13.2 A static pile load test was carried on a 0.
8 m diameter pile installed 21 m into a loose to medium
sandy soil. The pile was driven into the soil. Selected load-displacement data are shown in the
table below. (a) Determine the allowable load if the serviceability limit state is 12 mm. (b) Is the
maximum load the ultimate load? Justify your answer. (c) Discuss some of the issues you would
consider in the interpretation of the data.
Load (kN) 0 800 1100 2250 2800 3200 3500 3600 3620 3618
Displacement (mm) 0 2.5 3.8 7.5 10 12.5 15 20 21 26
Solution 13.2
4000
3500
3000
2500
Load (kN) 2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Vertical displacement (mm)
(a) Allowable load at displacement of 12 mm = 3100 kN
(b) It appears so because the load seems to reach a plateau
Solution 13.4
Pile : Area = 0.16 m 2 , Perimeter = 1.41m
Layer 1 + medium clay Layer 2 = Stiff clay
Assume L = 12 m
LAYER 1:
5
z 17 42.5 kPa
2
f s = 0.5 su 'zo 0.5 30 42.5 17.9kPa
f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo 0.5 300.75 42.5
0.25
16.4kPa
0.25
Use fs = 16.4 kPa
β 1 sincs' OCR tani 1 sin30 1.6 tan30 0.365
0.5 0.5
LAYER 2:
( )( )
( ) ( )( )
f s = 0.5 su 'zo 0.5 60 116.5 41.8kPa
f s = 0.5su0.75 'zo 0.5 600.75 116.5
0.25
35.4kPa
0.25
Use fs = 35.4 kPa
β 1 sincs' OCR tani 1 sin24 4 tan24 0.528
0.5 0.5
( ) ( )
Qult 2 275 550kN
TSA
Qult = Perimeter f s L N c su b Ab
1.41(16.4 5 35.4 7) 9 60 0.16 551kN Qult
ESA
Qult = perimeter βi 'z length i N q σ'z Ab
j
i b
i =1
1.41(0.365 42.5 5 0.528 116.5 7) 12.3 148 0.16 1008kN
TSA governs design, L = 12 m is satisfactory
13.11 The soil profile and soil properties at a site are shown in the table below. A group of 12 concrete
piles in a 3 × 4 matrix and of length 12 m is used to support a load. The pile diameter is 0.45 m
and pile spacing is 1.5 m. Determine the allowable load capacity for a factor of safety of 2.
Calculate the total settlement (elastic and consolidation) under the allowable load. Assume Ep = 20
× 106 kPa.
Depth (m) Type of deposit Soil test results
0 to 3 Sand = 17 kN/m3, cs' 28º
Groundwater level at 3 m Eso = 19 MN/m2
3 to 6 Sand sat = 17.5 kN/m3,
cs' 30º
Eso = 18 MN/m2
6 to 15 Clay sat = 18.5 kN/m3,
cs' 27º
su = 30 kPa
Cc = 0.4, Cr = 0.06,
OCR = 1.5
Eso = 30 MN/m2, v′ = 0.3
sat = 18 kN/m , cs' 24º
15to 17 Soft clay 3
su = 20 kPa
Cc = 0.8, OCR = 1.0
Eso' 10 MN/m2 , v 0.3
>17 Rock
Solution 13.11
I
6m sand
9m
II
III clay
3m
3m
IV Soft clay
12 piles, 3x4 matrix, L = 12m D = 0.45m
s =3D = 3(0.45) = 1.35. Try s = 1.5m
2
Single pile: perimeter = D =1.41m, Area = 0.159 m
Group: perimeter = 2(2s + D) + 2(3s + D) = 2(2(1.5)+0.45) + 2(3(1.5) + 0.45) = 16.8 m
A b g = (2(1.5) + 0.45)(3(1.5) + 0.45) = 17.08 m 2
TSA – Block failure mode
Sand layer I
= 0.28
L 3
At center: z = 17 =25.5 kPa
2 2
Q f I =0.28 (25.5)(16.8)(3) = 360 kN
Sand Layer II
3
z = 3(17) + (17.5 – 9.8) = 62.6 kPa
2
= 0.29
Q f II = 0.29 (62.6)(16.8)(3) = 909 kN
Clay Layer III
fs = 20.3 kPa
Q f III = 20.8(16.8)(6) = 2097 kN
End Bearing: Q b = 9(30)(17.08) = 4612 kN
Total skin friction: Qf = 360+909+2097 = 3366 kN
Q ult = 3366 + 4612 = 7898 kN
TSA – single pile mode
Skin friction: Qf = 3366 x 1.41/16.8 = 283 kN
End Bearing: Q b == 4612 x 0.159/17.08 = 43 kN
Q ult = 9(283 + 43) = 2934 kN
Allowable load capacity
Qa = 2934
= 1467 kN
2
Elastic Settlement (average from Layers I-III)
283
Qa = = 142 kN
2
e =
Qa
I
E so L
3(19) 3(18) 6(30) L 12
E p = 20 x 10 Pa ;
3
Es = 24.5 MN m 2 , = = 26.7
12 D 0.45
I = 0.5 + log (L/D) = 0.5 + log (26.7) = 1.9
142
es = 1.9 0.92 103 m 0.92 mm
24.5 103 12
0.5
R s = 12 =3.5
es g = 0.92(3.5) = 3 mm
Clay Layer III
Load is transferred to 2L/3 from surface
Depth to center of clay layer from load = 12/3 + 3/2 = 5.5m
1467
At center: z = 15kPa
(3.45 5.5)(4.95 5.5)
At center: zo = 3 17 + 3(17.5 - 9.8) + 7.5(18.5 - 9.8) 139 kPa
final = 139 + 15 = 154 kPa
zc = 1.5 154 = 231 kPa > final
G e
2.7 e o
sat = s o w ; 18.5 = 9.8 ; e o =0.91
1 eo 1 eo
3000 154
c = 0.06 log 10 = 4 mm
1 0.91 139
Clay-Layer IV
Load is transferred to a depth of 2L/3
Depth of load to center of clay = 12/3 + 3 + 1 = 8 m
1467
At center: z = 10kPa
(3.45 8)(4.95 8)
At center: zo = 3 17 + 3(17.5 - 9.8) + 9(18.5 - 9.8) + 1 (18 – 9.8)161 kPa
final = 161 + 10 = 171 kPa
2.7 e o 18
= e o = 1.02
1 eo 9 .8
2000 171
c = 0.8 log 21 mm
1 1.02 161
Total settlement = 3 + 4 + 21 = 28 mm
Solution 13.13
Pile group of 10 piles (drilled shafts)
Design load = 2 x 15 = 30 MN
Data
Straight, prismatic drilled shafts
Select units SI FS
Design load 350 kN Group
Shaft diameter 0.5 m Spacing
Top of base layer 2 m Matrix
Groundwater 2 m No. of piles
Use N values y Group width
Perimeter 1.57 m Group length
2
Area 0.20 m Perimeter
Max end bearing 2900 kPa Area
Depth
to
layer Depth thickness center Soil Type Unit weight N60
m m m kN/m3
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 2 2 1 s 14 5
2 3 1 2.5 s 15 7
3 5 2 4 s 17 12
4 7 2 6 s 17.5 16
5 9 2 8 s 18 18
6 10 1 9.5 s 18 19
7 12 2 11 s 19 25
8 15 3 13.5 s 20.5 38
9 20 5 17.5 s 20.5 38
10 28 8 24 s 20.5 38
Calculate effective vertical stresses and skin friction factor (Eq. 13.42)
center center center base
Total Porewater Effective Effective
layer Depth stress pressure stress stress n
m kPa kPa kPa kPa
0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00
1 2 14.0 0.0 14.0 0.33 1.20
2 3 35.5 4.9 30.6 33.2 0.47 0.52
3 5 60.0 19.6 40.4 47.6 0.80 0.81
4 7 94.5 39.2 55.3 63.0 1.00 0.90
5 9 130.0 58.8 71.2 79.4 1.00 0.81
6 10 157.0 73.5 83.5 87.6 1.00 0.74
7 12 185.0 88.2 96.8 106.0 1.00 0.69
8 15 234.8 112.7 122.1 138.1 1.00 0.60
9 20 316.8 151.9 164.9 191.6 1.00 0.48
10 28 450.0 215.6 234.4 277.2 1.00 0.30
Calculate shin friction and end bearing stress (Eq. 13.44)
ESA ESA
layer Depth fs fb
m kPa kPa
0 0 0.0 0.0
1 2 16.8 0.0
2 3 15.9 120.8
3 5 32.6 345.0
4 7 49.8 920.0
5 9 57.5 1035.0
6 10 62.2 1092.5
7 12 66.5 1437.5
8 15 73.2 2185.0
9 20 78.3 2185.0
10 28 70.3 2185.0
Calculate load capacity for single pile mode failure and for block mode failure.
GROUP FAILURE MODE
SINGLE PILE BLOCK FAILURE
DIAMETER WIDTH
0.5 10.5
Depth Qult FRICTION END BEARING Qult
m ESA ESA ESA ESA
0 Qf Qb
MN MN MN MN
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.53 3.43 0.00 3.43
3 0.89 5.05 51.35 56.40
5 2.22 11.71 146.71 158.42
7 4.78 21.86 391.23 413.09
9 6.75 33.58 440.13 473.71
10 7.81 39.92 464.59 504.51
12 10.54 53.50 611.30 664.80
15 15.40 75.90 929.17 1005.07
20 21.51 115.84 929.17 1045.01
28 30.41 173.18 929.17 1102.35
Single pile (shaft) mode governs design.
The length for a design load of 30 MN is 28 m.
