme in 1979 owing to problems if organizational
logistics and the increased financial burden with the rapid expansion of SIWES
(ITF, 2003). Consequently, the Federal Government funded the scheme
through the National University Commission (NUC) and the National Board for
Technical Education (NBTE) and managed (SIWES/SIWES) for five years (1979 –
1984). The supervising agencies (NUC and NBTE) operated the scheme in
conjunction with their respective institutions during the period. The

scheme was subsequently reviewed by the federal government resulting in

Decree No. 16 of August, 1985 which required that ―all student enrolled in
specialized engineering, technical, business, applied sciences and applied art
should have supervised industrial attachment as part of their studies. In the
same vein, the ITF was directed by the Federal Government to take charge and
resume responsibility for the management of SIWES in collaboration with the
supervising agencies, i.e. National Universities Commission (NUC), the National
Board of Technical Education (NBTE) and the National Commission for College
of Education (NCCE).
Following the resumption of management of SIWES/SIWES by the ITF in 1984,
the scheme has witnessed rapid expansion. Between 1985 and 1995, the
numbers of institutions and the students participating in SIWES/SIWES rose
from 141 to 57,433 respectively. Between 1995 and 2003, a total of 176
institutions and 210, 390 students participated in SIWES/SIWES. This rose to
204 while the number of students from these institutes who participated in the
scheme was 535,210, from 2003 – 2011 the institutions participated in the
scheme improved up to 215 while the number of students increased to
610,122 (ITF 2011) industrial work experience in Human resource
Development in Nigeria.

1.3 Objective of SIWES

The effort is aimed at helping/training students in the Nigerian tertiary

institutions the practical aspect of their field of study by exposing students to
machines and equipment, professional work methods and ways of
safeguarding the work areas and workers in industries and other organizations.

1.4 Benefit of SIWES

SIWES affords students with the following opportunities:

1. Appreciate the role of professionals in their various fields as the creators

of change, wealth and indispensable contributors to growing the
economy and national development.
2. Enhance students’ contacts with potential employers while on training.
3. Appreciate the connection between their courses of study and other
related disciplines in the production of goods and services.
4. Appreciate work method and gain experience in handling equipment
and machinery which may not be available in our institutions.
5. Blend theoretical knowledge and acquire in the classroom with practical
hands-on application of knowledge.
6. Develop and enhance personal attributes such as critical thinking,
creativity, initiative, resourcefulness, leadership, time management,
presentation skills and interpersonal skills.
 1.5 History of The Company

The world government, Nigeria inclusive, place high value on developing the
mind, skills and character of her citizens towards becoming positive change
agents of development to the nation. Hence, PTDF among other agencies,
were established by Nigerian government to carry out programmes aims at
improving the knowledge, skills and attitudes of the Nigeria indigenous youths
through training and development, career development and organization
development, etc. The bedrock of human resources development have
resultantly been the central mandates of the PTDF in reviving the lost glory in
Nigeria oil and gas sectors. Since its establishment 40 years ago, few studies
have attempted to examine the efficacy and potency of the Fund in terms of
capacity building and capability competence of Nigerian for sustainable
development. It is against this backdrop that this paper becomes imperative.

Brief History of Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF)

The Petroleum Technology Development Fund (PTDF) was established by Act

25 of 1973 as amended in Cap 15 of 2000 to replace the former Gulf Oil
Company Training Fund Act 1964 for the purpose of training and educating
Nigerians for the oil and gas industry. Between 1973 and 2000, PTDF
functioned as a desk in the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), but was
finally made a full fledge Government agency in September 2000.

In September 2000, an Interim Management Committee (IMC) was appointed

with Alhaji Yusuf Hamisu Abubakar as its pioneer Executive Secretary and five
assistant general managers as Committee (TIC) headed by the then special
adviser to the president on Petroleum Matters, while both the IMC and the TIC
operated under the direct supervision of the Vice President. The Body has
since been headed by seven (7) Executive Secretaries/Chief Executive Officers
with the incumbent Executive Secretary, Dr.Oluwole Olulede who assumed
duty on the 16th of May, 2013 as its seventh Chief Executive Officer with open
door policy in other to ensure transparency and result oriented leadership.

The vision of PTDF is not only to act as instrument for the development of
indigenous manpower and technology transfer acquisition in the petroleum
industry, but to make Nigeria a human resource centre for the West African
sub-region in the petroleum sector. The mission is to train Nigerians to qualify
as graduates, professionals, technicians and craftsmen in the field of
engineering, geology, science and management in the petroleum industry.
 Figure 1.1 PTDF Organogram

https://ptdf.gov.ng/organogram/
1.6 The Petroleum Technology Development Fund Mandate

The focal point in the mandate of PTDF is to develop technology that would
remove obsolescence and out-dated practices, encourage alignment through
collaboration to retain international best practices and develop responsive and
flexible but dynamic operations in the petroleum industry. PTDF activities are
designed to lay fundamental and lasting foundation for growth, and
development while strengthening existing technology as well as supporting
infrastructural and human capacity for new discoveries and inventions. Below
are the mandates of PTDF;

i. To provide scholarships and bursaries wholly or partially in Universities,

Colleges, Institutions in petroleum undertakings in Nigeria or abroad;
ii. To maintain, supplement or subsidize such training or education as
mentioned above;
iii. To make suitable endowments to faculties in Nigeria universities as
approved by the

minister;

iv. To make available suitable books and training equipment in institutions

in Nigeria;
v. To sponsors regular visits to oilfields, refineries, and petrochemical
plants and arrange necessary attachments of personnel to
establishments connected with the development of the petroleum
industry;
vi. To finance participation in seminars, conferences and workshops which
are connected with petroleum Industry Bill in Nigeria and abroad.
However, following the structuring of the Petroleum Industry Bill (PIB),
PTDF mandate is further expanded to cover areas of strategic relevance
in the Oil and Gas industry for sustainable development. These new
mandate are;
vii. To enhance and develop world class infrastructure and facilities in
tertiary institutions that provide course of studies relevant to the oil and
gas industry.
viii. To initiate, design and implement effective indigenous research and
capacity development for Nigeria’s petroleum industry, coordinate with
research centers in Nigeria and abroad on the adaptation of technology
and innovations appropriate for the need of the Nigeria Petroleum
Industry.
ix. To use existing human resource development facilities Nigeria an
expanded manpower development programmes in the petroleum,
where applicable, support skills acquisition programmes aimed at
enhancing employment, in the petroleum industry in Nigeria.
x. To periodically compute, evaluate and update the basic needs of the
Nigeria’s Petroleum industry in term of skills, expertise and know how,
promote in country fabrication and manufacturing of equipment used in
the Nigeria petroleum industry.
xi. Finally, to facilitate the attainment of 100% Nigeria content in the
petroleum industry.

1.7 Logbook

The logbook is a book containing all activities that were carried out. It
shows the structure of the working days and hours of work. It also holds the
comments of the industrial based supervisor and his/her weekly
assessments on the students’ attitude towards work. Most importantly, as
SIWES is more of a practical based program, the logbook holds the diagrams
of equipment used during the course of this industrial based program.